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  • GEOPHYSICS  (388)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1975-1979  (388)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1975  (388)
  • 1
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    Current status of understanding quasi-permanent fields associated with earthquakes (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The basic concepts relating to displacement fields associated with earthquakes are described. Factors discussed include: understanding the geologic and tectonic setting, the discovery of fault creep, and an extended range of possible models of strain buildup. Problems in tectonic modeling reviewed relate to understanding (1) frictional heat generation on faults, (2) the character of stress and strain on faults below the depth of earthquakes, and (3) the predictability of major earthquakes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Ohio State Univ. Res. Found. Proc. of the Geodesy/Solid Earth and Ocea; 103-110
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  • 2
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    The geoid: Definition and determination (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The principles and problems relative to the determination of the geoid are outlined. Factors discussed include: gravity data requirements for a precise geoid; mean sea level; and satellite altimetry. It is indicated that geoid undulations can be determined on a global basis to plus or minus 3 m. Application of geoid information to oceanography and the determination of sea surface topography considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Proc. of the Geodesy/Solid Earth and Ocean; 69-77
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  • 3
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    OGO 3 (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The OGO 3 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with bibliographies of papers pertaining to these experiments.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: OGO Program Summary; 8 p
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  • 4
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    OGO 2 (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The OGO 2 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with a bibliography of papers pertaining to that experiment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: OGO Program Summary; 7 p
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  • 5
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    OGO 6 (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The OGO 6 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with bibliographies of papers pertaining to each experiment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: OGO Program Summary; 9 p
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  • 6
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    OGO 5 (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The OGO 5 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with bibliographies of papers pertaining to each experiment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: OGO Program Summary; 10 p
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  • 7
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    Overview of the OGO program (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The objectives and background, approach and mission profiles are discussed along with the configuration, and accomplishments of the program. The results of experiments for OGO 1,2,3, and 4 are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: OGO Program Summary; 27 p
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  • 8
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    OGO 4 (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The OGO 4 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with bibliographies of papers pertaining to each experiment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: OGO Program Summary; 8 p
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  • 9
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    Spacecraft and experiment characteristics with literature references (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The OGO 1 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with bibliographies of papers pertaining to that experiment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: OGO Program Summary; 8 p
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  • 10
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    The earth's rotation (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The state-of-the-art technology in the study of the three dimensional rotation of the earth about its center of mass is summarized. A survey of appropriate reference frames and problems involved in defining them is given along with an outline of the accuracy with which the earth's rotation can be measured relative to these frames. The various spectral features of changes in the axis orientation and spin rate of the solid earth and the physical mechanisms known or likely to effect and/or affect them are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Ohio State Univ. Res. Found. Proc. of the Geodesy/Solid Earth and Ocean; 27-39
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  • 11
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    The colors of space (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Visual observations, as made by cosmonauts, of the earth's surface, physical processes occurring in the earth's atmosphere, and optical phenomena are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Mod. Achievements of Cosmonautics (NASA-TT-F-16221); p 51-56
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  • 12
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    Diurnal variations of odd nitrogen and ionic densities in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere - Simultaneous solution of photochemical-diffusive equations (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Oct. 1
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  • 13
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    A relationship between synchronous-altitude electron fluxes and the auroral electrojet, appendix A (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Simultaneous observations during four substorms are reported from the Lockheed auroral particle spectrometer on ATS-5 and the University of Alberta meridian magnetometer chain (Canada). During the four events studied, there was a good correlation between the magnitude of the trapped electron fluxes in the energy range from 1.8 to 53 keV and the magnitude of the electrojet current as measured by a station in the magnetometer chain at a latitude close to that expected for the ATS conjugate point. The Hall effect was studied and a model electrojet was constructed which gave a good absolute agreement between the two measured quantities. The results are consistent with the convection electric field remaining approximately constant during a substantial portion of each of the substorms studied. The temporal variations of the electrojet were apparently controlled by conductivity changes in the ionosphere as determined by the precipitating auroral electrons.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Analysis of Data from the Lockheed Experiment on ATS-5; 24 p
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  • 14
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    Measurements of NH3 absorption coefficients with a C-13/O-16/2 laser (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurements of NH3 absorption coefficients are presented for several transitions of a C-13(O-16)2 laser for small concentrations of NH3(p less than 1 torr) for absorption lines broadened to 1 atm with N2. NH3 absorption coefficients were determined for laser transitions R(8)(920.2194 wavelengths/cm) to R(28)(933.8808 wavelengths/cm) of the 00 1 - (10 0,02 0)I band. The strongest absorption coefficient K = 36.09 + or - 1.43 per (atm-cm) was measured for the R(18) transition for the NH3 line, aQ(6,6), and is larger than has been found in any previous measurements with a CO2 laser. The dependence of K on total pressure was also obtained for select transitions, and the frequency separation between the R(18) laser transition and the neighboring NH3 line aQ(6,6) was determined to be 550 + or - 50 MHz. These results are significant for long path absorption monitoring of NH3 with CO2 lasers since the path length can be reduced by approximately 40% and for heterodyne detection of NH3 since the relative position of the laser transition to the NH3 absorption line is well within the bandpass of Hg-Cd-Te photomixers.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; Sept
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  • 15
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    Thermal structure of the ionosphere (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A brief review is presented of recent progress made toward gaining a more complete understanding of the thermal structure of the ionosphere. Important heat sources for the ionosphere are described, including the solar EUV flux, midlatitude interactions between the magnetosphere and ionosphere, electric-field enhancements at high latitudes, particle precipitation in the auroral oval, and polar-wind heating. Discrepancies between electron-temperature measurements by satellite probes and incoherent-backscatter techniques are noted.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 13; July 197
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  • 16
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    Ionosphere-magnetosphere coupling. I - Thermal plasma (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The complex interaction of the cold plasma of the plasmasphere and ionosphere with the hot plasma of the ring current and the plasma sheet is studied. It is seen that a coupling, probably through wave particle interactions, exists which seems to have a strong influence on the temperature of the plasma of the outer plasmasphere and on the detailed dynamics of the bulge region, especially the formation of detached plasma regions or plasma tails. Also, there is evidence that the outer plasmasphere may display very high temperatures, and that detached plasma regions are closely associated with ring current injections.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysical and Space Physics; 13; July 197
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  • 17
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    Radiation in the atmosphere (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Questions of radiative transfer in realistic atmospheres are considered along with aspects related to radiative energy budgets and the solar constants, the radiative properties of atmosphere and surfaces, radiation instruments and measurements, and radiative interactions in dynamical systems. A number of special topics are discussed, taking into account remote sensing, air pollution, and the effect of turbulence on the propagation of light through the atmosphere. It is pointed out that numerous recent studies have been conducted of the properties and effects of atmospheric aerosols.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 13; July 197
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  • 18
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    Access of solar electrons to the polar regions (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Riometric and forward-scatter radio-wave absorption measurements at high polar latitudes in both hemispheres are compared with absorption calculations based on satellite observations in the magnetosheath to determine whether a north-south asymmetry in the solar electron flux occurred during a polar-cap absorption (PCA) event. Detection of solar electrons in interplanetary space is shown to have occurred simultaneously with detection of HF radio-wave absorption, indicating that the initial stage of the PCA was due to the arrival of solar electrons. A north-south asymmetry is observed in the electron flux, and it is found that the flux precipitating over the South Pole did not exceed the mean unidirectional intensity of the electrons detected in space. The ratio between fluxes in the low and high polar latitude regions over Antarctica during a period of solar electron anisotropy is found to be comparable with that obtained during periods of isotropy. These results are shown to be consistent with the idea of an open magnetosphere and with the conclusion that an anisotropic solar electron flux may be rendered isotropic at the magnetopause.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 23; June 197
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  • 19
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    Temporal variations in the dawn and dusk midlatitude trough positions measured /Ariel 3, Ariel 4/ and modelled (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 20
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    Alkyl substituted cyclic ethers in 2,300 M yr old Transvaal algal stromatolite (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two cyclic ethers have been identified for the first time from insoluble polymer-like kerogen in a Precambrian rock by ozonolysis, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry. The ethers are 2-n-propyl-3-methyltetrahydrofuran and 2-n-propyltetrahydropyran. These compounds could prove to be the oldest indigenous biochemical fossils. The sample was obtained 750 m stratigraphically above the base of the Transvaal Sequence from an outcrop approximately 315 km north-east of Johannesburg, South Africa.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 255; June 26
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  • 21
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    Identifications of the polar cap boundary and the auroral belt in the high-altitude magnetosphere - A model for field-aligned currents (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; June 1
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  • 22
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    Standing waves at low Mach number laminar bow shocks (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Explorer 43 data were used to study 34 bow shock crossings observed from 5 to 16 earth radii upstream of the average bow shock location. Waves with periods of 6 to 130 s having amplitudes up to delta-B/B = 1 were detected. Wave polarization for the low-frequency waves is right-handed in relation to the average field direction when the observer moves from the upstream to downstream direction but is left-handed when the observer moves in the opposite sense. This fact identified the waves as standing whistler waves in the coordinate system of the shock. The waves are in agreement with collisionless low Mach number laminar shock theory. When the measured parameters were used to calculate theoretical wavelengths, the observed wave frequencies could be used to calculate velocities for the shock-wave coordinate system past the spacecraft; such velocities are mostly between 10 and 30 km/s. It is suggested that the higher-frequency propagating whistler waves may evolve from the standing whistler waves through a decay instability.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 23
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    Full non-linear treatment of the global thermospheric wind system. I - Mathematical method and analysis of forces. II - Results and comparison with observations (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The equations of horizontal motion of the neutral atmosphere between 120 and 500 km are integrated with the inclusion of all nonlinear terms of the convective derivative and the viscous forces due to vertical and horizontal velocity gradients. Empirical models of the distribution of neutral and charged particles are assumed to be known. The model of velocities developed is a steady state model. In Part I the mathematical method used in the integration of the Navier-Stokes equations is described and the various forces are analyzed. Results of the method given in Part I are presented with comparison with previous calculations and observations of upper atmospheric winds. Conclusions are that nonlinear effects are only significant in the equatorial region, especially at solstice conditions and that nonlinear effects do not produce any superrotation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 37; Feb. 197
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  • 24
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    Magnetic field depression at the earth's surface calculated from the relationship between the size of the magnetosphere and the Dst values (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Jan. 1
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  • 25
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    A Study of Ionospheric and atmospheric electric fields by means of balloon measurements near the southern polar cusp (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: . In the Space Sci., Vol. 2, No. 3; 19 p
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  • 26
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    Exospheric temperature inferred from the Aeros-A neutral composition measurement (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The derivation of exospheric temperature from satellite drag measurements is based on an assumption of invariant conditions of the neutral atmosphere at 120 km. Since it has been established that atomic oxygen, which is usually the major neutral constituent in the region of drag measurements, is subject to considerable variability with season, latitude, and solar and geomagnetic activity in the altitude region of 120 km, its value as an indicator of exospheric temperature is questionable. Ogo 6 neutral mass spectrometer measurements revealed that molecular nitrogen is a better indicator of exospheric temperature, since it is not subject to changes caused by eddy mixing and is therefore relatively less variable near the turbopause. However, theoretical arguments show that argon, even though it is a minor constituent, is relatively less variable with respect to changes in eddy diffusion coefficient and hence a better indicator of exospheric temperature than O and N2. In this paper the relative merits of these gases for deriving exospheric temperature are investigated by using observational data from the Aeros-A Nate experiment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Sept. 1
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  • 27
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    Thirteenth-order orbital resonance on a Diademe 2 fragment (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A strong thirteenth-order resonance has been observed in an analysis which is based on U.S. Navy tracking data regarding the slowly decaying orbit of a Diademe 2 fragment. The exact commensurability for the orbit occurred in late 1973. The major changes due to the resonance were over by late 1974. Approaches for a significant improvement of thirteenth-order geopotential terms are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Sept. 10
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  • 28
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    Remote sensing of the ionospheric F layer by use of O I 6300-A and O I 1356-A observations (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The possibility of using airglow techniques for estimating the electron density and height of the F layer is studied on the basis of a simple relationship between the height of the F2 peak and the column emission rates of the O I 6300 A and O I 1356 A lines. The feasibility of this approach is confirmed by a numerical calculation of F2 peak heights and electron densities from simultaneous measurements of O I 6300 A and O I 1356 A obtained with earth-facing photometers carried by the Ogo 4 satellite. Good agreement is established with the F2 peak heights estimates from top-side and bottom-side ionospheric sounding.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; June 1
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  • 29
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    Local time variation of equatorial thermospheric composition determined by the San Marco 3 Nace (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The results of the Neutral Atmospheric Composition Experiment (Nace) on the Italian San Marco 3 satellite are analyzed. The analysis provides a comprehensive description of the daily variations in the densities of O, N2, Ar, and He in composition of the lower thermosphere, and also indicates that transport processes (possibly occurring elsewhere in the atmosphere) play an important part in the daily variation of the thermospheric composition at altitudes between 220 and 250 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; June 1
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  • 30
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    A calculation of auroral hiss with improved models for geoplasma and magnetic field (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Intensities of auroral hiss generated by the Cerenkov radiation process by electrons in the lower magnetosphere are calculated with respect to a realistic model of the earth's magnetosphere. In this calculation, the magnetic field is expressed by the Mead-Fairfield Model (1975), and a static model of the iono-magnetospheric plasma distribution is constructed with data accumulated by recent satellites (Alouette-I, -II, ISIS-I, OGO-4, -6 and Explorer 22). The energy range of hiss producing electrons and the frequency range of the calculated VLF are 100-200 keV, and 2-200 kHz, respectively. The higher rate of hiss occurrence in the daytime side, particularly in the soft electron precipitation zone in the morning sector, and the lesser occurrence of auroral hiss in night-time sectors must be due to the local time dependence of the energy spectra of precipitating electrons rather than the difference in the geomagnetic field and in the geoplasma distributions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 23; May 1975
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  • 31
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    Error enhancement in geomagnetic models derived from scalar data (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An investigation conducted by Backus (1970) regarding the possible existence of two harmonic functions of certain characteristics in three-dimensional space is considered. The derivation of a model of the main geomagnetic field from scalar data is discussed along with a numerical simulation study. It is found that experimental discrepancies between vector field observations and the predictions of the model may have a mathematical origin, related to the work of Backus.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; May 1
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  • 32
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    Ionospheric effects of X-ray source Scorpius XR-1 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A simple two-ion model was employed to evaluate the ionospheric effects of various nocturnal ionization sources. The model was used to calculate the decay of the electron number density at 90 km with and without illumination by Scorpius XR-1 X rays. Reflection parameters for the determination of the effect of cosmic x-ray sources on radio wave propagation were also obtained. The results obtained in the investigation do not support the proposal made by Anathakrishnan and Ramanathan (1969) that the X-ray source in Scorpius XR-1 affects the nighttime lower ionosphere of the earth.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 37; May 1975
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  • 33
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    E.l.f./v.l.f. emissions observed on Ariel 4 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Ariel 4 satellite was designed to study wave-particle phenomena in the magnetosphere by measuring the electromagnetic wave fields over a wide frequency range and the fluxes and pitch angle distributions of energetic particles. We describe here the results of a preliminary study of the various v.l.f./e.l.f. electromagnetic wave phenomena which are observed. These include man-made signals from v.l.f. transmitters, impulsive noise originating in thunderstorms and emissions arising from magnetospheric energetic charged particles.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 34
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    15th order resonance terms using the decaying orbit of TETR-3 (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Fifteenth-order commensurability of the orbit of TETR-3 (1971-83B) is studied. The study is designed to obtain good discrimination of 15th-order resonances through a better range of inclinations. The first low inclination orbit, 33 deg, is used for this purpose; it is very sensitive to the high degree terms which were rather poorly represented by previously analyzed orbits.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 23; Mar. 197
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  • 35
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    Relation of variations in total magnetic field at high latitude with the parameters of the interplanetary magnetic field and with DP 2 fluctuations (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Apr. 1
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  • 36
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    Silicon ions below 100 km - A case for SiO2/+/ (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An investigation regarding the occurrence of Si ions is conducted, taking into account an unusual metal ion structure observed during a meteor shower event. Loss processes involving silicon oxides are considered in connection with a study of the reasons for the unique Si(+) distribution found. It is suggested that below 100 km Si(+) is rapidly depleted by two- and three-body reactions with molecular oxygen, forming SiO2(+) which then recombines.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science; 10; Mar. 197
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  • 37
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    Ion composition irregularities and ionosphere-plasmasphere coupling - Observations of a high latitude ion trough (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 37; Apr. 197
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  • 38
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    Isolated cold plasma regions - Observations and their relation to possible production mechanisms (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Regions of enhanced cold plasma, isolated from the main plasmasphere along the Explorer 45 (53-A) orbit in the equatorial plane, have been detected by using the sheath-induced potentials seen by the electric field experiment. The occurrence of these regions has a strong correlation with negative enhancements of Dst, and their locations are primarily in the noon-dusk quadrant. The data support the concept that changes in large-scale convection play a dominant role in the formation of these regions. Plasma tails that are predicted from enhancements of large-scale convection electric fields in general define where these regions may be found. More localized processes are necessary to account for the exact configuration and structure seen in these regions and may eventually result in detachment from the main plasmasphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Mar. 1
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  • 39
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    Dynamics of Mid-latitude light ion trough and plasma tails (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Light ion trough measurements near midnight made by the Bennett RF ion mass spectrometer on Ogo 4 operating in the high-resolution mode reveal the existence of irregular structure on the low-latitude side of the mid-latitude trough. By using two different relations between the equatorial convection electric field, assumed to be spatially invariant and directed from dawn to dusk, and Kp, a model development was made of the outer plasmasphere. The model calculations produced multiple plasma tails that compare favorably with the observed thermal proton irregularities. The model development produces an outer plasmasphere boundary location that varies similarly to the observed minimum density point of the light ion trough. However, the measurements are not extensive enough to yield conclusive proof that one of the electric field models is better than the other.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Mar. 1
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  • 40
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    Ion effects on ionospheric electron resonance phenomena (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Ion effects are often observed on topside-sounder-stimulated electron plasma wave phenomena and the present study is concerned with the spur effect relative to electron plasma resonance. A spur appears after a time delay corresponding to the proton gyroperiod and is observed mainly on the resonances at the electron plasma frequency and the harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency. Proton spurs occur at the harmonic resonances only, when the electron plasma waves associated with these resonances are susceptible to the Harris instability and when the electromagnetic wave can be initiated by the sounder pulse. This instability results from a sounder-stimulated anisotropic electron velocity distribution. The observations suggest that energy is fed into the harmonics of the longitudinal plasma wave from the electromagnetic wave through wave-mode coupling. The observations were made during eight passes of the Alouette-2 satellite.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science; 10; Feb. 197
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  • 41
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    A planetary radio astronomy discussion of the 1.55 cm microwave emission of the earth (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Using 1.55 cm observations of the earth made by the Electrically Scanned Microwave Radiometer (ESMR) experiment on Nimbus 5, the appearance of the earth from Venus is simulated. A single antenna unable to resolve the earth's disk would give a time-averaged disk temperature of 183 K. In one rotation, the disk temperature would vary from 194 K to 172 K. During the 1973 inferior conjunction, a radio telescope with 1 arc sec resolution would resolve most of the major surface features of the earth.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 24; Feb. 197
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  • 42
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    A global magnetic anomaly map (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A subset of Pogo satellite magnetometer data has been formed that is suitable for analysis of crustal magnetic anomalies. Through the use of a thirteenth-order field model fit to these data, magnetic residuals have been calculated over the world to latitude limits of plus or minus 50 deg. These residuals, averaged over 1-degree latitude-longitude blocks, represent a detailed global magnetic anomaly map derived solely from satellite data. The occurrence of these anomalies on all individual satellite passes independent of local time and their decay as altitude increases imply a definite internal origin. Their wavelength structure and their correlation with known tectonic features further suggest that these anomalies are primarily of geologic origin and have their sources in the lithosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 10
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  • 43
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    Adiabatic Hamiltonian of charged particle motion in a dipole field (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Hamiltonian for a dipole field is developed, and the result is expressed by an analytic approximation accurate to within about 1%. This allows extension of results derived for equatorial particles to particles with arbitrary pitch angles; in particular, it makes available even in the presence of electric fields orthogonal to the magnetic field a function K that is preserved by the bounce-averaged motion. This function provides at once the equations of drift paths in (alpha, beta) or of their projections onto the equatorial plane; the derivation of a pacing function that times the progress of particles along such drift paths is also described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 44
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    The motion of a proton in the equatorial magnetosphere (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In a time-independent model of the magnetosphere including a dipole magnetic field, a convection electric field (deduced from polar orbit observations), and an electric field due to the earth's rotation, the motion of a proton in the equatorial plane is analyzed. By means of the Hamiltonian of the motion, three regimes of motion are identified. A method is then developed for determining for any given observation point which arrival energies correspond to trapped particles and which represent 'open' trajectories.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 45
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    A quantitative magnetospheric model derived from spacecraft magnetometer data (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The model is derived by making least squares fits to magnetic field measurements from four Imp satellites. It includes four sets of coefficients, representing different degrees of magnetic disturbance as determined by the range of Kp values. The data are fit to a power series expansion in the solar magnetic coordinates and the solar wind-dipole tilt angle, and thus the effects of seasonal north-south asymmetries are contained. The expansion is divergence-free, but unlike the usual scalar potential expansion, the model contains a nonzero curl representing currents distributed within the magnetosphere. The latitude at the earth separating open polar cap field lines from field lines closing on the day side is about 5 deg lower than that determined by previous theoretically derived models. At times of high Kp, additional high-latitude field lines extend back into the tail. Near solstice, the separation latitude can be as low as 75 deg in the winter hemisphere. The average northward component of the external field is much smaller than that predicted by theoretical models; this finding indicates the important effects of distributed currents in the magnetosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 46
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    The equatorial helium ion trough and the geomagnetic anomaly (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The latitudinal characteristics of He+ in the equatorial region are compared with those of O+ and H+. These ions, in different altitude regions, exhibit certain features which are characteristics of the ionospheric geomagnetic anomaly. It is shown that the latitudinal distributions of these ions are related to their vertical distribution at the equator via their respective scale heights and the geomagnetic dipole geometry. To a first order, the positions of the latitudinal maxima of a given ion may be related to its peak altitude at the equator by a proposed expression.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 37; Feb. 197
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  • 47
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    Solar activity and the motions of the upper atmosphere (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A possible mechanism for the action of solar radiation on the motion of the upper atmosphere is considered that includes the time dependent interplanetary field contour line and its effect on zonal wind velocity. A strong correlation is reported between this induction mechanism and those indices of solar activity that characterize the magnetic fields of the solar plasma.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Phys. of the Sea and Atmosphere NASA-TT-F-16225; p 17-21
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  • 48
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    On the lidar determination of atmospheric transmittance (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A solution of the lidar equation is given with the aim of determining the attenuation coefficient of the atmosphere under conditions of the existence of a relation between it and the effective backscatter area. The errors of determining the attenuation coefficient from measurements of the echo signal power are analyzed. A proposed method of determining that coefficient by sounding with variable pulse lengths is examined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radar Meteorology (NASA-TT-F-14797); p 134-143
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  • 49
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    Possible isotopic shifts with changes in the geomagnetic field (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The geomagnetic fields of the past geological epochs are studied on the basis of observations on the rock residual magnetization. This paper evaluates the shifts in the isotopic composition of the same elements in the rocks affected by cosmic rays. The possibility of using the shifts in the isotopic composition for revealing geomagnetic field inversions is discussed. Geomagnetic field inversion periods traced by the rock residual magnetization are in good agreement with the periods of the greatest qualitative changes in the animal world throughout the last 500 million years.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 164-169
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  • 50
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    Secular variations of L, B-coordinates (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The calculation results of L, B-coordinates for different years from 1957 to 1967 are given. Periodic calculations of the geomagnetic coordinates for different epochs are considered to be very urgent.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 159-163
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  • 51
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    Effect of threshold rigidity variations on the electron production rate in the atmosphere (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Current systems formed during magnetic disturbances cause threshold energy variations of cosmic ray particles. The latter, in turn, are a source of electron production in the terrestrial atmosphere. The paper gives the calculations of the electron production rate with the count of threshold variations during magnetic disturbances.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 154-158
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  • 52
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    The effect of cosmic rays on thunderstorm electricity (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The inflow of charges of small ions, formed by cosmic rays, into thunderstorm cells is estimated on the basis of rocket measurements of ionic concentrations below 90 km. Out of the two processes that form the thunderstorm charge (generation and separation of charges), the former is supposed to be caused by cosmic rays, and the nature of separation is assumed to be the same as in other thunderstorm theories.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 145-147
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  • 53
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    Possibility of controlling the earth's negative charge and the unitary variation of its electric field by cosmic rays (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The dependence of the atmospheric conductivity upon the cosmic ray intensity, the possibility of charge generation in thunderstorms by cosmic rays, the dependence of the troposphere electricity on the stratosphere, the relationship between the unitary variation of the earth's electric field intensity and that of cosmic ray intensity (daily, yearly and 11-year latitudinal dependence of both values), deny first, the exceptional role of the tropospheric processes in maintaining the terrestrial charge and unitary variation, and, second, compel one to consider the cause mentioned above to be the result of the influence of cosmic rays.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 148-153
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  • 54
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    Altitudinal, diurnal and latitudinal dependences for ionic concentrations formed by corpuscular fluxes in the stratosphere and mesosphere (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: On the basis of over 15 rocket measurements of ionic concentrations below 80 km, the height, daily and latitudinal dependences between positive ionic concentrations and cosmic ray intensity below 60 km as well as between ionic concentrations and corpuscular streams within the 60-80 km altitude range are compared. It is shown that ionic concentration and cosmic ray intensity below 60 km at night are likely to be interrelated, in conformity with Chapman's theory of the simple layer. In daytime, all phenomena are aggravated by photodetachment and ion exchange reactions with the participation of ozone. Between 60-80 km, besides ordinary cosmic rays, there must exist an additional corpuscular stream.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 142-144
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  • 55
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    Atmospheric effects and sidereal-diurnal variations in extended air showers (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observations are presented on the variations of extended air shower intensity with an average power of 1.4 x 10,000 and 1.4 x 100,000 particles at sea level. The effect of disintegrating particles and the essential role of cascades formed above the lower third of the atmosphere are examined. However, the authors failed to discover anisotropy of initial particles with an energy of 10 to the 14th power to 10 to the 15th power eV with an accuracy of up to 0.1%.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 133-137
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  • 56
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    Balloon borne experiments to measure horizontal and vertical electric fields at stratospheric altitudes (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. in the Space Sci., Vol. 2, No. 3; 28 p
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  • 57
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    Diurnal variations in the thermosphere. I - Theoretical formulation (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A nonlinear perturbation theory is formulated for the solution of the multicomponent equations of energy, mass, and momentum conservation in the atmosphere. The theory is three-dimensional and includes the effects of heat conduction and advection, viscosity, ion drag, and diffusion. The theory is described as a superposition of mathematical modes obtained by expanding the physical quantities into vector and spherical harmonics. The coupling between the various modes, both linear and nonlinear, is included. The theory provides a basis for the treatment of the thermosphere and its interaction with the lower atmosphere, where 'mode coupling' is most important. As an example, a comparison is presented between one-dimensional and three-dimensional calculations of the fundamental mode of the diurnal component in the thermosphere. Coupling between the lowest modes is considered to describe the physical conditions of the lower thermosphere where inertia and Coriolis forces become dominant over the ion-drag and viscous forces. In this region, the latitude structures of the temperature, wind field, and diffusively controlled oxygen are shown to change significantly.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Oct. 1
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  • 58
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    ATS-5 observations of plasma sheet particles before the expansion-phase onset, appendix C. (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Behavior of the plasma sheet around its earthward edge during substorms was studied by using high resolution (every 2.6 sec) measurements of proton and electron fluxes by ATS-5. In the injection region near midnight the flux increase at the expansion-phase onset is shown to lag behind the onset of the low-latitude positive bay by several minutes. Depending upon the case, before the above increase (1) the flux stays at a constant level, (2) it gradually increases for some tens of minutes, or (3) it briefly drops to a low level. Difference in the position of the satellite relative to the earthward edge and to the high-latitude boundary of the plasma sheet is suggested as a cause of the above difference in flux variations during the growth phase of substorms. Magnetograms and tables (data) are shown.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Analysis of Data from the Lockheed Experiment on ATS-5; 25 p
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  • 59
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    Winter bulge and diurnal variations in hydrogen inferred from AE-C composition measurements (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In situ mass spectrometric measurements of ion and neutral particle thermospheric compositions have been used to infer the latitudinal and diurnal variations of thermospheric atomic hydrogen for solstice conditions. Local time-dependent and local time-independent components of the observed hydrogen distribution were separated on the basis of a model generated by expanding the log of neutral hydrogen concentration in terms of spherical harmonics. Results are compared with analogous data on N2 concentration; the comparison reveals an anticorrelation between gas temperature and hydrogen concentration. The slope of this anticorrelation line represents the 'zero flux condition' from the exosphere theory of Hodges (1973), thus further bearing out the conclusion that exospheric flow is the dominant process governing the global distribution of hydrogen.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 2; Sept
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  • 60
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    Growth of metric noise continuum storms and its relation to the source of microwave S-emissions (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The relationship between metric noise continuum storms and the S-component of solar microwave emissions is examined by considering the properties of a solar active region and its relation to LF radio burst emissions observed by IMP 6. It is noted that the development of radio noise continuum sources in metric frequencies or less is usually preceded by the appearance of an S-emission source, which is formed in complex sunspot groups such as beta-gamma and gamma types. A model for the development of radio noise continuum sources in metric and decametric frequencies is proposed in which the development of relationships between emissions is closely connected to the growth of magnetic-field lines above associated sunspot groups into complex configurations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 23; Sept
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  • 61
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    Protons as the prime contributors to storm time ring current (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Following a large sudden commencement on June 17, 1972, a large magnetic storm evolved, with a well-developed main phase and recovery phase. Explorer 45 (S3-A), with its apogee near 16 hours local time in June, measured the equatorial particle populations and magnetic field throughout this period. By use of data obtained during the symmetric recovery phase it is shown that through a series of self-consistent calculations, the measured protons, with energies from 1 to 872 keV, can account for almost all of the observed ring current magnetic effects within the limits of experimental uncertainties. This enables us to set an upper limit to the heavy ion contribution to the storm time ring current of a few percent of the proton contribution.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Sept. 1
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  • 62
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    In situ measurements of plasma drift velocity and enhanced NO/+/ in the auroral electrojet by the Bennett spectrometer on AE-C (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Simultaneous measurements of ion composition and plasma drift velocity by the Bennett mass spectrometer on the Atmosphere Explorer-C satellite reveal a direct correlation between enhancements in NO(+) concentration and ion drift velocity in the southern auroral oval. Low altitude (137 to 250 km) data obtained between 1700 and 2400 hr magnetic local time on October 22, 1974, reveal a region of westward plasma flow at velocities up to 1.3 km/s between 62 and 68 deg invariant latitude, with corresponding NO(+) enhancements of up to a factor of 20. A narrow region of reverse flow at about 0.9 km/s was also measured. These drift observations are consistent with convective flow patterns derived from electric field measurements, and their correlation with NO(+) appears to support the suggestion that NO(+) enhancements would be expected in regions of drift owing to the dependence on ion energy of the reaction O(+) + N2 yields NO(+) + N.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 2; June 197
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  • 63
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    Source mechanism for terrestrial kilometric radiation (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The intense electromagnetic radiation of near earth origin, observed by the OGO, IMP, and Hawkeye satellites, can be explained in terms of plasma oscillations near the upper hybrid frequency which are stimulated in the high latitude regions at distances within 5 earth radii. The wave energy is converted from the longitudinal electrostatic mode to the transverse electromagnetic mode as it travels in the slightly inhomogeneous magnetosphere, and it is reflected at the point where the wave frequency equals the local electron plasma frequency. Peak emission region occurs near 2 earth radii. The original plasma oscillations are generated in the turbulent plasma produced by precipitating electrons associated with discrete auroral arcs. The mechanism has possible applications to studies of the irregular structure of the magnetospheric thermal plasma and to models for the decametric radiation from Jupiter.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 2; Feb. 197
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  • 64
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    Substorm-injected protons and electrons and the injection boundary model (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Analysis of observations of substorm-associated enhancements of proton and electron fluxes: (1) makes a strong case for the existence of a boundary limiting the regional particle injection associated with substorms, (2) supports the hypothesis that the injection process is almost instantaneous (less than approximately 5 min), and (3) indicates that the injection takes place within a large region extending at least several earth radii tailward of the injection boundary. The injection boundary model is superior to others in that it simultaneously explains: (1) the drift and energy dispersion of substorm-injected protons between 1 and 30 keV, (2) the relative behavior of protons with 81 deg and 27 deg pitch angles, (3) the absence of observed electrons below 30 keV, and (4) the time dispersion of impulsively injected electrons seen outside the plasmapause.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 65
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    Magnetospheric mapping with a quantitative geomagnetic field model (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Mapping the magnetosphere on a dipole geomagnetic field model by projecting field and particle observations onto the model is described. High-latitude field lines are traced between the earth's surface and their intersection with either the equatorial plane or a cross section of the geomagnetic tail, and data from low-altitude orbiting satellites are projected along field lines to the outer magnetosphere. This procedure is analyzed, and the resultant mappings are illustrated. Extension of field lines into the geomagnetic tail and low-altitude determination of the polar cap and cusp are presented. It is noted that while there is good agreement among the various data, more particle measurements are necessary to clear up statistical uncertainties and to facilitate comparison of statistical models.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 66
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    A radio picture of the earth (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A technique called passive microwave remote sensing can be used to obtain a new view of the planet earth by means of radio telescopes carried aboard artificial satellites. An important relationship between the observed radio brightness temperature and the surface conditions provides the basis for the new technique. A radio image is presented of the entire earth on the basis of Nimbus microwave-image data taken January 12-16, 1973.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Sky and Telescope; 49; Jan. 197
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    A simulation experiment of photochemical reactions in the mesosphere (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An ionospheric simulation experiment has been performed in a large vacuum chamber. The chamber is filled with NO and other gases including N2, O2, CO2, NH3 and H2O in the pressure range of 0.01 torr. A lamp which produces photons at 1236- and 1165-A by means of microwave discharge in krypton is utilized as an ionization source. In addition to 30+ large quantities of the water cluster ions 55+, H3O(+).(H2O)2, 73+, H3O(+).(H2O)3 and 91+, H3O(+).(H2O)4 were observed when nitric oxide and water were present. This closely approximates the condition of the terrestrial D region. After long periods of UV irradiation 74+ and 104+ ions grow in intensity. These ions are tentatively identified as NO(+).N2O and NO(+).NO.N2O. In addition the series 18+, 36+, 54+, and 72+ is detected which can be labeled NH4(+), NH4(+).(H2O), NH4(+).(H2O)2 and NH4(+).(H2O)3. These same species of ions are observed with the introduction of ammonia into the chamber. Presumably both N2O and NH3 are products of the photolysis.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity; 27; 6, 19; 1975
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  • 68
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    Exospheric hydrogen above St-Santin /France/ (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The temperature and hydrogen concentration of the exosphere was determined using incoherent scatter measurements performed above St. Santin from 1969 to 1972. The hydrogen concentration was deduced from measurements of the number density of positive hydrogen and oxygen ions. A statistical analysis is given of the hydrogen concentration as a function of the exospheric temperature and the diurnal variation of the hydrogen concentration is investigated for a few selected days of good quality observation. The data averaged with respect to the exospheric temperature without consideration of the local time exhibits a distribution consistent with a constant effective Jeans escape flux of about 9 x 10 to the 7 cu cm/s. The local time variation exhibits a maximum to minimum concentration ratio of at least 3.5.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Annales de Geophysique; 31; Oct
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  • 69
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    Photography and photometry of the near infrared OH airglow (1975)
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    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The instruments employed in the investigation were modified for aircraft use primarily by automating the repetitive measurements and incorporating image intensifier tubes to reduce exposure times. The instruments include a 35-mm camera, an absolutely calibrated photometer, and a 16-mm movie camera. The data obtained will be used in a study of the variation of parallax emission heights with geographical location, and the relationship of OH patch or stripe size to emission height.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 257; Oct. 23
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  • 70
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    Drift-free magnetic geometries in adiabatic motion (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: There exist magnetic fields in which particles bouncing between mirror points experience no net first-order guiding center drift. In such fields, even though the instantaneous gradient and curvature drifts are not zero, their total effect integrated over any bounce period vanishes, so that particles merely wobble back and forth around fixed field lines. A class of two-dimensional drift-free fields, somewhat resembling the configuration found in the geomagnetic tail, is described; several proofs of the drift-free property are given, including some that suggest that the property of vanishing net drift might extend to nonadiabatic orbits. A general criterion for identifying drift-free fields is developed, and a case of motion in a nearly drift-free field is also investigated. The theory is applied to the plasma sheet in the earth's magnetotail, and observational evidence is presented suggesting that the magnetic field there indeed approaches a drift-free configuration.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Nov. 1
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  • 71
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    The SAR arc event observed during the December 1971 magnetic storm (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observations from five separate experiments on the Isis 2 spacecraft are used to study the atmosphere/ionosphere during the magnetic storm of December 16-20, 1971. The data are most complete in the midlatitude region, permitting a study of the SAR arc (subauroral red arc) which developed during the night of December 17-18. Ion composition and temperature, electron temperature, electron-density height profiles from the spacecraft to the F region, and the intensity of the 6300-A oxygen emission are all presented for the region of interest. It is found that the H(+) concentration had sharp gradients near the SAR arc and that the plasma temperature was significantly enhanced over typical nighttime values, reaching nearly 7000 K at 1400 km on the field line which intersected the arc. A system of time-dependent equations for atmospheric/ionospheric composition and temperature is solved using boundary conditions which were selected so that the solutions are in agreement with the observations. From these solutions, an assessment is made of the influence of (1) the efflux of plasma from the ionosphere to the magnetosphere, (2) the decrease in O/N2 at the turbopause, (3) the increase in the loss coefficient as a result of an increase in the vibrational temperature of N2, and (4) the conduction of thermal energy into the ionosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Dec. 1
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  • 72
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    Experimental hypervelocity impact into quartz sand - Distribution and shock metamorphism of ejecta (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results are presented for vertical impacts of 0.3-g cylindrical plastic projectiles into noncohesive quartz sand in which vertical and horizontal reference strate were employed by using layers of colored sand. The impacts were performed at velocities of 5.9-6.9 km/sec with a vertical gun ballistic range. The craters, 30-33 cm in diameter, reveal a radial decay of the ejecta mass per unit area with a power of -2.8 to -3.5. Material displaced from the upper 15% of the crater depth d is represented within the whole ejecta blanked, material from deeper than 28% of d is deposited inside 2 crater radii, and no material from deeper than 33% of d was ejected beyond the crater rim. Shock-metamorphosed particles (glassy agglutinates, cataclastic breccias, and comminuted quartz) amount to some 4% of the total displaced mass and indicate progressive zones of decay of shock intensity from a peak pressure of 300 kbar. The shock-metamorphosed particles and the shock-induced change in the grain size distribution of ejected samples have close analogies to the basic characteristics of the lunar regolith. Possible applications to regolith formation and to ejecta formations of large-scale impact craters are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Oct. 10
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  • 73
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    Deterioration and modification of the biosphere leading to irreversible climatic change of the global ecosystem (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The level, intensity, nature and impact of man's activities upon weather and climatic changes are explored. It is shown that industrialization leads to increased CO2 levels, atmospheric dust content and land surfaces changes. This in turn causes global climatic interactions which results in a general cooling trend. Global cooperation is advocated to stem environmental degradation and weather pattern interruption by the use of corrective mechanisms.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The Future Environment; 25 p
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  • 74
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    Coordinated ATS-5 electron flux and simultaneous auroral observations, appendix B (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: All Sky Cameras (ASCA) magnetosphere observations were made at the field line conjugate of the ATS-5 Satellite. The magnetosphere region examined was L=5 to L=11. The correlation of the auroras observed by the ASCA's and the magnetospheric trapped fluxes was studied. It is shown that auroral forms are not simply correlated with the synchronous altitude electron fluxes. The presence of hot plasma at the ATS-5 satellite is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the occurrence of local auroras. On quiet days the hot plasma does not penetrate into the magnetosphere far enough to reach the ATS-5 orbit. Under these conditions no auroras are observed at the field line conjugate, but auroras are usually observed on higher latitude field lines. On more disturbed days, auroral arcs are observed at lower latitudes when the plasma sheet penetrates into the ATS-5 orbit. Significant qualitative correlation between the ASCA data and the trapped fluxes was observed when a local plasma injection event occurred near ATS-5. Magnetograms are shown.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Analysis of Data from the Lockheed Experiment on ATS-5; 44 p
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  • 75
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    Mid-latitude VLF emissions observed in the topside ionosphere (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Narrow-band VLF emissions observed on different days by Alouette-2 are described. It is found that narrow-band VLF hiss (3.5-7.0 kHz) occurs at midlatitudes (at 54 to 64 deg) in the topside ionosphere during both the geomagnetically disturbed and quiet periods, although the hiss region moves towards the auroral zone during the disturbed period. It is likely that the midlatitude hiss at around 5 kHz is the origin of the narrow-band hiss (5 plus or minus 1 kHz) often observed at ground stations at low latitudes, since no VLF emissions above 2 kHz appear in the auroral zone. The midlatitude VLF hiss observed in the topside ionosphere may be generated by the transverse (electron cyclotron) resonance instability in the magnetosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Report of Ionosphere and Space Research in Japan; 29; 1-2,; 1975
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  • 76
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    Some early results from the ATS-6 radio beacon experiment (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The multifrequency satellite radio beacon enables the measurement of the columnar electron content of the ionosphere and plasmasphere along the ray path and its spatial and temporal structure. Measurements include modulation phase, Faraday rotation, and amplitude. The characteristics of the beacon transmitter and its design are presented together with the design of the Boulder receiver and antennas and the calibration procedures. A shape factor F is defined which depends on the electron density and geomagnetic field distributions. It is found that F varies by about 30% from day to night. It is shown that the ratio of the plasmaspheric content to total content varies from about 0.08 during the day to about 0.35 at night. Other examples which are presented to illustrate the uses of the radio beacon include sunrise effects, solar flare enhancements of total content, and the ionospheric storms of early July 1974.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science; 10; Aug
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  • 77
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    Water vapor absorption spectra of the upper atmosphere /45-185 per cm/ (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The far IR nighttime absorption spectrum of the earth's atmosphere above 14 km is determined from observations of the bright moon. The spectra were obtained using a Michelson interferometer attached to a 30-cm telescope aboard a high-altitude jet aircraft. Comparison with a single-layer model atmosphere implies a vertical column of 3.4 plus or minus 0.4 microns of precipitable water on 30 August 1971 and 2.4 plus or minus 0.3 microns of precipitable water on 6 January 1972.-
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; Sept
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  • 78
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    A chemical model of the troposphere and stratosphere (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A time-dependent, one-dimensional model of the coupled chemistry and vertical mixing of the atmosphere is used to compute the distribution for many atmospheric constituents of the troposphere and stratosphere. The model treats the photochemistry of the carbon-hydrogen-oxygen-nitrogen system and is (with the exception of H2O) self-consistent in the sense of requiring no assumptions regarding minor constituent distributions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 32; Jan. 197
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  • 79
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    The global characteristics of atmospheric emissions in the lower thermosphere and their aeronomic implications (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The green line (555.7 nm) of atomic oxygen and the Herzberg bands of molecular oxygen (measured between 250 and 280 nm) as observed from the Ogo 4 airglow photometer from August 1967 through January 1968 are discussed in terms of their spatial and temporal distributions and their relation to the atomic oxygen content in the lower thermosphere. Daily maps of the distribution of emissions show considerable structure (cells, patches, and bands) with appreciable changes from day to day. When data are averaged over periods of several days in length, the resulting patterns have only occasional tendencies to follow geomagnetic parallels. The seasonal variation is characterized by maxima in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres in October, the Northern Hemisphere having substantially higher emission rates. These maxima tend to move toward the poles, leaving very low values of emission at low latitudes in December and January. Noting the similarity of the atomic oxygen profiles in the lower thermosphere to the profile of a Chapman distribution, formulae are derived relating the vertical column emission rates of the green line and the Herzberg bands to the atomic oxygen peak density.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Aug. 1
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  • 80
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    Greenhouse effect due to chlorofluorocarbons - Climatic implications (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The infrared bands of chlorofluorocarbons and chlorocarbons enhance the atmospheric greenhouse effect. This enhancement may lead to an appreciable increase in the global surface temperature if the atmospheric concentrations of these compounds reach values of the order of 2 parts per billion.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 190; Oct. 3
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  • 81
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    A comparison of electric and magnetic field data from the OGO 6 spacecraft (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Previous studies of OGO 6 electric-field data and magnetic-field magnitude observations have indicated a distinct dependence of disturbance characteristics on interplanetary-sector polarity. Examination of simultaneous data below 600 km over the summer polar cap shows that changes in electric-field patterns and the disturbance patterns in magnetic-field magnitude are highly correlated. This correlation extends to pattern shapes, boundary locations, and the amplitudes of the correlated quantities. In the winter hemisphere at altitudes above 800 km, correlations between boundaries exist, pattern correlations are present but not as strong as at low altitudes in summer, and amplitude correlations are essentially absent. These studies verify that below 600 km, the region of positive magnetic-field magnitude, from 2200 to 1000 magnetic local time (MLT), receives a significant contribution from both ionospheric and nonionospheric sources. Above 800 km, the nonionospheric sources dominate. These data are also consistent with the existence of a latitudinally broad current system at sunlit magnetic local times as the source of the negative-magnitude region between 1000 and 2200 MLT. In this region, broad structures in electric-field patterns and in magnetic-field magnitude patterns are highly correlated. Multiple peaks in the negative-magnitude, presumably identified with the multiple peaks in negative electric-field magnitude found by Langel (1973) in average surface data, occur when the electric-field pattern has multiple reversals near dusk.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Dec. 1
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  • 82
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    Phase and amplitude relationships of wave structure observed in the lower thermosphere (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data from the Atmosphere Explorer-C satellite clearly exhibit wavelike variations in neutral composition, ion density, and electron temperature, which appear to be a general feature of the atmosphere. The neutral constituents do not exhibit uniform wave characteristics since the density variations of argon are approximately twice those of molecular nitrogen and helium structure has about one-half the amplitude of the N2 variation. The waves evident in the ion density are nearly in phase with the heavy neutrals, while the electron-temperature variations are predominantly out of phase with those in the ion density. A simple model is suggested to explain the neutral composition results, wherein the enhancements in the major gas densities are in phase with the vertical component of the perturbation velocity of the gas. The vertical velocity modifies the composition by transporting parcels of air to higher or lower regions where the composition is different. The phase relationship between density and velocity implies phase velocities (assuming that these are gravitational waves) of the order of 500 meters per sec.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Dec. 1
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  • 83
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    Explorer 45 /S3-A/ observations of the magnetosphere and magnetopause during the August 4-6, 1972, magnetic storm period (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Explorer 45 (S3-A) satellite performed extensive field and particle measurements in the heart of the magnetosphere during the double magnetic storm period of August 4-6, 1972. Both the ground level magnetic records and the magnetic field deformations measured along the orbit by the satellite indicated the existence of only a moderate ring current. This was confirmed by the measurements of the total proton energy density by the on-board particle detectors, which showed a maximum energy density less than the densities observed during the December 1971 and June 1972 magnetic storms. The plasmapause in the noon quadrant was eroded continuously from the onset of the first storm at the beginning of August 4 to an altitude below L = 2.07 at about 1800 hours on August 5. Throughout the entire orbit during which the second sudden commencement occurred, a large amount of low-frequency electric and magnetic field noise was encountered. The most remarkable observation during this orbit was the contraction of the magnetopause to distances inside the satellite location at L = 5.2.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Nov. 1
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  • 84
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    Information content in Iris spectra (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Spectra from the satellite instrument Iris (infrared interferometer spectrometer) were examined to find the number of independent variables needed to describe the broad-band high-resolution spectral data. The radiated power in the atmospheric window from 771 to 981 per cm was the first parameter chosen for fitting observed spectra. At succeeding levels of analysis, the residual variability (observed spectrum minus best-fit spectrum) in an ensemble of observations was partitioned into spectral eigenvectors. The eigenvector describing the largest fraction of this variability was examined for a strong spectral signature; the power in the corresponding spectral band was then used as the next fitting parameter. The measured power in nine spectral intervals, when it was inserted in the spectral-fitting functions, was adequate to describe most spectra to within the noise level of Iris. Considerations of relative signal strength and scales of atmospheric variability suggest a combination sounder (multichannel, broad field of view) scanner (window channel, small field of view) as an efficient observing instrument.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; May 20
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  • 85
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    On the Formulation of the Gravitational Potential in Terms of Equinoctial Variables (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Analytical averaging techniques are used to expand the disturbing potential in the equinoctial coordinate frame by considering third body harmonics and zonal functions harmonics. General results are developed through applications of Legendre and associated Legendre polynomials and the Q sub nm functions for the gravitational potential.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Flight Mech.(Estimation Theory Symp.; p 9-16
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  • 86
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    Two possible mechanisms for relating terrestrial atmospheric circulation to solar disturbances (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: During geomagnetic storms, which are initiated by solar disturbances, two cells of circulatory motion are established in the polar ionosphere. The torques that contribute to either cell might be as great as 10 to the 24 power dyne cm, and may persist for times of the order 100,000 sec. The angular momentum contributed to a cell may be as great as 10 to the 29th power g sq cm/sec. Angular momentum is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 225-226
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  • 87
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    Auroral effects in the D region of the ionosphere (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The possible effects are discussed of radiations and corpuscles on relatively short-term changes in the circulation of the atmosphere (the development of cellular patterns in the zonal westerly flow, leading to the formation of cyclones) and relatively long-term changes in climate.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 213-223
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  • 88
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    Future monitoring of charged particle energy deposition into the upper atmosphere and comments on possible relationships between atmospheric phenomena and solar and/or geomagnetic activity (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Monitoring of earth's atmosphere was conducted for several years utilizing the ITOS series of low-altitude, polar-orbiting weather satellites. A space environment monitoring package was included in these satellites to perform measurements of a portion of earth's charged particle environment. The charged particle observations proposed for the low-altitude weather satellite TIROS N, are described which will provide the capability of routine monitoring of the instantaneous total energy deposition into the upper atmosphere by the precipitation of charged particles from higher altitudes. Such observations may be of use in future studies of the relationships between geomagnetic activity and atmospheric weather pattern developments. Estimates are given to assess the potential importance of this type of energy deposition. Discussion and examples are presented illustrating the importance of distinguishing between solar and geomagnetic activity as possible causative sources. Such differentiation is necessary because of the widely different spatial and time scales involved in the atmospheric energy input resulting from these various sources of activity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 155-159
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  • 89
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    Correlations and linkages between the sun and the earth's atmosphere: Needed measurements and observations (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A study was conducted to identify the sequence of processes that lead from some change in solar input to the earth to a change in tropospheric circulation and weather. Topics discussed include: inputs from the sun, the solar wind, and the magnetosphere; bremsstrahlung, ionizing radiation, cirrus clouds, thunderstorms, wave propagation, and gravity waves.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 227-237
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  • 90
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    High-latitude ionospheric winds related to solar-interplanetary conditions (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Treated jointly, two recent results imply that the distribution of winds in the polar ionosphere should change as a function of the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field. From the motions of chemically released ion and neutral clouds, it is apparent that neutral winds in the high-latitude ionosphere are driven principally by ion drag forces. OGO 6 electric field measurements demonstrate that there are definite relationships between the time/latitude distribution of ionospheric plasma convection and interplanetary magnetic field parameters, and also that the distribution is most sensitive to the azimuthal angle of the inter planetary field. Although direct neutral wind to interplanetary magnetic field comparisons are not available, logic clearly implies a close relationship. Observations of infrasonic waves following sudden ionization enhancements indicate the existence of momentum transfer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 167-170
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  • 91
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    Possible relationships between solar activity and atmospheric constituents (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The large body of data on solar variations and atmospheric constituents collected between 1902 and 1953 by the Astrophysical Observatory of the Smithsonian Institution (APO) was examined. Short-term variations in amounts of atmospheric aerosols and water vapor due to seasonal changes, volcanic activity, air pollution, and frontal activity are discussed. Preliminary evidence indicates that increased solar activity is at times associated with a decrease in attenuation due to airborne particulates.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 149-154
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  • 92
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    On possible interactions between upper and lower atmosphere (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Geomagnetic data was compared with data on tropospheric and stratospheric circulation characteristics; a statistically significant shrinking was found in areal extent of the stratospheric vortex from the third to the eighth day following a 'geomagnetic storm' The meridionality of the 30 640-m contour line at 10 millibars increases markedly from 5 to 8 days after the storm. During the contraction of the polar vortex edge, the mean height of the vortex central contour decreases only slightly. This indicates that a stratospheric warming event is associated with a steepening of the contour gradient rather than a warming over the entire area of the stratospheric polar vortex. The troposphere reacts to these weak, but significant, stratospheric warming events by a shrinkage of the area of the 500-millibar cold air pool. This shrinkage commences about 3 days after the stratospheric warming. The investigation indicates that the energy input into the stratosphere that is received in conjunction with the geomagnetic disturbance has to come at a propitious time, when the stratospheric-tropospheric circulation system is not already undergoing a major readjustment because of an inherent dynamic instability.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 59-69
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  • 93
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    Magnetometeorology: Relationships between the weather and earth's magnetic field (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A comparison of meteorological pressures and the strength of earth's magnetic field shows that the magnetic field exerts a controlling influence on the average pressure in the troposphere at high latitudes. The possibility of long-term changes in the goemagnetic field affecting the climate is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 39-41
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  • 94
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    Certain regularities of geomagnetic and Baric fields at high latitudes (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The existence of a relation between the variations of magnetic field at earth's surface in near-pole regions and the sector structure of the interplanetary magnetic field is considered as the evidence of the influence of the solar wind with its magnetic field on the processes proceeding in the magnetosphere. Two peculiarities between geomagnetic and interplanetary fields are discussed in detail: the north-south and spring-autumn asymmetry.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 53-58
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  • 95
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    An investigation of the solar zenith angle variation of D-region ionization (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Model calculations are carried out with a view to interpreting the solar zenith angle variation of D-region ionization. A model is developed for the neutral chemistry including the transport terms relating to molecular and eddy diffusion. The diurnal behavior is described of the minor neutral constituents formed in an oxygen-hydrogen-nitrogen atmosphere, in the height interval between 30 and 120 km. Computations carried out for two cases of the eddy diffusion coefficients models indicate that the constituents which are important for the D-region positive-ion chemistry do not show a significant variation with zenith angle for values up to 75 deg over the D-region heights. In the ion chemistry model, ion-pair production rates are calculated for solar X-rays between 1 A and 100 A, EUV radiations from 100 A up to the Lyman-alpha line, precipitating electrons, and galactic cosmic rays. The solar zenith angle variation of the positive-ion composition, negative-ion composition, and the electron densities are described up to 75 deg zenith angle, in the height interval between 60 and 100 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-143217 , AERONOMY-67 , UILU-ENG-75-2504 , (ISSN 0568-0581)
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  • 96
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    Effective velocity power laws for electron-neutral collision frequencies (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Calculations of electron transport coefficients in the ionosphere are simplified if the electron-neutral collision frequency can be expressed as a power law in velocity. A new method for determining the effective power law representation for electron-neutral collision frequencies of arbitrary velocity dependence is presented. This method is applied to ionospheric gases in a model calculation. Comparison with similar results of Schunk and Walker and with exact calculations of transport coefficient correction factors demonstrates this technique to be more accurate than the other. Effective power law indexes are computed for both Banks' and Itikawa's collision frequencies. Relative differences between these indexes are found to be considerably larger than the differences between the collision frequencies themselves; however, the effects on transport calculations are shown to be smaller.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 23; Mar. 197
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  • 97
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    Diurnal variations of atomic hydrogen - Observations and calculations (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Theoretical calculations of the diurnal variation of atomic hydrogen in the thermosphere are presented that simultaneously evaluate the effects of thermosphere rotation, thermal escape, charge exchange with O(+) ions, charge exchange with hot H(+) ions, transport due to winds, and ballistic fluxes in a consistent manner. The first five effects cause a significant departure from the zero net ballistic flux condition. A thermospheric wind with a peak velocity of 50 m per sec at exobase altitude and a total charge exchange flux varying from 0 to 0.2 billion per sq cm per sec are found to be consistent with the observations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 98
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    Auroral electrojet current density deduced from the Chatanika radar and from the Alaska meridian chain of magnetic observatories (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 99
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    Pi2 pulsations in the magnetosphere (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Several substorms were observed at Explorer 45 in November and December 1971, and January and February 1972, while the satellite was in the evening quadrant near L = 5. These same substorms were identified in ground level magnetograms from auroral zone and low latitude stations. The satellite vector magnetic field records and rapid run ground magnetograms were examined for evidence of simultaneous occurrence of Pi2 magnetic pulsations. Pulsations which began abruptly were observed at the satellite during 7 of the 13 substorms studied and the pulsations occurred near the estimated time of substorm onset. These 7 pulsation events were also observed on the ground and 6 were identified in station comments as Pi2. All of the events observed were principally compressional waves, that is, pulsations in field magnitude. There were also transverse components elliptically polarized counter-clockwise looking along the field line. Periods observed ranged from 40 to 200 sec with 80 sec often the dominant period.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 23; Apr. 197
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  • 100
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    Electron density profiles from ionograms - Underlying ionization corrections and their comparison with rocket results (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Electron density profiles from nine daytime rocket flights at Wallops Island, Va., conducted at high and low levels of solar activity are compared with profiles calculated by inversion of ionograms obtained at the same times and location. Sources of error and uncertainty in the ionogram inversion are discussed, as are means for their amelioration. In most cases, agreement between the two kinds of measurement within a few percent in electron density and within a few percent of a scale height can be achieved.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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