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  • ASTROPHYSICS  (1,224)
  • Chemical Engineering  (674)
  • 1990-1994  (1,898)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1990  (1,898)
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  • 1990-1994  (1,898)
  • 1980-1984
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical behavior related to the phase morphology of PC/SAN polymer blendsA part of this work has been presented at the seventh international conference “deformation, yield, and fracture of polymers”(1988) (1990)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 30 (1990), S. 1474-1483 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The phase morphology of intensively melt mixed and injection moulded bisphenol-A polycarbonate (PC)/styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) blends changes on annealing above the glass-transition temperature (Tg) of both components. For the selected PC and SAN resins, the phase morphology of the 60/40 PC/SAN blend changes from a fine dispersion of the PC phase in a SAN matrix to a coarse co-continuous phase network, whereas a co-continuous 70/30 PC/SAN blend changes to a dispersion of SAN domains in a PC matrix. The effect of the blend morphology on dynamic mechanical properties and ambient tensile stress-strain properties have been studied thoroughly. An increase of the storage modulus between Tg(SAN) and Tg(PC) is observed with increasing coarsening of the phase structure until a continuous PC matrix is formed. The coarsening of the phase structure of the blends gives rise to a transition from ductile to brittle fracture. The loss in ductility is related to a decrease in relative amount of interface and a transition in the type of dispersion.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760302208
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A direct injection gas-liquid chromatographic method to monitor polymer melt devolatilization: Methyl methacrylate in poly(methyl methacrylate) (1990)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 30 (1990), S. 1500-1503 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new capillary gas chromatography method to monitor a residual monomer in a polymer is described. A short (5 m) crosslinked methyl silicone fused silica capillary column with flame ionization detection gave good separation efficiency and parts-per-million detection limits. Capillary gas-liquid chromatography was superior to packed column analysis (SP 1000) in terms of both analytical utility and ease of use. This technique may prove useful for monitoring other monomer/polymer systems.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760302303
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Iterative boundary pressure reflection method for the simulation of injection mold filling (1990)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 30 (1990), S. 1513-1522 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An Iterative Boundary Pressure Reflection (IBPR) method has been developed to improve the accuracy of the flow front generation and transient mold filling simulation in injection molding. The method iteratively calculates the virtual pressure reflection, either positive or negative, at the impinging melt front nodes which are to be relocated subsequently according to the new pressure field. The scheme is formulated into a finite element program using a power-law model and applied to the filling of polystyrene melts injected into an edge-gated circular cavity and a variable-gap-thickness cavity with an insert. The calculated results show very good agreement with the experimental results of the previous study by others in the position of the advancing melt fronts at each time step, weldline location, and pressure distributions.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760302305
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mold pressurization as a method to reduce warpage in rotational molding of polyethylene (1990)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 30 (1990), S. 1523-1528 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Warpage and global shrinkage of rotationally molded polyethylene parts can be a serious problem with resins of higher densities with rapid quenches and high mold wall thicknesses. It is shown that relatively low pressurization of molds substantially reduces the warpage of molded polyethylene parts. Samples cut out of parts produced in pressurized molds have the same density distributions, Izod Impact, and uniaxial stress-strain characteristics as parts fabricated in unpressurized molds.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760302306
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An experimental study on plasticating single-screw extrusion (1990)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 30 (1990), S. 1557-1567 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental study was conducted with a plasticating single-screw extruder, which had the following screw dimensions: (a) the diameter (D) of 6.35 cm; (b) the total extruder length of 24 D; (c) the length of the feed section of 3 D; (d) the length of the tapered section of 4 D; and (e) the length of the metering section of 17 D. The extruder had nine pressure transducers which were mounted, almost equally spaced along the extruder axis, on the wall of the extruder barrel, so that we could measure axial pressure profiles during extrusion. Also measured in our study were the solid-bed width profiles in the screw channel by conducting tracer experiments (i.e., screw ‘pushout’ experiments). For the study, a high-pressure low-density polyethylene and a high-density polyethylene were used. Experimental results were analyzed using the reported Lee-Han melting model. Theoretical predictions of axial pressure profiles were found to be in good agreement with results. Of particular note are the theoretical predictions that for the particular screw configurations used, which has short feed and tapered sections, and extrusion conditions employed, there was considerable solid-bed acceleration in the tapered section of the screw.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760302402
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple filter methods for detection of hazardous states in an industrial plant (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1697-1706 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Model-based detection systems are presented and classified according to their complexity. The main emphasis is put on multiple Kalman filters. A two-stage approach including Bayes formula and inhomogeneous Markovian processes is suggested to achieve a fault discrimination. Methods are presented to use the information of nondisjunctive models in this context. To show the proper working of the detection algorithms simulation studies and on-line laboratory experiments with runaway reactions are considered first. A report on an implementation at a large-scale industrial process unit concludes the discussion.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690361110
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Fluidized bed drying of solids (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 29-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A kinetic model is developed for the drying of solids in fluidized beds, assuming a falling rate period following a constant rate period. Experimental data obtained using batch and continuous single and spiral fluidized beds are satisfactorily matched with the assumed drying kinetics and the residence time distribution of solids appropriate for the type of dryer.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360106
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  • 8
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    The backfill cycle of the pressure swing adsorption process (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 53-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The backfill cycle in the pressure swing adsorption (PSA) separation of air to produce an enriched oxygen product using a zeolite 5A molecular sieve was studied theoretically and experimentally. The effects of the backfill cycle, cycle configuration, backfill rate, pressurisation rate, and product rate were studied. The theory agreed well with the experimental results in predicting the product oxygen concentration over a wide range of backfill pressures, thus giving a basic understanding of the bed dynamics of the backfill cycle. The theory showed that the backfill rate and adsorption capacity of the adsorbent were the most important parameters governing the efficiency of the PSA process. We showed that, given an adequate backfill pressure, a separate pressurization step could be omitted by incorporating it with the product release step with no detrimental effect on the product oxygen concentrations while increasing adsorbent productivity.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360108
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  • 9
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    Bubble-size distribution in Fischer-Tropsch-derived waxes in a bubble column (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 93-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bubble sizes were measured for molten wax-nitrogen systems using photography and dynamic gas disengagement. The effects of operating conditions, system geometry and wax type were studied in 0.05- and 0.23-m-diameter by 3-m-tall bubble columns. Both techniques were used with FT-300 wax, while only the dynamic gas disengagement technique could be used with reactor waxes due to their dark color. For FT-300 wax, Sauter mean diameters obtained from photographs taken near the column wall were significantly lower than those obtained from photographs taken near the center. The ds values obtained from dynamic gas disengagement and photographic (near the column center) methods, for this noncoalescing medium, were in the range 0.5-1.6 mm in the large-diameter column. For reactor waxes, ds values were significantly higher (1-2 mm for Sasol and 1-5.5 mm for Mobil's reactor wax) and are in agreement with results reported in earlier studies with similar waxes (ds = 2-4 mm), where different experimental techniques (light transmission or hot wire anemometry) were employed.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360112
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  • 10
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    An approach to organizing the EOS model in process simulators (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 132-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360116
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  • 11
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    Ullman's encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. vols. B2, B3: Unit operations I, II edited by Barbara Elvers, Michael Ravenscroft, James Rounsaville, Gail Schulz; Wolfgang Gerhartz, Executive Editor, VCH Publishers, New York, 1988, approx. 850 pp. / vol., $190.00 vol (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 157-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360121
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  • 12
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    Advances in turbulence. W. K. George and R. Arndt, ed., Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989, 234 pp., $60 (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 159-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360125
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  • 13
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    A mathematical model of pulse plating on a rotating disk electrode (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 187-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A galvanostatic pulse plating model is presented for the electrodeposition of an alloy on a rotating disk electrode. This model is used to simulate the electrodeposition of nickel/chrome alloys. The mass transport equations used in the model include the effects of diffusion, migration and convection; and the electrode kinetics are described by the Butler-Volmer equation. It is predicted that the effect of ionic migration is significant and therefore should be included in models of pulse plating.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360204
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  • 14
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    Ultrapurification of SiCl4 by photochlorination in a bubble column reactor (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 216-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The development and performance of a bubble column photoreactor for ultrapurification of SiCl4 is described. Trichlorosilane (SiHCl3), the principle contaminant in SiCl4 commercially available for use in optical fiber manufacture, is converted to SiCl4 and HCl by UV-initiated photochlorination. Studies of the homogeneous photochlorination kinetics and of Cl2 gas absorption in a bubble column were undertaken. In addition, an extensive set of data was collected from continuous-flow bubble column reactor (BCR) runs. The rate of photochlorination in the BCR was found to be mass-transfer-limited. A simple model of BCR performance, incorporating the effect of Cl2 mass transfer rate enhancement by chemical reaction, was tested that agrees well with the experimental data. The BCR was found to be operable over a wide range of SiHCl3 concentrations and SiCl4 feed rates, and capable of lowering the concentration of SiHCl3 in product to below measurable levels (〈1 ppm).
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360207
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  • 15
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    A dynamic model for the interaction of caustic reagents with acidic oils (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 233-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the mechanisms and a quantative analysis of the interaction between a multicomponent acid mixture with a spectrum of caustic solutions. A physico-chemical model of the acidic oil/caustic system has been proposed which demonstrates the effect on dynamic interfacial tension (IFT) of variations in caustic concentration as well as changes in the initial composition and ionization properties of the constituent acids of the oleic phase. The model relies on the Langmuirian theory of interfacial sorption kinetics in addition to the Nernstian theory of convective diffusion. Pertinent kinetic and mass transfer parameters for all contributing surface-active species were determined from a recently proposed single-component dynamic model (Chiwetelu et al., 1988a). The validity of this multicomponent dynamic model was confirmed by the close agreement between predicted IFT and experimental data for a binary carboxylic acid system in contact with a broad range of caustic concentrations.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360209
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  • 16
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    Experimental study and parameterization of interfacial gas absorption (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 265-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments of simultaneous absorption of carbon dioxide and helium, in transient absorption regimes, have been carried out in a gas-liquid flume for stratified-type cocurrent flows. There was a need to improve a method of chromatographic analysis for helium and CO2 titrations in the gaseous phase and the liquid phase; this led us to study simultaneous absorption of CO2 and He independent of dynamic conditions. In addition the dominant wave characteristics were studied and the interfacial friction velocity was measured. It was confirmed that, for two gases presenting a large contrast in diffusivities, gas absorption rates are related directly to the physical properties of the gases. The mass transfer coefficient varies with the - 1/2 exponent of the Schmidt number for a large interfacial stress and a clean interface whereas it varies with the - 2/3 exponent for weaker winds.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360212
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  • 17
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    Exploiting parallelism in chemical engineering computations (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 291-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360216
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  • 18
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    Sorbents for removal of Lead compounds from hot flue gases (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 307-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360220
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  • 19
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    Shear thickening (dilatancy) in concentrated dispersions (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 321-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new criterion is introduced for the onset of shear thickening in a concentrated dispersion. The criterion follows from the assumption that shear thickening occurs when the shear forces overrule the interparticle forces. A force balance at small interparticle distances is used to predict the dependence of this critical shear rate on the volume fraction. It is deduced that the critical shear rate is proportional to the interparticle distance, has a linear dependence on the magnitude of the stabilizing force, an inverse linear dependence on the dispersion medium viscosity, and an inverse linear dependence on the particle radius. The model is confirmed experimentally with viscosity measurements on various electrostatically stabilized dispersions. The validity of the model is also checked with data obtained from the literature. Experiments indicate that polydisperse dispersions exhibit pronounced shear thickening but with a less dramatic increase in viscosity than monodisperse dispersions.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360302
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  • 20
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    Computer simulation of isothermal fluidization in large-scale laboratory rigs (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 361-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Finite-difference computer models have been used by several investigators to predict hydrodynamic mixing in fluidized beds. In the present study the finite-difference model CHEMFLUB is used to simulate cold, isothermal mixing in axisymmetric fluidized beds. The bed geometries and the operating conditions are based upon those of two large-scale laboratory cold flow rigs. The finite-difference model is an iterative, implicit formulation to solve continuum equations describing the gas and particle dynamics of fluidization. Comparisons with experimental data are presented. It is shown that the model provides a good prediction of jet penetration height, bubble frequency, and bubble velocity.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360306
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  • 21
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    Experiments on the conductivity of suspensions of ionically-conductive spheres (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 387-396 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This is a report on the ionic conductivity of monodisperse, neutrally-buoyant suspensions of ion-exchange beads, both AC total-ion conductivity and DC specific-ion conductivity of an electrochemically-active species. They represent the zero Péclet-number and the large Péclet-number limits of mass transfer, respectively.A rotating disc electrode was employed for the DC studies and a well mixed conductivity cell for the AC - for particle volume fractions φ ranging from zero to about 45%. Novel techniques were developed for rapidly determining the particle AC conductivity and for modifying the relative conductivity α of ion-exchange beads by poisoning with immobilely-bound ions. For α values, 0.044≤ α ≤ 1.48, of this study Maxwell's classical relation is shown to be adequate for φ ≤ 0.5, which is, in agreement with Turner (1973, 1976).Our results for the DC conductivity differ somewhat from those of Andersen (1987) land show the weak dependence on particle Péclet number predicted by the dilute-suspension theory of Nir and Acrivos (1976) for Pe ≫ 1.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360308
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  • 22
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    Particle generation in a chemical vapor deposition process with seed particles (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 409-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The formation of aerosol particles by gas-phase chemical reaction in the presence of seed particles has been studied experimentally and theoretically. Titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) vapor containing ultrafine TiO2 seed particles was introduced into a laminar flow aerosol reactor, and the properties of produced TiO2 aerosol were measured. By comparing the particle numbers and size distributions of the resulting aerosol with those of the seed particles and those of homogeneously nucleated particles in the absence of seed particles, the effects of initial concentrations of TTIP vapor, reaction temperatures, and properties of seed particles on the suppression of homogeneous nucleation were experimentally clarified. In the theoretical analysis, the population balance equation expressing simultaneous generation of TiO2 monomer, Brownian coagulation and diffusive deposition of TiO2 monomer and aerosols was solved. The observed suppression of homogeneous nucleation by the seed particles is explained qualitatively by the theoretical analysis.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360310
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  • 23
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    Correlation of aqueous Henry's constants from 0°c to the critical point (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 539-546 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Recent theoretical results (Japas and Levelt Sengers, 1989) for the temperature dependence of Henry's constant near the solvent's critical point are used to obtain a linear expression which, for aqueous solutions of nonpolar gases, fits experimental Henry's constant data at temperatures from water's critical point down to roughly the normal boiling point. A small correction with only one additional adjustable parameter extends the correlation to 0°C. The final result is a three-parameter correlation, covering the entire range of temperatures, which fits the available data as well as or better than existing four-parameter empirical expressions and better than a recently proposed three-parameter expression. Since the correct near-critical behavior is built in, the new correlation should be especially useful for estimating Henry's constants in systems where little or no data exist at high temperatures. Fitted parameters are given for ten nonpolar gases in H2O and six nonpolar gases in D2O.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360405
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  • 24
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    Rigorous dynamics and feedforward control design for distillation processes (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 576-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Feedforward control has the theoretical potential for perfect control; therefore, research to simplify and improve the use of such a control strategy for possible industrial applications has potential value. A general model for simulation of controlled distillation columns is used to reproduce operating trends of some monitored variables for an industrial column. Comparisons between simulated and operating data show a general good agreement.When a rigorous model is available and can be proved reliable for practical purposes, the design of feedforward control schemes becomes viable and can be incorporated in the more conventional approach. A specific industrial example shows the practical implementation problems and the real economic value of a feedforward control strategy to optimize the process behavior. In particular, the feedforward control action can reduce the inherent error from changes in feed composition when a basic feedback control structure is used to infer composition.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    Dynamics of pulsing flow in trickle beds (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 605-621 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A macroscopic model of two-phase flow in packed beds, based on the volume-averaged equations of motion for the gas and liquid phases, was analyzed in an attempt to understand the onset and evolution of fully-developed pulsing flow in trickle beds. By assuming that solutions take the form of waves travelling at constant speed, periodic solutions to these equations are found which can be associated with long-time, asymptotic behavior of pulses in a very long bed. Families of one-dimensional waves which exist at a particular set of mass fluxes can be characterized by infinite period bifurcations in the travelling wave frame. We numerically follow these bifurcations as the fluxes are changed, generating bifurcation diagrams for the original model. The results predict that properties of one-dimensional pulses should correlate with the total superficial velocity through the bed. A hysteresis in the trickling-pulsing transition is also predicted.
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    Flow characteristics of stirred reactors with newtonian and non-newtonian fluids (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 627-629 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360414
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    Masthead (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360501
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    Hydrodynamics of gas-agitated liquid-liquid dispersions (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 677-684 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gas-agitated liquid-liquid dispersions arise in applications as diverse as direct hydrogenation processes for bitumen and coal, and the manufacture of iron and steel. The transfer of gas-phase constitutents to the dispersed liquid phase and/or elution of dispersed-phase drops have been identified as potential limiting phenomena in these processes. Consequently, mean drop size and drop size distribution are key design variables. In this paper, the impact of gas flux and the physical properties of dispersed-phase constitutents on the steady-state size distribution of liquid drops in lean liquid-liquid dispersions is quantified. The physical properties of the dispersed phase are shown to have a significant impact on drop size and drop-size distribution at low gas fluxes. Sauter mean drop size is correlated using theoretical models for drop break-up and coalescence. All results are compared with stirred tank analogues.
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    Effective kinetic modeling of multistep homogeneous reactions (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1200-1208 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Bodenstein approximation for trace-level intermediates is used to reduce multistep reaction-kinetic networks of arbitrary topology and size to simpler forms with only pseudosingle steps between nodes and to derive explicit equations for formation or consumption rates of end members. Networks with nontrace intermediates or steps of higher orders in intermediates must be broken at the respective steps into portions to which the procedure can then be applied separately. A recipe is provided with which rate and yield-ratio equations are readily compiled for networks of arbitrary configuration and complexity. The method is illustrated with an example of a reaction of industrial interest.
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    Homogeneous nucleation in supercritical fluids (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1289-1298 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When a supercritical solution is rapidly expanded, large solute supersaturations can be attained, and small particles are formed. The evolution of the homogeneous nucleation rate, work of nucleus formation, and critical nucleus size along different expansion paths is investigated here for the model system phenanthrene-carbon dioxide. Nucleation rates are the result of the competition among solvent expansion, cooling due to depressurization, and high supersaturation. Although supersaturations can reach very high values (〉 106), relatively flat nucleation rate profiles result due to cooling and expansion. For an interfacial tension of 0.02 N/m, computed nucleation rates never exceed 104 s-1 · cm-3. A substantial fraction of the maximum nucleation rate is attained with partial decompression to pressures above 1 bar.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Calculation of the compression zone height in continuous thickeners (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 3-12 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method to calculate the compression zone height in continuous thickeners is presented. With this method, it is necessary to know the variations of the pulp-supernatant interface and the sediment height vs. time in a batch test. This method is discussed considering the following aspects: relationship between the settling rate of solids and their concentration in the settling zone; and the compression of solids due to the squeeze transmitted by the upper layers - unbuoyed weight of particles minus force of friction due to the Darcian flow. When the variation of the sediment height vs. time becomes linear, it is possible to calculate the maximum solids concentration which can be reached by sedimentation. The change of the solids matrix permeability and its influence on the method proposed are also analyzed.
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    Heat transfer under multiple slot jets impinging on a permeable moving surface (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1370-1378 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Local and average heat transfer were measured for a system of multiple jets impinging on a moving permeable surface at which there may be throughflow. Multiple jets were confined by a hood, as is required industrially for thermal efficiency. Exhaust ports located symmetrically between the jet nozzles eliminated crossflow, otherwise a strongly detrimental effect. Impingement surface motion decreases average heat transfer, by 17% at industrially relevant values of the surface motion parameter, Mvs. Enhancement of impingement heat flux by throughflow is linearly additive. Expressed as ΔSt, this enhancement depends only on the throughflow parameter, Mus, with ΔSt/Mus = 0.17. For typical operating conditions, withdrawal as throughflow of only 10% of the jet flow increases mean Nusselt number by over 50%. Industrial design modeling for the potential process of combined impingement and throughflow drying of wet webs such as paper is demonstrated.
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    Hydrodynamics of particulate motion in sinusoidal pores via a singularity method (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1403-1419 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Axisymmetric motions of suspended spheres and dumbbells through sinusoidally corrugated capillaries are considered as an illustrative model of particulate or macromolecular transport in porous media. Numerical simulations are carried out using a least-squares singularity method, which is well suited to simulating creeping flows in the complicated, time-evolving geometries associated with particle motion through nonrectilinear pores. The numerical method is applied to a representative closure problem, whose solution yields effective transport coefficients describing particulate flow in porous media. With reference to polymer-induced mobility control in enhanced oil recovery, a hydrodynamic mechanism of mobility reduction is studied using a rigid dumbbell polymer model.
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    Mass transfer with chemical reaction in a threehyphen;phase foam-slurry reactor (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 117-125 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies on mass transfer coupled with chemical reaction were conducted in a gas-liquid-solid foam bed contactor under a variety of operating conditions in order to establish the controlling parameters for such a contacting system. Analytical equations were derived in order to predict the influence of solids dissolution on the specific rate of absorption in the stable foam stage of a three-phase foam-slurry reactor. Experimental investigations on the absorption of carbon dioxide in the presence of an aqueous foam-slurry containing calcium hydroxide particles were carried out in order to verify the theoretical model. Results indicate that the gas-liquid interfacial area and gas flow rate strongly affected the rate of mass transfer, while solids holdup affected mass transfer rates only moderately over the range of solids holdup studied. A comparison with conventional chemical reactor configurations (e.g., bubble column, CSTR) was made to demonstrate the gas-liquid-solid system, for which this novel reactor might be employed. Foam stability enhancement, due to the presence of solid particles, was not observed.
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    Letters to the editor (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 151-155 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Melt blowing: General equation development and experimental verification (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 175-186 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model has been developed for steady polymer melt blowing. This model includes the dominant effect that the forwarding air has upon the process. Inertial, gravitational and heat transfer effects are also included. The model equations are solved numerically with both Newtonian and viscoelastic (Phan-Thien and Tanner) constitutive equations. The predicted results compare favorably with actual experimental data.
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    Unifying indicator and instantaneous reaction methods of measuring micromixing (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 227-232 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Instantaneous chemical reactions, either themselves or together with chemical indicators, have previously been used as probes of turbulent micromixing. Both methods obtain statistics of the micromixing from measurement of time mean quantities. The mean reactant concentration, which is the quantity measured in the instantaneous reaction method, is shown here to be the integral with respect to feed concentration ratio of the mean color density, which is the quantity measured in the chemical indicator method. Differentiation of the mean color density gives the scalar probability density while integration gives the mean reactant concentration. Measurements of the color density of bromothymol blue at the centerline of a turbulent jet of base mixing with acid are used as an example.
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    Interpretation of the magnetic resonance imaging signal from a foam (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 287-290 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Single effective diffusivities for dynamic adsorption in bidisperse adsorbents (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 302-306 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Novel liquid-in-pore configurations in membrane solvent extraction (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1592-1596 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Self-consistent local composition model of electrolyte solutions (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 370-386 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A self-consistent local composition theory for the excess Gibbs free energy of a multicomponent electrolyte solution is developed. The theory incorporates correct pair counting, assumes that like-charged ions cannot be nearest neighbors of each other, and accounts for the effect of second nearest neighbor interactions.A perturbation analysis of the model, linear in the interaction parameters, is also carried out. For a given solvent and a given class of electrolyte the perturbed theory yields universal functions of molality, which can be weighted by suitable parameter values and added to give the desired property. The parameters can be expressed in a temperature-independent form. This theory correlates very well the data on osmotic and activity coefficients in single-solute aqueous solutions up to very high concentrations (up to 20 M) as well as over a range of temperatures.
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    Flue gas desulfurization by in-duct dry scrubbing using calcium hydroxide (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 473-477 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No Absract.
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    A bubbling fluidization model using kinetic theory of granular flow (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 523-538 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Detailed knowledge of solids circulation, bubble motion, and frequencies of porosity oscillations is needed for a better understanding of tube erosion in fluidized bed combustors. A predictive two-phase flow model was derived starting with the Boltzman equation for velocity distribution of particles. The model is a generalization of the Navier-Stokes equations of the type proposed by R. Jackson, except that the solids viscosities and stresses are computed by simultaneously solving a fluctuating energy equation for the particulate phase. The model predictions agree with time-averaged and instantaneous porosities measured in two-dimensional fluidized beds. Observed flow patterns and bubbles were also predicted.
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    Nucleation, growth, and aggregation rates from steady-state experimental data (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1748-1752 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Hydrodynamics of a semibatch slurry bubble column with a foaming liquid (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1758-1762 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Solid-liquid separation. Edited by Ladislav Svarovski, 3rd ed., Butterworths, Stoneham, MA, 1990, 716pp., $95 (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1780-1781 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Revised vapor-liquid equilibrium model for multicomponent formaldehyde mixtures (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1807-1814 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Formaldehyde is one of the most important intermediate products of the chemical industry. Due to its high reactivity, it is commonly handled in aqueous or methanolic solutions. In these solutions, formaldehyde is dissolved chemically. Therefore, modeling thermodynamic properties of aqueous and methanolic formaldehyde-containing mixtures require the consideration of chemical reactions and physical effects. A recently published physico-chemical model (Maurer, 1986) for the description of vapor-liquid equilibria of these systems is tested and improved on the basis of about 140 new experimental data points for mixtures containing formaldehyde, water, methanol, and trioxane at temperatures between 320 and 380 K and pressures below 100 kPa. Improvements are achieved by fitting some of those binary interaction parameters, which formerly had to be estimated due to the lack of experimental data. The revised model is able to reliably predict vapor-liquid equilibria in multicomponent formaldehyde-containing mixtures.
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    Nonisothermal parison inflation in blow molding (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1837-1850 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nonisothermal inflation of a viscous annular parison and its cooling and solidification before and upon wall contact are analyzed by solving the unsteady momentum and energy conservation equations. The algorithm simultaneously determines the flow field and temperature distribution within the parison together with the moving surfaces at every time step. Results of the present study indicate that the inflation rate is increased as a result of higher temperature within the parison. However, the instantaneous shape of the parison and the final thickness variation upon mold contact remain virtually unchanged. Due to the temperature dependence of physical properties, the critical factor during inflation is initial temperature distribution within the parison. Inflation resulting in full attachment to a confining mold wall takes only a small fraction of the time required to cool the material to the ambient gas temperature. The transient calculations illustrate how computer simulations may be used to improve design of blow molding operations, and they are in good agreement with available experiments.
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    Wave propagation in the flow of shear-thinning fluids down an incline (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1873-1889 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of shear-thinning rheology on the spatial growth of waves in multilayered flow down an inclined plane is modeled, utilizing the Carreau viscosity constitutive equation. It is shown that waves associated with the free surface propagate as if they were in a Newtonian system, where the viscosity is some average of the varying viscosities in the shear-thinning layer. This averaging is due to the global effects of shear thinning, such as changes in velocity profile and film thicknesses. In contrast, waves that are associated with the interfaces between adjacent fluid layers are largely affected by the local interfacial viscosities; wave propagation is not governed by some average Newtonian viscosity across the layer. It is found that shear-thinning rheology can either increase or decrease the growth of waves associated with a fluid-fluid interface, compared with a purely Newtonian case.
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    Correction (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1925-1925 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Spatial instabilities in the regeneration of diesel-particulate filters (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 353-360 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An instability is proposed that can lead to channel formation during the regeneration of monolithic diesel-particulate filters. This instability, which occurs during the transport-controlled combustion of the soot bed, is compared to a kinetically driven instability by using a numerical model for channel growth. Both mechanisms are shown to be important and may lead to higher thermal stresses in the filter wall. It is suggested that both mechanisms can be controlled by the ratio of the filter-plate to soot-bed flow resistance, lateral heat transfer, and other design parameters.
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    Thermoflow multiplicity in a cooled tube (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 397-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The coupling between the momentum and energy balances and the change of physical properties with temperature can give rise to situations in which the pressure drop vs. flow rate curve is nonmonotonic. This can lead to thermoflow multiplicity - the existence of different flow rates in a tube under the same overall pressure drop. A two-dimensional model is used to analyze the conditions leading to thermoflow multiplicity for an incompressible non-Newtonian fluid flowing in a cooled tube. First, the multiplicity features of various limiting models are determined. These results are later used to gain an understanding of the asymptotic multiplicity features of the general model. The results show that the temperature sensitivity of the viscosity necessary for thermoflow multiplicity to occur decreases with increasing Brinkman number or β (modified Stanton number), or with decreasing cooling temperature, Biot number, or power law parameter. Multiple flow rates for a prescribed pressure drop are unlikely to occur in heat exchangers in which the Brinkman numbers are usually low and Biot numbers are high but may be found in polymer processing applications.
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    Microencapsulation in polyurea shell by interfacial polycondensation (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 431-438 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model and a simple measurement technique for time of encapsulation have been developed to study the microencapsulation of butachlor in polyurea shell by means of interfacial polymerization. The model is based on diffusion of the hydrophilic monomer through the polymeric shell with an interfacial reaction at the inner surface while the measurement technique is based on the indirect determination of the concentration of the hydrophilic monomer in the continuous phase by monitoring the pH. Measurements show that capsule sizes ranging from 1 to 20 μm can be produced, and the surface to volume mean size varies only from 2 to 6 μm for a large variation in rpm of the agitator. Time of encapsulation is found to be approximately proportional to the microcapsule size, and it varies from 150 to 300 s. Both the data and the model were used to discern that the process is kinetically-controlled by and large. It is also shown that time of encapsulation varies with the square of the capsule size in a diffusion-controlled regime.
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    Stress distribution in a packed bed above raceway cavities formed by an air jet (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 461-468 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The vertical stress profile in a packed bed above the cavities formed by an upward, high-velocity air jet is estimated from a force balance analysis and static pressure measurements. The objective is to understand and determine the forces responsible for maintaining the cavity roof. Such cavities, formed in an iron blast furnace, adjacent to the hot air blast emanating from the tuyere pipes, are called raceways. A net upward force provided by the gas pressure drag and the support from the bed walls holds the raceway roof in its position. Abrupt changes in the stress and the gas velocity are observed near the roof. The zero vertical stress is also found close above the roof but fluctuates vertically with the raceway size, which varies irreversibly following a cyclic change in the blast rate.
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    Ceramic processing: An overview (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 481-510 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Processing of ceramics is reviewed from a broad perspective, with emphasis on the predominant powder-based methods, but with considerable attention to other methods. Major stages of the powder process, from preparation, modification, and handling, to sintering or pressure densification (or postdensification) are discussed. Nonpowder-based methods, such as chemical vapor deposition, melt, and polymer pyrolysis processing, are also presented. Processing of ceramic composites is reviewed, noting the shifts in processing technology this entails. Practical aspects, such as part size, shape, volume, and the costs of various processes are also addressed.
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    Magnetic resonance imaging and modeling of flow in hollow-fiber bioreactors (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 547-558 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nuclear magnetic resonance flow imaging (MRFI) was used to measure fluid flow noninvasively in the extracapillary space (ECS) of a hollow-fiber bioreactor without cells. Agreement between these axial flow measurements in a single hollow-fiber module and predicted axial velocity contour plots at various image planes along the path length was good.Flow in a solid-wall tube (phantom) was first used to calibrate pixel intensities with axial velocities. Flow images at several locations along the permeable hollow fiber length were then obtained in order to observe the well-known leakage or Starling flow in the ECS. These quantitative spatially dependent velocity measurements were then compared to theoretically derived velocities obtained from a solution of Poisson's equation with a constant pressure gradient and no slip at the solid surfaces. A mathematical transformation was used to simplify the numerical methods. Leakage flow through the ECS of a multifiber bioreactor (40 fibers) was also measured by MRFI, illustrating the applicability of this method for optimizing operational procedures and design of membrane bioreactors and filtration devices.
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    Simple process equations, fixed-point methods, and chaos (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 641-654 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The chaotic behavior of fixed-point methods for steady-state process simulation is studied. It is shown that direct substitution and Newton's method exhibit all of the rich structure of chaos (period doubling, aperiodicity, fractal basin boundaries, and related properties) on simple process examples. These examples include finding roots to the Soave-Redlich-Kwong and Underwood equations, dew point and flash calculations for heterogeneous mixtures, and a simple process flowsheet.For single variable problems, it is shown that direct substitution follows a classical period-doubling route to chaos. On the other hand, the chaotic behavior of direct substitution and Newton's method on multivariable problems is considerably more complex, and can give the appearance that no organized route to chaos is followed. For example, for the dew point problems, truncated period doubling, odd periodic cycles, and chaotic behavior can be observed, within which are embedded narrow regions of global convergence. Many numerical results and geometric illustrations are presented.
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    Lumped kinetics of many parallel nth-order reactions (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 685-700 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of lumped nth-order reactions are examined both asymptotically and numerically. The lumped kinetics in most cases are Mth order at large times. There exist two critical values for n, denoted by n* and n*, which are expressed explicitly as functions of the feed properties. It is shown that (1) M = n when n 〉 n*, (2) M is linear in n when n* 〈 n 〈 n*, and (3) M does not exist when n = n* or n ≤ n*. Whenever the feed contains some unconvertibles, M is independent of n for -∞ 〈 n 〈 n*. The overall effective rate constant is not continuous at n = n* nor at n = n*. Unexpectedly, when n 〉 n* the lump's long-time behavior is governed by all species, not just by the most refractory species. Although the asymptotic kinetics are developed for long times, they are useful for fitting the whole-time behavior of the lump by an mth-order model. This is true even when M does not exist in the asymptotic regime. Numerical experiments show that M and m behave similarly in many respects. For example, as n increases, they both become closer to n and less dependent on the feed properties. Some published data are rationalized in light of the present results.
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    Competitive hydrodesulfurization and hydrogenation in a monolithic reactor (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 746-752 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Competitive liquid-phase hydrodesulfurization of thiophene and hydrogenation of cyclohexene on a monolithic CoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst were studied. The flow pattern in the monolithic catalyst reactor was segmented gas-liquid flow (slug flow). The hydrogen pressure and the temperature were varied between 30-40 bar and 509-523 K, respectively. The experimental data are consistent with rate expressions of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood type where the reactions proceed on two different types of active sites. This kinetic model is based on hydrogenation of the thiophene ring prior to sulfur elimination.
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    Catalytic hydroprocessing of chlorobenzene and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 773-778 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hydrodechlorination reactions of chlorobenzene and 1,2-dichlorobenzene on a NiMo/γAl2O3 catalyst were examined in a differential microflow reactor. The NiMo catalyst had high activity and selectivity for dechlorination; no hydrogenation of the aromatic ring was detected. The dechlorination reactions were examined at temperatures ranging from 275 to 375°C. In this temperature range the rates of adsorption and surface reaction are comparable and neither controls the overall reaction rate. A kinetic model, incorporating adsorption, desorption and surface reaction rates, has been used to model the data.
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    Bouncing motions of liquid drops between tilted parallel-plate electrodes (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1039-1045 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The paper reports on experimental and analytic studies on translational motions of liquid drops in an immiscible, dielectric liquid confined by a pair of tilted parallel-plate electrodes, across which a steady electric field is being applied. With an increase of the strength of the field, drops begin to bounce back and forth between the electrodes while falling down along the axis of tilt of the electrodes. The bouncing motions are found to be predictable with a reasonable accuracy by using a simple model constructed within the framework of conventional fluid mechanics and electrostatics.
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    Development of a space-charge transport model for ion-exchange membranes (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1061-1074 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A two-dimensional, electrokinetic transport model that incorporates ionic hydration, orientation of solvent molecules by an applied electric field, and solvent dipole-dipole interactions is developed. The model is used to simulate equilibrium and transport experiments for perfluorosulfonic acid membranes containing aqueous alkali metal sulfate solutions. The membrane is modeled as an array of cylindrical pores. Solution of the mathematical model requires that the membrane porosity, water partition coefficient, coion partition coefficient, water diffusion coefficients, and coion and counterion diffusion coefficients be known. Membrane coion and counterion diffusion coefficients were determined from free solution equivalent conductance data. All other parameters were determined experimentally for a Nafion (of E. I. du Pont de Nemours Inc.) cation-exchange membrane and five 0.1 M alkali metal sulfate solutions. Experimental radiotracer data for coion absorption as well as for coion and water transport are compared with theoretical predictions to test the accuracy of the model.
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    Control structures for disturbance rejection and decoupling of distillation (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1107-1113 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The process gains for different distillation control structures can be calculated through transformations from known gains of one arbitrary structure.In this paper the transformation is utilized for calculation of a two-point distillation control structure which, in the steady state, simultaneously rejects disturbances in the feed composition and in the feed flow rate and results in implicit decoupling between the two product control loops. This disturbance rejecting and decoupling (DRD) structure is tested on a model of a 15-plate pilot-plant distillation column. It compares favorably with standard structures for dual composition control. Experimental results agree with the simulation results.
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    The Benzylphenylether thermolysis mechanism: Insights from phase behavior (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1129-1136 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The thermolysis of benzylphenylether (BPE) was examined at 320°C in liquid, vapor, and supercritical methanol phases as a probe of the reaction mechanism. Toluene and phenol were the major products in all cases, but observed selectivities were dependent upon the reaction phase. Isotopic labeling experiments demonstrated that methanol participated in the reaction network as a hydrogen donor through a free-radical mechanism. These results are consistent with free-radical steps for neat BPE primary pyrolysis that include BPE fission followed by hydrogen abstraction and radical recombination reactions. A detailed set of 21 free-radical steps quantitatively explains the dependence of the selectivity and conversion on the phase behavior.
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    Near-critical phenomena and resolution in supercritical fluid chromatography (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1163-1175 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The analysis in this paper shows the relationship between molecular resolution in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), and certain divergent thermodynamic properties of solutes dissolved in near-critical fluids. This divergence is most pronounced in the near-critical regime, leading to the hypothesis that this region provides most promise for heightened molecular resolution, which lies at the heart of analytical and separation technologies.A thermodynamic model for representing capacity factor data in SFC is proposed, spanning a wide density range. The model uses a perturbed hard sphere equation for the fluid phase and lattice concepts for the stationary phase. In addition, data are presented for a number of systems and discussed in terms of the analysis provided. For an isomeric system, the data shows that resolution between species increases with the onset of retrograde behavior, resulting in a distinct maximum point.
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    Simultaneous synthesis of mass-exchange and regeneration networks (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1209-1219 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A systematic procedure is developed for the simultaneous synthesis of primary transfer mass-exchange networks and their associated mass-exchange regeneration networks. The purpose of the primary transfer network is to preferentially transfer certain species from a set of rich streams to a set of lean streams. The regeneration network aims at regenerating any recyclable lean stream. The proposed procedure deals with the problem in two stages. In the first stage, a mixed-integer nonlinear program is solved to minimize the cost of mass-separating and regenerating agents. The solution of this program provides the location of the pinch points as well as the optimal flow rates of all the lean and the regenerative streams without any prior commitment to the network structure. In the second stage, a mixed-integer linear program is solved to minimize the number of exchangers in both networks. An example problem with industrial relevance is solved to elucidate the merits offered by the devised synthesis procedure.
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    Analysis of bioproduct separation using gel-enclosed adsorbents (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1239-1248 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The concept of “gel-enclosed” adsorbents was recently introduced for whole fermentation broth processing. The term “gel-enclosed adsorbents” in this paper refers to small adsorbent particles such as the ones used in affinity or ion-exchange chromatography enclosed within a protective, spherical, semipermeable gel barrier. The barrier can be in the form of an entrapment matrix where a porous gel matrix in itself contains entrapped adsorbent particles, or in the form of an encapsulating membrane where an aqueous spherical core containing the adsorbent particles is enclosed by a gel membrane. Both experimental and theoretical analyses were carried out to elicit a more fundamental view of the diffusion and adsorption phenomena occurring within these forms of adsorbents. Furthermore, the effective porosity of the gel matrix and the effective diffusivities of the species being separated, as well as their adsorption behavior combined result in what is here termed “kinetic selectivity”.
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    Absorption of carbon dioxide into asqueous solutions of triethanolamine (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1263-1266 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Kinetics and mechanism of ilmenite reduction with carbon monoxide (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1433-1438 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    Letters to the editor (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1453-1455 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    The reaction-independence of mixing coefficients in fixed-bed reactors (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1449-1451 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360920
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    The fractal approach to heterogeneous chemistry: Surfaces, colloids, polymers. Edited by David Avnir, Wiley, New York. 1989, 460 pp., $75.00 (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1456-1456 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360923
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    Influence of molecular shape on probing mass transfer resistances on zeolites (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1500-1504 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer resistances in zeolite NaCaA after different hydrothermal pretreatment are probed by NMR tracer desorption studies with the short-chain-length hydrocarbons from methane to n-butane and with xenon. In all cases, the measurements lead to the coinciding result of forming surface barriers, which differ only slightly depending on the pretreatment modes, but lead to a retardation of molecular mass transfer more dramatically than the starting material. The dramatic retardation of mass transfer after hydrothermal pretreatment is confirmed by supplementary uptake measurements with n-decane.
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    Kinetics of nucleation from aqueous solution (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1536-1544 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Homogeneous nucleation is achieved in aqueous systems by creating adequately high levels of supersaturations. This process can be fully described by considering depletion of supersaturation due to simultaneous growth of the nuclei. Nielsen (1964) formulated this by integrating the growth kinetics with classical nucleation theory. This paper uses his combined nucleation-growth approach, as well as more recently developed mechanisms of adding monomers to developing nuclei (Chiang et al., 1988). The experimental data considered suggest that the systems fall into two categories: one involving the same mechanism for nucleation and growth and the other involving different mechanisms. A dimensionless parameter which evolves in the development permits the comparison of the rate of nuclei formation with that of nuclei growth. The inferences from this approach suggest further that the surface energy parameter is an indicator of the category to which a solution system belongs.
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    Analysis of liquid chromatography with nonuniform crystallite particles (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1569-1576 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical analysis for the pulse responses of a liquid chromatographic column packed with crystal powders having a particle size distribution and a nonlinear adsorption isotherm is presented. The mathematical model is solved numerically by the orthogonal collocation method. Based on the parametric analysis of the model, the effects of a symmetrical and moderately asymmetric PSD on the LC responses are shown to be negligible in comparison with the effects of other parameters, such as isotherm nonlinearity, whose effects are much more profound. The simulated responses are compared with the experimental response data for an LC column packed with silicalite crystals, and a good agreement is found between the theoretical and experimental results. Using the nonlinear LC model, the simultaneous determination of nonlinear adsorption isotherms and intraparticle diffusivities from LC pulse responses is demonstrated for liquids in porous adsorbents.
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    Kinetics of tar sand pyrolysis using a distribution of activation energy model (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1585-1588 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Fundamental process control. By David M. Prett and Carlos E. Garcia. Butterworths, Stoneham, MA, 1988, 246pp., $39.95 (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1779-1780 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690361124
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    CO oxidation on Pt: Variable phasing of inputs during forced composition cycling (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1796-1806 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A combined experimental and theoretical investigation of the effect of forced feed composition cycling for CO oxidation on platinum has been performed. A novel approach to forced composition cycling was examined, in which the phase angle between the two input streams was varied. Reaction rate enhancement is shown to occur, and by varying the phasing of the feed streams it is possible to achieve a global maximum in the time-average reaction rate. This phenomenon can be explained quantitatively by a model based on an adsorbate-induced phase change of the Pt surface combined with CO adsorption self-exclusion. This mathematical model can also quantitatively describe the complex steady-state behavior (uniqueness-multiplicity transitions) observed for this reaction. The predictions of the model have been validated further through a detailed experimental study of the effects of feed flow rate, temperature, size of catalyst charge, and cycling frequency on the instantaneous and time-average conversions during forced cycling of the feed composition.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Masthead (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360401
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    Mass transfer in continuous bubble columns with floating bubble breakers (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1255-1258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360815
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    Measurement of transport enhancement in oscillatory liquid membranes (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1259-1262 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360816
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    Estimation of surface diffusion through porous media (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1249-1254 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model is developed to describe steady-state nonequilibrium surface diffusion of an adsorbing gas through an energetically homogeneous porous medium by assuming that the adsorption isotherm is linear and that the gas-surface mass transfer can be described by the linear driving force model. Analytical solutions for the model are reported. It is found that the conventional assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium between the gas and surface phases within the porous medium can seriously underestimate the surface diffusivity when the mass transfer rate is finite. Also, the length of the porous medium becomes a critical variable in that case.Meaningful estimation of surface diffusivity also requires that the gas phase diffusivity through the porous medium be accurately known. The estimated surface diffusivity is model dependent when local thermodynamic equilibrium is not established instantaneously. Modeling surface diffusion can be very complex when the surface is energetically heterogeneous.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360814
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    Energy requirements of nonconventional distillation systems (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1275-1278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360820
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    Masthead (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360101
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    Capillary experiments of flow induced crystallization of HDPE (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 13-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Flow-induced crystallization experiments are made in a capillary apparatus modified with a downstream reservoir under pressure. Capillary length, diameter, and entrance angle are changed, as well as flow rate. The results show that the crystallization temperature is influenced both by the elongational flow at the capillary entrance and by the shear flow along the capillary. The independent effect of the pressure equals that obtained under static conditions. The effect of shear is correlated in terms of shearing work.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360104
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    Kinetics of absorption of hydrogen sulfide into aqueous ferric sulfate solutions (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1331-1338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Absorption experiments of H2S into aqueous Fe2(SO4)3 solutions, concerned with a unique process capable of regenerating by biological oxidation the reactant from the products, were performed at 20-40°C in an agitated vessel with a flat interface. The absorbents were aqueous solutions of Fe2(SO4)3 with and without the addition of K2SO4, KOH or H2SO4 of various concentrations, which was added to change the ionic strength or pH of the solutions. The experimental results revealed that the species which reacts with H2S is FeOH2+. While comparing the observed absorption rates with the theoretical predictions, it was found that the reaction is irreversible and first order with respect to H2S and FeOH2+. The reaction rate constants were measured and correlated.
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    Adsorption of amine and paints on H-form resin from electrodeposition waste water (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1815-1821 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Wastewater of electrodeposition painting process contained diisopropanolamine, unknown three paints, and solvents (butylcellosolve and/or ethylcellosolve). The recovery of the amine and paints from the real wastewater by adsorption on an H-form strong acid ion exchanger appeared feasible technically and economically.Equilibrium isotherms and breakthrough curves have been determined experimentally. The selectivity for the amine adsorption on the resin was fairly high. Solvents were not adsorbed on the resin. The components of the wastewater showed typical breakthrough curves for multicomponent system. Theoretical breakthrough curves and intraparticle effective diffusivities of the amine were determined from the analytic solution for rectangular isotherm in the single-component system. Experiments of adsorption, elution and regeneration also have been repeated. The amine and paints adsorbed on the resin were eluted completely by NaOH aqueous solution. The adsorption capacity of the amine did not change with repeat times, and the intraparticle effective diffusivity of the amine was constant after the second cycle.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Thermodynamics of Lewis acid-base mixtures (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1851-1864 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The associated perturbed-anisotropic-chain theory (APACT) has been applied to treat multicomponent mixtures, in which components exhibit Lewis acid-base interactions. Mixtures of amphoteric molecules (such as alcohols), acidic molecules (such as chloroform), and basic molecules (such as ketones) as well as nonassociating components (diluents) are treated. The acid-base version of the perturbed-anisotropic-chain theory (ABPACT) is a closed form equation of state that takes into account explicitly dispersion interactions, polar interactions, and hydrogen bonding interactions between components that self-associate or solvate. The equation fits binary VLE mixtures quite accurately. Calculated results also are compared with those obtained from the Peng-Robinson equation of state, UNIFAC and the original APACT. In all cases where there are mixtures of associating components, the ABPACT gives a better fit of experimental data than these other equations.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690361209
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    Activity coefficient model of concentrated electrolyte solutions (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1896-1900 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690361213
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    Flow characteristics of a small-hole sieve tray (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1913-1916 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690361217
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    An improved isopiestic method to determine activities in multicomponent mixtures (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1908-1912 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690361216
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    Unified thermodynamic analysis of sorption in rubbery and glassy materials (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1505-1516 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A thermodynamic framework for the analysis of gas sorption in glassy polymers is established in the limit of low sorption levels. The results represent an extension of the Flory-Huggins theory to materials with nonzero internal energy changes due to deformation; the Flory-Huggins theory is recovered in the limit of zero polymer bulk modulus. The sorption isotherm is expressed in terms of the penetrant vapor-phase activity, polymer physical properties, the penetrant partial molar volume, and the heat of mixing. The qualitative form of the isotherm is shown to be unrelated to the presence of excess free volume in the polymer; only quantitative predictions are influenced. The downward curvature of the isotherm is due to the thermodynamics of solid deformation. Explicit relationships between the parameters of this work and the dual-mode model are given for the low-sorption/high-bulk modulus limit.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Viscoplastic-elastic modeling of tubular blown film processing (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 420-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The blown film process has been modeled through the transition from liquidlike to solidlike behavior at the freeze line. A new constitutive equation has been developed that, when incorporated into the the kinematic and dynamic equations that describe the process, for the first time yields qualitatively correct predictions of all process variables. It is suggested that the demarcation between liquidlike behavior and solidlike behavior be altered from the conventional, kinematically based constraint, dr/dz = O, to a rheologically based constraint, the plastic-elastic transition (PET). The results are qualitive in nature since the material is modeled as an elastic solid above the PET instead of as a viscoelastic material. The model is tested using the polystyrene data of Gupta (1981).
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    Eratta (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 468-468 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360316
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    Nonisothermal gas absorption accompanied by a second-order irreversible reaction (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 141-146 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360118
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    Initial condition for population balance in an MSMPR crystallizer (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 630-632 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360415
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    Growth and dissolution of succinic acid crystals in a batch stirred crystallizer (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 665-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growth and dissolution of succinic acid crystals have been studied in an isothermal stirred tank crystallizer. Seeded desupersaturation and deundersaturation experiments have been performed. Parameters of a desired growth rate equation are estimated by fitting the supersaturation balance equation directly to the supersaturation measurements. The procedure is based on nonlinear optimization techniques. Thus, uncertainties in the traditional approximation of the concentration vs. time curve are circumvented. The growth process for succinic acid crystals in an aqueous solution is found to be controlled by a significant resistance in both the volume diffusion step and in the surface integration step. An implicit equation is given to accurately represent the crystal growth rate as a function of the supersaturation. When extrapolating outside the range of experiments, this equation is shown to predict growth rates that are significantly different from those predicted by a corresponding power law expression. The dissolution rate exhibits a nonlinear dependence on undersaturation which is interpreted as changes in the crystal shape. Initial dissolution rate coefficients are in good agreement with volume diffusion coefficients obtained from growth experiments.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Stability of multilayer extrusion of viscoelastic liquids (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 710-724 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A linear stability analysis of multilayer plane Poiseuille flow of Oldroyd-B liquids with shear rate dependent viscosities is performed for an arbitary number of layers. Asymptotic solutions at long wavelengths and numerical solutions at wavelengths of O(1) are obtained for two-dimensional infinitesimal disturbances. The asymptotic solutions are identical for viscoelastic and Newtonian liquids in two- and three-layer flows, except for nearly geometrically symmetric configurations in three-layer flows. Multilayer flows of viscoelastic liquids can be stable at all wavelengths; thus, operating diagrams of stable flows can be constructed. Symmetric and nearly symmetric configurations in three-layer flows are unstable when the core layer is more viscous than the cuter layers. For highly elastic liquids, stability is not influenced by elasticity, whereas shear thinning always destabilizes the flow. The analysis provides guidelines to avoid interfacial instabilities, which originate inside dies of multilayer extrusion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360508
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    Pitch-to-diameter effect on two-phase flow across an in-line tube bundle (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 765-772 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Void fraction and friction pressure drop measurements were made for an adiabatic, vertical two-phase flow of air-water across two horizontal, in-line, 5 × 20 rod bundles, one with a pitch-to-diameter ratio, P/D, of 1.3, the other 1.75. For both bundles the average void fraction showed a strong mass velocity effect and values were significantly less than those predicted by a homogeneous flow model. All void fraction data were found to be well correlated, with no P/D effect, using the dimensionless gas velocity, j*g. The two-phase friction multiplier data exhibited a strong effect of P/D and mass velocity, however, the data for both bundles could be well correlated with the Martinelli parameter for G 〉 200 kg/m2s. The correlations developed for void fraction and two-phase friction multiplier were successfully tested in predicting the total pressure drop in boiling freon experiments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360513
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    Effects of osmotic pressure and adsorption on ultrafiltration of ovalbumin (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 907-915 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of osmotic pressure and solute adsorption on permeate flux during ultrafiltration of a solute that forms a gel-like layer on membrane surfaces was investigated. Ovalbumin solutions were ultrafiltrated using three different kinds of membranes, polyolefine, polysullfone, and polyacrylonitrile. Flux data were analyzed by three conventional models: gel polarization, osmotic pressure, and resistance in series.The experimental data were in conflict with all conventional models. Data analysis suggested that the main factors which influence permeate flux decline were osmotic pressure increase at the membrane surface and resistance caused by solute adsorption.A new model, which takes into account both osmotic pressure and resistance due to solute adsorption, is proposed. Permeate flux declines observed in the experiments fit this model quite precisely. The gel layer that forms on the membrane surface has little influence on permeate flux and can be neglected.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360612
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