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  • Chemistry  (3,659)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (452)
  • Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance  (168)
  • Deutschland  (15)
  • 1945-1949  (4,294)
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Keywords
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Years
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  • 1
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    Malaria in Deutschland 1945-1947 (1949)
    In:  Zeitschrift für Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie 1, 31-91
    Details
    Publication Date: 1949
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1945-1947 ; Umweltmedizin ; Infektionskrankheiten
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY INKA BB
  • 2
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    Über die einheimische endogene Malaria in Deutschland (1949)
    In:  Dissertation, Erlangen
    Details
    Publication Date: 1949
    Keywords: Deutschland ; Umweltmedizin ; Infektionskrankheiten
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY INKA BB
  • 3
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    Frittfliegenbefall in den Ähren der Wintergerste (1949)
    In:  Neue Mitt. Landwirtsch. 4; p.130-132
    Details
    Publication Date: 1949
    Description: Der Autor beschreibt den Lebenszyklus der Frittfliege und dokumentiert das Auftreten des Schädlings in vergangenen Jahren. In einem sehr kurzen Absatz wird das Auftreten des schädlings mit warmem Frühlingswetter und der Sonnenscheindauer bzw. der Temperatur im Mai in Verbindung gebracht. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1948 ; Getreide ; Pflanzenschädling ; Gerste
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  • 4
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    1949 – ein Kartoffelkäferjahr? (1949)
    In:  Landwirtschaftliches Wochenblatt 139.Jahrgang, Nr.20; München; p.317 & 362
    Details
    Publication Date: 1949
    Description: Der Autor schließt aufgrund der Erfahrungen aus den Jahren 1947 und 1948 auf den Kartoffelkäferbefall 1949. Als klimatische Gründe für einen starken Befall 1949 sieht er die wohl große Zahl an Altkäfern aus dem Vorjahr, die nur schlecht bekämpft werden konnten und die schwachen Fröste im Winter an, die ein Überwintern für den Kartoffelkäfer erleichterten. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1947-1949
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY INKA BB
  • 5
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    Vom Einfluß der Temperatur auf das Leben der Schadinsekten (1949)
    In:  Schädlingsbekämpfung 41 Heft 3; p.6-8
    Details
    Publication Date: 1949
    Description: Der Autor gibt eine Literaturzusammenfassung über Effekte, die das Insektenleben beeinflussen und zeigt Methoden auf die Kardinalwerte (z.B. die Optimaltemperatur) für Insekten zu bestimmen (z.B. Temperatursummenregeln). Zu einigen Insekten werden beispielhaft Kardinalwerte genannt. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1943-48
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  • 6
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    Von der Bedeutung der Temperatur für die Bekämpfung von Schadinsekten (1949)
    In:  Schädlingsbekämpfung 41; p.181-186
    Details
    Publication Date: 1949
    Description: Der Autor gibt eine allgemeine Übersicht über die Lebensbedingungen von Insekten und geht speziell auf den Gunstfaktor Temperatur ein. Eine ausführliche Übersicht über die Vorzugstemperaturen (Optimaltemperaturen) vieler Insekten wird gegeben. Zudem werden Anleitungen zur Bekämpfung dieser Insekten geliefert. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1943-48
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  • 7
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    Ein Auftreten des Zuckerrübenrüsslers (Tanymecus palliatus F.) an Spinat (1949)
    In:  Nachr. Bl. Biolog. Ztr.-Anst. Braunschweig, p.19
    Details
    Publication Date: 1949
    Description: Verbale Beschreibung des Massenauftretens 1948 sowie früheren Massenauftretens (1891, 1922, 1925, 1938 und 1939) KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang zwischen Witterung (Temperatur und Luftfeuchte) und dem Massenauftreten des Käfers KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T + (Sommer und Winter) und Delta Relf (Sommer) -, dann Massenauftreten im Folgejahr
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1947-1948 ; Zuckerrüben ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Witterung ; Gemüse
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY INKA BB
  • 8
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    Appreciation and Prediction of Flying Qualities (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The material given in this report summarizes some of the results of recent research that will aid the designers of an airplane in selecting or modifying a configuration to provide satisfactory stability and control characteristics. The requirements of the NACA for satisfactory flying qualities, which specify the important stability and control characteristics of an airplane from the pilot's standpoint, are used as the main topics of the report. A discussion is given of the reasons for the requirements, of the factors involved in obtaining satisfactory flying qualities, and of the methods used in predicting the stability and control characteristics of an airplane. The material is based on lecture notes for a training course for research workers engaged in airplane stability and control investigations.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-TR-927
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  • 9
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    Wind-Tunnel Tests of a 0.16-Scale Model of the Douglas MX-656 Airplane at High Subsonic Speeds (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Wind tunnel tests of the 0.16-scale Douglas MX-656 model were made at low and high subsonic Mach numbers to investigate the static longitudinal- and lateral stability characteristics. The tests shows that undesirable changes in longitudinal stability at the stall were apparently caused by an altered downwash pattern at the tail. The jettisonable nose fins were highly destabilizing. Compressibility effects for the test Mach numbers were not detrimental to the longitudinal- or lateral-stability characteristics.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-SA9D26
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  • 10
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    Wind-Tunnel Tests of a 0.16-Scale Model of the Douglas MX-656 Airplane at High Subsonic Speeds. II - Wing and Fuselage Pressure Distribution (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Measurements of wing and fuselage pressure distributions were made at low and high subsonic Much numbers on a 0.16-scale model of the projected MX-656 research airplane. The MX-656 is a supersonic design utilizing a low-aspect-ratio wing and tail. Pressure-distribution measurements indicated that, although the critical Mach number of the wing was approximately 0.81 at 0 degree angle of attack, compressibility effects were of little significance below a Mach number of at least 0.90. The principal effect of compressibility was an increase in the pressure gradient over the after 30 percent of the wing chord, causing a tendency for the flow to separate. At 0.40 Mach number, the wing stalled abruptly at approximately 12 deg, angle of attack. The wing-pressure distribution showed this stall was a result of complete separation of the flow from the upper surface of the wing, Deflecting the leading-edge flaps delayed the stall to a higher angle of attack with some increase in the maximum section normal force,
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-SA9H22
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  • 11
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    On the Installation of Jet Engine Nacelles on a Wing Fourth Partial Report: Pressure-Distribution Measurements on a Sweptback Wing with Jet Engine Nacelle (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: The present report, which deals with pressure-distribution measurements made on a sweptback wing with a jet engine nacelle, is similar to a report on pressure-distribution measurements on a rectangular wing with a jet engine nacelle (second partial report). Here, in investigations preliminary to high-speed measurements, as in the second partial report, useful arrangements and fillet designs have been discovered.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-TM-1226 , ZWB Der Luftfshrtforschung des Generalluftzeugmeisters Berlin-Adlershof, Untersuchungen und Mitteilungen Nr. 3176; Rept-3176
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  • 12
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    Test Report on Three- and Six-Component Measurements on a Series of Tapered Wings of Small Aspect Ratio (Partial Report: Trapezoidal Wing) (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: The present report, which forms the first of six articles on experiments with airfoils of aspect ratio from 1 to 3 and various planforms, deals with the three- and six-component measurements made on the trapezoidal wing series in the 2.15 x 3-meter wind tunnel of the DVL at the request of the Henschel Aircraft Company.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-TM-1225 , ZWB Luftfahrtforeschung des Generalluftzeugmeisters - Berlin-Adelerehof, Untersuchungen und Mitteilungen Nr. 1023/1; Rept 1023/1
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  • 13
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    Longitudinal Stability and Control Characteristics of a Semispan Wind-Tunnel Model of the XF7U-1 Airplane and a Comparison with Complete-Model Wind-Tunnel Tests and Semispan-Model Wing-Flow Tests (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An investigation was conducted on an 0.08-scale semispan model of the Chance Vought XF7U-1 airplane in the Langley high-speed 7- by 10-foot tunnel in the Mach number range from 0.40 to 0.97. The results are compared with those obtained with an 0.08-scale sting-mounted complete model tested in the same tunnel and with an 0.026-scale semispan model tested by the wing-flow method. The lift-curve slopes obtained for the 0.08-scale semispan model and the 0.026-scale wing-flow model were in good agreement but both were generally lower than the values obtained for the sting model. The results of an unpublished investigation have shown that tunnel-wall boundary-layer and strut-leakage effects can came the difference noted between the lift-curve slopes of the sting and the semispan data. Fair agreement was obtained among the data of the three models as regard the variation of pitching-moment coefficients with lift coefficient. The agreement between the complete and the semispan models was more favorable with the vertical fine on, because the wall-boundary-layer and strut leakage effects were less severe. In the Mach number range between 0.94 and 0.97, ailavator-control reversal was indicated in the wing-flow data near zero lift; Whereas, these same trends were indicated in the larger scale semispan data at somewhat higher lift coefficients.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-SL9A13
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  • 14
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    Wind-Tunnel Tests on Various Types of Dive Brakes Mounted in Proximity of the Leading Edge of the Wing (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: The present report is concerned with a series of tests on a model airplane fitted with four types of dive flaps of various shapes, positions, and incidence located near the leading edge of the wing (from 5 to 20 percent of the wing chord). Tests were also made on a stub airfoil fitted with a ventral dive (located at 8 percent of the wing chord). The hinge moments of the dive flaps were measured.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-TM-1161 , Relazione Tecnica No. 10: Ministereo dell' Aeronautica Direzione Superiore Studi ed Esperienze
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  • 15
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    Response of a Rotating Propeller to Aerodynamic Excitation (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: The flexural vibration of a rotating propeller blade with clamped shank is analyzed with the object of presenting, in matrix form, equations for the elastic bending moments in forced vibration resulting from aerodynamic forces applied at a fixed multiple of rotational speed. Matrix equations are also derived which define the critical speeds end mode shapes for any excitation order and the relation between critical speed and blade angle. Reference is given to standard works on the numerical solution of matrix equations of the forms derived. The use of a segmented blade as an approximation to a continuous blade provides a simple means for obtaining the matrix solution from the integral equation of equilibrium, so that, in the numerical application of the method presented, the several matrix arrays of the basic physical characteristics of the propeller blade are of simple form, end their simplicity is preserved until, with the solution in sight, numerical manipulations well-known in matrix algebra yield the desired critical speeds and mode shapes frame which the vibration at any operating condition may be synthesized. A close correspondence between the familiar Stodola method and the matrix method is pointed out, indicating that any features of novelty are characteristic not of the analytical procedure but only of the abbreviation, condensation, and efficient organization of the numerical procedure made possible by the use of classical matrix theory.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-8I07
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  • 16
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    Resistance and Spray Characteristics of a 1/13-Scale Model of the Consolidated Vultee Skate 7 Seaplane, TED No. NACA DE 338 (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: A model of a Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corporation Skate 7 sea-plane:was tested in Langley tank no= 2. Resistance data, 'spray photographs, and underwater photographs,are given in this report without discussion.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-SL9G21
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  • 17
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    An NACA Vane-Type Angle-of-Attack Indicator for use at Subsonic and Supersonic Speeds (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: A vane-type angle-of-attack indicator suitable for measurements at both subsonic and supersonic speeds has been developed by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. A brief history is given of the development, and a wind-tunnel calibration of the indicator is presented, together with a discussion of the corrections to be applied to the indicated readings.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-L9F28a
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  • 18
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    Landing Procedure in Model Ditching Tests of Bf 109 (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: The purpose of the model tests is to clarify the motions in the alighting on water of a land plane. After discussion of the model laws, the test method and test procedure are described. The deceleration-time-diagrams of the landing of a model of the Bf 109 show a high deceleration peek of greater than 20g which can be lowered to 4 to 6g by radiator cowling and brake skid.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-TM-1247 , Wasserlandung Bf 109. Institut fuer Seeflugwesen er Deutschen Versuchaanstalt fuer Luftfahrt, E. V.
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  • 19
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    An Investigation of a Full-Scale Model of the Republic XF-91 Airplane in the Ames 40- By 80-Foot Wind Tunnel: Pressure Data (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: Wind-tunnel tests of a full-scale model of the Republic XF-91 airplane were conducted to determine the distribution of pressure over the external wing fuel tank installation and over the vee tail and ventral fin. The data were obtained for a range of angles of attack and sideslip and elerudder deflection angles; the presentation is in tabular form.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-SA9C25
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  • 20
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    Pressure-Distribution Measurements on the Tail Surfaces of a Rotating Model of the Design BFW - M31 (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: In order to obtain insight into the flow conditions on tail surfaces on airplanes during spins, pressure-distribution measurements were performed on a rotating model of the design BFW-M31. For the time being, the tests were made for only one angle of attack (alpha = 60 degrees) and various angles of yaw and rudder angles. The results of these measurements are given; the construction of the model, and the test arrangement used are described. Measurements to be performed later and alterations planned in the test arrangement are pointed out.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-TM-1220 , ZWB Forschungsbericht Nr. 704; Rept-704
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  • 21
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    The Influence of the Application of Power during Spin Recovery of Multiengine Airplanes (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: The effect of application of power, so far not clarified, is investigated in the present report in order to give the pilot, in addition to the control measures, an expedient for spin recovery of multiengine airplanes. To this end, a series of spins was performed with an airplane of the Go 150 type. It was possible to set up a uniform rule regarding the effect of power, for right end left spins as well as for any combination of the direction of rotation of the propellers.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-TM-1219 , ZWB Forschungsbericht Nr. 1536; Rept 1536
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  • 22
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    Ditching Tests of a 1/18-Scale Model of the Lockheed Constellation Airplane with Speedpak Attached (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: Results of previous model ditching tests of the Lockheed Constellation airplane are reported. Further model tests have been made to determine the probable ditching characteristics and the proper ditching technique for the airplane with the Speedpak attached. This paper presents the results of these tests. Design information was furnished by the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. A three-vies drawing of the airplane with the Speedpak attached is shown. The tests were made in calm water at the Langley tank no.2 monorail.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-SL9H05a
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  • 23
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    Flight Investigation of 6.25-Inch-Diameter Deacon Rocket and 10-Inch-Scale Model Rocket (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: Flight tests were conducted at the NACA Pilotless Aircraft Research Station, Wallops Island, to determine the characteristics of the Allegany Ballistics Laboratory's 6.2inch-diameter Deacon and lO-inch-scale model solid-propellant rocket motors. The tests were performed to assist in the development of these rockets which were designed for, and urgently needed to propel supersonic research models and pilotless aircraft. The tests showed that the rocket motors functioned properly under various flight- acceleration loads over a range of pre-ignition grain temperatures. A maximum velocity of 4180 feet per second was obtained at an elapsed time of 2.9 seconds with the 6.25-inch Deacon rocket motor at a gross weight of l9O pounds. Free-flight data of drag coefficient for the Deacon configuration for a Mach number range of 1.1 to 3.6 have been obtained from flight tests of several pounds. Camera studies of the take-off and flights of the Deacon rocket shared no evidence of breakup of propellant grains. An analysis of the forces to which the Deacon rocket grain is subjected was made. The analysis shows that the grain loading is most severe near the beginning and near the end of the rocket action time. The 10-inch-scale model rocket motor is a scaled model of the l6-inch- diameter multi-perforated, cast-grain rocket motor. A maximum velocity of 1625 feet per second at a time of 1.075 seconds was obtained at a gross weight of 309 pounds.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-L8H26
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  • 24
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    Free-Spinning-Tunnel Investigation of a 1/20-Scale Model of the McDonnell XF2H-1 Airplane (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A spin-recovery investigation has been conducted in the Langley 20-foot free-spinning tunnel on a 20-scale model modified to represent the McDonnell XF2H-1 airplane. The project included tests both with tip tanks installed and with the tanks removed. The results indicated that the recovery characteristics of the airplane would be satisfactory for all loadings by normal recovery technique (full reversal of the rudder, followed 1/2 turn later by movement of the elevator down). The rudder pedal and the elevator stick forces likely to be encountered in a spin should be within the capabilities of the pilot.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-SL9F17
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  • 25
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    General Characteristics of a Airspeed System using Fuselage Static Vents on a Swept-Wing Airplane (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Studies have been made by the NACA wing-flow method of the use of fuselage static orifices between the wing and tail of a swept-wing airplane for possible application to service airspeed installations. The tests were made at zero angle of attack. The results indicate that, although the maximum errors are large, these locations are usable from the consideration that the local Mach numbers at the locations studied are sensitive to variation of the true Mach number within the test Mach number range of 0.7 to 1.2. The maximum errors in Mach number in the subsonic range varied from zero for the most forward location to -0.05 for the most rearward location (indicated Mach number less than true). At Mach numbers above 1.0, the maximum errors were from 0.14 for the most forward location to 0.04 for the most rearward location.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-SL9J21
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  • 26
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    Take-off Stability Characteristics of a 1/13-scale Model of the Consolidated Vultee Skate 7 Seaplane (TED No. NACA DE 338) (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The take-off stability characteristics of a Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corporation Skate 7 seaplane were determined in the Langley tank no. 2. Trim limits of stability, trim tracks, and elevator limits of stability are presented.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-SL9D28a
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  • 27
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    High Speed Stability and Control Characteristics of a 0.17-Scale Model of the McDonnell XF2H-1 Airplane (TED No. NACA DE 318) (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: High-speed wind-tunnel tests were conducted of two versions of a 0.17-scale model of the McDonnell XF2H-1 airplane to ascertain the high-speed stability and control characteristics and to study means for raising the high-speed buffet limit of the airplane, The results for the revised model, employing a thinner wing and tail than the original model, revealed a mild diving tendency from 0.75 to 0.80 Mach number, followed by a marked climbing tendency from 0.80 to 0.875 Mach number. The high-speed climbing tendency was caused principally by the pitching-moment characteristics of the wing. At 0.875 Mach number the results for the revised model indicated stick-fixed directional instability over a limited range of yaw angles, apparently caused by separated flow over the vertical tail. The test results indicate that the high-speed buffet limit of the airplane can probably be raised by reducing the thickness and changing the relative location of the horizontal and vertical tails, and by revising the inner portion of the wing to have a lower thickness-to-chord ratio and reduced trailing-edge angle. The addition of the wing-tip tanks to the revised model resulted in a forward shift in the neutral point below 0.82 Mach number.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-SA9C31
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  • 28
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    Aerodynamic Characteristics of a 0.5-Scale Model of the Fairchild XSAM-N-2 Lark Missile at High Subsonic Speeds (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: An investigation was conducted to determine the longitudinal- and lateral-stability characteristics of a 0.5-scale moue1 of the Fairchild Lark missile, The model was tested with 0 deg and with 22.5 deg of roll. Three horizontal wings having NACA 16-009, 16-209, and 64A-209 sections were tested. Pressures were measured on both pointed and blunt noses. The wind-tunnel-test data indicate that rolling the missile 22.5 deg. had no serious effect on the static longitudinal stability. The desired maneuvering acceleration could not be attained with any of the horizontal wings tested, even with the horizontal wing flaps deflected 50 deg. The flaps on the 64A-209 wing (with small trailing-edge angles and flat sides) were effective at all flap deflections, while the flaps on the 16-series wings (with large trailing-edge angles) lost effectiveness at small flap deflections. The data showed that rolling moment existed when the vertical wing flaps were deflected with the model at other than zero angle of attack. A similar rolling moment probably would be found . with the horizontal wing flaps deflected and the model yawed.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-SA9I28 , NACA DE322
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  • 29
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    Hovering and Low-Speed Performance and Control Characteristics of the Kaman Helicopter Rotor System as Determined on the Langley Helicopter Tower. TED No. NACA DE 205 (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: An investigation has been conducted with the Langley helicopter tower to obtain basic performance and control characteristics of the Raman rotor system. Blade-pitch control is obtained in this configuration by utilizing an auxiliary flap to twist the blades. Rotor thrust and power required were measured for the hovering condition and over a range of wind velocities from 0 to 30 miles per hour. The control characteristics and the transient response of the rotor to various control movements were also measured. The hovering-performance data are presented as a survey of the wake velocities and the variation of torque coefficient with thrust coefficient. The power required for the test rotor to hover at a thrust of 1350 pounds and a rotor speed of 240 rpm is approximately 6.5 percent greater than that estimated for a conventional rotor of the same diameter and solidity. It is believed that most of this difference is caused by th e flap servomechanism. The reduction in total power required for sustentation of the single-rotor configuration tested at various wind velocities and at the normal operating rotor thrust was found to be similar to the theoretical and experimental results for ro tors with conventionally actuated pitch. The control effectiveness was determined as a function of rotor speed. Sufficient control was available to give a thrust range of 0 to 1500 pounds and a rotor tilt of plus or minus 7 degrees. The time lag between flap motion and blade-pitch response is approximately 0.02 to 0.03 second. The response of the rotor following the blade-pitch response is similar to that of a rotor with conventionally actuated pitch changes. The over-all characteristics of the rotor investigated indicate that satisfactory performance and control characteristics were obtained.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-SL9I27
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    Full-Scale Hydrodynamic Evaluation of a Modified Navy J4F-2 Amphibian with a 0.425-Scale XP5M-1 Hull Bottom. TED No. NACA DE325 (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: An investigation was made to evaluate the hydrodynamic qualities of a 0.425-scale model of the Navy XP5M-1 hull, which was installed on a modified Navy J4F-2 amphibian. Longitudinal and directional stability during take-off and landing, low-speed maneuverability, spray characteristics, and take-off performance were investigated. The behavior of the airplane in moderately rough water was also observed. The opinions of three pilots have been correlated with the data.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-SL9L07a
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    Flight Test of the Aerojet 7KS-6000 T-27 Jato Rocket Motor (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A flight test of the Aero jet Engineering Corporation's 7KS-6000 T-27 Jato rocket motor was conducted at the Langley Pilotless Aircraft Research Station at Wallops Island, Va, to determine the flight performance characteristics of the motor. The flight test imposed an absolute longitudinal acceleration of 9.8 g upon the rocket motor at 2.8 seconds after launching. The total impulse developed by the motor was 43,400 pound-seconds, and the thrusting time was 7.58 seconds. The maximum thrust was 7200 pounds and occurred at 4.8 seconds after launching. No thrust irregularities attributable to effects of the flight longitudinal acceleration were observed. Certain small thrust irregularities occurred in the flight test which appear to correspond to irregularities observed in static tests conducted elsewhere. A hypothesis regarding the origin of these small irregularities is presented.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-SL9L13a
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    A Preliminary Analysis of the Flying Qualities of the Consolidated Vultee MX-813 Delta-Wing Airplane Configuration at Transonic and Low Supersonic Speeds as Determined from Flights of Rocket-Powered Models (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: A preliminary analysis of the flying qualities of the Consolidated Vultee MX-813 delta-wing airplane configuration has been made based on the results obtained from the first two 1/8 scale models flown at the NACA Pilotless Aircraft Research Station, Wallop's Island, VA. The Mach number range covered in the tests was from 0.9 to 1.2. The analysis indicates adequate elevator control for trim in level flight over the speed range investigated. Through the transonic range there is a mild trim change with a slight tucking-under tendency. The elevator control effectiveness in the supersonic range is reduced to about one-half the subsonic value although sufficient control for maneuvering is available as indicated by the fact that 10 deg elevator deflection produced 5g acceleration at Mach number of 1.2 at 40,000 feet.The elevator control forces are high and indicate the power required of the boost system. The damping. of the short-period oscillation is adequate at sea-level but is reduced at 40,000 feet. The directional stability appears adequate for the speed range and angles of attack covered.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-Sl9E13
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  • 33
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    Investigation of the Effect of Tip Tanks on the Wing Loading of a Republic F-84 Airplane in the Ames 40- by 80-foot Wind Tunnel (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Wind-tunnel tests at low Mach number of a Republic F-84C airplane were conducted to determine by pressure-distribution measurements the air loads on wing-tip tanks and the change in wing load distribution due to the presence of tip tanks. Measurements of the aeroelastic twist of the wing were also obtained. Results are presented in the form of loading coefficient, center-of- pressure location, pitching-moment coefficient, aerodynamic-center location, and aeroelastic twist. The investigation revealed that the redistributions in loading brought about by either the tip tanks or elastic deformation of the wing were relatively small when compared with the chnnges in loading normally associated with the deflection of an aileron.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-SA9B02
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  • 34
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    The Effects of Horizontal-Tail Location and Wing Modifications on the High-Speed Stability and Control Characteristics of a 01.17-Scale Model of the McDonnell XF2H-1 Airplane (TED No, NACA DE336) (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: An additional series of high-speed wind-tunnel tests of a modified 0.17-scale model of the McDonnell XF2H-1 airplane was conducted to evaluate the effects of a reduction in the thickness-to-chord ratios of the tail planes, the displacement of the horizontal tail relative to the vertical tail, and the extension of the trailing edge of the wing. Two tail-intersection fairings designed to improve the flow at the tail were also tested. The pitching-moment characteristics of the model were improved slightly by the use of the thinner tail sections. Rearward or rearward and downward displacements of the horizontal tail increased the critical Mach number at the tail intersection from 0.725 to a maximum of 0.80, but caused an excessive change in pitching-moment coefficient at the higher Mach numbers. Extending the trailing edge of the wing did not improve the static longitudinal-stability characteristics, but increased the pitching-down tendency between 0.725 and 0.825 Mach numbers prior to the pitching-up tendency. The extended wing did, however, increase the Mach numbers at which these tendencies occurred. The increase in the Mach numbers of divergence and the tuft studies indicate a probable increase in the buffet limit of the prototype airplane. No perceptible improvement of flow at the tail intersection was observed with the two fairings tested on the forward tail configuration.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-SA9J14
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  • 35
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    Preparation and properties of rubberlike high polymers. VI. Polymerization and dimerization of isopreneCommunication No. 85 from the Rubber Foundation. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 203-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The inhibitor and initiator action of 33 compounds on the bulk polymerization of pure isoprene has been studied. Picric acid was found to be the most powerful inhibitor at 100°C. The conclusion reached in Part I, that the initiator activity of diazoaminobenzene is superior to all other compounds has been found to be valid also between 100-150°C. The heat polymerization of isoprene between 100-150°C. in the presence of picric acid leads only to the formation of dimers. Three of the four possible isomers have been separated. The solid complex compound of diprene (I) with silver nitrate has been used to separate it from dipentene (II) and the hydrocarbon of Lebedew (III, IV) has been identified as a monochloride. The relative yields (I): (II): (III+IV) = 16:1:2 are in agreement with the relative availability and localization of π-electrons in isoprene. Observations on the properties of polyisoprene are in agreement with the more extensive work by d'Ianni. Some remarks on polymers from bulk polymerization are added. Isoprene acts as a powerful inhibitor on the polymerization of vinylidene chloride. This effect is independent of the method of polymerization.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040208
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    Dependence of elastic properties of vulcanized rubber on the degree of cross linkingContribution No. 154 from The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, Research Laboratory. Presented before the High Polymer Forum at the 112th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York, N. Y., September, 1947. The work presented in this paper comprises a part of a program of fundamental research on rubber and plastics being carried out under contract between the Office of Naval Research and The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 225-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Natural rubber and GR-S synthetic rubber have been vulcanized to varying degrees of cross linking through the use of disazodicarboxylates. These compounds react readily with the above unsaturated polymers in a manner which assures the formation of one cross linkage for each molecule of the disazo compound. Elastic properties of the vulcanizates so produced are similar to those of rubber specimens vulcanized in the conventional manner with sulfur and an accelerator. Their stress-strain curves deviate from the form prescribed by the statistical theory of rubber elasticity in the same manner as observed by Gee for sulfur vulcanizates. The equilibrium force of retraction at 100% elongation has been measured over a 30-fold range in the degree of cross linking; equilibrium swelling measurements extend over an 80-fold range. The magnitude of the force of retraction over most of the range covered agrees remarkably well with the explicit predictions of the statistical theory. The significance of the deviations which are observed is discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040301
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  • 37
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    Polymerization in a system of discrete particles (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 273-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It has been shown that subdivision of certain homogeneous polymerizing systems into droplets of diameter 10-4 to 10-5 cm. will entail a probability of finding only one active chain in each particle if the kinetics of the reaction remained otherwise unaffected. Some cases of polymerization in compartmentalized systems have been considered, and it has been shown that, where active centers are generated singly within completely isolated drops, the effect of increasing subdivision would be to increase the rate of reaction and chain length. On the other hand, with the formation of active chains in pairs, the opposite effect is to be anticipated, namely a decreasing rate of reaction with increasing subdivision. These conclusions are briefly considered in relation to the problem of dispersion polymerization, and it is shown that the theory of compartmentalization could account for the occurrence of high rates of reaction and chain lengths in the emulsion process, as compared with a bulk system. On the other hand, there is no evidence showing that the reaction rate is ever reduced in finely dispersed systems.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040304
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  • 38
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    Polydispersité de la cellulose de la pâte de bois (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 289-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A practical and simple method, with perfectly reproducible results, has been studied for the determination of chain-length repartition of cellulose samples from different wood pulps. By this method, it shall be possible to understand the influence of different factors governing the manufacture and the mechanical properties of our end products.
    Notes: Nous avons étudié une méthode pratique et simple, dont les résultats soient parfaitement reproductibles, de détermination de la répartition des longueurs de chaînes de la cellulose provenant de pâtes de bois différentes. Cette méthode nous permettra de mieux comprendre l'influence des différents facteurs de fabrication sur les qualités mécaniques de nos produits finis.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040305
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    Preparation and vulcanization of liquid polyisoprene polymersThe research reported here was sponsored jointly by the Army, Signal Corps, Navy, Bureau of Ships, Bureau of Ordnance, Bureau of Aeronautics, and Office of Naval Research under Signal Corps Contract No. W-36-039-sc-32011. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 309-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: By means of chain transfer agents such as dodecyl mercaptan, polyisoprenes whose number-average molecular weights range between 300-1200 and which are liquid at room temperature have been prepared. The structure and physical properties of these substances have been investigated. Vulcanization of these liquids to rubberlike materials at room temperature and above is described.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040306
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  • 40
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    Change in crystallinity upon heterogeneous acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibersCommunication No. 60 from the Institute for Cellulose Research of the AKU and affiliated Companies, Utrecht, Netherlands. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 317-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The recently developed x-ray method of crystallinity determination is applied to products of heterogeneous acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers. Upon treatment of viscose rayon fibers with boiling 2.5 N sulfuric acid, the crystalline fraction is increased from 39 to 49% within half an hour, and remains constant upon prolonged treatment. Ramie does not show any change in percentage crystallinity when subjected to the same treatment. Its crystalline fraction is, however, transformed into cellulose IV. The observed changes in moisture regain of the hydrolyzed products are in line with the x-ray results.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040307
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  • 41
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    Osmometry of high polymer solutions. I. Osmometer and membranes (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 323-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The construction of a thermostated osmometer of the Fuoss-Mead pattern is described. The technique of preparation of bacterial cellulose membranes for osmotic measurements on high polymer systems is given. The permeability of such membranes may be controlled by growth to a thickness of 4-5 mm., drying in contact with a stainless steel surface, and reswelling in water or alcohol-water mixtures. The degree of reswelling required to give membranes suitable for use with polymers of a range of molecular weights is given. The factors affecting the behaviour of the membranes in the osmometer are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040308
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  • 42
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    Osmometry of high polymer solutions. II. Osmotic measurements using bacterial cellulose membranes (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 337-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Bacterial cellulose membranes have been used successfully to measure the osmotic pressures of a number of high polymer-solvent systems. The dynamic method of Fuoss and Mead has been used in most cases, but for polyvinylxylene in benzene the rate curves are not symmetrical since the solvent passes through the membrane faster from the solution side. The molecular weight values for two polyvinyl acetates agree well with the calculated kinetic values, and for polyethyl sebacate the value obtained agrees with that found by endgroup titration. Values of the Huggins “constant” μ are given for various systems.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040309
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  • 43
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    Polymerization of isobutene catalyzed by boron trifluoride (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 359-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The polymerization reaction which occurs when butene vapor is mixed with boron trifluoride gas has been studied under various conditions. It has been found that this polymerization occurs only if a third component, or cocatalyst, is present. The function of the cocatalyst has been investigated, and the mechanism of the polymerization reaction is discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040311
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    Specific refractivity-temperature data for polyvinyl acetate and polybutyl acrylateThis research was completed under contract N70nr-284, Task Order III, under supervision of the Office of Naval Research, Navy Department. The authors gratefully acknowledge this support. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 351-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Refractive index-temperature and volume-temperature data for polyvinyl acetate and polybutyl acrylate have been determined and used to calculate the specific refractivity as a function of temperature by the Lorentz-Lorentz and the Eyckman equations. The results show a variation of specific refractivity with temperature which exceeds experimental error. The variation is evident as an increase of specific refractivity with temperature above Tm and suggests experiments which will show the increase more clearly. A theoretical justification for the increase of specific refractivity with temperature in polymers is discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040310
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  • 45
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    Note on the “inhomogeneity” of polymers (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 399-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040313
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  • 46
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    Molecular weight methods (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 401-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040314
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  • 47
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    Polyelectrolytes. V. Osmotic pressures of poly-4-vinyl-N-n-butylpyridonium bromide in ethanol at 25°Project NR-054-002 of the Office of Naval Research. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 457-472 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The osmotic pressures of two samples of poly-4-vinyl-N-n-butylpyridonium bromide (average D. P. 730 and 1900) were measured in 93% ethanol in the concentration range 0.02-0.20 g./100 cc. The osmotic pressures were higher than those of the corresponding parent polymers, due to partial dissociation of bromide ions. Because of the low dielectric constant ( ε′ = 28) of the solvent and the high concentration of positive charge in the polycations, however, a large fraction of the bromide ions (≥ 95%) were bound by electrostatic attraction to the cations and contributed neither to osmotic pressure nor to conductance. Unlike neutral polymers, the ratio (osmotic pressure over concentration) increases with dilution, due to increasing dissociation with dilution. Addition of an excess of a simple one-one electrolyte (lithium bromide) almost completely suppressed the dissociation of the polysalt and gave osmotic pressures of the same order of magnitude as those of the neutral polymers. The resulting curves were linear, with a considerably smaller slope than for the parent polymer. Combining the results on osmotic pressure with conductance data, the transference numbers of the polycations were estimated to be 0.28 and 0.52 for degrees of polymerization 730 and 1900 respectively. The conductance of lithium bromide is decreased by the addition of these polyelectrolytes, possible due to the association of an excess of anions to the polycations under the influence of their electrostatic fields.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040403
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    Compléments à l'étude de la statistique des chaînes moléculaires en solution diluée (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 473-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: It is easiest to calculate the mean quadratic distance between the chain ends of a macromolecule when all rotations are free. This condition, however, is generally not realized; in this paper are discussed the results obtained by introducing a symmetric repartition function for the position of each atom of the chain on the circle of the basis of the valential cone. We have compared the formulas proposed here graphically with their results (Figs. 2 and 3). This comparison shows that the Kuhn and Taylor formulas are only an approximation of the formula established in an earlier paper; the formula of these authors has a restricted validity. The extent of this validity increases with the number of units in the chain molecule. By using the repartition functions proposed by Taylor, we represent the value of the mean quadratic distance as a function of the interaction energy. It is possible that this energy has the value calculated from the vapors of normal aliphatic hydrocarbons; but it is the sum of several terms and must vary with the number of units and the temperature. The established formula permits the prediction of two different aspects of the precipitation of the polymers, by decreasing the temperature or by addition of a precipitant. Finally, if the atoms of the chains must in their rotations pass over potential barriers, it is possible to predict anomalies in their comportment.
    Notes: Le cas le plus simple pour calculer l'écart quadratique moyen entre les extrémités d'une chaǐne macromoléculaire est celui oùtoutes les rotations sont libres. Mais cette condition n'est généralement pas réalisée, aussi avons nous examiné dans cet article les résultats obtenus en introduisant une fonction de répartition symétrique pour les positions de chaque atome de la chaîne sur le cercle de base du cǒne de valence. Nous comparons les formules proposées jusqu'ici en représentant graphiquement leurs résultats (figs. 2 et 3). Cette comparaison montre que la formule de Kuhn et Taylor (8,9) est une approximation de celle que nous avons établié dans un article précédent (7) et a, de ce fait, un domaine de validité plus restreint. Ce domaine augmente avec le nombre des chaǐnons de la chaîne. En utilisant les fonctions de répartition proposées par Taylor nous représentons les valeurs de l'écart quadratique moyen en fonction de l'énergie d'interaction (figs. 6 et 7). Nous montrons ensuite que cette énergie d'interaction ne peut avoir la valeur calculée pour les vapeurs de carbures aliphatiques normaux mais est la somme de plusieurs termes et doit varier avec la nombre de chaǐnons et la température. Les formules établies permettent de prévoir deux aspects différents de la précipitation suivant qu'elle est effectuée par abaissement de la température ou adjonction d'un précipitant. Enfin, lorsque dans leurs rotations les atomes de la chaîne doivent passer par dessus des barrières de potentiel on peut prévoir des anomalies dans son comportement.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040404
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    Dependence of tensile strength of vulcanized rubber on degree of cross-linkingContribution number 159 from Goodyear Tire and Rubber, Research Laboratory. The investigation described in this paper comprises a part of a program of fundamental research on rubber and plastics carried out under contract between the Office of Naval Research and the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 435-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Tensile strengths of natural rubber samples quantitatively crosslinked with decamethylene dis-methyl azodicarboxylate have been determined. The proportion of the azo vulcanizing agent was varied 80-fold, the fraction p of cross-linked units in the products ranging from 0.10x 10-2 to 8.0 x 10-2. In spite of the small dimensions of the test specimen (cross section 0.10 in. by about 0.005 in.), the average error for a single observation is similar to that obtained in conventional testing procedures applied to specimens vulcanized with sulfur and accelerators. Deviations from the mean for 262 tests on 15 different cures are well represented by a Gaussian error function; a slight intimation of skewness is evident only at the extremities of the distribution of deviations. These results are incompatible with the commonly held view that rupture of the sample takes place at the “weakest link” in the series of flaws inevitably occurring along the specimen. It would appear that the ability to withstand tensile stress (applied in a specified manner) is an inherent characteristic of the bulk material. The rapid increase in tensile strength with the degree of crosslinking p for small values of this quantity is consistent with the conclusion, previously reached in the investigation of the physical properties of butyl rubber (6) that the tensile strength is directly related to the fraction of the structure which is permanently oriented by stretching. At higher degrees of cross-linking (at ρ x 100 = 1.0 to 1.5, depending on the molecular weight of the rubber) the tensile strength passes through a maximum and then declines steadily to quite low values for higher ρ's. This adverse effect of higher degrees of cross-linking is believed to result from the diminished elongation at which crystallization sets in and, hence, the smaller fraction of the network elements sufficiently oriented to participate in crystallite formation. Modification of up to 7% of the isoprene units of the rubber with the monofunctional compound, ethyl azodicarboxylate, depresses the tensile strength of the disazo vulcanized rubber relatively little. Evidently, the limited extent to which these modified (or copolymer) chains may enter into crystallization is adequate to bring about high tensile strength. Lack of direct correlation between modulus and tensile strength for rubbers vulcanized with various sulfur-accelerator combinations can only be explained by assuming that conventional vulcanization processes are accompanied to varying degrees by chain scission reactions. When vulcanized rubber is “over-cured,” or heat aged, chain scission becomes excessive.
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    Thermodynamics of high-polymer solutions. III. Swelling of cross-linked rubberThe major portion of the following work was done in 1943 on a grant from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Office of Rubber Reserve, for fundamental research in connection with the wartime synthetic rubber program. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 555-571 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The equilibrium swelling of the gum stocks of twelve different rubber vulcanizates has been measured in thirteen organic solvents. The results are in good agreement with the theory of Flory and Rehner. Values of the internal pressure (cohesive energy density) and the average molal volume between cross-linkages Vc have been determined for the rubbers. The molal volume Vc is shown to agree closely with that obtained from measurement of the elastic modulus. An analysis of earlier data on the swelling of polybutadiene shows the number of cross-linkages to be directly proportional to the sulfur content.
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    Photochemistry of proteins. VI. pH dependence of quantum yield and ultraviolet absorption spectrum of chymotrypsinThis study will comprise part of the Doctoral thesis to be submitted by P. Finkelstein to the Graduate School of the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 573-582 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The quantum yield of inactivation of chymotrypsin was found to be independent of variations in conditions of irradiation including light intensity, concentration of the irradiated solution, rate of stirring and the presence or absence of oxygen. The quantum yield for inactivation is at a minimum at the isoelectric point (pH 5.4). An explanation is offered for the variation of the quantum yield with pH in terms of an internal Franck-Rabinowitch mechanism. The absorption spectra of the enzyme was also studied as a function of pH, as was that of an amino acid mixture whose composition corresponded to that of chymotrypsin. Evidence is presented for the existence of bound, un-ionizing tyrosine in the native enzyme and of unbound tyrosine in alkali-denatured enzyme. The significance of changes in the absorption spectra accompanying irradiation is discussed.
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    Emulsion polymerization of 2-alkyl-1,3-butadienes.The work described in this manuscript was done under the sponsorship of the Office of Rubber Reserve, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, in connection with the Government Synthetic Rubber Program. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 583-595 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The polymers of 2-ethyl-, 2-isopropyl-, and 2-n-amyl-1,3-butadiene alone, and their copolymers with styrene and with butadiene have been prepared and characterized. These monomers give the same ratio of 1,2 to 1,4 addition as has been noted for isoprene. Much less mercaptan must be used with these monomers than is required for butadiene to give soluble polymers. All these monomers copolymerize with styrene readily but have higher Wall α values than butadiene. The stress-strain properties and Gehman low-temperature properties of all of the new polymers have been determined by the Government Laboratories, University of Akron, and are included in this report. There appear to be no unusual properties to be noted.
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    Copolymerization. VII. Relative rates of addition of various monomers in copolymerization (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 597-604 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Information concerning monomer reactivity in copolymerization has been obtained for thirteen copolymerization systems. The influence of substituents and chain length in vinyl polymerization is discussed in the light of this and preceding data. Unsaturated acid behavior in copolymerizations is discussed for the first time.
    Additional Material: 14 Tab.
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    Reactivity of fibrous cellulose (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 619-628 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: By applying hydrochloric acid solution at different temperatures to various fibrous cellulose samples and following the per cent loss in weight with time, hydrolysis-time curves have been obtained. These plots have been resolved into a straight line and a curve, representing the rate of removal of difficultly and easily removable components, respectively. Under the experimental conditions applied, the ratedetermining reaction in the removal of the difficultly accessible components from the fibers is essentially a kinetically zero-order reaction. This was borne out by the results of hydrolyses of hydrocellulose preparations. Within the experimental range the temperature coefficient of this rate is independent of the representative fibrous materials and is relatively high, corresponding to an energy of activation of 28-29 kcal./mol. The easily and difficultly accessible regions, assessed by resolving the rate plots, are different with the same fibers, depending on the experimental conditions. The reactivity of both the easily and difficultly hydrolyzable constituents varies with different cellulose fibers. The complex nature of the kinetics of removal (hydrolysis) of the easily accessible components is discussed.
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    Thermal degradation of polystyrene. Part II (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The production of monomer during degradation of polystyrene in vacuo below 310°C. has been investigated. A mechanism has been proposed which explains the dependence of monomer formation on the initial breaks in the chain. The degradation in presence of oxygen has been studied. A mechanism for this reaction has been proposed which accounts for the type of curves obtained experimentally. The role of antioxidants has been briefly indicated. The elementary steps for the degradation in vacuo and in the presence of oxygen have been discussed.
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    Copolymerization. II. Molecular weight distribution and mean molecular weights in copolymerization systems (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 629-637 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An extension of the kinetic analysis of the generalized reaction mechanism for copolymerization given in Part I has been carried out to obtain the functions for molecular weight distribution and number and weight-average molecular weights.
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    Stability of chlorine-containing copolymers (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 638-638 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040509
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    Intramolecular reactions in vinyl copolymers (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 665-666 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040511
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    Pyrolysis of polyisobutene (vistanex), polyisoprene, polybutadiene, GR-S, and polyethylene in a high vacuum (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 639-664 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Samples of polyisobutene, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, GR-S, and polyethylene, weighing about 25 to 50 mg., were pyrolyzed in a vacuum of about 10-6mm. of mercury in a specially designed apparatus at temperatures ranging between 300 to 475°C. The volatile products of pyrolysis were separated into four fractions: (IV) gaseous, volatile at -196°; (IIIA) liquid, at -75°, (IIIB) liquid, at 25°; and (II) waxlike fraction, volatile at the temperature of pyrolysis. The gaseous fraction was analyzed in the mass spectrometer and was found to consist in all cases of CH4. The liquid fraction, IIIA, was analyzed similarly and was found to give a mass spectrum characteristic for any given polymer. A molecular weight determination of the waxlike fraction by the micro freezing point-lowering method, showed it to vary from 543 to 739, depending on the polymer from which the fraction was obtained. It is shown that the method of pyrolytic fractionation of high molecular weight polymers, in conjunction with mass spectrometer analysis of the more volatile fractions, can serve as a means of identifying the polymers.
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    “Surface chemistry for industrial research.” J. J. Bikerman. Academic Press, New York, ix + 414 pp. (illustrated), 8.00 (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 669-670 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    Encyclopedia of chemical technology, volume 2, Raymond E. Kirk and Donald F. Othmer, editors, Interscience, New York, 1948, xvi + 915 pp. 20.00 per volume. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 667-668 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040512
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    “Organic chlorine compounds.” Ernest hamilin huntress. Wiley, New York, 1948, xxv + 1443 pp., 27.50. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 671-672 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040514
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    Water content of hydrophilic phenol-formaldehyde resins: Vapor pressure-temperature relationships (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 673-688 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The significance of the water content to the physical properties of phenol-formaldehyde resins at various stages of preparation is briefly discussed. Available methods for the determination of water in such resins were found to be either unreliable or too elaborate for process control. It was undertaken to develop a simple, rapid, relative method for the continuous measurement of water content which can be used to follow the follow the process of dehydration and to indicate the end-point which will result in the best dispersion of water in the cured resin. In order to standardize or calibrate such a relative method, it was necessary also to develop an absolute method for the analysis of water in the resol.The composition of a homogeneous mixture of liquids is reflected by its vapor pressure-temperature relationships. During dehydration at 80°C., the vapor pressure of the resol decreases about 350 mm. of mercury. A very sharp increase in the slope of the vapor pressure curve occurs at approximately the proper degree of dehydration. At this stage a slight decrease in water content causes a very large decrease in vapor pressure. The sharp inflection in the curve is attributed to the existence of both “free” and “bound” water in the resin.During the process of vacuum dehydration of the resin, while the “free” water decreases to approximately one-eighth of its original content, the “bound” water remains substantially constant. The binding of water is attributed to the methylol groups of the resol molecules and its release during the cure or hardening of the resin is considered to result from the conversion of these groups to methylene linkages.
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    The technology of adhesives. John Delmonte. Reinhold, New York, 1947. 516 pp. Price $8.00 (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 152-152 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040205
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    Ionic polymerization of mono-olefinic hydrocarbons at low temperatures. A review of proposed mechanisms (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 183-202 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The mechanism presented constitute proposals made in attempts to portray the role that electrophilic halides play in catalyzing the polymerization of unsaturated hydrocarbons. All of these halides require the presence of a Friedel-Crafts catalyst in the reaction mixture and differ primarily in the interpretation of what constitutes the active factor in the initiation, propagation, and cessation steps. Mechanisms involving a thermal activation and dehydrohalogenation are discussed briefly and rejected as rather improbable. On the other hand, mechanisms involving a cationoid complex intermediate and a carbonium ion are extensively reviewed, especially in light of the recent findings of British investigators regarding the function of the so-called third component or cocatalyst. Attention is called to the rather marked specificity of reactions involving water or other polar cocatalysts, and, in addition, it is pointed out that, although cocatalysts appear to be necessary prerequisities for activation in a number of cases, the phenomenon is not a general one, since systems exist in which proton-supplying cocatalysts have not been proved necessary to initiate growth. To date, no single mechanism seems to satisfy all of the qualitative observations and known data. It is intended that the present discussion summarize available facts in terms of possible mechanisms, and, in addition, evaluate their plausibility in the light of present knowledge.
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    Copolymerization of some further monomer pairs (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 215-218 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Heat of copolymerization (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 221-223 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Investigations on cellulose nitrate. II. Liquid and vapor phase adsorption of acetonePart I of this series appeared in J. Polymer Sci., 3, 735 (1948). (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 247-263 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The discrepancies in the published work on the interaction of acetone and cellulose nitrate are discussed and explained. Vapor phase adsorption isotherms for the adsorption of acetone by cellulose nitrate have been determined with an adsorption balance. They have been shown to be independent of the crystalline-amorphous ratio of the polymer but dependent upon its nitrogen content. In cellulose nitrates which are completely soluble in acetone, no limiting adsorption has been found. Adsorption analysis (a modification of chromatography) has been applied to the determination of the liquid phase adsorption by cellulose nitrate of acetone from mixtures with petroleum ether. In terms of the liquid mixture concentrations, there appears to be limited adsorption, but this is shown to be due to the nonideal nature of the solutions of acetone and petroleum ether. When allowance is made for this, the liquid and vapor phase isotherms are the same within experimental error and do not support the existence of compounds of acetone and cellulose nitrate.
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    Copolymers of 1,3-butadiene and 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadieneThis investigation was carried out under the sponsorship of the Office of Rubber Reserve, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, in connection with the Government Synthetic Rubber Program. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 265-272 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Some experiments on the polymerization of 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene and its copolymerization with butadiene are reported. This monomer requires very little modifier as compared to butadiene.
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    Koresin and related resinsThis investigation was carried out under the sponsorship of the Office of Rubber Reserve, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, in connection with the Government Synthetic Rubber Program. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 689-702 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The infrared and ultraviolet absorption spectra of Koresin are very similar to those of an acid-catalyzed p-tert-butylphenol-acetal- dehyde polymer. This is believed to be evidence that Koresin has Structure I. A variety of phenol-aldehyde resins have been prepared for comparison with Koresin. The ratings of some of these materials as tackifiers have been reported. These furnish further evidence that the molecular weight of a phenol-aldehyde resin is important in its tackifying action. An alkaline-catalyzed condensation product of acetylene and p-tert-butylphenol shows no tackifying action and has no free hydroxyl in the polymer as judged by its infrared pattern.
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    Polymers and copolymers of o-acetoxystyrene and o-hydroxystyreneThis investigation was carried out under the sponsorship of the Office of Rubber Reserve, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, in connection with the Government Synthetic Rubber Program. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 703-707 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: o-Hydroxystyrene did not copolymerize with styrene and butadiene in GR-S-type systems. A terpolymer of these three monomers was obtained by copolymerizing o-acetoxystyrene, styrene and butadiene in carbon tetrachloride solution by the action of stannic chloride followed by hydrolysis of the acetate groups in the polymer with dilute hydrochloric acid in dioxane solution. The polymer thus obtained did not improve the tack of GR-S.
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    Estimation of crystallinity of some polymers from x-ray intensity measurementsCommunication No. 57 from the Laboratory for Cellulose Research of the AKU and affiliated Companies, Utrecht, Holland. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 709-723 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The paper deals with a tentative plan to extend quantitative x-ray measurements for determining the degree of crystallinity of polymers (as used earlier in cellulose determinations), to the investigation of rubber, polythene, and a polyamide. Strictly monochromatized copper radiation was used. The results show that further work along these lines may be promising. The raw rubber sample used was identical with one of those investigated by Goppel and by Arlman. It yielded a crystallinity figure higher than that reported by Goppel, but conformed with that found by Arlman. The figures obtained for polythene at different temperatures are compared with those derived from density and heat capacity measurements by other workers. The degree of crystallinity of polythene at room temperature is found to be ∼ 55%, and in samples of polyhexamethylene sebacamide, previously treated in different ways, figures between ∼50 and 70% are obtained. It is shown that the possibility of using the background intensity as a measure of the disordered fraction is confined to not too high angles of diffraction. A method is described (and experimentally checked) allowing for reducing the curves of intensity distribution as a function of 2θ as observed in various polymers to a comparable scale. It is further emphasized that, in polymers where hydrogen bonds play a decisive role in intermolecular cohesion, the x-ray results suggest that the “crystalline” or ordered fraction may to a considerable extent involve states of two-dimensional order.
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    Ultraviolet absorption spectra of some copolymers containing acenaphthylene, and of related compounds (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 725-733 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The strong ultraviolet absorption in the wave-length region 280-330 mμ shown by copolymers of acenaphthylene with styrene or methyl methacrylate is due to acenaphthylene residues. The spectra of samples of copolymer containing a small percentage of acenaphthylene are different from the spectrum of polyacenaphthylene. As a result of the comparison of the spectra of these copolymers with the spectra of acenaphthene and with the two forms of 1,1′-biacenaphthyl it is concluded that spectra of the copolymers can be explained as arising from the presence of pairs of acenaphthylene groups. Finally it is shown that the spectra can be used to estimate the acenaphthylene contents of the copolymers.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040605
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    “Elastomers and plastomers, their chemistry, physics and technology, volume II, manufacture, properties and applications.” edited by R. Houwink, Elsevier, New York-Amsterdam, 1949, 531 pp., $9.00. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 745-745 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040607
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    Determination of disappearance of bis-isopropyl xanthogen (“dixie”) in synthetic rubber latex during polymerizationThis work was carried out under the sponsorship of the Office of Rubber Reserve, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, in connection with the Synthetic Rubber Program of the United States Government. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 735-743 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Bis-isopropyl xanthogen (“dixie”) is a poor promoter, but an effective modifier, in the GR-S recipe, as was concluded from unreported intrinsic viscosity measurements. High molecular mercaptans are good promoters but very poor modifiers. In recipes containing mercaptans as promoters, dixie acts like a retarder until a conversion of 30% is attained. After this conversion the rate becomes normal. It is found that at a conversion of 30% most of the dixie has been dissipated. Bis-isopropyl xanthogen can be determined polarographically. A procedure is given for the polarographic determination of dixie and the determination by amperometric titration of mercaptan when both dixie and mercaptan are present in a GR-S latex. Disappearance curves of dixie and of mercaptans are given when both modifiers are present in the original charge.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040606
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    “Physics and chemistry of cellulose fibres with particular reference to rayon.” P. H. Hermans. Elsevier, New York-Amsterdam, 1949. 556 pp., $7.50. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 749-749 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040609
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    “The chemistry and technology of enzymes.” Henry Tauber, Wiley, New York, 1949, 558 pp., $7.50. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 773-774 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040618
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    “Monomers.” Edited By E. R. Blout, W. P. Hohenstein, and H. Mark. Interscience, New York, 1949, 368 pp., $7.50. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 775-775 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040619
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    Photochemistry of proteins. V. Effect of pH and urea on ultraviolet light inactivation of crystalline pepsinFrom the Master of Science Thesis of S. Pearson, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, June, 1948. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 45-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Quantum yields for the inactivation of crystalline swine pepsin have been determined as a function of pH at 2537 A. The quantum yield is near a minimum at pH 4.08, at which point a value of 0.0019 was found, rises rapidly above pH 6, and shows a slight maximum near pH 2.7. The maximum is more pronounced with polychromatic light. The quantum yield (at pH 2.01) was found to be the same with either hemoglobin or casein as a substrate. Urea had no effect on the quantum yield although urea alone, 7 M, inactivates pepsin at an appreciable rate. Urea and light denaturation do not modify the absorption spectrum of pepsin in the same way. The data of Gates has been recalculated; it shows an increase of quantum yields with decreasing wave length. It has been concluded, from experiments with model substances, that inactivation can occur by the absorption of a quantum by any aromatic group in pepsin.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Photochemistry of phosphonitrilic chlorides. I. A photochemical reaction of low-polymeric phosphonitrilic chlorides (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 75-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Photochemical reactions of trimeric and tetrameric phosphonitrilic chlorides with some hydrocarbons are described. Soluble and insoluble photoreaction products are formed. From the soluble fraction, distillable phenyl- and decahydronaphthyl-phosphonitrilic chlorides were separated; the indistillable and deposit fractions were also found to contain high percentages of carbon and hydrogen. This shows that successive substitution of the chlorine atoms by radicals, R, of the solvents, R—H, had taken place.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Polyphenyl (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 93-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040110
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    Viscosity function for polyelectrolytes (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 96-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040111
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    Polyelectrolytes. IV. Conductance of n-butyl bromide addition compounds of 4-vinylpyridine-styrene copolymers in nitromethane-dioxane mixturesThis research was entirely supported by Contact N6ori44-T.O. IV with the Office of Naval Research. Grateful acknowledgment is made of this assistance. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 121-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The conductance of a series of salts made by the addition of n-butyl bromide to 4-vinylpyridine-styrene copolymers (1.5 to 90 mole per cent vinylpyridine) has been measured in dioxane (∊′ = 2.2), ethylene dichloride (∊′ = 10.2), and a series of nitromethane-dioxane mixtures (16.0 ≤ ∊′ ≤ 39.4). Three independent arguments deduced from the data show that ionic association under the influence of interionic electrostatic forces must occur in solutions of polyelectrolytes in such a way that a certain average fraction of the counter ions accompany the large polycation and contribute nothing to conductance. First, the conductance at fixed copolymer composition and fixed salt concentration decreases with decreasing dielectric constant of the solvent medium. Second, at a given counter ion concentration in a given solvent, the conductance decreases with increasing pyridonium content of the chain. Third, for a given salt and solvent, the conductance decreases with increasing salt concentration at a rate much slower than that characteristic of simple electrolytes.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Polyelectrolytes. III. Viscosities of n-butyl bromide addition compounds of 4-vinylpyridine-styrene copolymers in nitromethane-dioxane mixturesThis research was entirely supported by Contract N6ori44-T. O. IV. with the Office of Naval Research, as Project NR 054-002. Grateful acknowledgment is made of this assistance. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 97-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A series of copolymers, of 4-vinylpyridine and styrene, covering the range 1.5 to 100% vinylpyridine were prepared in 20% toluene solution at 80°. Strong electrolytes were then made by the addition of n-butyl bromide in nitromethane solution. The salts with high vinylpyridine content were soluble in water, alcohols, nitromethane, and other polar solvents. Viscosities of the parent copolymers in methyl ethyl ketone were in the range 0.15-0.20; osmotic pressures gave molecular weights in the range 50,000-80,000. The polyelectrolytes in nitromethane and nitromethane-dioxane mixtures gave viscosity-concentration curves which were strongly concave upwards: at 1 mg./100 cc., the reduced viscosity of the salt of polyvinylpyridine in nitromethane was 6.0. The salts of the different copolymers did not differ much in their viscosities at concentrations above a few tenths of a gram per 100 cc., a fact which shows a high degree of ionic association; only as zero concentration is approached, can the detailed polymer structure be seen. The extent of association at a given concentration is controlled by the amount of vinylpyridine in the copolymer and by the dielectric constant of the solvent. Addition of simple one-one electrolytes, such as tetrabuty lammonium bromide, suppresses the electrostatic increase in viscosity which otherwise appears at low concentrations. The following empirical equation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {{\eta _{{\rm sp}} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\eta _{{\rm sp}} } {\rm C}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\rm C}} = {{\rm A} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\rm A} {\left( {1 + {\rm B}\sqrt {\rm C} } \right)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\left( {1 + {\rm B}\sqrt {\rm C} } \right)}} + {\rm D} $$\end{document} was found to fit the data for the different systems studied. The constant A depends on copolymerization ratio and probably on molecular weight; it is a measure of the extent to which the polymer coil can spread out at infinite dilution as a consequence of the intramolecular Coulomb repulsion between charges attached to the chain. It is roughly several orders of magnitude larger than the intrinsic viscosity of the parent polymer. The constant B is a measure of the electrostatic forces and increases with decreasing dielectric constant of the solvent.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Simple presentation of network theory of rubber, with a discussion of other theories (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 153-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The approximations implicit in the use of the Gaussian network model for soft rubber are discussed. It is shown that the form of the stress-strain curve can be derived for this model simply, and without special assumptions about the form or behavior of the network. The common assumption that the network junctions are fixed, or can be treated as fixed, is discussed. It is shown that this picture of the situation is unrealistic: the junctions have a Brownian motion comparable to that of any portion of the intervening molecular segments. The introduction of this assumption is not generally admissible, but it will not affect the outcome of certain types of calculation; in particular, one can foresee that it need not affect the calculated form of the stress-strain curve. A particularly simple and straightforward calculation of the network entropy on this basis is given. Wall's the ory of rubber is analysed. It is shown that Wall's postulates are not consistent with the network structure of rubber, and in general lead to different results.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040206
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    Kinetics of condensation polymerization (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 219-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040210
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    Polymer news (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 224-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040212
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    Redox recipes. I. Reaction between ferrous iron and peroxides. General considerationsThis investigation was started under the sponsorship of the Office of Rubber Reserve, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, in connection with the Synthetic Rubber Program of the United States Government. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 377-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Various mechanisms which have been proposed for the reaction between ferrous iron and hydrogen peroxide are reviewed. Two of these mechanisms appear equally satisfactory on the basis of present evidence: that of Bray and Gorin, involving formation of tetravalent (ferryl) iron, and that of Haber and Weiss, involving formation ofhydroxyl and perhydroxyl radicals. Mechanisms involving these intermediates have been developed for the ferric iron-catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide; the mechanism of Bray and Gorin appears satisfactory, while that of Haber and Weiss leads to certain inconsistencies. A mechanism with ferrous iron and hydroxyl and perhydroxyl radicals as intermediates is presented, which accounts for the experimental observations in the ferric iron-catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. The reaction between hydrogen peroxide and ferrous iron induces the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and various organic compounds; this induced reaction (termed a Fenton reaction) is a chain reaction which is initiated by the active intermediates (ferryl iron or hydroxyl radical) formed in the primary reaction. The determination of hydrogen peroxide by reaction with ferrous iron, if carried out in the presence of various organic compounds (termed promoters), gives incorrect results, due to induced oxidation of the promoters; other compounds, termed suppressors, reduce the extent of this induced oxidation of promoters. It appears that both types of compounds react with ferryl iron or hydroxyl radical to form radicals, which if formed from promoters, reduce ferric iron or hydrogen peroxide, while the radicals formed from suppressors oxidize ferrous iron. These considerations are of particular importance in the determination of organic hydroperoxides. The reaction between hydrogen peroxide or organic peroxides and ferrous iron can induce, or initiate, the polymerization of vinyl monomers; this is an example of redox polymerization, which is of considerable practical importance at present.
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    “The chemistry of the polysaccharides.” Robert J. McIlroy. Longmans, Green, London, 1948, 118 pp., $2.50 (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 404-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040315
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    Degradation of high polymersContribution from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Rayon Technical Division, Buffalo, New York. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 405-407 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040316
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    Photochemistry of proteins. V. Effect of pH and urea on ultraviolet light inactivation of crystalline pepsin (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 408-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040317
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    Adhesion. III. Adhesion of polymers to cellulose and alumina (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 408-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040318
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    “Principles of high polymer theory and practice.” Alois X. Schmidt and Charles A. Marlies. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1948, xii+743 pp., $7.50 (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 409-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040319
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    “Advances in protein chemistry, volume IV.” M. L. Anson and John T. Edsall, editors. Academic Press, New York, 1948. 575 pp., $8.50 (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 411-412 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040320
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    “Plastics dictionary.” Thomas A. Dickinson. Pitman, New York, 1948, xiii +312 pp., $5.00 (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 415-416 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040322
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    “Theory of the stability of lyophobic colloids. The interaction of particles having an electric double layer.” E. J. W. Verwey and J. T. G. Overbeek, with the collaboration of K. van Ness. Elsevier, New York-Amsterdam, 1948, 216 pp., $4.50 (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 413-414 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040321
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    Some remarks on the first interaction coefficient of the viscosity-concentration equation (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 417-434 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: During recent years attempts have been made to formulate a viscosity-concentration relationship. The method of Huggins, in introducing a factor k′ as a hydrodynamic correction factor is examined, and in particular the attempts to draw conclusions relating k′ to the thermodynamic properties of the solution. An explanation is offered to correlate the experimental viscosity-concentration relationship and the change of solvent. A possible method for the actual calculation of concentration effects has been applied to the case of a suspension of spherical particles, for which, as a first approximation, a value of 10.6 for the coefficient of the c2 term has been obtained.
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    Determination of distribution of molecular size in a sample of cellulose (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 483-513 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040405
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    Light transmission and the formation and decay of spherulites in polythene (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 515-522 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of increasing and decreasing temperature on the light transmission of polythene has been measured. On raising the temperature of a sheet of polymer the light transmitted increases steadily at an increasing rate until the sample becomes glass clear at the melting point (ca. 112°C.). On cooling from the melt the specimen becomes very opaque a few degrees below the melting point, then becomes much more transparent and thereafter the light transmission decreases as temperature falls, the transmission-temperature curve approximating to the curve for rising temperature. Changes in the spherulite structure of polythene film on heating and cooling have been observed under the microscope and recorded on a cinéfilm. Decay of spherulites on heating is seen not to occur by the reverse of the process by which they are formed from the melt, and the light transmission results are discussed in relation to the spherulitic structure of the polymer.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Étude viscosimétrique de la structure moléculaire de la gélatine en solutionCommunication No. 1254V des Laboratoires de Recherches de la Société Kodak - Pathé (France). (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 523-526 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040407
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