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  • Articles  (382)
  • biological control  (315)
  • mercury
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (317)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (64)
  • Mathematics  (1)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Bemisia tabaci ; Chrysoperla rufilabris ; Hibiscus rosa-sinensis ; biological control ; predation ecology ; sweet potato whitefly
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Curculionidae ; Hylobius transversovittatus ; Lythraceae ; Lythrum salicaria ; biological control ; purple loosestrife ; quarantine tests
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biological Control 2 (1992), S. 19-27 
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Aleurocanthus woglumi ; Citrus blackfly ; Encarsia opulenta ; biological control
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Blepharipa pratensis ; Compsilura concinnata ; Cotesia melanoscelus ; Insecta ; Lymantria dispar ; Parasetigena silvestris ; Phobocampe unicincta ; biological control ; density dependence ; gypsy moth
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Musca domestica ; Pteromalidae ; biological control ; house flies ; parasitism
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Anabrus simplex ; Insecta ; Mormon cricket ; Nosema locustae, Vairimorpha sp. ; Steinernema carpocapsae ; biological control ; carbaryl ; microsporidia ; nematode
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Entomophaga maimaiga ; Lymantria dispar, gypsy moth ; biological control ; epizootiology ; fungal pathogen ; microbial control
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Avena sativa L ; Diaeretiella rapae ; Diuraphis noxia ; Insecta ; Triticum spp ; antibiosis ; biological control ; insect-plant interactions ; xTriticosecale
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biological Control 1 (1991), S. 59-62 
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Botrytis cinerea ; Trichoderma harzianum ; apple ; biological control ; fungicide resistance ; integrated control ; phyllosphere ; vinclozolin
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biological Control 1 (1991), S. 63-67 
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Arthrobotrys dactyloides ; Heterodera schachtii ; Hirsutella rhossiliensis ; biological control ; cyst nematode ; nematophagous fungus
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biological Control 1 (1991), S. 75-80 
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Lygus hesperus, ELISA ; biological control ; hybridoma ; monoclonal antibody ; predation ; serology
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biological Control 1 (1991), S. 68-74 
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Cryptochetum iceryae ; Erythrina corallodendrum ; Icerya purchasi ; Rodolia cardinalis ; Rodolia iceryae ; Spartium junceum ; biological control ; citrus
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biological Control 1 (1991), S. 94-106 
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Cotesia congregata (Say), Braconidae ; Manduca sexta L., Sphingidae ; Tritrophic level interactions ; biological control ; local adaptation ; plant allelochemicals ; population differences
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Bemisia tabaci ; Encarsia Formosa ; Euphorbia pulcherrima ; Trialeurodes vaporariorum ; biological control ; ornamentals
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Insecta ; Malus domestica ; Pholetesor ornigis ; Phyllonorycter ; Pnigalio flavipes ; Sympiesis marylandensis ; Zagrammosoma mirum ; biological control
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Coccinella septempunctata, habitat partitioning ; Insecta ; biological control
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Encarsia partenopea ; Siphoninus phillyreae ; biological control ; life-tables ; parasitoid ; whitefly
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biological Control 2 (1992), S. 272-277 
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Gliocladium virens ; N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase ; Trichoderma harzianum ; biological control ; biomass ; chitinase ; chitinolytic enzymes ; chitobiosidase ; conidia
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Chrysomelidae ; Galerucella calmariensis ; Galerucella pusilla ; Lythraceae ; Lythrum salicaria ; biological control ; host specificity tests ; purple loosestrife ; quarantine tests
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biological Control 2 (1992), S. 181-187 
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Heterorhabditis bacteriophora ; Japanese beetle ; Popillia japonica ; Steinernema glaseri ; Xenorhabdus poinarii ; biological control ; entomopathogenic nematode
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biological Control 2 (1992), S. 188-192 
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: DNA virus ; Glossina morsitans morsitans ; biological control ; mating behavior ; sterile-insect release ; tsetse fly
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biological Control 2 (1992), S. 193-202 
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Anthonomus grandis ; Catolaccus grandis ; Curculionidae ; Insecta ; Pteromalidae ; biological control ; environmental effects ; functional response ; parasitization rate ; parasitoid
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Anaphes iole ; Fragaria ; Leiophron uniformis ; Lygus hesperus ; augmentation ; biological control ; mutual interference ; strawberry ; tarnished plant bug
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biological Control 1 (1991), S. 256-260 
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Ganaspidium utilis ; Insecta ; Liriomyza ; biological control
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biological Control 2 (1992), S. 244-248 
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Musca domestica ; Muscidifurax zaraptor ; Pachycrepoideus vindemiae ; Pteromalidae ; S. nigroaenea ; Spalangia cameroni ; biological control ; parasitism
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biological Control 2 (1992), S. 249-252 
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Larinus latus ; Onopordum acanthium ; Onopordum bracteatum ; allozyme electrophoresis ; biological control ; host races
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Metarhizium anisopliae ; Otiorhynchus sulcatus ; biological control ; black vine weevil ; conidial movement ; strawberry pest
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Bracon hebetor ; ELISA ; Laelius pedatus ; beneficial insect ; biological control ; monoclonal antibodies ; parasitoid ; stored products
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Asteraceae ; Carduus acanthoides ; Curculionidae ; Insecta ; Trichosirocalus horridus ; biological control ; plumeless thistle
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Pseudomonas fluorescens ; Pythium spp. Zea mays ; biological control ; captan ; fungicide ; seed treatment
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biological Control 1 (1991), S. 261-268 
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Hemp sesbania ; bioherbicide ; biological control ; microbial facilitator ; mycoherbicide ; phylloplane
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biological Control 1 (1991), S. 275-280 
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: M. raptor ; M. raptorellus ; Musca domestica ; Muscidifurax zaraptor ; Pachycrepoideus vindemiae ; Pteromalidae ; Spalangia nigroaenea, Urolepis rufipes ; biological control ; parasitism
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biological Control 1 (1991), S. 281-287 
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Abutilon theophrasti ; Alternaria cassiae ; Alternaria crassa ; Cassia obtusifolia ; Colletotrichum truncatum ; Datura stramonium ; Fusarium lateritium ; Pesta ; Sesbania exaltata ; biological control ; encapsulation ; formulation ; fungal pathogen ; gluten,kaolin ; hemp sesbania ; jimsonweed ; mycoherbicide ; semolina ; sicklepod ; velvetleaf ; weed control ; wheat flour
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Anagyrus saccharicola ; Aspergillus parasiticus ; Cacoxenus perspicax ; Metarhizium anisopliae ; Saccharicoccus sacchari ; Saccharum officinarum ; biological control ; pink sugar cane mealybug ; sugar cane
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Bacillus polymyxa ; Erwinia herbicola ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ; biological control ; epiphytic colonization ; population dynamics ; white mold disease
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Cylas formicarius ; Heterorhabditis bacteriophora ; Ipomoea batatas ; biological control ; entomopathogenic nematodes ; persistence
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Amyelois transitella ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; Cydia pomonella ; Plodia interpunctella ; biological control ; endotoxin ; insecticidal crystal protein fragments ; transgenic plants ; walnut
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biological Control 2 (1992), S. 95-103 
    ISSN: 1049-9644
    Keywords: Insecta ; Lydella thompsoni ; Macrocentrus grandii ; Orius insidiosus ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; biological control ; microhabitats ; natural enemies
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 10 (1991), S. 166-171 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Seed treatment ; biological control ; plant disease
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 7 (1988), S. 232-248 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Aquatic weeds ; aquatic plant management ; biological control ; distribution ; herbicides ; physical control
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 12 (1993), S. 423-430 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Delia radicum ; IPM ; Phacelia ; Psila rosae ; biological control ; integrated pest management ; microbial control ; undersown crops
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 12 (1993), S. 443-447 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Phytoseiulus persimilis ; biological control ; climate ; spider mites ; tomato ; trichome
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 11 (1992), S. 400-407 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Australia ; Parthenium hysterophorus ; biological control ; establishment ; human health
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 44
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 9 (1990), S. 378-382 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Cheyletus eruditus ; Czechoslovakia ; Stored products ; biological control ; mites
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
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  • 45
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Smicronyx umbrinus ; Striga hermonthica ; biological control ; integrated pest management ; model ; parasitic weed ; population dynamics
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 9 (1990), S. 83-89 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Delphi survey ; Forecasting ; biological control ; international ; pesticides ; plant breeding
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
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  • 47
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 7 (1988), S. 20-24 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici ; Take-all ; biological control ; chemical control ; winter wheat
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 11 (1992), S. 8-13 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Rapeseed ; Rhizoctonia solani ; anastomosis groups ; biological control ; canola ; chemical control ; damping-off ; host resistance ; infection process ; virulence
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 49
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 8 (1989), S. 227-250 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Weeds ; augmentative ; biological control ; broad spectrum ; conservative ; inoculative
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 7 (1988), S. 91-95 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Aphytis holoxanthus ; Chrysomphalus aonidum ; Florida red scale ; Israel ; Pteroptrix smithi ; biological control ; malathion toxicity ; natural enemies ; parasitoids
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 51
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Environmental Pollution 85 (1994), S. 153-160 
    ISSN: 0269-7491
    Keywords: grey seal ; harbour seal ; harp seal ; mercury ; ringed seal ; selenium
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 52
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 10 (1991), S. 6-22 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Weeds ; biological control ; chemical control ; crop loss ; cultural control ; parasitic plants ; resistant varieties
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
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  • 53
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Bacillus subtilis ; Monilinia fructicola ; Pseudomonas cepacia ; Pseudomonas corrugata ; biological control
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
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  • 54
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 13 (1994), S. 346-356 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: apple ; biological control ; mesh cages ; protected cultivation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
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  • 55
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 12 (1993), S. 324-334 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Colorado potato beetle ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; biological control ; natural enemies ; parasites ; predators
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 56
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 12 (1993), S. 69-73 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Botrytis cinerea ; Rosa hybrida ; biological control ; control ; fungicide ; rose
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: Beauveria bassiana ; Chilo partellus ; biological control ; formulation ; maize ; trichlorfon
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Crop Protection 13 (1994), S. 4-13 
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Keywords: biological control ; commercial inocula ; green manuring ; organic amendments ; rotations ; screening systems
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Scientia Horticulturae 40 (1989), S. 105-112 
    ISSN: 0304-4238
    Keywords: Aureobasidium pullulans ; Debaryomyces hansenii ; Penicillium digitatum ; Penicillium italicum ; Pseudomonas cepacia ; Pseudomonas syringae ; biological control ; citrus
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 60
    ISSN: 0304-4238
    Keywords: Phytophthora cinnamomi ; Pseudomonas cepacia ; biological control
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Scientia Horticulturae 53 (1993), S. 183-189 
    ISSN: 0304-4238
    Keywords: Candida sake ; Candida tenuis ; Cryptococcus laurentii ; antagonists ; apple ; biological control ; postharvest
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Benchmark ; mercury ; risk assessment ; epidemiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents benchmark (BMD) calculations and additional regression analyses of data from a study in which scores from 26 scholastic and psychological tests administered to 237 6- and 7-year-old New Zealand children were correlated with the mercury concentration in their mothers' hair during pregnancy. The original analyses of five test scores found an association between high prenatal mercury exposure and decreased test performance, using category variables for mercury exposure. Our regression analyses, which utilized the actual hair mercury level, did not find significant associations between mercury and children's test scores. However, this finding was highly influenced by a single child whose mother's mercury hair level (86 mg/kg) was more than four times that of any other mother. When that child was omitted, results were more indicative of a mercury effect and scores on six tests were significantly associated with the mothers' hair mercury level. BMDs calculated from five tests ranged from 32 to 73 mg/kg hair mercury, and corresponding BMDLs (95% lower limits on BMDs) ranged from 17 to 24 mg/kg. When the child with the highest mercury level was omitted, BMDs ranged from 13 to 21 mg/kg, and corresponding BMDLs ranged from 7.4 to 10 mg/kg.
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  • 63
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 54-73 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Quecksilber ; Blei ; Toxizität ; Säuglingsnahrung ; cadmium ; mercury ; lead ; toxicity ; infantformulas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary There are differences between young and adult organisms regarding toxokinetic aspects and clinical manifestations of heavy metal intoxications. Chronically, toxic Cd intake causes a microcytotic hypochromic anemia in young rats at lower exposure levels and after shorter exposure periods than in adult animals. Cd absorption is increased by co-administration of milk and in conjunction with iron deficiency. After long exposure periods toxic Cd concentrations accumulate in the kidney cortex; this process starts very early in life. In 3-year-old children Cd concentrations in the kidney can reach up to one-third of those found in adults. Hg++ and methyl-Hg can cause Hg encephalopathia, and frequently cause mental retardation in adults. Correspondingly, Hg++ accumulation in the brains of suckling rats is approx. 10 times higher than in grown animals. Milk increases the bioavailability of Hg++. In suckling rats Hg is bound to a greater extent to ligands in the erythrocytes. Methyl-Hg concentrations in breast milk reach 5% of those in maternal plasma and that is a severe hazard for breastfed children of exposed mothers. Toxic Pb concentrations can lead to Pb encephalopathia. A high percentage of surviving children have seizures and show signs of mental retardation. Anemia and reduced intelligence scores were recently observed in children after exposure to very low levels of Pb. Pb absorption is increased in children and after co-administration of milk. There are no definite proofs for carcinogenesis or mutagenesis after oral exposure to Cd, Hg, and Pb in man. Heavy metal concentrations were found in the same order of magnitude in commercial infant formulas and in breast milk. When infant formulas are reconstituted with contaminated tap water, however, Pb and Cd concentrations can be much higher. The average heavy metal uptake from such diets exceeds the provisional tolerable weekly intake levels set by the WHO for adults, calculated on the basis of an average food intake and a downscaled body weight. These considerations do not even provide for differences in absorption and distribution or for the increased sensitivity of children to heavy metal exposure. However, dilution effects for essential heavy metals were observed in fast-growing Young children; this effect might be extrapolated to toxic metals. These theoretical considerations are compared with epidemiological evidence. A health statistic from Baltimore shows a decline of Pb intoxications in infants. This observation correlates with a simultaneous decline in exposure to Pb which was due, for example, to decreased use of lead dyes in house paints and the abolition of tin cans for infant food. At the end of the observation period Pb-related infant mortality had decreased to zero. Maximum admissible Pb exposure from infant formulas in the USA has now been further reduced but the calculated Pb exposures in the example mentioned above are still lower. In conclusion, no hazard can be deducted from the mentioned epidemiological data regarding the present content of Cd, Hg, and Pb in commercially available infant formulas in Germany. Looking at the high toxic potential, however, it seems desirable to keep the content of these three metals in infant formulas as low as the best available technology can achieve.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die klinischen Symptome und die Toxokinetik von Schwermetallintoxikationen zeigen Unterschiede zwischen jungen und ausgewachsenen Organismen. Chronisch toxische Cd-Mengen verursachen eine mikrozytäre hypochrome Anämie, die bei Jungratten nach kürzerer und geringerer Exposition auftritt als bei erwachsenen Tieren. Nach der Resorption, die durch Milch und im Eisenmangel erhöht ist, akkumuliert Cd über Jahre bis zu toxischen Konzentrationen in der Nierenrinde. Dieser Fortgang beginnt im Säuglingsalter und kann in den ersten drei Lebensjahren bis zu 1/3 der Erwachsenenwerte erreichen. Hg++ und Methyl-Hg können u. a. eine Hg-Enzephalopathie hervorrufen, in deren Folge Kinder mehr als Erwachsene geistige Behinderungen zeigten. In Saugratten ist die Hg-Akkumulation im Hirn gegenüber erwachsenen Tieren zehnfach erhöht. Milch steigert die Bioverfügbarkeit von Hg++, das nach der Resorption bei Säuglingen vermehrt in den Erythrozyten gebunden wird. Methyl-Hg erreicht in der Muttermilch 5 % der mütterlichen Plasmakonzentration und führte bei epidemischen Vergiftungen zu schweren Schäden bei Säuglingen. Chronische Pb-Exposition kann Enzephalopathien verursachen, die bei Kindern in einem hohen Prozentsatz Krampfleiden und geistige Behinderungen hinterlassen. Anämien und Intelligenzminderungen werden bei Kindern nach sehr niedrigen Pb-Expositionen beobachtet. Die Pb-Resorption wird durch Milchgabe gesteigert und ist bei Kindern erhöht. Für Cd, Hg und Pb gibt es keine gesicherten Belege für Karzinogenese oder Mutagenese bei Menschen nach oraler Exposition. Der Schwermetallgehalt in kommerzieller Säuglingsnahrung liegt in derselben Größenordnung wie in der Muttermilch. Bei Verwendung von kontaminiertem Zapfwasser zur Rekonstitution von Fertignahrung ist die Belastung mit Pb und Cd jedoch erhöht. Die theoretische Metallaufnahme aus solchen Diäten, berechnet für einen normgewichtigen Säugling und einen repräsentativen Diätplan, übersteigt, bezogen auf das Körpergewicht, die „provisional tolerable weekly intakes“ der WHO für Erwachsene. Dabei führen Unterschiede in Resorption und Verteilung von Cd, Hg und Pb zu einer erhöhten Empfindlichkeit des kindlichen Organismus. Andererseits ergibt sich aus dem schnellen Wachstum von Säuglingen ein Verdünnungseffekt für essentielle Spurenmetalle, der von manchen Autoren auf toxische Metalle extrapoliert wird. Diesen theoretischen Überlegungen stehen epidemiologische Erfahrungen gegenüber. Eine Statistik über kindliche Bleivergiftungen aus Baltimore ist über einen Zeitraum von 13 Jahren stark rückläufig. Die einzelnen Stufen des Rückgangs lassen sich mit einem zeitgleichen Rückgang der kindlichen Pb-Belastung korrelieren, z. B. durch die Meidung von Bleifarben für den Hausanstrich oder die Abschaffung von bleihaltigem Verpackungsmaterial für Babynahrung. Am Ende des Beobachtungszeitraums weist die Mortalitätsstatistik keine einschlägigen Todesfälle mehr auf. In den USA wurde der zulässige Pb-Gehalt in der Säuglingsnahrung seither weiter reduziert. Die im oben genannten Beispiel aus deutschen Werten errechneten Pb-Belastungen liegen deutlich darunter. Zusammenfassend läßt sich aus den genannten epidemiologischen Erfahrungen keine akute Gefährdung durch die gegenwärtigen Cd-, Hg- und Pb-Gehalte in kommerzieller Säuglings- und Kleinkindnahrung ableiten. Das hohe toxische Potential läßt es aber wünschenswert erscheinen, die Gehalte dieser drei Metalle so niedrig zu halten, wie es nach neuestem technischem Stand möglich wäre.
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 113-117 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Blei ; Cadmium ; Quecksilber ; Gewürze ; Gewürzzubereitungen ; Wurstwaren ; Lead ; cadmium ; mercury ; spices ; condiments ; meat products
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The lead and cadmium contents of 50 spices and 19 condiments were investigated by means of flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Mercury contents were determined by cold vapor atomic absorption method including amalgamation. The mean concentrations of lead, cadmium, and mercury were 0.470 mg/kg, 0.080 mg/kg, and 0.005 mg/kg, respectively. By using the detected levels of these three heavy metals in model calculations only a small carry-over of lead, cadmium, and mercury in meat products by spices and condiments can be assumed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 50 Gewürze und 19 Gewürzzubereitungen wurden mittels flammenloser Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie auf ihren Blei- und Cadmiumgehalt sowie mittels Kaltdampftechnik und nachfolgender Amalgamierung auf ihren Quecksilbergehalt untersucht. Im Mittel wurden hierbei 0,470 mg Blei, 0,080 mg Cadmium und 0,005 mg Quecksilber pro kg Würzmittel gefunden. Anhand von Modellrechnungen wurde ein nur geringer Blei-, Cadmium- und Quecksilbereintrag über Würzmittel in die Wurstsorten Fleischwurst, Leberwurst und Mettwurst aufgezeigt.
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    Integrated pest management reviews 1 (1996), S. 201-215 
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: biological control ; bioresource technology ; fertilizers ; non-chemical control ; organic amendment ; pest management ; plant-parasitic nematode ; waste management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The addition of organic materials to soil has been used in managing plant-parasitic nematodes and has resulted in increased crop yield. Research on the utilization of waste materials such as oilseed cakes, chitin, compost, livestock and poultry manures, and cellulosic wastes appears promising for reducing populations of plant-parasitic nematodes. Nitrogen based amendments, plant phenolics, nematotoxic chemicals, development of predators and parasites of nematodes and microorganism stimulation have been considered to be promising agents for nematode management. In addition, organic amendments change the physical as well as the trophic structure of soil, which affects the pathogen development and overall plant growth performance. Mechanisms of action of organic soil amendments in relation to nematode management are yet to be fully explored.
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    Integrated pest management reviews 1 (1996), S. 163-180 
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: host plant resistance ; conifers ; integrated pest management ; biological control ; forestry ; silviculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The ecological implications of insect resistance in conifers are rarely discussed. It is however a fairly straightforward plant-insect interaction and should be treated as such, making use of the increasing amount of information in this field. Work on tree breeding is usually carried out by silviculturalists who, not surprisingly, rarely consider the insect component of the environment in which the treess are growing. In all fairness, it must be stated that many entomologists, fail to consider the plant component of the interaction. Clonal forestry will almost certainly result in the loss of genetic variability. The use of clonal material has already been cited as a possible source for the diminution of the resistance against pests and diseases and if particular resistance mechanisms against forest pests are sought in the future the reduction in genetic material caused by clonal selection could have serious consequences. The ethics of clonal forestry have been questioned as have the ethics of biotechnological advances in the area of recombinant DNA molecules. The potential of both these techniques should be publicized and brought to the attention of the general public and the scientific community at large and evaluated. To improve our forest environment and to protect the environment as a whole, entomologists, geneticists, physiologists and silviculturalists must work together to produce better trees that require little, if any, chemical aid, be it insecticides, herbicides, fungicides or fertilizers. An increasing awareness of the environmental problems generated by large-scale insecticide applications to forest plantations, coupled with an increasingly chemophobic work-force and the difficulty in obtaining pesticide registration for use in forest environments, means that the forest industry world-wide must look to the use of integrated control measures with more diligence than has been shown in the past. Many recent outbreaks of pests and diseases have been linked with particular seed origins of tree crops. Host plant resistance as part of a suite of other proposed integrated control tools is thus an obvious candidate for development. Despite this, scientists concerned with tree improvement continue to select largely for silvicultural traits rather than for resistance to pests and disease. The different avenues open to plant breeders are examined and the potential of breeding trees resistant to insect attack highlighted. Using resistant trees as part of an integrated pest management system has five very important properties. Firstly, there is no additional pest control cost to the grower, secondly, it operates at all levels of insect incidence and not just when the pest is at high population levels, thirdly, it reduces the insect population cumulatively, fourthly it avoids toxic residues and environmental pollution and, finally, it usually interacts well with the other integrated pest management strategies in existence.
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    Integrated pest management reviews 2 (1997), S. 17-24 
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: Integrated pest management ; biological control ; oilpalm ; tettigonids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The global production ofpalm oil has increased very rapidly, more than doubling between1970 and 1980. Oil palm is the second most important cash crop inPapua New Guinea (PNG), and in 1995 its export value wasUS$128 million. The principal pests of oil palm in PNG are agroup of tettigonids, collectively known as Sexava, which causedamage by defoliating the oil palm tree. Severe defoliationcauses reductions in photosynthesis and fruit production,resulting in yield losses. Control of these pests is currentlyreliant upon the use of trunk-injected monocrotophos. Because ofdifficult application methods, poor monitoring procedures, andthe difficult environment, chemical control usually occurs toolate to prevent significant yield losses. Furthermore theapplication of chemicals is expensive and environmentallyundesirable. There is enormous potential to improve the currentpest management practices, and several biological control agentscould be used in an integrated pest management (IPM) system.Agronomic practices directed towards developing biodiversitywithin the oil palm cropping system, and improved pest monitoringand surveying could also be components of this IPMscheme
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    Integrated pest management reviews 3 (1998), S. 111-116 
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: stored product mites ; biological control ; history ; predators ; prey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A history of the biological control of stored product mites is reviewed. Thirty-five references in the scientific literature were found principally dealing with acarine predators. The first paper to point out the specific value of Cheyletus eruditus as a predator of acaroid mites appeared in 1912. In 1965 biological control utilizing C. eruditus was put into practice for the first time and in 1986 a method of mass rearing the predator was developed.
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    Integrated pest management reviews 3 (1998), S. 63-83 
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: Biosteres ; Coptera ; Diachasmimorpha ; Psyttalia ; Tetrastichus ; augmentation ; host habitat location ; dispersal ; behavioural ecology ; biological control ; classical biological control ; integrated pest management ; mass rearing ; quality control ; parasitoids ; tephritidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The biological control of pest tephritid flies using parasitoids has been successful in relatively few subtropical and tropical regions. The best documented successes were in Hawaii and Florida, USA, Fiji and southern Europe. There were relatively limited successes in Australia, Costa Rica and Mexico. With the accidental establishment of new pest tephritids, such as Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) in Hawaii or Bactrocera papayae Drew and Hancock in Australia, foreign exploration for new parasitoids is essential. A renewal of interest in classical biological control has recently occurred, although not at the same level as in the 1940s and 1950s. New parasitoid species are currently being obtained for several tephritids, such as Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann), B. latifrons and Anastrepha suspensa (Loew). The advances in mass rearing and quality control technology for parasitoids has enabled researchers to perform large-scale field testing of these parasitoids to determine the potential of augmentative releases. Numerous studies on the augmentative release of parasitoids have been done. Historically, the larval—pupal parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) has been the most frequently studied parasitoid, due to the ease of rearing this species. However, recent successes in rearing other species with different biologies, e.g. the egg—pupal parasitoid Biosteres arisanus (Sonan), the gregarious eulophid, Tetrastichus giffardianus (Silvestri) and the pupal parasitoid, Coptera sp., will enable researchers to broaden the repertoire of parasitoid species for the future. Both successes and failures in augmentative releases have occurred. Without knowledge of the behavioural ecology of parasitoids, the reasons for success or failure can only be surmised. Recent research on the dispersal and host habitat finding of tephritid parasitoids will provide insights into improving augmentation and conservation strategies. The integrated pest management (IPM) of tephritid flies in the tropics has been less well-developed than research and programmes for tephritids in temperate zones. Significant emphasis is now being placed on the development of quarantine treatment methods that are environmentally sound; thus IPM will take a larger role. Several existing pest management strategies are reviewed which show the potential for compatibility with the activities of tephritid parasitoids. These include trap cropping, insecticides with selective toxicity to the target pests, mass trapping with parapheromones, the sterile insect technique and field sanitation.
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    Integrated pest management reviews 4 (1999), S. 127-143 
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: wheat ; stored-grain ; integrated pest management ; aeration ; biological control ; grain sampling ; insect monitoring ; modeling ; area-wide IPM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Management of stored-grain insect pests by farmers or elevator managers should be based upon a knowledge of the grain storage environment and the ecology of insect pests. Grain storage facilities and practices, geographical location, government policies, and marketing demands for grain quality are discussed as factors influencing stored-grain insect pest management decisions in the United States. Typical practices include a small number of grain samples designed to provide grain quality information for segregation, blending and marketing. This low sampling rate results in subjective evaluation and inconsistent penalties for insect-related quality factors. Information on the efficacy of insect pest management practices in the United States, mainly for farm-stored wheat, is discussed, and stored-grain integrated pest management (IPM) is compared to field-crop IPM. The transition from traditional stored-grain insect pest control to IPM will require greater emphasis on sampling to estimate insect densities, the development of sound economic thresholds and decision-making strategies, more selective use of pesticides, and greater use of nonchemical methods such as aeration. New developments in insect monitoring, predictive computer models, grain cooling by aeration, biological control, and fumigation are reviewed, their potential for improving insect pest management is discussed, and future research needs are examined.
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    Integrated pest management reviews 5 (2000), S. 57-66 
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: Azadirachta indica ; biological control ; biopesticides ; integrated pest management ; neem ; nematode control ; nematicides ; plant-parasitic nematodes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant products are receiving greater attention as prophylactics against several species of plant-parasitic nematodes. Numerous experiments have shown the potential nematicidal value of plant parts and their by-products when incorporated into soil or when the plants themselves are interplanted as seedlings among crop plants. Various products (oils, cakes, extracts, etc.) prepared from the leaves and seeds of the neem plant (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) (Family Meliaceae) have been reported as effective protectants against nematode pests when used as root-dips and seed treatments. Nemato-toxic compounds of the neem plant, especially the azadirachtins, are released through volatilization, exudation, leaching and decomposition. The modes of action of these compounds are complex, and a number of mechanisms in relation to nematode management are yet to be fully explored. This review critically assesses the potential of these products in the management of nematodes in tropical agriculture.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: biological control ; parasitoid guilds ; diversity ; distribution ; taxonomic status ; parasitoids ; Tephritidae ; Braconidae ; Figitidae ; Diapriidae ; Eulophidae ; Pteromalidae ; Anastrepha ; Rhagoletis ; Ceratitis ; Toxotrypana ; Rhagoletotrypeta ; Zonosemata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: biological control ; Maconellicoccus hirsutus ; Pseudococcidae ; mealybug ; Anagyrus kamali ; Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green, was first reported in the Caribbean in 1994 in Grenada. This was the first record of the insect as a major pest in the New World. By the beginning of 2001, the pest had spread to over 25 territories from Guyana and Venezuela in the South to Bahamas in the North. The pest has also extended its distribution to Central America (Belize) and North America (California, USA). Early attempts to control the pest using pesticides resulted in failure and a classical biological control approach was adopted. Several exotic natural enemies were introduced but control was attributed to Anagyrus kamali Moursi and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant. In all countries where biological control was implemented, this resulted in success. This paper reviews the remarkable success story. Information is provided on the distribution and factors leading to rapid spread of the pest, its pest status and resultant economic losses, and implementation of the biological control effort.
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    Integrated pest management reviews 1 (1995), S. 15-29 
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: biological control ; calcium ; chemical control ; covered crops ; cultural measures ; decision support system ; epidemiology ; fertilization ; forecasting ; fungicide resistance ; grey mould ; heating ; integrated disease management ; light filtration ; nutrition ; plant hormones ; sanitation ; sporulation ; Trichoderma ; ventilation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Botrytis cinerea is an ubiquitous pathogen which causes severe losses in many fruit, vegetable and ornamental crops. The pathogen infects leaves, stems, flowers and fruits. The complexity of diseases caused by B. cinerea in greenhouses makes this pathogen one of the most important diseases of vegetable crops in greenhouse in many countries. In general, epidemics occur in cool and humid conditions, which favour infection and may also predispose the host to become susceptible. High relative humidity in the greenhouse and free moisture on plant surfaces are considered the most important environmental factors which influence infection by B. cinerea. In this review we specify the factors affecting the development of diseases incited by B. cinerea and discuss different approaches for its suppression. Chemical and non-chemical controls are outlined and their integration is discussed. Finally, achievements, gaps in knowledge, and future needs are indicated. The most common means for disease management is by application of chemical fungicides. Both spraying of fungicides and application of fungicides directly to sporulating wounds is practiced. However, high activity of several fungicides is being lost, at least in part, due to the development of resistance. As fungicides still remain an important tool for control of epidemics caused by B. cinerea, it is important to monitor populations of the pathogen for their resistance towards potential fungicides. Cultural measures can be a powerful means to suppress plant diseases in greenhouses where the value of crops is high and the farmers make considerable efforts during long cropping seasons. Such measures are usually aimed at altering the microclimate in the canopy and around susceptible plant organs, prevention of inoculum entrance into the greenhouse and its build up, and, rendering the host plants less susceptible to diseases. Calcium loading of plant tissues and alteration of nitrogen fertilization reduce susceptibility to Botrytis. Cultivars resistant to B. cinerea are not available. Another alternative methods to control B. cinerea is by means of biological control agents. At least one preparation is already available in the market and in many cases it was as effective as the conventional fungicides. A decision support system was recently developed for integration of chemical and biological controls. Adaquate suppression of B. cinerea diseases in greenhouse crops is an attainable goal. In our opinion this goal can be reached by considering the ecology of the pathosystem in its broader sense and by integration of all possible control measures. This implies optimization of plant nutrition, microlimate and control (cultural, biological, physiological and, if necessary, chemical) measures. Moreover, Botrytis management must be incorporated in a more holistic system that is compatible with insect control, crop production systems and profitability of the crop.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: Chenopodiumalbum ; Ascochyta caulina ; biological control ; microbialherbicide
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 76
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    Integrated pest management reviews 3 (1998), S. 225-242 
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: Hypera postica ; alfalfa weevil ; Medicago sativa ; alfalfa ; biological control ; classical biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhall) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is of Eurasian origin. This destructive pest of alfalfa (lucerne) was accidentally established in North America on three separate occasions. These introductions are commonly identified in the literature as biological strains: western alfalfa weevil, Egyptian alfalfa weevil (=Hypera brunneipennis Boheman), and eastern alfalfa weevil. Alfalfa weevil has been the target of classical biological control almost since its discovery in North America more than 90 years ago. These efforts have resulted in establishment of at least nine exotic parasitoids and egg predators: Bathyplectes curculionis (Thomson), B. anurus (Thomson) and B. stenostigma (Thomson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae); Microctonus aethiopoides Loan and M. colesi Drea (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), the latter of undetermined origin; Oomyzus incertus (Ratzenberg) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae); Dibrachoides dynastes (Forester) and Peridesmia discus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae); and Anaphes luna (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). A fungal pathogen, Zoophthora phytonomi Arthur (Phycomycetes: Entomophthoraceae), of undetermined origin, is becoming an increasingly important alfalfa weevil mortality factor. Most major USA alfalfa production areas now benefit from a complex of alfalfa weevil biological control agents. Collectively, these agents have effected substantial reduction in the economic importance of alfalfa weevil across the northern USA However, biological agents provide only partial control of alfalfa weevil, and importance of their contribution differs considerably with production area. Still, the benefits achieved, especially from reduced need for insecticides in alfalfa production, mark this as one of the great success stories of classical biological control in North America.
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  • 77
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    Integrated pest management reviews 4 (1999), S. 21-37 
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: carrot weevil ; IPM ; Anaphes spp. ; biological control ; ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a major pest of carrots in northeastern North America. The females oviposit in the leaf petiole and the developing larvae make tunnels in the carrot roots. Exclusive reliance on chemical control and the poor control obtained, prompted, in the early 1980s, research on the ecology and physiology of the pest and its natural enemies. Carrot weevil females start their oviposition by 147±9 DD7°C but they oviposit only in carrots past the 4 true-leaf-stage. As a result, oviposition is delayed, and damage reduced, in late-sown carrots. Monitoring carrot weevil adults in the spring with either carrot root sections or wooden plate traps enables growers to apply control treatments only if the population density justifies it. Egg parasitoids of the genus Anaphes (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) are the most important natural enemies and they account, in untreated plots, for up to 80% mortality. Their effectiveness could be improved by managing field borders to establish secondary host species. An IPM programme was developed in the 1980s based on the research results obtained and, through regular monitoring, has achieved a substantial decrease in pesticide use.
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  • 78
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    Integrated pest management reviews 4 (1999), S. 39-52 
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: Scapteriscus ; Neocurtilla ; Gryllotalpa ; biological control ; turf ; pastures ; vegetables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract There are at least 70 species of mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae). Some are rare, others are innocuous, and a few are important pests. These soil-dwelling pests damage underground parts of a long list of cultivated plants. Although tillage and flooding are used successfully in some situations to bring these pests to the soil surface and expose them to vertebrate and other predators, chemical pesticides are widely used against them. Knowledge of their life history is used to time application of chemical treatments to save money, but is not used as widely as it might be. Classical biological control has been used against immigrant mole crickets in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the southern USA. In Florida, three Scapteriscus species from South America cause major damage to pastures and turf and are targets of a classical biological control program. Population levels of two of the pest species have been reduced substantially in Florida by establishment of a tachinid fly (Ormia depleta) and a steinernematid nematode (Steinernema scapterisci) from South America. The nematode also functions as a biopesticide. Managers of pastures and turf in Florida have thus far derived benefit from these classical biological control agents without understanding their function: use of chemicals is reduced when mole cricket populations are lower due to action of these organisms. Future enhancement of the action of O. depleta and of a sphecid wasp (Larra bicolor, which also was introduced from South America) probably will demand deliberate planting of nectar sources for adults of these biological control agents, and the advantage will be to managers who adopt such a strategy. Chemical pesticide use is strongly promoted by a large chemical industry, whereas biopesticidal use has thus far been little promoted and sales have been few. Even managers who do not change their simple strategy of pesticide use in response to damage by mole crickets, and have no knowledge of the differing life cycles of the three Scapteriscus species or of the presence and action of the classical biological control agents, will derive benefit as these biological control agents (and a predatory beetle which has not yet been released) increase their distribution.
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  • 79
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    Integrated pest management reviews 4 (1999), S. 97-126 
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: agriculture ; biological control ; campaign ; chemosterilent ; commensal ; control methods ; economics ; environmental and cultural methods ; horticulture ; India ; pest management ; pre- and post-harvest crop losses ; poultry farms ; rodent ; rodenticide ; South Asia ; trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Eighteen species of rodents are pests in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, animal and human dwellings and rural and urban storage facilities in India. Their habitat, distribution, abundance and economic significance varies in different crops, seasons and geographical regions of the country. Of these, Bandicota bengalensis is the most predominant and widespread pest of agriculture in wet and irrigated soils and has also established in houses and godowns in metropolitan cities like Bombay, Delhi and Calcutta. In dryland agriculture Tatera indica and Meriones hurrianae are the predominant rodent pests. Some species like Rattus meltada, Mus musculus and M. booduga occur in both wet and dry lands. Species like R. nitidus in north-eastern hill region and Gerbillus gleadowi in the Indian desert are important locally. The common commensal pests are Rattus rattus and M. musculus throughout the country including the islands. R. rattus along with squirrels Funambulus palmarum and F. tristriatus are serious pests of plantation crops such as coconut and oil palm in the southern peninsula. F. pennanti is abundant in orchards and gardens in the north and central plains and sub-mountain regions. Analysis of the information available on the damage and economic losses caused by rodents in rice, wheat, sugarcane, maize, pearl millet, sorghum, oil seed, legume and vegetable crop fields, horticulture and forestry, poultry farms, and rural and urban dwellings and storage facilities clearly shows that chronic damage ranging from 2% to 15% persists throughout the country and severe damage, sometimes even up to 100% loss of the field crop, is not rare. Several traditional and modern approaches and methods of rodent control are being used. The existing knowledge of the environmental, cultural, biological, mechanical and chemical methods of rodent control in India is reviewed. Considerable variations exist in the susceptibility of the pest species to different methods, particularly to rodenticides and trapping, their field applicability, efficacy and economics in different crops, seasons and geographical regions, behavioural responses of the pest species to these methods in different ecological conditions and their adoption by farmers in different regions of India. Environmental and cultural techniques, such as clean cultivation, proper soil tillage and crop scheduling, barriers, repellents and proofing which may reduce rodent harbourage, food sources and immigration have long lasting effects but are seldom adopted. However, their significance in relation to normal agricultural practices, intensification and diversification are discussed. Rodenticides, which provide an immediate solution to the rodent problem, form the major component of rodent control strategies in India. Poison baiting of rodents with zinc phosphide and burrow fumigation with aluminium phosphide are common in agricultural fields and recently Racumin (coumatetralyl) and bromadiolone have been introduced for the control of both agricultural and commensal rodent pests in India. Methods and timings of campaigns and successes and problems in implementation of rodent control are also reviewed.
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  • 80
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    Integrated pest management reviews 4 (1999), S. 307-312 
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: microbial control ; biological control ; biopesticide ; mycopesticide ; Metarhizium ; Beauveria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Microbial control agents generally kill insects more slowly than chemical pesticides, and fast-moving migratory pests may not at first sight appear to offer the most promising targets for microbial control. Operators responsible for control may need to have recourse to chemical control agents. Nevertheless, there are many occasions when pests breed and feed outside the crop and a microbial control agent can be used. Similarly, immature stages may cause little damage and early treatment in the crop can avoid damage. Microbial control agents are particularly likely to be favoured if the pest breeds in a conservation area, and if a publicly-accountable agency is responsible for control. Other key points of importance are the IPM context, in particular detection, planning and forecasting of outbreaks and the role of natural enemies. With these points in mind, we identify several locust and grasshopper systems where microbial control is becoming established; additionally, Sunn pest of wheat and Armyworm are identified as promising situations forbreak microbials.
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  • 81
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    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 823-828 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fish ; mercury ; lake chemistry ; biomagnification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We determined mercury in fish (perch Perca fluviatilis) from 26 Russian lakes in three regions over four years. The lakes ranged in size from 2 to 395,000 ha, in pH from 4.5 to 10.0, and in color from 3 to 190 hazen. Sixteen lakes were drainage lakes, with permanent outlets, and 10 were seepage lakes, with no permanent inlets or outlets. The lakes were generally located in forested regions with little or no human habitation in the watershed. The three regions were geologically distinct: Precambrian Shield granitic bedrock covered with thin soil; Triassic bedrock covered with thick glacial tills; and Triassic bedrock covered with thin sediments. At each lake water samples were collected and analyzed for pH, add neutralizing capacity (ANC), major cations, and anions. Dissolved mercury species were estimated with a thermodynamic equilibrium model (MINTEQA2). Mercury content of dorsal muscle varied from 0.04 to 1.0 μg/g wet weight, and was linearly related to calculated HgCH3Cl (r20.68, p〈0.001). Lake HgCH3Cl, in turn, was related to lake pH (r2=0.86, p〈0.001). Stepwise multiple regression selected lake HgCH3Cl and color as the factors most highly related to fish mercury content, with the model accounting for 75% of the variation.
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  • 82
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    Water, air & soil pollution 80 (1995), S. 325-335 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Atmospheric chemistry ; mercury ; plume model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A reactive plume model that includes atmospheric chemical reactions of mercury was developed. The model simulates advective transport with the mean wind flow; horizontal and vertical turbulent diffusion; gas phase; aqueous-phase and particulate chemistry; cloud microphysics; wet deposition and dry deposition. The model was applied to the simulation of clear sky, non-precipitating cloud and precipitating cloud scenarios. No significant mercury chemistry occurs in the absence of droplets. In clouds, Hg(II) is reduced to Hg(0) with more reduction taking place in precipitating clouds than in non-precipitating clouds.
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  • 83
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    Water, air & soil pollution 80 (1995), S. 1209-1216 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: gaseous ; particulate ; mercury ; sampling ; silver ; gold ; denuder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A denuder-based method for sampling and separating gaseous and participate mercury in the air is described. Two different denuder configurations developed in Vilnius, Lithuania (silver) and in Gothenburg, Sweden (gold) are compared. Data were acquired at different sampling locations around the cities of Vilnius and Gothenburg. The concentration of particulate Hg was found to be 0.04 to 0.40 ng m−3 in the Vilnius region, and 0.11 to 0.57 ng m−3 in the Gothenburg region. Intel-calibration results for the silver and gold denuders are presented. The results obtained by the two different denuder configurations and sampling set-ups display satisfactory agreement.
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  • 84
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    Water, air & soil pollution 89 (1996), S. 267-275 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; forest trees ; biomonitors ; contaminants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The concentration of mercury has been determined in assimilation organs of forest trees from 10 main industrial regions of Slovakia, four mountain forests and one military area and compared with concentration of mercury from 1356 permanent monitoring plots of Slovakia. The mercury concentration ranges for 2 yr old needles of Picea abies Karst. were (in mg kg−1): 1.249–4.402 (Rudnany iron ore mines), 0.013–0.749 (nine other industrial regions), 0.021–0.737 (four mountain forests) and 0.053–0.538 (military area). The mercury content in the soil (0–5 cm) from a mercury smelting plant ranged from 9.9 to 130 mg kg−1, and the moss Pleurozium schreberi contained 3.8–9.1 mg kg−1. The values obtained were compared with the available literature data.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid rain ; batch experiment ; Freundlich isotherm ; lysimeter experiment ; mercury ; simulation model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Increasing mercury contents are reported from freshwater systems and fish in northern Europe and North America. Mercury input from soils is a major source with the leaching being affected by increased atmospheric mercury deposition compared to pre-industrial times and by other environmental conditions such as acid rain. The results of a mathematical model-calculation of vertical inorganic Hg(II) leaching in a Scandinavian iron-humus podzol under different atmospheric input rates of mercury are presented. Leaching under background rain conditions was calculated to be considerably stronger than under acid rain conditions. Increasing fractions of deposited soluble or solute atmospheric mercury were leached from the O f(h)-horizon with decreasing soil content of soluble mercury under acid rain conditions; this effect was less pronounced under background rain conditions. The steady state concentrations of soluble mercury of the upper soil horizons were calculated and compared with the actual concentrations of total (= soluble + insoluble mercury) and extractable (= estimate of soluble) mercury measured in these horizons. The results indicate that even if the deposition of airborne mercury to soil is strongly reduced, the total mercury content of the soil decreases only slowly. It may take decades or even centuries before a new steady state concentration of total mercury is established in the soil. The decrease of the mercury concentration in the O f(h)-horizon is probably largely dependent on the turnover of organic matter, binding most of the deposited airborne mercury in an insoluble form. Hence, present day mercury leaching is likely to be dominated by mercury deposited during former times and temporarily retained in an insoluble form in the organic matter.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; foodplains ; humic substances ; complexation ; speciation ; mobilization ; risk assessment ; water solubility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The water-mobilizability of mercury from contaminated floodplain soils of the river Elbe in Northern Germany was evaluated by batch extraction experiments. It was shown that only a small amount of the total mercury present (about 1% per extraction) can be mobilized by water. This mercury is transported entirely in the form of a complex bound to humic acids (HA); particulates and fulvic acids (FA) did not seem to contribute to the process. It could not be removed from the HA even at pH 1, indicating an extremely strong complexation e.g. by sulfur-containing ligands. Furthermore, the influence of pH on the mobilization was investigated. It was found that in the range of natural pH-values, there was no observable effect of pH on the mobilization of either mercury or dissolved organic carbon (DOC). This surprising finding is explained by an unexpectedly high buffering capacity of the humics, both in the acidic and in the alkaline region. Only at extreme pH-values there was deviation from this behaviour. In contrast to other heavy metals, the amount of mobilized mercury decreases at pH 〈 3; and at pH 〉 12, an increased mobilization of mercury was observed because the humics are mobilized completely, accompanied by the total amount of mercury bound to them.
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  • 87
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    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 205-207 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; gold mining ; ecosystems ; methyl-Hg ; cycling ; global sources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract As described by Jemelov and Ramel (1995), the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) sponsored an investigation of Hg in ecosystems with special emphasis on tropical regions. In these regions small-scale gold mining activities have occupied about 10 million people worldwide who use Hg for extracting gold.
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  • 88
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    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 257-263 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; atmosphere ; rainwater ; marine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Total gaseous mercury (TGM) and rainwater were collected on board of two research vessels (F. S. ALKOR and R.V. BELGICA) positioned 200 km apart in the center of the North Sea during the North Sea Experiment, September 1991. On the F. S. ALKOR (up-wind ship) TGM concentrations ranged from 0.7 to 2.6 ng·m−3 with an average of 1.5 ng m−3 and on the R. V. BELGICA (down-wind ship) TGM ranged from 0.7 to 1.9 ng·m−3 with an average of 1.2 ng·m−3. An average 20% decrease is observed from the up-wind to the down wind ship. which may largely be affected by entrainment into the free troposphere. An overall removal (entrainment) velocity of 0.95 cm·s−1 was calculated for the whole experiment. The average removal velocity was 0.5 cm·s−1 for dry periods and varied between 1 to 5 cm·s−1 during rain events. Rainwater concentrations varied between 5 and 25 ng·1−1. Based on these data an annual wet deposition flux of 1.08 ng Hg cm−2 yr1− was estimated for the North Sea.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; methylmercury ; sediment ; polychaete ; Nereis diversicolor ; methylation ; bioaccumulation ; Scheldt estuary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Total mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations were determined in sediments and in the polychaete worm Nereis diversicolor at 13 stations of a brackish water intertidal mudflat of the Scheldt estuary. Hg and MeHg concentrations in sediments ranged from 144 to 1192 ng g−1 dw and from 0.8 to 6 ng g−1 dw, respectively. Both Hg and MeHg concentrations increased with an increase of organic matter (OM) content and fine grain fraction. In contrast, Hg accumulation by N. diversicolor was significantly (p 〈 0.05) higher at stations with sandy sediments (mean value: 125 ng g−1 dw) than at stations with muddy sediments (mean value, 80 ng g−1), probably because Hg availability for bioaccumulation at muddy stations was reduced by high OM content of the muddy sediments. MeHg accounted for an average of 0.7% of the total Hg in sediments and 18% of the total Hg in N. diversicolor. Seasonal variations significantly affected Hg concentrations in sediments and MeHg in N. diversicolor. Total Hg concentrations in sediments were significantly (p 〈 0.05) higher in autumn and winter than in spring and summer whereas MeHg concentrations were lowest in winter compared to the other seasons. On the other hand, total Hg concentrations in the worms were lowest in spring whereas MeHg concentrations were significantly (p 〈 0.01) higher in spring and summer than in autumn and winter.
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  • 90
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    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 217-223 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: selective leach ; organic ; humic ; fulvic ; analysis ; mercury ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The international reference lake sediment, LKSD-4, was used to compare Hg, organic C and Zn extracted from its ‘soluble organic’ phase by two commonly used reagents: 0.1 M Na4P2O7 solution at pH 10 and 0.5 M NaOH solution at pH 12. While recoveries of Hg and Zn by 0.1 M Na4P2O7 are not affected by changes in sample weight to reagent volume ratio (W/V) or contact time, those by NaOH show a marked dependency. In general, the NaOH leach extracts more organic C and Hg from LKSD-4 but less Zn. Over the range of conditions studied, the NaOH-based method extracted 4.7–9.8% C, 27–103 ng g−1 Hg and 19–69 μg g−1 Zn from LKSD-4, compared to 2.3–2.8% C, 17–24 ng g−1 Hg and 64–72 μg g−1 Zn by the Na4P2O7 leach. Clearly, different groups of organic substances are being dissolved by these two reagents and therefore a comparison of data from different laboratories becomes meaningless. This paper suggests that more research is needed into the exactNature of metal-organic associations extracted by selective leaches and into associated artifacts of extraction such as readsorption phenomena.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: mercury ; body distribution ; feather concentrations ; body burden ; tern chicks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: We studied mercury concentrations and amounts in tissues of 19 starved young Common Tern chicks (median age 4 days) and in eggs from the same colony. Concentrations and burden were similar between eggs and newly hatched chicks. Mercury concentrations were highest in down, which contained at least 38% of the body mercury. The mercury burden of the whole body and of the tissues as well as the concentration in down increased with age and body mass, indicating the importance of down as an elimination pathway. Conversion ratios between mercury concentrations in tissues and the whole chick body varied according to the contamination level.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: fish ; mercury ; natural selection ; allozyme ; population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the differential tolerance between enzyme genotypes and shifts in allozyme frequencies in populations from contaminated habitats have prompted the use of allozymes as markers of population-level toxicant effects. However, such studies often do not consider other factors that influence allele frequencies, including natural clines, migration, the intensity and specificity of selection and toxicant-induced genetic bottlenecks. In addition, selection components other than survival are not included. Consequently, the associated conclusions remain speculative. To assess this approach rigorously, a simulation study was conducted with the mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) GPI-2 locus. Laboratory studies have shown the GPI-238/38 homozygote at this locus to be less tolerant than other genotypes during acute exposure to mercury. The GPI-2100/100 genotype has also been shown to have a reproductive disadvantage at lower mercury concentrations. Simple and then more complex models were used to quantify the relative effects of viability selection, random genetic drift and migration on the GPI-238 allele frequency. Simulations were also performed to assess the contribution of sexual and fecundity selection. A simple population model suggested that viability selection plays a greater role than does mortality-driven, genetic drift in the decrease of the sensitive allele under the conditions of this study. A more complex, stochastic model indicated that no significant mortality-driven drift was taking place in this system. In both models, migration mitigated the effect of selection. Sexual and fecundity selection had little effect on the allele frequencies in these simulations. We conclude that, provided the system under study is clearly understood, shifts in allele frequency can indicate the population-level effects of pollutants.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: suberin ; suberization ; lenticel penetration ; Erwinia carotovora ssp.atroseptica ; tuber development ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Using the fluorescent lipid stain fluorol yellow 088 to detect suberin in tubers, the numbers of layers and the thickness of the suberized cells in the periderm and within the lenticels showed changes after the early stage of tuber formation. These changes as tubers matured were affected by cultivar and soil moisture conditions. Penetration of the surface tissues of tubers by the water soluble stain safranin O was confined to the lenticles. Although the zone of suberized cells in lenticels acted to some extent as a barrier to penetration, there was not a clear relationship between permeability and suberization. Stored tubers showed thicker suberin berriers in lenticels than freshly harvested tubers. When lenticels of stored tubers proliferated the suberin barrier was disrupted but a further thick suberin barrier formed after exposure to air for two weeks. The findings are discussed in relation to biological control ofErwinia by antagonistic bacteria.
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    Potato research 30 (1987), S. 603-611 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: biological control ; blackleg ; Erwinia carotovora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Hemmung der Weichfäule an Knollenstücken, die vor dem Pflanzen in den Boden mitErwinia carotovora pv.atroseptica inokuliert und mit Puderformulierungen von 15 Stämmen fluoreszierender Pseudomonaden bestäubt wurden waren, korrelierte mit der Hemmung der Weichfäule an Knollenschniten, jedoch nicht mit der Grösse der Hemmzone, die die Pseudomonaskolonien auf Kings Medium B oder Kartoffel-Dextroseagar umgeben (Tabelle 1). Bei der Knollenschnittprüfung wurden drei Wunden pro Schnitt (Sorte Ulster Sceptre) mit 105 cfuE. carotovora und 106 cfuPseudomonas inokuliert. Nach Inkubation bei 20°C und hoher Feuchtigkeit wurde nach drei Tagen der Durchmesser des gefaulten Gewebes gemessen. Mit der Knollenschnittprüfung wurden 80Pseudomonas-Isolate auf Hemmung der Weichfäule geprüft. Zwei Stämme, I-12 und B-133, die in hohem Masse die Weichfäule an den Knollenschnitten unterdrückten, wurden ausgewählt, um sie unter Feldbedingungen 1985 mit den Stämmen I-13 und B10 zu vergleichen, bei denen sich zuvor eine teilweise Einschränkung des Schwarzbeinigkeit-Syndroms ergeben hatte. Die beiden Isolate I-12 und B-133 reduzierten signifikant den Anteil des gefaulten Gewebes an den Pflanzknollen; B-133 verringerte auch den Prozentsatz der von der Schwarzbeinigkeit betroffenen Stengel (Tabelle 2). Weder I-13 noch B10 hatten 1985 irgendeine Wirkung auf Pflanzknollenfäulnis, Schwarzbeinigkeit, Auflaufrate und Ertrag (Tabellen 2 und 3). Die Stämme I-12 und B-133 erhöhten jedoch im Vergleich zu den nur mitE. carotovora inokulierten Parzellen die Auflaufrate und den Ertrag (Tabelle 3). Daraus wurde gefolgert, dass die Knollenschnittprüfung zur Selektion von Stämmen mit Eignung zur biologischen Bekämpfung der Schwarzbeinigkeit geeignet ist.
    Abstract: Résumé L'étude réalisée montre qu'il existe une corrélation entre l'inhibition des pourritures d'œilletons inoculés parErwinia carotovora pv.atroseptica, traités avant plantation avec des ‘formulations poudres’ de 15 souches dePseudomonas fluorescents et l'inhibition des pourritures molles obtenues sur tranches de tubercules, mais qu'il n'existe pas de corrélation avec la taille de la zone d'inhibition autour des colonies dePseudomonas sur milieu King B ou PDA (tableau 1). Dans l'essai sur tranches de tubercules, (cv. Ulster Sceptre), trois blessures sont pratiquées par tranche et inoculées parE. carotovora (105 bactéries) etPseudomonas (106 bactéries). Le diamètre de la zone de tissus décomposés est mesurée après trois jours d'incubation à 20°C en présence d'humidité élevée. 80 souches dePseudomonas ont été testées pour leur action inhibitrice de la pourriture molle, par la technique sur tranches de tubercules. Deux souches, I.12 et B.133, se sont révélées être fortement inhibitrices et ont été retenues pour les essais au champ, en 1985, en comparaison avec les souches I.13 et B10 qui avaient au préalable permis d'obtenir une certaine réduction du syndrôme de jambe noire (Tableau 2). Les 2 souches I.12 et B.133 réduisent significativement la proportion de tissus nécrosés sur les tubercules de semences, la souche B.133 réduit aussi le pourcentage de tiges atteintes de jambe noire (Tableau 2). Les souches I.13 et B10 n'ont eu, en 1985, aucun effet sur la pourriture des tubercules, la jambe noire, la levée et le rendement (Tableaux 2 et 3). Les souches I.12 et B.133, par contre, améliorent toutes les deux la levée et le rendement par rapport aux parcelles inoculées avecE. carotovora seul (Tableau 3). Il apparaît, d'après cette étude, que le test sur tranche de tubercule donne satisfaction pour sélectionner des souches ayant des aptitudes pour une lutte biologique contre la jambe noire de la pomme de terre.
    Notes: Summary Inhibition of bacterial soft rot of tuber plugs in soil by strains of fluorescentPseudomonas spp. applied in a powder formulation was significantly correlated with inhibition of soft rot on tuber slices, but not with size of inhibition zone on King's medium B or potato dextrose agar. Eighty isolates were tested for inhibition of soft rot by using the tuber slice assay. Two strains selected by this method reduced decay of the seed tuber and the number of stems affected by blackleg and increased percentage emergence and yield.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: bioassay ; biological control ; blackleg ; green crop harvesting ; haulm killing ; skin damage ; wound protection ; Solanum tuberosum L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Green crop lifting (GCL) for haulm killing was developed in The Netherlands and offers ideal conditions for controlling the blackleg pathogenErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (Eca) by antagonists. Based on the use of mini-tubers or young tubers from field crops, two bioassays for wound protection were developed. GCL was simulated by artificially skinning or wounding tubers, inoculating the damaged skin with Eca, treating with antagonists and incubating in either potting compost or outside in field soil. Mainly fluorescent pseudomonads, pre-screened for in vitro antagonistic activity on agar and high soft rot reducing ability on tuber slices, were tested in the mini-tuber bioassay. Strains giving the highest degree of wound protection were further tested individually and in combination under field conditions in the young tuber bioassay. One individual strain and two combinations, resulting in reduction of contamination levels on skinned surfaces of 85% and between 60% and 70%, respectively, show good potential for biological control of blackleg.
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  • 96
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    Mathematical geology 12 (1980), S. 489-522 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: mercury ; resource estimation ; production data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A simple technique based on historical records of tonnage and grade of ore produced provides a means for calculating how much of a mineral product will be available in the future at various average grades. Estimates made on this basis are independent of geologic considerations or changing economic and political factors, although they are based on mining history, which was largely determined by these factors. The relatively minor element, mercury, was used for the test case reported here, but the method has been found applicable to forecasts of resources for other mineral products. Mercury resources available in ore in which the average grade is as low as 0.1% are estimated to be 53 ×10 6 kg (1.5 ×10 6 flasks) for the United States and 1551 ×10 6 kg (45 ×10 6 flasks) for the world; this amount is more than adequate to meet predicted demand to the year 2000. The expectable price of mercury in 1978 dollars at this 0.1% grade is projected to be $58.75 per kg ($2,025 per flask), but at a 10% annual inflation rate, it would be more than $12,000 per flask. To satisfy just the projected U.S. demand for mercury by 2000, the price is calculated to be $48.96 per kg ($1,688 per flask) in 1978 dollars at an average annual grade of 0.12%.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Pseudomonas fluorescens ; Pseudomonas corrugata ; Serratia plymuthica ; Pythium aphanidermatum ; PGPR ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three strains ofPseudomonas fluorescens (63-49, 63-28, and 15), one strain ofPseudomonas corrugata (13) and one strain ofSerratia plymuthica (R1GC4) were tested on rockwool-grown cucumbers for their ability to reduce Pythium root-rot caused byPythium aphanidermatum. These strains were previously selected for biocontrol ability from collections of 〉4000 bacteria. Strains 63-49 and 63-28 were tested on cucumber plants grown in rockwool in two replicatedPythium-inoculated trials conducted in British Columbia (B.C). Another inoculated, replicated trial was conducted in Quebec with all five strains. Cucumber yields (fruit number and weight) were measured over a ten-week harvest period. Strain 63-49 caused an early promotion of plant growth and increased cucumber yields at early harvests. No measurable effect ofPythium inoculation on disease development was observed in the Quebec trial, due to unfavourable cool weather. However, 63-49 significantly increased the total number of cucumbers (12%) and cucumber weight (18%), compared to the non-treated control. Strains 13, 15 and R1GC4 slightly increased the cumulative cucumber yields, but strain 63-28 had no effect. In the B.C. trial, inoculation withP. aphanidermatum reduced the number and weight of cucumbers by 27%. Treatments ofPythium-inoculated cucumbers with 63-49 significantly increased fruit number and weight by 18%, compared to thePythium-inoculated control. Strain 63-28 increased the cumulative number of cucumbers over time, compared to thePythium-inoculated control, but the increase was less than with 63-49. The use ofPseudomonas spp. in rockwool-grown cucumbers can increase yields, both in the presence and absence of Pythium root rot, and with variable seasonal conditions and disease pressures.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: antagonism ; biological control ; grey mould ; white mould ; white rot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Twenty five isolates ofConiothyrium minitans were screened for antagonism toSclerotinia sclerotiorum in a Petri dish bioassay using tomato stem segments placed on sterile sand. The antagonistic activity of 23 isolates was quite uniform and only two less antagonistic isolates were identified. Antagonism, expressed as a reduction in the rate of tissue colonization byS. sclerotiorum, occurred, whetherC. minitans was co-inoculated at the same time, one day before or one day afterS. sclerotiorum, but was slightly restricted whenS. sclerotiorum was given a lead of one day. On average, 50–80% of sclerotia of S.sclerotiorum formed on the stem pieces were infected byC. minitans two weeks after inoculation. Excluding the less antagonistic isolates,Coniothyrium minitans was recovered from over 80% ofS. sclerotiorum-infected stem segments when co-inoculated but from a maximum of only 7% of stem pieces when exposed toC. minitans alone. When the experiments were carried out on non-sterile soil instead of sterile sand, infection of stem pieces byS. sclerotiorum was reduced and recovery ofS. sclerotiorum andC. minitans from stem segments was decreased. SevenC. minitans isolates were also screened againstSclerotium cepivorum andBotrytis cinerea and, whereas the effect ofC. minitans onS. cepivorum-infected tissue and sclerotia was essentially similar to that observed withS. sclerotiorum, B. cinerea infected tissue and sclerotia were not invaded by the antagonist.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: antagonism ; biological control ; fungicide ; GUS-transformant ; root colonization ; synergism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract There were indications that endo-1,3-β-glucanase (1,3-(1,3;1,4)-β-D-Glucan 3(4)-glucanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.6)) and cellulase (1,4-(1,3;1,4)-β-D-Glucan 4-glucanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.4)) activity of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai isolate T3 were induced in sphagnum peat moss cultivations and dual culture experiments by the presence of Pythium ultimum. Further, P. ultimum stimulated the germination of Trichoderma conidia. Endo-1,3-β-glucanase and cellulase were purified from T. harzianum isolate T3, known to control Pythium damping-off of cucumber seedlings. The enzymes were purified from the culture filtrate of the fungus by gel filtration and isoelectric focusing. The purified endo-1,3-β-glucanase was a small protein with a molecular mass of 17 kilodaltons and a pI of 5.0. Two cellulases were purified to homogeneity and had molecular masses of 40 and 45 kilodaltons respectively, and pI's of 6.4 and 7.6 respectively. Germination of encysted zoospores and elongation of germ tubes of a plant pathogenic Pythium isolate were inhibited by low concentrations of the purified enzymes. A strong synergistic effect was observed on the inhibition of cyst germination by a combination of the endo-1,3-β-glucanase and the fungicide Fongarid. Finally, a time-course study of colonization of the rhizosphere of cucumber seedlings showed that the active fungal mycelial biomass of a GUS-transformant of T. harzianum isolate T3 increased over four weeks. Trichoderma appeared to colonize healthy roots only superficially, whereas the mucilage of the root hairs and of distal parts of wounded areas or broken parts of the roots, were extensively colonized.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: antagonists ; biological control ; comparative screening ; field screening ; rhizosphere competence ; field performance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Different screening methods for selection of biological control agents (BCAs), for controlling soil and seed-borne diseases, are discussed. The shortcomings of laboratory methods focused on mechanism of action are discussed and we conclude that these methods should be used with caution if candidates with multifactorial or plant mediated mechanisms of control are to be obtained. In vitro screens may be useful for specific groups of microorganisms, thus, screens for antibiotics may be relevant for Streptomyces spp., and promising results have been obtained using soil plating or precolonized agar methods to screen for mycoparasitism and competitive saprophytic ability. Experience with screening in the Nordic programme ‘Biological control of seed borne diseases in cereals’ is summarized. Research in the four participating countries – Finland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark – followed the same paradigm: that of obtaining antagonists, well adapted to different Nordic environments, and developing them as effective BCAs. Potential antagonists were isolated from different sources and in planta screening methods were developed in order to optimize selection of antagonists effective against a range of seed borne pathogens. Screens in the laboratory or greenhouse were followed by screening in the field. The different screening procedures are compared and evaluated.
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