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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: Anadenanthera ; Bolivia ; Centrolobium ; Copaifera ; regeneration ; tropical dry forests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A comparative study of the regeneration ecology ofthree lesser-known leguminous timber species wasconducted in the seasonally dry forests of SantaCruz, Bolivia to determine species regenerationstrategies and make silvicultural recommendationsfor these species. The study included arepresentative from each subfamily of Leguminosae:Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell. Conc.) Benth.(Mimosaceae), Copaifera chodatiana Kunth.(Caesalpinaceae), and Centrolobium microchaeteC. Martius (Fabaceae). After production in themid-late dry season, seeds of all species sufferedhigh (〉30%) rates of predation. For seedssurviving predation, Anadenanthera germinatedwithin three days after the first rains and a highgermination capacity (82%), but most seedlings diedfrom inadequate light or during subsequent periodsof drought. Copaifera germinated more slowlybut had high germination capacity (85%). Centrolobium had very low germination capacity(4%) and germinative energy. Most successfulregeneration of Centrolobium occurred viasprouting from damaged roots on or near loggingroads where it had a density of 261 root sprouts/ha.Anadenanthera regenerated best from seedin areas with soil disturbance or burning. Theregeneration of these species will likely increaseunder more intensive logging and/or post-harvestcompetition control treatments in logging gaps. Themore shade-tolerant Copaifera is most suitedto the current regime of light selective logging,but all three species are likely to be responsive topost-harvest competition control treatments. Impacts of controlled and natural fire were mixed,but generally seedling regeneration and growth wereeither not significantly affected or were increasedby fire.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: Bolivia ; carbon (C) cycle ; carbon offsets ; climatechange ; emission trading ; Kyoto Protocol ; land-use change and forestry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The Noel Kempff Climate Action Project in Bolivia, nowin its third year, is breaking ground to establishcredible and verifiable methods to quantify greenhousegas (GHG) benefits of land-use change and forestry (LUCF)projects. Developed under the United Nations FrameworkConvention Climate Change (FCCC) Activities ImplementedJointly pilot phase, the project conserves naturalforests that would otherwise have been subjected tocontinued logging and future agricultural conversion.Carbon (C) monitoring began with a C inventory of theproject area in 1997. The total amount of C in theproject area was 118 Tg (Tg = 1012g) ± 4%(95% confidence interval). Periodic monitoring ofrelevant C pools (occurring in 1999 and every 5 yrthereafter) occurs over the 30-year life of theproject to establish the difference between thewith-project and projected without-project scenarios. Permanent sample plots were established both insidethe project area to monitor changes in C pools overtime and in a proxy logging concession near theproject area to determine changes in C pools inforests that have been impacted by logging. Ground-based monitoring is complemented by datacollection on forest industry trends and land-usechange patterns. Remote sensing was used to developa vegetation stratification map of the area, and workis ongoing to investigate the potential application ofdual-camera aerial videography to improve theefficiency of monitoring over time.
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  • 3
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    Plant systematics and evolution 225 (2000), S. 141-144 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Triuridaceae ; Triuridopsis intermedia ; Taxonomy ; myco-heterotrophic plants ; Bolivia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new species ofTriuridopsis (Triuridaceae) is described. It shows a number of similarities to the genusTriuris. This is the first record of the family for Bolivia.
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  • 4
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    Human ecology 27 (1999), S. 135-165 
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: Overlapping patchworks ; Mountain landscapes ; Bolivia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Overlapping patchworks of farm spatial units are characteristic of the mountain landscapes of Andean regions of Peru and Bolivia. Patchiness and overlap (200-600 m) are shaped by the broad tolerances of major crops, high variability/low predictability of habitat factors, multifaceted cropping rationales of cultivators including their linkages to extraregional influences, and, to varying extents, the sociospatial coordination of crop choice among farmers. Indian peasant farmers manage overlapping patchworks using a concept of farm spaces as loosely bounded. They apply a naming system to farm spatial units based primarily on topographic features in order to serve their cultural, social, and political purposes. Key processes suggest a regionalglobal model of overlapping patchworks. The model elucidates the roles of landscape flexibility and uncertainty in conservation-with-development. Implications are shown by farm units of diverse food plants and prospects for in situ conservation. Findings caution against universality of the zone model of mountain agriculture.
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  • 5
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    Journal of population economics 10 (1997), S. 377-386 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: Key words: Child labor ; educational attainment ; Bolivia ; Venezuela
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. The paper addresses the issue of child labor in relation to the educational attainment of working children. The empirical analysis is based on household surveys in Bolivia and Venezuela. It was found that labor force participation is non-trivial among those below the legal working age or supposed to be in school. Working children contribute significantly to total household income. The fact that a child is working reduces his or her educational attainment by about 2 years of schooling relative to the control group of non-working children. Grade repetition, a common phenomenon in Latin America, is closely associated with child labor. JEL classification: J13, J21, I21
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  • 6
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    Genetic resources and crop evolution 43 (1996), S. 435-446 
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Bolivia ; field survey ; Pachyrhizus ahipa ; potential non-food crop ; subtropical crop ; tuber legume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field survey/collection trip to Bolivia was carried out in 1994 in order to examine the present status of the leguminous tuber/root crop Pachyrhizus ahipa. The germplasm available prior to the field trip was very limited, only one accession of known origin and two of unknown origin were available for genetic analysis and agronomic evaluation. However, in order to ensure that information on cultivation practices, genetic variation and the need for conservation initiatives would become available to the biosystematic Yam Bean Project (funded by the EU/STD3 Programme), a detailed questionnaire was developed and used in the survey. The field trip succeeded in establishing the urgent need for conservation measurements, the considerable genetic variation available within the extant landraces, and the objectives of any future breeding programme. This species possesses numerous agronomically attractive traits.
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  • 7
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    International journal of salt lake research 4 (1995), S. 65-77 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: invertebrates ; salt lakes ; Altiplano ; Bolivia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Based upon a short reconnaissance (March 1991), the chemicalnature and principal invertebrate fauna of seven saline lakes on the Altiplano of southern Bolivia are discussed (Lago de Uru-uru, Pastos Grandes, Lago Ramiditas, Lago Hedionda, Lago Cañapa, Laguna Colorado, pool at L. Colorado). Salinities ranged between 4.4 and 156 g L−1. The fauna was depauperate. Except at the lowest salinities (〈5 gL−1), rotifers were absent. At high salinities (〉≈50 g L−1), onlyArtemia, Boeckella poopoensis, ephydrids and a dolichopodid were present.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Bolivia ; diatom ; Late Glacial ; paleohydrology ; paleosalinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This study is focused on the endorheic Uyni-Coipasa Basin located in the southern Bolivian Altiplano. Stratigraphical and fossil diatom studies based on a detailed radiocarbon chrnology revealed six phases in water-level changes and paleosalinity variations. At 15,430±80 yr B.P., lacustrine conditions settled in the southern Bolivian Altiplano. A saline lake, characterized by benthic meso-metasaline species, reached ∼+4 m altitude above the present bottom of the basin. After 15,430±80 yr B.P., the level rapidly rose to ∼+27 m, as suggested by a tychoplanktonic mesosaline flora. Between ∼14,500 years and ∼13,000 years, finely lanminated sediments at ∼+32 m contained successively a dominance of epiphytic mesosaline to hypersaline species and tychoplanktonic oligosaline diatoms, indicating weak fluctuations in water-level and salinity. At 13,000 years, strong changes in the diatom flora occurred; epiphytic oligo-hypersaline diatoms were replaced by planktonic meso-polysaline species. They indicate a deep salt lake (the lake reached ∼+100 m). After ∼12,000 years, the lake level abruptly dropped, as suggested by fluviatile sediments with a benthic mesopolysaline diatom flora. The main lake was replaced by shallow saline ponds. A wet pulse occurred at ∼11,400 years, characterized by low water level (∼+7 m) and high salinity. This lacustrine phase remained until 10,400 yr B.P. These data indicate changes in Precipitation minus Evaporation (P-E). Our regional interpretations are based on a comparison with teh available data on the northern (Lake Titicaca) and southern (Lipez are) Bolivian Altiplano and on the northern Chilean Altiplano (Atacama Desert).
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  • 9
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    Biodiversity and conservation 4 (1995), S. 719-727 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Bolivia ; palm ; diversity ; uses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract El área de estudio está localizada en la región sur de la Provincia Iturralde, del Departmento de La Paz, al oeste de Bolivia. Está caracterizada por una mezcla de tipos de vegetación, que incluye desde bosques montanos tropicales hasta bosques de tierras bajas y sabanas. Se encuentra en un rango altitudinal de 400–1850 m, con un promedio de temperature de 24–28°C y una precipitación de 2000–5000 mm por año. La riqueza de palmas en esta región es la más alta reportada para Bolivia: 19 géneros, que significan el 70% del total de géneros de palmas registrado para Bolivia y 29 especies de palmas (34%). Tres elementos fitogeográficos están mezclados e integrados en el área: en ca. 4.5 ha se encuentran palmas de los Andes, de la Amazonia y del Centro brasileño (cerrado). Aproximadamente el 66% de las especies de palmas está concentrado en los bosques montanos entre 500–1800 m, que alcanzan su mayor límite altitudinal en el área y donde la especie más común es Iriartea deltoidea. Cerca al 55% de las especies de palmas es utilizado por la gente local—como el grupo originario Tacanas y colonos-para la obtención de material de construcción, diferentes calidades de techos, frutos para alimento y bebidas, fibras para productos artesanales, medicinas y artesanías.
    Notes: Abstract The study site is located in the southern part of the Iturralde Province, Department of La Paz, in western Bolivia. This area is generally characterized by mixed vegetation types from the tropical mountain forests as well as lowland forests and savannas. It lies in an altitudinal range of 400–1850 m, with an average temperature of 24–28°C and a rainfall of 2000–5000 mm per year. The richness in palms of this region is the highest reported for Bolivia; it comprises 19 genera, 70% of all genera known in Bolivia and 29 palm species (34%). Three main phytogeographic elements are mixed and integrated in the area; palms from the Andean, Amazonian, and Central Brazilian (Cerrado) units are found in approximately 4.5 ha. Nearly 66% of these palm species are concentrated in the mountain forests between 500–1800 m, reaching the highest altitudinal limit in this area, of which the most common species is Iriartea deltoidea. Approximately 55% of the palm species are used by local people — the original ethnic group, the Tacanas, and settlers— in order to get materials for construction, different qualities of thatching, fruit for food and beverages, fibres for artesanal products, medicines and handicrafts.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Bolivia ; chromosome numbers ; genebank ; germplasm ; Solanum sect. Petota ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We conducted joint Bolivia/The Netherlands/United States wild potato (Solanum sect. Petota Dumort.) germplasm collecting expeditions in Bolivia from February 1-April 15, 1993, and January 1-February 26, 1994. The goals of the expeditions were to collect germplasm and gather data for continuing taxonomic studies of the approximately 43 taxa of Bolivian wild potatoes accepted by current taxonomists. We made 223 collections, 135 as true seed collections, 54 as tubers, 19 only as herbarium collections. Two recent taxonomic treatments of Bolivian wild and cultivated potatoes have clarified the taxonomy and distribution of these plants, but there are continuing disagreements between treatments regarding species boundaries and interrelationships. These disagreements, and the variability we observed in natural populations, present problems for identifications. We summarize the state of germplasm collections for Bolivia, provide our field data regarding the taxonomy of Bolivian wild potatoes, provide recommendations for future collecting, and provide new chromosome counts for S. hoopesii, S. ugentii, and S. yungasense.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: transfer function ; ostracods ; water depth ; salinity ; Mg/Ca ratio ; Bolivia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper provides quantitative information concerning the response of ostracods to environmental variability in order to reconstruct past environments. Ostracod faunas from modern sediments of Bolivian lakes and swamps were studied. Ostracod distribution is controlled by several ecological characteristics such as lake-level and water chemistry. Statistical results indicate that three transfer functions (on water depth, Total dissolved Salts and water in Mg/Ca ratio) can be developed, from ostracod species frequencies in lacustrine sediments, with some restrictions for the two last ones.
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  • 12
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    Biodiversity and conservation 3 (1994), S. 751-756 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Bolivia ; national parks ; flora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The protected areas of Bolivia cover 10.2% of its territory, but only 60% of this surface is considered to be of conservation value. Protected areas are unevenly distributed over the eight phyto-geographic regions of Bolivia. The Pantanal is not represented in any conservation unit. Inventories and basic information are usually lacking as plant surveys have been carried out mostly outside protected areas.
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  • 13
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    Hydrobiologia 267 (1993), S. 257-267 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Benthos ; macroinvertebrates ; faunistical survey ; saline lakes ; Bolivia ; Sud Lipez region
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The benthic invertebrates fauna of most of the saline lakes of the Sud Lipez region (Bolivia, Altiplano) has been until now quite unstudied. Samples collected during an extensive survey of 12 lakes and two small inflow rivers allow a first list of the main macroinvertebrates living in these biotopes. The heterogeneous nature of these saline lakes with their freshwater springs and phreatic inflows offers a variety of habitats to macroinvertebrates. The benthic fauna in lakes with salinities 〉 10 g l−1 is not so low in density but includes few species and is dominated by Orthocladiinae and Podonominae larvae. In contrast, the freshwater springs and inflows are colonized by a diverse fauna, with a mixture of both freshwater and saline taxa, but dominated by Elmidae and Amphipoda. The lakes are quite isolated and, apart from some cosmopolitan organisms, their fauna can be quite distinctive.
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  • 14
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    Plant systematics and evolution 185 (1993), S. 17-33 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Pyrenocarpous lichens ; Verrucariaceae ; Catapyrenium ; Dermatocarpon ; Catapyrenium analogicum spec. nova ; C. andicolum spec. nova ; C. chilense comb. nov. ; C. corticolum comb. nov. ; C. exaratum spec. nova ; C. lachneoides spec. nova ; C. podolepis spec. nova ; C. ruiz-lealii comb. nov. ; C. squamulosum var.argentinum comb. nov. ; Systematics ; taxonomy ; Flora of Argentina ; Bolivia ; Brasilia ; Chile ; Ecuador ; Paraguay ; Peru ; Uruguay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 13 species of the lichen genusCatapyrenium are reported from South America. Five species (C. analogicum, C. andicolum, C. exaratum, C. lachneoides, andC. podolepis) are described as new. A key to the species known from South America is presented. Remarks on taxonomy, ecology and distribution of the species are given.
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  • 15
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    Hydrobiologia 241 (1992), S. 135-140 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Copepoda ; Calanoida ; Centropagidae ; Bolivia ; Altiplano ; fresh water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new species and genus of freshwater calanoid, Neoboeckella loffleri, is described from shallow, high-altitude waters. N. kinzeli (Löffler), 1955, is also included in the new genus. Neoboeckella, like Hemiboeckella Sars from Australia, is characterized inter alia by an exceptionally high degree of sexual dimorphism in size.
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  • 16
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    Pure and applied geophysics 136 (1991), S. 449-458 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismicity ; focal mechanism ; intraplate earthquakes ; Bolivia ; Andean Cordillera ; seismotectonics ; South America
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Intraplate seismic activity in Bolivia is mainly located in the central region (16°–19°S, 63°–67°W) which includes the East Andean Cordillera and the Sub-Andean Sierras. At this region there is a bend in the trend of the main geological structures from NW-SE in the north to N-S in the south. Focal mechanisms have been calculated for 10 earthquakes of magnitudes 4.9–5.6, using first motionP-waves from long period instruments. Their solutions correspond to reverse faulting, some with a large component of strike-slip motion. Their solutions can be grouped into two types; one with pure reverse faulting on planes with azimuth NW-SE and the other with a large strike-slip component on planes with azimuths nearly N-S or WNW-ESE. The maximum stress axis (P-axis) is practically horizontal (dipping less than 5°) oriented in a mean N56°E direction. This orientation may be related with the direction of compression resulting from the collision of the Nazca plate against the western margin of the South American continent. Wave-form analysis of long-periodP-waves for one event restricts the focal depth to 8 km in the Sub-Andean region. Seismic moments and source dimensions determined from spectra of Rayleigh waves are in the range of 1016–1017Nm and 17–24 km, respectively. The Central Bolivia region can be considered as a zone of intraplate deformation situated between the Bolivian Altiplano and the Brazil shield.
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  • 17
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    International journal of biometeorology 35 (1991), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: High altitude ; Hypoxia ; Endocrine ; Pituitary-adrenal axis ; Bolivia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Increased activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis is part of the response to the stress of initial exposure to hypoxia, but there is evidence to suggest that it persists after homeostatic stability has been regained and acclimatization achieved. The adrenal glands of five lifelong residents of La Paz, Bolivia, who had lived at altitudes in the range 3600–3800 m, were significantly larger than those in age-matched controls from sea level (15.3g vs 10.4g;P〈0.001) and appeared hyperplastic. The pituitary glands of the highlanders were not significantly different in size from those of the controls (0.67 g vs 0.51 g), but contained larger populations of corticotrophs expressed in terms of the total cell population of their anterior lobes (25.6% vs 19.4%;P〈0.001). In conjunction with other studies of this endocrine axis in man and animals exposed to a hypoxic environment, these data suggest that greater amounts of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) are required to maintain normal adrenocortical function under such circumstances, probably as a result of hypoxic inhibition of adrenocortical sensitivity to stimulation. Physiological hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex may be common in people living at high altitude.
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  • 18
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    International journal of biometeorology 35 (1991), S. 203-207 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: High altitude ; Pulmonary vascular disease ; Alymara Indian ; Bolivia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A histological study of the pulmonary vasculature in a young male high-altitude Aymara Indian revealed four aspects of interest. There was muscularization of the terminal portion of the pulmonary arterial tree to involve pulmonary arterioles as small as 15 μm in diameter, thus forming a basis for the slightly increased pulmonary vascular resistance of native highlanders. Intimal longitudinal muscle was found in pulmonary arteries and arterioles and thought to be due to chronic alveolar hypoxia. Inner muscular tubes similar to those found in chronic obstructive lung disease were present. Pulmonary veins and venules also showed intimal muscularization suggesting that alveolar hypoxia affects vascular smooth muscle cells per se irrespective of their situation. The nature of the remodelling in a pulmonary blood vessel depends on a combination of hypoxia and haemodynamics.
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  • 19
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    International journal of biometeorology 34 (1990), S. 20-23 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: High altitude ; Pulmonary vascular disease ; Raboit ; Bolivia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A male weanling rabbit of the New Zealand White strain, born and living at an altitude of 3800 m in La Paz, Bolivia, developed right ventricular hypertrophy. This was found to be associated with growth of vascular smooth muscle cells in the intima of pulmonary arterioles, and contrasted with muscularization of the walls of pulmonary arterioles, without extension into the intima, found in a healthy, high-altitude control rabbit of the same strain. A low-altitude control showed no such muscularization. It is concluded that alveolar hypoxia, acting directly or through an intermediate agent, is a growth factor for vascular smooth muscle cells in pulmonary arterioles. This is the first report of pulmonary vascular disease due to high altitude in rabbits.
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  • 20
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    Hydrobiologia 197 (1990), S. 267-290 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Bolivia ; salt lakes ; chemistry ; diatoms ; multivariate analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diatom assemblages are described from surface sediments in thirteen salt lakes located in the southern Bolivian Altiplano. Factor analysis of correspondences and cluster analysis are used to classify the diatom assemblages. New methods are proposed to establish the qualitative and quantitative relationships between diatom floras and ecological parameters. Diatom assemblages are linked more to the ionic elements than to the salinity, pH, depth, temperature or elevation. Environmental variables are divided into three modalities which allow considerations of many different variables not under the same units.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Bolivia ; Carbon exchange ; Costa Rica ; Land use ; Panama ; Peru ; Tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Our group, composed of modelers working in conjunction with tropical ecologists, 3 has produced a simulation model that quantifies the net carbon exchange between tropical vegetation and the atmosphere due to land use change. The model calculates this net exchange by combining estimates of land use change with several estimates of the carbon stored in tropical vegetation and general assumptions about the fate of cleared vegetation. In this report, we use estimates of land use and carbon storage organized into sixlife zone (sensu Holdridge) categories to calculate the exchange between the atmosphere and the vegetation of four tropical countries. Our analyses of these countries indicate that this life zone approach has several advantages because (a) the carbon content of vegetation varies significantly among life zones, (b) much of the land use change occurs in life zones of only moderate carbon storage, and (c) the fate of cleared vegetation varies among life zones. Our analyses also emphasize the importance of distinguishing between temporary and permanent land use change, as the recovery of vegetation on abandoned areas decreases the net release of carbon due to clearing. We include sensitivity analysis of those factors that we found to be important but are difficult to quantify at present.
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  • 22
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    Human ecology 8 (1980), S. 89-103 
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: child growth ; Bolivia ; family size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Previous investigations have yielded contradictory conclusions concerning the importance of the economic contribution of children to households in agricultural societies. The present study evaluates the significance of children 's economic input in rural Ancoraimes, Bolivia by using child growth as an indirect indicator of the economic value of children. Children whose households differed in size and age composition were compared on the basis of five anthropometric measurements. Children from households with many young, nonproducing children were found to be significantly smaller for their age than children from households with few nonproducing children. Absolute household size had no major effect on child growth. While young children have a negative effect on the growth of children in the household, the positive effect of children as they grow older appears to make up for this loss. In terms of child growth, children are neither a net liability nor a net asset to agricultural households in Ancoraimes.
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