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  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (673)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (465)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (1,138)
  • 1978  (1,138)
Collection
Keywords
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (1,138)
Year
  • 1
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    How much energy does energy cost? (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: Estimating the energy cost of producing and delivering an energy product involves the quantitative determination of all relevant energy flows and the aggregation of these flows into meaningful indices of system performance. Five emerging energy technologies are subjected to energy analysis. The energy delivered by each is substantially greater than the energy consumed during construction and lifelong operation of the system. Net energy analysis can provide interesting and perhaps useful information regarding specific technologies, but it does not necessarily provide additional information essential to the making of decisions regarding those technologies.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 117-134
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  • 2
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    The impact of municipal refuse utilization on energy and our environment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: The incinerator/boiler configuration is stressed as the most reliable method of waste utilization. It is also pointed out that the high cost of refuse disposal and the ever increasing cost of energy, have made this method attractive. A plan is outlined for operating a waste utilization plant. Community participation is encouraged in investigating the feasibility of refuse to energy facilities in their area.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 95-116
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  • 3
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    Conservation as an alternative energy source (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: A speech is given outlining the energy situation in the United States. It is warned that the existing energy situation cannot prevail and the time is fast running out for continued growth or even maintenance of present levels. Energy conservation measures are given as an aid to decrease U.S. energy consumption, which would allow more time to develop alternative sources of energy.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 87-94
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  • 4
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    Agricultural and industrial process heat (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: The application of solar energy to agricultural and industrial process heat requirements is discussed. This energy end use sector has been the largest and it appears that solar energy can, when fully developed and commercialized, displace from three to eight or more quads of oil and natural gas in U.S. industry. This potential for fossil fuel displacement in the agricultural and industrial process heat area sector represents a possible savings of 1.4 to 3.8 million barrels of oil daily.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 59-86
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  • 5
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    Impact of novel energy sources: OTEC, wind, goethermal, biomass (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: Alternate energy conversion methods such as ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), wind power, geothermal wells and biomass conversion are being explored, and re-examined in some cases, for commercial viability. At a time when United States fossil fuel and uranium resources are found to be insufficient to supply national needs into the twenty-first century, it is essential to broaden the base of feasible energy conversion technologies. The motivations for development of these four alternative energy forms are established. Primary technical aspects of OTEC, wind, geothermal and biomass energy conversion systems are described along with a discussion of relative advantages and disadvantages of the concepts. Finally, the sentiment is voiced that each of the four systems should be developed to the prototype stage and employed in the region of the country and in the sector of economy which is complimentary to the form of system output.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for Southeastern States; p 39-57
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  • 6
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    Wood energy-commercial applications (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: Wood energy is being widely investigated in many areas of the country because of the many obvious benefits of wood fuel such as the low price per million Btus relative to coal, oil, and gas; the wide availability of noncommercial wood and the proven ability to harvest it; established technology which is reliable and free of pollution; renewable resources; better conservation for harvested land; and the potential for jobs creation. The Southeastern United States has a specific leadership role in wood energy based on its established forest products industry experience and the potential application of wood energy to other industries and institutions. Significant questions about the widespread usage of wood energy are being answered in demonstrations around the country as well as the Southeast in areas of wood storage and bulk handling; high capitalization costs for harvesting and combustion equipment; long term supply and demand contracts; and the economic feasibility of wood energy outside the forest products industry.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 27-38
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  • 7
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    Alternatives in solar energy (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: Although solar energy has the potential of providing a significant source of clean and renewable energy for a variety of applications, it is expected to penetrate the nation's energy economy very slowly. The alternative solar energy technologies which employ direct collection and conversion of solar radiation as briefly described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Southeastern States; p 19-25
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  • 8
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    An overview of the energy situation (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-25
    Description: Beginning with a historical review of the domestic pattern of energy usage, the current dependence of the United States upon dwindling petroleum resources is examined. The possible limit of petroleum usage is discussed, and recent oil production trends are presented. Coupling these with projected analyses of OPEC oil productive capability in the early 1980's indicates a serious worldwide as well as American energy problem in the next decade. The need for conservation and rapid development of application of alternative energy resources is discussed including quantitative projections of significant conservation efforts as well as estimates of domestic alternative energy resource capabilities.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Emerging Energy Alternatives for the Sourtheastern States; p 7-18
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  • 9
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    IUE flight experience (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Nickel cadmium batteries were designed to provide an alternate booster energy source to the IUE satellite during eclipse periods. Data shows the spacecraft can operate over the three year design life and a five year design goal.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 229-237
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  • 10
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    Single cell recongidioning test (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Reconditioning the voltage and current profiles, capacity discharge and current, and charge and discharge cycles are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 171-181
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  • 11
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    Microprocessor controlled advanced battery management systems (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The advanced battery management system described uses the capabilities of an on-board microprocessor to: (1) monitor the state of the battery on a cell by cell basis; (2) compute the state of charge of each cell; (3) protect each cell from reversal; (4) prevent overcharge on each individual cell; and (5) control dual rate reconditioning to zero volts per cell.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 287-299
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  • 12
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    Tadiran-Plainview Electronics presentation (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Various environmental, mechanical, vibration, shock, etc., test were run on the manufacturer's lithium cells. The data obtained from these tests are graphically presented and briefly discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 531-538
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  • 13
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    High rate of reversal in Nicd cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Pressure response to reverse current, pressure decay after reversal, and discharge performance of nickel cadmium cells are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 183-198
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  • 14
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    Tradeoff analysis with lithium cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Characteristic data, primarily on high rate lithium sulfur dioxide design (basically in the D and DD cell configuration), both before and after much exposure to environmental conditions are discussed. The environmental as opposed to signle cells. Discussion was generated among the Workshop participants and comments and questions are reported. Graphical representations of the test data are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space FLight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 475-487
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  • 15
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    Hazards of lithium thionyl chloride batteries (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Two different topics which only relate in that they are pertinent to lithium thionyl chloride battery safety are discussed. The first topic is a hazards analysis of a system (risk assessment), a formal approach that is used in nuclear engineering, predicting oil spills, etc. It is a formalized approach for obtaining assessment of the degree of risk associated with the use of any particular system. The second topic is a small piece of chemistry related to the explosions that can occur with lithium thionyl chloride systems. After the two topics are presented, a discussion is generated among the Workshop participants.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 449-458
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  • 16
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    Life test of NiH2 flight battery (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Life cycle tests being run on the 50 A lightweight nickel hydrogen flight battery are discussed and the preliminary results are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 341-346
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  • 17
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    USAF nickel hydrogen cell (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Air Force activities in nickel hydrogen battery research were summarized. The latest developments for the past year were discussed and applications of the nickel hydrogen batteries were reviewed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 317-329
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  • 18
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    HCMM/SAGE test results (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The salient features of the nickel cadmium batteries used in the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission spacecraft and the SAGE satellite are presented. Life tests, battery profiles, and recommendations for structural improvement are reported.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 271-285
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  • 19
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    NTS-2 battery after 1 year and 3 eclipse seasons (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The performance of the nickel hydrogen batteries on board the NTS-2 satellite was determined after being in orbit for several months. The effects of the eclipses were presented as well as the power loading operations.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 309-315
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  • 20
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    RCA Satcom in orbit: Reconditioning and flight experience (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The performance of the nickel cadmium batteries on the SATCOM in orbit, and the effects of aging and changes in temperature due to eclipses are described. A description of the battery reconditioning is presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 253-265
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  • 21
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    Standard cell data (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Performance tests of the mechanical designs of nickel cadmium cells are presented. The framework of the manufacturing and processing of these cells is described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 163-170
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  • 22
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    Synchronous orbit models (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The NASA guidelines for synchronous orbits are presented. Mathematical models are developed which encompass all test variables and systems engineering.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 149-154
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  • 23
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    The Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere is used to obtain vertical profiles and maps of temperature and the concentration of ozone, water vapor, nitrogen dioxide, and nitric acid for the region of the stratosphere bounded by the upper troposphere and the lower mesosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 71-104
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  • 24
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    Microwave radiometer measurement of water vapor path delay: Data reduction techniques (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Data reduction techniques are developed to compensate for water vapor path delay, a limiting error source in geodetic measurements made with very long baseline interferometry and in radio ranging to spacecraft. It is shown that water vapor path delay is proportional to a linear combination of saturation-corrected sky brightness temperatures, measured on and off the water vapor line. The effects of emission from liquid water droplets in clouds as well as most of the oxygen emission are removed by the off-line channel. Sky brightness temperatures are saturation-corrected or 'linearized' using estimates of effective sky temperatures made from surface temperature. Tipping curves are used to remove instrumental error. Coefficients are found by two methods: from a regression analysis of measured brightness temperatures versus radiosonde measured delay, and from a regression analysis of theoretical brightness temperatures versus radiosonde measured delay. In each case the coefficients are adjusted for differing climatic conditions by measurements of surface temperature, pressure, and relative humidity. Regression solutions are constrained to remove liquid water contributions and to give the correct slope for radiometer versus radiosonde path delay.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 22-30
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  • 25
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    Safety characteristics of the lithium SO2 system (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Extensive tests were conducted to quantitatively define the safety characteristics of high-rate SO2 multicell batteries under various discharge and temperature profiles, which closely simulated actual field-use conditions. The resulting behavior patters of the multicell batteries and the corrective action which can be implemented to minimize or prevent hazardous battery performance are briefly summarized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 539-548
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  • 26
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    Life testing of Mallory cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Tests were performed to assess the effects of storage time, storage temperature, vibration, discharge rate and temperature, and capacity of high-rate, D size, lithium sulfur dioxide cells. Data from these tests are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 489-497
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  • 27
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    Characteristics of Li-SOCl2 cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A general discussion of the characteristics of Li-SOC12 cells is presented. Three different shaped cells were selected for study; prismatic, cylindrical, and disc. The characteristics of the cells were obtained through nondestructive and destructive testing which are discussed. Graphs are presented which represent the various parameters investigated. Workshop participant comments and questions are also included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA Goddard Space FLight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 465-474
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  • 28
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    Seal problems of lithium cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The problem of leakage through a seal in lithium cells is addressed. The use of ceramic and glass-to-metal seals is briefly discussed. Comments are presented from the Workshop participants.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 459-464
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  • 29
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    US Army lithium cell applications (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The how, why and where the Army is applying lithium batteries are addressed. The Army is committing its efforts to the utilization of lithium batteries in new equipment that will be going into the field possibly from FY-80 and thereafter. The Army's philosophy is to guide their users and the equipment designers, to use battery packs are opposed to singel cells. After a detailed description of the battery types that are being considered, a discussion is presented in which questions and comments are exchanged among the Workshop participants.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space FLight Center, 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 441-448
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  • 30
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    Common pressure vessel battery performance (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Performance tests run on two common pressure vessel type nickel hydrogen batteries are described and the results presented. The study included: (1) charge retention tests, (2) synchronous eclipse season cycling tests, and (3) temperature differential tests.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 361-370
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  • 31
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    NASA lithium cell applications (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The advantages of lithium systems are described and a general summary of their application in present and future NASA programs is presented. Benefits of the lithium systems include an increased payload weight and an increased cost effectiveness to the customer. This also allows for more flexibility in the design of future space transportation systems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 395-410
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  • 32
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    Silver hydrogen voltage/pressure performance (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: High pressure tests were run on silver hydrogen cells in order to determine: (1) the self discharge characteristics at 1000 and 2000 psig; (2) the state of charge parameters; and (3) the trickle charge rates. These results were then compared with pressure test results from a nickel hydrogen cell.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 383-391
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  • 33
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    Configuration analysis of nickel hydrogen cell (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The significance of various stack configurations and components on the cycle life for nickel hydrogen cells for synchronous orbit used was evaluated. Failure modes of electrolyte management and 02 management were solved by modifications in the reservoir, the wick, and/or the stack configuration.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 347-359
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  • 34
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    Acceptance test data on Hughes-USAF lightweight nickel hydrogen cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Cell capacity, stabilization cycling, and failure analysis data on 50 A hour lightweight nickel hydrogen cells is presented and discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 331-340
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  • 35
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    Parallel battery test results (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The effects of disabling and enabling the charger on one of two batteries that are operating in a parallel mode are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 201-211
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  • 36
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    Hughes/GE improved NiCd cell design (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Synchronous orbit and elliptical orbit life tests are used to make improvements in cell design for spacecraft application. The test increased the electrolyte volume and the surface area in cells to reduce the current density on charge and discharge.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 155-162
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  • 37
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    Data analysis for the accelerated test (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Test variables discussed graphically include the effects of: (1) ambient temperature; (2) depth of the discharge; (3) discharge rate; (4) percent of recgargel (5) KOH concentration; (6) KOH volume; (7) charge rate and (8) negative per charge.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 110-117
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  • 38
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    Ceramic-metal seals for advanced battery systems (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The search for materials which are electrochemically compatible with the lithium sulfur and sodium sulfur systems is discussed. The use liquid or braze alloys, titanium hydrite coatings, and tungsten yttria for bonding beryllium with ceramic is examined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 87-100
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  • 39
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    Comparison of cells with Pellon 2503 and 2505 separator (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Unlike the 2505 nonwoven nylon separator material which has fibers in a random direction, the 2503 material has fibers oriented all in one direction. Properties of the two materials discussed include density, porosity, absorptivity, electrolyte retention, capacity, and charge voltage pressure. With only 1,000 test cycles completed, it is not possible to determine whether 2503 is a suitable substitute.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 57-63
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  • 40
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    Accelerated test program at Crane (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Statistical analysis of work performed, the present status, and the future plans of the program are summarized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 103-109
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  • 41
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    Characterization of degraded nickel cadmium cells (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Various cells were cycled until degradation and then tested to determine the electrochemical characterization of the cells with regard to charge control. A constant voltage charged to a temperature-biased voltage, using up to an 8-voltage limit was used for the evaluation. Graphs show severe discharge voltage degradation with cycling and periodic capacity discharge; voltage extremes for cells with and without periodic capacity discharges; voltage extremes for cells with high rate discharge; voltage-temperature levels used for charge control; end of charge current and discharge voltage for 5 percent DOD cycling; cell capacity following 5 percent DOD cycling; and the end of discharge voltage and typical charge current profiles for the 20 percent DOD cycling.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 65-74
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  • 42
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    Lightweight porous plastic plaque (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The porosity and platability of various materials were investigated to determine a suitable substrate for nickel-plated electrodes. Immersion, ultrasonics, and flow-through plating techniques were tried using nonproprietary formulations, and proprietary phosphide and boride baths. Modifications to the selected material include variations in formulation and treatment, carbon loading to increase conductivity, and the incorporation of a grid. Problems to be solved relate to determining conductivities and porosities as a function of amount of nickel plated on the plastics; loading; charge and discharge curves of electrodes at different current densities; cell performance; and long-term degradation of electrodes.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 31-42
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  • 43
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    Accelerated test modeling (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Cycle life regression model, cycle life prediction model, and acceleration factors are discussed. A method was presented to: (1) select a mathematical model; (2) determine model coefficients using accelerated test data; (3) test model fit of the accelerated test data; and (4) predict normal packs.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 119-133
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  • 44
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    Dynamics of cell degradation (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The use of chemical and physical data as a supplement to linear regression models in the prediction of cell failure is discussed. Principal factors to be considered are the positive thickness and weight, and the negative thickness. A model for cell degradation and failure in accelerated life test cells is presented and predictions based on a teardown analysis are included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 75-85
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  • 45
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    The Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder (SAMS) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Thermal emission and solar resonance fluorescence from the atmospheric limb are reported. Global measurements are made of radiation from the molecular species. The gas correlation spectroscopy technique based on the use of gas cells to select emission from chosen spectral lines or from particular parts of spectral lines is used. The source function and departure from the thermodynamic equilibrium between 80 and 130 kilometers associated with CO2 emission bands were investigated. The zonal wind velocity component along the line of sight is measured.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 139-174
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  • 46
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    The Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The radiation budget of the earth on both synoptic and planetary scales by simultaneous measurement of incoming solar radiation and outgoing earth reflected (shortwave) and emitted (longwave) radiation was determined. Both fixed wide angle sampling of terrestrial fluxes at the satellite altitude, and scanned narrow-angle sampling of the radiance components, dependent on angle are used to determine outgoing radiation. Measurements of radiation are obtained in 22 different optical channels.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 33-58
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  • 47
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    Applications and safety data (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A general overview of activities involving lithium batteries, which shows the various applications and data that were performed for numerous industry and government sponsors is presented. Brief discussions on electrochemical criteria selection, and typical storage and performance data obtained from three systems being developed are presented. Current safety work being done on high-rate, D, SO2 cells is also discussed. Three chemistries were developed and are discussed: lithium vanadium pentoxide, lithium sulfur dioxide, and lithium thionyl chloride. Storage, performance and safety data are graphically presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 511-530
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  • 48
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    Large cells and their performance (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Some of the large primary cells presently made, ranging from 2,000 to 10,000 ampere-hours are discussed. Performance data obtained on a 2,000 ampere-hour cell are graphically presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 499-503
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  • 49
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    NASA's lithium cell technology program (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Briefly outlined are the activities of the various research centers involved in the NASA program. Graphs are presented for: (1) the initial results on SOCl2 decomposition rate; (2) effect of rate on output of Li-SOCl2 cells; (3) comparison of high and low rate Li-SOCl2 cells; and (4) effect of temperature on output of Li-SOCl2 cells. Abusive test results and a description of secondary lithium cells are also presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 431-440
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  • 50
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    Silver hydrogen batteries (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The feasibility of silver hydrogen batteries was investigated. Cell configurations and cell cycling were discussed. Energy density was found to be 65 to 100 watt hours per kilogram. Electrolyte management was considered critical to the cell's performance. Factors of electrolyte management which were particularly important were: (1) the nature of the separator system, and (2) the amount of electrolyte.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 371-381
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  • 51
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    US Navy lithium cell applications (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Applications of lithium systems that are already in the fleet are discussed. The approach that the Navy is taking in the control of the introduction of lithium batteries into the fleet is also discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop 411-420 (SEE N79-28669 19-44)
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  • 52
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    Air Force electrochemical impregnation process results (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The status of the Air Force Electrochemical program was reviewed. The performance characteristics of the system was attributed to the use of an electrochemical impregnation process. The electrode improvements, the prototype equipment designs, and the actual construction of a production facility are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 303-308
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  • 53
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    Synopsis of Viking flight data (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The temporary failure of the data collection hardware along with the fifty percent degradation on the batteries in lander 1 were discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 249-251
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  • 54
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    Canadian Technology Satellite, an update (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: An update on the performance of the nickel cadmium batteries on the Communications Technology Satellite is presented. The wattage and capacity during the winter and summer solstices are pointed out.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 267-269
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  • 55
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    Viking flight data after 24 months on Mars surface (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: An update of the Viking landers after two years of operation is presented along with an evaluation of the battery system aboard the spacecrafts which supplied them with an alternate booster energy source.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 239-247
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  • 56
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    Safety and abuse testing (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A series of abuse tests on large lithium thionyl chloride cells was initiated. Performance data obtained in testing rectangular 2,000 and 10,000 ampere-hour cells are discussed and graphically presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 505-510
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  • 57
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    Nonlinear prediction modeling for accelerated testing (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Empirical equation derived from cycles-to-failure, temperature cells, and prediction of normal packs are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 135-147
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  • 58
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    Cell design and manufacturing changes during the past decade (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Eight of the most important changes that occurred in the GE 12 AH cell over the past ten years, which are currently being used are evaluated, and a systematic approach to compare their relative merits is presented. Typical positive thickness, typical negative thickness, positive loading, negative loading, final KOH quantity, and precharge as adjustment are shown for the control cell, and the following variables: Teflon treatment; silver treatment; light loading; no PQ treatment; polypropylene separator; the A.K. 1968 plate design no PQ, old elec process, no decarb process and the A.K. 1968 plate design, no PQ, present aerospace processes. The acceptance test cell voltage and cell pressure performance and capacity test results are included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 49-56
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  • 59
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    Voltage/temperature charge characteristics (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A series of nickel cadmium batteries were tested to determine the effects of boltages and various temperatures on the charge discharge ratios and the recharge percentage. It was concluded that the selection of a proper temperature should consider the satellite orbit characteristics, the cell operating characteristics, the battery operating temperature range, and the final taper charge current.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 213-228
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  • 60
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    Chemical analysis of positive and negative plates, a survey (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Regular arrays of 1 inch discs cut from chemically impregnated positive and negative plates were sent to various contractors and government organizations for chemical analysis in order to determine whether there is consistency in analysis. Techniques used included NASA procedures as specified, variations, wet chemical techniques, and atomic absorption. The weight, thickness of disc, and active material quantity as measured by four respondents are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 43-48
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  • 61
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    Lightweight electrodes (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The fabrication of a lightweight composite nickel hydroxide electrode based on nickel-coated graphite is described and its effect on the load to failure and electrical resistivity of nickel cadmium and nickel zinc systems was evaluated. The use pure lead in lead acid batteries for submarines is also discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 11th Ann. Battery Workshop; p 17-30
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  • 62
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    Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement (SAM 2) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement 2 (SAM 2) is used to map the concentration and optical properties of stratospheric aerosols as a function of altitude, latitude, and longitude. The vertical distribution of the stratospheric aerosols in the polar regions of both hemispheres is provided.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 105-138
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  • 63
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    Thermal structure of the primitive ionosphere (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Exospheric neutral and electron temperatures have been estimated for the primitive upper atmosphere and ionosphere with various oxygen content in the scheme of our previous model (Shimizu and Shimazaki, 1976). The exospheric neutral temperature has been shown to be rather insensitive to the change of oxygen content, justifying our previous assumption for the temperature variation, while the exospheric electron temperature has been found to be quite sensitive to the compositional change, mainly owing to the strong dependence of electron density on the oxygen concentration.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Jan. 1
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  • 64
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    The evolution of the atmosphere of the earth (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Computer simulations of the evolution of the earth's atmospheric composition and surface temperature have been carried out. The program took into account changes in the solar luminosity, variations in the earth's albedo, the greenhouse effect, variation in the biomass, and a variety of geochemical processes. Results indicate that prior to two billion years ago the earth had a partially reduced atmosphere, which included N2, CO2, reduced carbon compounds, some NH3, but no free H2. Surface temperatures were higher than now, due to a large greenhouse effect. When free O2 appeared the temperature fell sharply. Had earth been only slightly further from the sun, runaway glaciation would have occurred at that time. Simulations also indicate that a runaway greenhouse would have occurred early in earth's history had earth been only a few percent closer to the sun. It therefore appears that, taking into account the possibilities of either runaway glaciation or a runaway greenhouse effect, the continuously habitable zone about a solar-type star is rather narrow, extending only from roughly 0.95 to 1.01 AU.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 33; Jan. 197
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  • 65
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    Geographical variations of NO and O3 in the lower stratosphere (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Nitric oxide and ozone concentrations in the lower stratosphere have been measured from a high-altitude research aircraft using in situ measuring techniques. Results of several geographical surveys are presented along with predictions of two two-dimensional stratospheric models. Meridional and zonal data were obtained in June 1974 and in June, July, and August 1975. At longitudes 122-158 deg W the meridional data taken between 5 and 80 deg N latitude show an increasing NO concentration with latitude, by a factor of 4 at 21-km altitude and a less marked increase at 18 km. The minimum NO concentration at 21 km is observed at 5 deg N latitude and is about 6 x 10 to the 8th power/cu cm. Zonal data at latitudes 22-38 deg N taken from 55 to 176 deg N longitude show little variation of the NO and O3 concentrations with longitude.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Apr. 20
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  • 66
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    Energy consumption program: A computer model simulating energy loads in buildings (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The JPL energy consumption computer program developed as a useful tool in the on-going building modification studies in the DSN energy conservation project is described. The program simulates building heating and cooling loads and computes thermal and electric energy consumption and cost. The accuracy of computations are not sacrificed, however, since the results lie within + or - 10 percent margin compared to those read from energy meters. The program is carefully structured to reduce both user's time and running cost by asking minimum information from the user and reducing many internal time-consuming computational loops. Many unique features were added to handle two-level electronics control rooms not found in any other program.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 288-289
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  • 67
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    Cogeneration power systems (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Cogeneration is defined as the combination of electrical generation and process heat for more efficient use of fuel. Comparisons of energy utilization in conventional electric power plants and cogeneration electric power plants are presented. Characteristics of various cogeneration systems are also presented. Systems are analyzed for use in utility systems and industrial systems. Economic and cost analysis are reviewed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the Alternate Energy Systems Seminar; p 68-96
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  • 68
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    Mass spectrometric measurements in the lower thermosphere (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Several types of spectrometers are discussed along with their methods of operations. The open source magnetic deflection type mass spectrometer and the quadrupole mass spectrometer are described in detail. The calibration and mounting procedures used for satellite-borne mass spectrometers were reviewed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System; p 120-129
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  • 69
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    In situ measurement of reactive neutral constituents in the thermosphere by atomic and molecular resonance fluorescence (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Tethered Satellite System in combination with in situ atomic and molecular resonance fluorescence techniques can treat the problem of simultaneously determining the absolute density of atomic and molecular species known to control the photochemical structure of the upper atmosphere. Two familities of reactants which can be treated by these techniques are the nitrogen oxygen family and the hydrogen oxygen family.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System; p 111-118
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  • 70
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    Reduction and analysis of satellite magnetometer data (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The broad-scale magnetic anomalies that appear in regional complications of aeromagnetic data, and in regional and global maps are discussed. Satellite data can be of value in defining such anomalies and invaluable, especially when utilized with airborne data, in their interpretation. The reduction and interpretation of satellite magnetometer data differ significantly from the standard techniques that are routinely applied to conventional measurements. The reduction of the data is discussed and its morphology is detailed. Interpretational techniques that are applicable are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System; p 59-91
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  • 71
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    Chemical releases (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A Chemical Release Module to be carried into orbit by the shuttle is described. The module would release chemicals from orbiting satellites in order understand processes within the Earth's magnetosphere, atmosphere and ionosphere. A large number of potential experiments are identified, ranging from introducing traceable material into the solar wind in order to study its transport to and within the magnetosphere, to injecting material into the outer magnetosphere to simulate the precipitation of trapped charged particles, to the release of material at lower altitudes to create waves both mechanical and electromagnetic.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System; p 135-150
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  • 72
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    Interaction of a tethered satellite with the atmosphere and the resultant environment (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The calibration of apparatus like mass spectrometers under free molecular conditions and the design and execution of relevant calibration experiments in the transition regime in low density wind tunnels is addressed. Potential access to the tethered satellite for beam instrumentation is discussed and would involve aerodynamic design input on the satellite, both as to preferred shape for the experiments and aerodynamic control for up-stream pointing. Aerodynamic design for the purpose of stabilization and pointing is also discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System; p 106-110
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  • 73
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    Gravity gradient determination with tethered systems (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A detailed investigation of the Earth's gravity field is needed for application to modern solid earth and oceanic investigations. The use of gravity gradiometers presents a technique to measure the intermediate wavelength components of the gravity field. One configuration of a gradiometer involves a tethered pair of masses orbiting the Earth and stabilized by vertical gravity gradient of the earth. A mesurement of the tension in such a system, called the DUMBBELL system is described. It allows the determination of the vertical gradient of the anomalous component of the Earth's gravtiy field. Preliminary analysis of the dynamics, mechanization, expected signal levels and noise environment indicates that the Dumbbell system is feasible.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System; p 33-58
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  • 74
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    Effect of temperature coupling on ozone depletion prediction (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effects of chlorine perturbations on both the temperature and the ozone distribution in the stratosphere have been studied using a simplified radiative-photochemical model. The model solves the hydrostatic equation for total density in a self-consistent manner as the temperature is changed. Radiative coupling is found to have a significant effect on both the thermal structure and the ozone distribution, particularly in the 35-50-km region. By increasing the ClX mixing ratio by 5.0 ppbv, the temperature in this region is decreased by 5 to 10 K with a slight increase below 30 km. The local ozone depletion around 40 km due to added ClX is smaller compared with the estimate made by keeping the temperature fixed to the ambient condition. However, the integrated effect of radiative coupling is to increase the calculated column ozone depletion by 15% to 25% in this model.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Mar. 197
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  • 75
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    ECAS Phase I fuel cell results (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper summarizes and discusses the fuel cell system results of Phase I of the Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS). Ten advanced electric powerplant systems for central-station baseload generation using coal were studied by NASA in ECAS. Three types of low-temperature fuel cells (solid polymer electrolyte, SPE, aqueous alkaline, and phosphoric acid) and two types of high-temperature fuel cells (molten carbonate, MC, and zirconia solid electrolyte, SE) were studied. The results indicate that (1) overall efficiency increases with fuel cell temperature, and (2) scale-up in powerplant size can produce a significant reduction in cost of electricity (COE) only when it is accompanied by utilization of waste fuel cell heat through a steam bottoming cycle and/or integration with a gasifier. For low-temperature fuel cell systems, the use of hydrogen results in the highest efficiency and lowest COE. In spite of higher efficiencies, because of higher fuel cell replacement costs integrated SE systems have higher projected COEs than do integrated MC systems. Present data indicate that life can be projected to over 30,000 hr for MC fuel cells, but data are not yet sufficient for similarly projecting SE fuel cell life expectancy.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Energy; 2; Jan
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    The signature of H/+/ in the equatorial anomaly - An empirical model (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Ion composition data from the OGO-6 satellite are used to develop an empirical model of the H(+) signature in the equatorial anomaly. The empirical model is an attempt to represent the generally repeatable details of the satellite data by a parameterized numerical model accounting for such variables as the altitude, local time and longitude of the observations. Although the resulting model is in general agreement with past findings on the variability of the equatorial anomaly phenomenon, there appears to be a complexity of short-term or narrowly localized variations which cannot be adequately understood on the basis of data from a single satellite.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 16; May 1978
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  • 77
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    Stratospheric nitric oxide and ozone measurements using photoionization mass spectrometry and UV absorption (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Nitric oxide has been measured in situ between 38.4 and 29.8 km by a new technique, photoionization mass spectrometry. Data indicate a peak mixing ratio of 5.7 plus or minus 0.35 ppbv at 37.5 km and only 0.2 plus or minus 0.2 ppbv at 32.8 km with a sharp gradient in concentration between 33 and 34 km. Simultaneous in-situ measurements of the ozone concentration show no significant feature at that altitude. The rapid decrease in mixing ratio is not predicted by current theory.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Jan. 197
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  • 78
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    The gravitational wave detection experiment: Description and anticipated requirements (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The experiment to detect gravitational waves in ultraprecise two-way Doppler data is described, as are the anticipated requirements for the Deep Space Network, the spacecraft, and the data processing system. The special feature which allows the usage of ultraprecise Doppler data for the possible detection of gravitational waves is a unique three-pulse signature which is a function of the spacecraft, earth, and gravitational wave propagation direction geometry. The pulses (fractional frequency shifts) result from effects which are conveniently described as follows: Clock speed-up (earth only effect) and buffeting (equal earth and spacecraft effect).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 100-108
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  • 79
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    On the origin of ringing irregularities - A meteor hypothesis (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Isolated ionospheric irregularities produce oscillating diffraction patterns on the ground. In the present study typical physical properties such as density, size, etc. of these irregularities are estimated on the basis of diffraction pattern characteristics. These properties agree well with those of meteor trail ionization and it has been found that most of these oscillating irregularities occur on meteor shower days. It is therefore suggested that the oscillating irregularities are caused by meteor showers.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 80
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    Charge exchange lifetimes for ring current ions (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In view of the importance of charge exchange decay as a loss mechanism for magnetospheric ions, the paper summarizes the latest and best measurements of the physical quantities involved in the calculation of the charge exchange lifetime of the mirroring ions. The normalized atomic hydrogen distribution is presented as a function of radial distance on the basis of the Chamberlain model for a range of exobase temperatures and for various combinations of satellite particles. Cross section measurements for various ions in the energy range 1 keV to 200 keV are summarized in the form of normalized charge exchange lifetimes. The equatorial lifetimes can be determined for any of these ions at a specific energy and L-value.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 22; Aug. 197
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  • 81
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    Faraday rotation measurements at Ootacamund (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The results of Faraday rotation measurements made at Ootacamund during ATS-6 phase II are presented. For summer and equinoctial months, even though no clear noon bite-out is observed in the variation of Faraday a decrease is observed in the rate of increase of rotation around 0900-1000 hours LT. This is attributed to the 'fountain effect' which is responsible for the noontime bite-out in F2-region peak electron density.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Indian Journal of Radio and Space Physics; 7; June 197
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  • 82
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    A numerical model for low-latitude ionospheric TEC (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A numerical model of total electron content (TEC) at low latitudes has been constructed from the Faraday rotation data recorded at a number of locations in India during the period Oct. 1975-July 1976 when the geostationary satellite ATS-6 was located at 35 deg E. In all, 36 coefficients for each season are required to represent the model. The model can be used for satellite tracking systems in estimating quickly the range, range rate and angular refraction errors. The present model is an improvement over the previously constructed model based on orbiting satellite data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Indian Journal of Radio and Space Physics; 7; June 197
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  • 83
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    The viscoelastic stiffness model of seismicity (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A viscoelastic stiffness model of seismicity is developed by introducing a viscoelastic element into the stiffness model for fault dynamics. The introduction of this element permits modeling of transient anelastic deformations in response to stress loading and relaxation and provides a mechanism for partial stress recovery following an earthquake. As a consequence, several phenomena not present in elastic stiffness theory emerge. These include postseismic creep, foreshocks, and aftershocks. Numerical simulations of fault motion also reveal episodes of stable sliding, tertiary creep preceeding earthquakes, and long-term aseismic creep.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Nov. 10
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  • 84
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    Control of wind turbine generators connected to power systems (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A unique simulation model based on a Mode-O wind turbine is developed for simulating both speed and power control. An analytical representation for a wind turbine that employs blade pitch angle feedback control is presented, and a mathematical model is formulated. For Mode-O serving as a practical case study, results of a computer simulation of the model as applied to the problems of synchronization and dynamic stability are provided. It is shown that the speed and output of a wind turbine can be satisfactorily controlled within reasonable limits by employing the existing blade pitch control system under specified conditions. For power control, an additional excitation control is required so that the terminal voltage, output power factor, and armature current can be held within narrow limits. As a result, the variation of torque angle is limited even if speed control is not implemented simultaneously with power control. Design features of the ERDA/NASA 100-kW Mode-O wind turbine are included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 85
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    The high-latitude winter F region at 300 km - Thermal plasma observations from AE-C (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are presented for a comprehensive survey of thermal ion composition and electron temperature (Te) variations in the southern high-latitude winter F region near 300-km altitude. The data are obtained from the Atmosphere Explorer (AE-C) satellite during a magnetically quiet period centered on the June 1976 solstice. Prominent ionospheric features, including the nightside main trough, a high-latitude ionization hole, and the dayside auroral zone-cusp region, are characterized in terms of composition and Te variations. The structures under study are qualitatively interpreted in terms of known processes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Oct. 1
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  • 86
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    Fe/+/ ions in the high latitude F-region (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Ion mass-spectrometer measurements on Atmosphere Explorer C orbits from December 1974 to December 1976 were surveyed poleward of + or - 30 deg for instances in which the Fe(+) number density exceeded the spectrometer threshold sensitivity of 30/cu cm. The occurrences of Fe(+) within the altitude range covered by the orbit, 220 to 320 km, revealed a distinct pattern apparently associated with regions of upward plasma transport. At night a band of such events occurred between 50 and 60 deg invariant latitude, which typically corresponded to the location of the main ionospheric trough. In this region large upward ion drifts due to the drag of an equatorward-blowing neutral wind are expected. The Fe(+) band extends past 0600 MLT to about 1100 MLT during the summer, but is not observed in the afternoon. The dayside distributions possibly result from the upward drifts of F-region ions detected by backscatter techniques after dawn during summer. At higher latitudes patches of Fe(+) were detected in regions where strong plasma drifts often prevail and hence where poleward E x B drift motions and atmospheric expansion through Joule heating can lift the ions upwards.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Sept
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  • 87
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    The noon and midnight mid-latitude trough as seen by Ariel 4 (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The electron density data returned by the polar orbiting satellites Ariel 3 and Ariel 4 revealed that the midlatitude trough is one of the distinct large-scale features of the ionosphere at about 550 km. Recent work (e.g., Tulunay and Grebowsky, 1975) on the data included the investigation of the temporal development of the latitudinal position of the midlatitude electron density trough at dawn and dusk during the large magnetic storms of May 1967 and May 1972. Model calculations which assumed that the equatorial convection E-field varies in step with the Kp index reproduced on the average the observed behavior. In the present paper, trough observations made at noon and midnight during the period, 12-21 December 1971 which encompassed a relatively large magnetic storm are discussed. In this context, model calculations have been employed as a guide of average approximations of the actual situation in predicting the plasmapause location. It is also shown that the trough observed on the noon passes is not generally plasmapause-related as the nightside troughs are expected to be.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 88
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    Theory and applications for optimization of every part of a photovoltaic system (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A general method is presented for quantitatively optimizing the design of every part and fabrication step of an entire photovoltaic system, based on the criterion of minimum cost/Watt for the system output power. It is shown that no element or process step can be optimized properly by considering only its own cost and performance. Moreover, a fractional performance loss at any fabrication step within the cell or array produces the same fractional increase in the cost/Watt of the entire array, but not of the full system. One general equation is found to be capable of optimizing all parts of a system, although the cell and array steps are basically different from the power-handling elements. Applications of this analysis are given to show (1) when Si wafers should be cut to increase their packing fraction; and (2) what the optimum dimensions for solar cell metallizations are. The optimum shadow fraction of the fine grid is shown to be independent of metal cost and resistivity as well as cell size. The optimum thicknesses of both the fine grid and the bus bar are substantially greater than the values in general use, and the total array cost has a major effect on these values. By analogy, this analysis is adaptable to other solar energy systems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 21; 2, 19; 1978
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  • 89
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    The accuracy of geopotential models (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The accuracy of two recent geopotential models, GEM 7 and GEM 8, is evaluated and is found to be about 4.3 m with respect to the global geoid surface for GEM 7 and 3.9 m for GEM 8. The accuracies are root mean square values obtained by the use of 400 coefficients for GEM 7 and 706 coefficients for GEM 8. Independent observations used in the evaluation include 159 lumped coefficients from 35 resonant orbits, two sets of fields derived from optical-only and laser-only data, sets of zonal and resonant coefficients, and geoid undulations. The ratio of estimated commission to formal error in GEM 7 and GEM 8 ranges from 2 to 5. Several other recent geopotential models are examined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 26; Dec. 197
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  • 90
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    The advanced thermionic converter with microwave power as an auxiliary ionization source (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In the search for auxiliary sources of ionization for the advanced thermionic converter plasma, as required for terrestial applications, the use of externally applied microwave power is considered. The present work is part of the advanced model thermionic converter development research currently performed at the laboratory for Power and Environmental Studies at SUNY Buffalo. Microwave power in the frequency range 1-3 GHz is used to externally pump a thermionic converter and the results are compared to the theoretical model proposed by Lam (1976) in describing the thermionic converter plasma. The electron temperature of the plasma is found to be raised considerably by effective microwave heating which results in the disappearance of the double sheath ordinarily erected in front of the emitter. The experimental data agree satisfactorily with theory in the low current region.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Energy Conversion; 18; 3, 19; 1978
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  • 91
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    Determination of the geocentric gravitational constant from laser ranging on near-earth satellites (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Laser range observations taken on the near-earth satellites of Lageos (a = 1.92 e.r.), Starlette (a = 1.15 e.r.), BE-C (a = 1.18 e.r.), and Geos-3 (a = 1.13 e.r.) have been combined to determine an improved value of the geocentric gravitational constant (GM). The value of GM is 398600.61 cu km/sec per sec, based upon a speed of light, c, of 299792.5 km/sec. Using the IAG-adopted value of c equalling 299792.458 km/sec scales GM to 398600.44 cu km/sec per sec. The uncertainty in this value is assessed to be plus or minus 0.02 cu km/sec per sec. Determinations of GM from the data taken on these four satellites individually show variations of only .04 cu km/sec per sec from the combined result. The Lageos information dominated the combined solution, and gave the most consistent results in its data subset solutions. The value obtained for GM from near-earth laser ranging compares quite favorably with the most recent results of the lunar laser and interplanetary experiments.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Dec. 197
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  • 92
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    A graphical approach to the efficiency of flat-plate collectors (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A nomogram is described which can be used to determine the thermal performance of flat plate solar collectors, resulting in two performance factors: the net absorptance and the net heat loss coefficient. The nomogram takes into account angle of incidence, collector slope, absorber plate design, insulating materials, thicknesses, optical properties of absorbing surfaces and glazing materials, and flow factors. A case example is given to illustrate the use of the nomogram.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 93
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    Performance characteristics of the electrochemical concentration cell ozonesonde (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A large number of electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) ozonesondes were calibrated in relation to a UV photometric absorption ozone instrument prior to using the ozonesondes in atmospheric soundings. The two methods of measuring ozone were in reasonable agreement on the average, but there was considerable variation from one ozonesonde to another. Averaging the individual linear regressions gives an ECC ozone concentration equal to 0 + or - 8 nbar plus (0.96 + or - 0.10) times the concentration determined with the UV instrument, where uncertainties represent 90% confidence limits. Applying individual calibration corrections to atmospheric sounding data reduced the mean difference between Dobson spectrophotometric measurements of total ozone overburdens and corresponding values obtained from ozonesonde data from -8.5 + or - 8.2 to -1.4 + or - 7.3% for a series of measurements carried out in 1977. Corresponding uncorrected and corrected differences averaged 3.2 + or - 9.7 and 1.9 + or - 10.6%, respectively, for soundings carried out in 1976.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Nov. 20
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  • 94
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    High correlations between variations in monthly averages of solar activity and total atmospheric ozone (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Estimates of the ozone total columnar content, derived from Nimbus IV IRIS data, have been analyzed to estimate monthly averages of the total global atmospheric ozone. Over a 9-month interval, the variation in this monthly average is approximately an order of magnitude greater than its associated uncertainty, and has characteristics in common with variations in the 10.7 cm solar flux, the Zurich sunspot number, and the total solar Lyman alpha flux. The highest correlation, 0.94, exists between the variation in the total Lyman alpha flux and the variation in the estimated total atmospheric ozone.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Nov. 197
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  • 95
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    Some properties of upper atmosphere dynamics (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A unifying description is provided of some important dynamic properties of the upper atmosphere in composition and temperature characteristic of a variety of phenomena, including diurnal and seasonal tides, magnetic storms, and momentum coupling with the magnetosphere. A theoretical multiconstituent model is used which can link the large-scale variations of composition and temperature to the dynamics and energetics of the thermosphere. Global mean properties of the thermosphere are reviewed, and an attempt is made to convey some understanding of the dynamic properties of energy and diffusive mass transport in the thermosphere. Attention is given to sources of energy for the thermosphere, the transport processes involved in the solar diurnal tide of the thermosphere, energy and particle sources for the annual tide, feedback from composition changes to wind-field and temperature variations, energy deposition in the thermosphere during magnetic storms and substorms, and momentum source signatures in the thermosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 16; Nov. 197
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  • 96
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    Selling solar energy as a cash crop (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper considers solar energy equipment which, besides supplying energy for farmstead needs, would convert excess energy to a transportable form to sell to a power company. It is suggested that a concentrating two-axis tracking spheroidal collector would cost as little as $5/sq ft if mass produced. The proposed system uses 7854 sq ft of collector area (set in about one acre of land), and the cost payback is estimated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Agricultural Engineering; 59; Mar. 197
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  • 97
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    Effect of the reaction HO2 + O3 yields OH + 2O2 on stratospheric ozone (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is noted that recent measurements of large values of the rate coefficient for the reaction NO + HO2 yields NO2 + OH lead to model predictions of excessive amounts of stratospheric ozone. This letter shows that a recent measurement of the rate coefficient (k2) for the reaction HO2 + O3 yields OH + 2O2 largely resolves these problems of excessive stratospheric ozone in models. A two-dimensional model of stratospheric trace constituents is used to calculate the concentrations of 35 constituents; the results are compared with experimental measurements of ozone column densities. It is found that the model predictions of excess ozone abundances diminish significantly when the measured value of k2 is employed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 275; Oct. 12
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  • 98
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    Imp 6 measurements in the distant polar cusp during substorms (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: High time-resolution data from the magnetic field, plasma, energetic particle, and VLF wave experiments performed aboard Imp 6 in a study of the distant dayside cusp during substorms are described. The cusp was studied when its location was slightly equatorward of its normal location and the geomagnetic dipole was tilted in the appropriate direction. The data support both reconnection and diffusion as methods of particle entry to the magnetosphere. The evidence (1) indicates an acceleration process to explain enhancements of 400 to 600-km/sec protons above their magnetosheath intensities, and (2) suggests convection of field lines over the polar cap as a means of explaining the lack of low-energy protons near the low-latitude boundary of the cusp. Magnetic field fluctuations, a perturbation vector, ion cyclotron waves, and an abrupt change in the intensity of both whistler waves and electrostatic waves are characterized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Sept. 1
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  • 99
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    Topside sounder observations of equatorial bubbles (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Large scale regions of depleted equatorial ionospheric plasma, called equatorial bubbles, are investigated using topside sounder data. The sounder's unique remote measuring capability enables the magnetic field-aligned nature of the bubbles to be investigated. A search of all available Alouette 2 and ISIS 1 ionograms during nighttime perigee passes near the magnetic equator has revealed a variety of echo signatures associated with bubbles. In addition to a sudden drop in electron density, these signatures usually include in situ spread F and ducted traces. The ducted traces have been used to determine the electron density distribution and to infer changes in ion composition along the magnetic field line within the duct associated with the bubble. In some cases it can be determined that the bubble is asymmetric with respect to the magnetic equator. Even though such features require 3 dimensional models for their explanation, the great field-aligned extent of the bubbles (relative to their cross section) suggests that current theories, which ignore variations along the magnetic field, are still applicable.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Sept
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  • 100
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    Recovery of shallow junction GaAs solar cells damaged by electron irradiation (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Solar cells operated in space are subject to degradation from electron and proton radiation damage. It has been found that for deep junction p-GaAlAs/p-GaAs solar cells some of the electron radiation damage is removed by annealing the cells at 200 C. The reported investigation shows that shallow junction p-GaAlAs/p-GaAs/n-GaAs heteroface solar cells irradiated with 1 MeV electrons show a more complete recovery of short-circuit current than do the deep junction cells. The heteroface p-GaAlAs/p-GaAs/n-GaAs solar cells studied were fabricated using the etch-back epitaxy process.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Electrochemical Society; vol. 125
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