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  • Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory  (22)
  • English  (22)
  • 1970-1974  (22)
  • 1
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    Isua, Greenland : glaciological investigations during 1973 (1974)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-318
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Drilling and field observations. - Interpretation. - Implications for the feasibility study. - Conclusions. - Literature cited. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: Two holes were drilled through the Greenland ice sheet during 1973 and temperature measurements were made in one hole drilled during 1972. These measurements show that the area of liquid water beneath the ice cap extends to ice depths as shallow as 100 m. The consequences of removing the frozen margin of glacial ice could be serious and more temperature measurements are needed to exactly locate the subglacial water. Petrographic studies of a few ice cores revealed a strongly oriented crystal fabric and an appreciable surface accumulation of superimposed ice.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen, Karten
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 318
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1035634454
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Adhesion of ice frozen from dilute electrolyte solutions (1974)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-317
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: Experiments by Smith-Johannsen on the adhesion of ice frozen from a number of 1 x 10^-3 ? electrolyte solutions to a wax-treated aluminum surface at -10°C are discussed. It is concluded that the adhesive strength measured by the force per square centimeter needed to shear the ice off the substrate surface is mainly due to a liquid interfacial solution layer between the ice and the substrate surface. The thickness of such a layer is largely determined by the same considerations as the thickness of grain boundary layers in ice obtained from dilute electrolyte solutions.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 317
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5968382
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Isua, Greenland : calculations of glacier flow for an open-pit mine (1973)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-309
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Symbols. - Introduction. - Physical setting. - Flow model. - Calculated flow. - Existing profile. - Proposed profiles. - Profile 1. - Profile 2. - Profile 3. - Profile 4. - Profile 5. - Profile 6. - Profile 7. - Total excavation. - Interpretation and conclusions. - Sources of error. - Recommendations. - Literature cited. - Appendix A. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: The Marcona Corporation and Kryolitselskabet ?resund, A/S (a Danish corporation) are cooperatively investigating the possibility of developing an open-pit mine along the edge of the Greenland Ice Cap. The response of the glacier to a sudden change in surface slope and thickness is calculated. The existing flow is diverted away from the mineral deposit but will increase when the excavation begins. It is calculated that 66 million cubic meters of ice must be removed in order to establish a stable profile beyond the pit. An additional 7.9 million cubic meters of ice must be removed yearly in order to maintain the profile.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 309
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5965695
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Effect of salinity on the optical extinction of sea ice at 6328Å (1973)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-308
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Sea ice as a material. - Experimental procedures. - Results and analysis. - Conclusion. - Literature cited. - Appendix A. Error analysis. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: An investigation is made into the determination of the relationship between the extinction coefficient and the salinity of sea ice. A HeNe laser is used to propagate a beam of red light, of wavelength 6328Å, through a series of ice samples at -20°C. The optical extinction coefficients were calculated and plotted against the measured salinities. The results of the experiment indicated an exponential relationship between extinction coefficient and salinity. The relationship may be described by the equation: y = 2.41 + 0.001 exp (1.19x) where y is the extinction coefficient and x is the salinity.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 15 Seiten , Illutrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 308
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/646985130
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Theory of soil plasticity with indefinite angle of non-coaxiality (1973)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-307
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Part 1.The concept of isotropy clarified by the introduction of non-coaxial mechanics. - Part 2. Systematization of the theory of plasticity with indefinite angle of non-coaxiality. - Analysis of stress. - Analysis of strain-rate. - Principle of partial coincidence. - Strain-rate characteristic directions. - Equations for practical use. - Conclusion. - Literature cited. - Appendix A.The sense of the [Sigma],[Gamma] coordinate system. - Appendix B. Another derivation of the equations of velocity components. - Appendix C. Equations of velocity components in stress characteristic directions.
    Description / Table of Contents: One of the difficulties that have hampered the development of the mathematical theory of soil plasticity was recently overcome by Mandl and Luque. They showed that the non-coaxiality of the principal axes of a stress tensor and a strain-rate tensor can occur only in plane deformation. Their assumption that the angle of non-coaxiality should be a material constant cannot be supported, however. The angle of noncoaxiality should be determined so that the solution to the given problem can exist. It is demonstrated in one of the examples in this paper that a well-known solution in which the angle of non-coaxiality is assumed to be zero does violate the assumed boundary condition. The theory was reorganized bv using new insights given by Mandl and Luque. It is concluded that still missing is one condition that enables us to determine the angle of non-coaxiality as a function of space.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 31 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 307
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1103309860
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Prevailing wind directions in the Arctic Ocean (1973)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-306
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Introduction. - 1. Coastal stations. - Alaska. - Canada. - Greenland. - Europe and Russia. - II. The interior Arctic Ocean. - Zone 1. - Zone 2.. - Zone 3. - Zone 4. - Zone 5. - Zone 6.. - Summary and discussion. - Supplemental data. - Literature cited. - Appendix A. Winds. - Appendix B. Arctic surface winds. - Appendix C. Excerpt from Cold Regions Science and Engineering, USA CRREL Monograph I-A3b. - Appendix D. Excerpt from Proceedings of the Arctic Basin Symposium October 1962. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: Prevailing monthly and seasonal surface wind directions were obtained from 1) weather records for 21 coastal stations around the Arctic Ocean and 2) a series of U.S. Navy wind charts for 15 to 20 locations in the arctic marginal seas and the ocean's interior. This information was combined and analyzed to develop 2 charts which depict the surface flow of air in these areas during the mid-summer and mid-winter months. Since the ice floe stations used in the offshore wind analysis are not permanently located, the Arctic Ocean was selectively divided into 6 zones. Three of these zones separate Polar regions north of 84°N latitude, and 3 other zones each separate the seas bordering the north coasts of Europe, Siberian Russia and North America. Except for a few stations where wind directions are apparently controlled by local influences the results showed the following mid-winter patterns: 1) a near anticlockwise flow within the circle north of 75°N, 2) winds from the north in and near the Chukchi and Bering Seas, 3) northeast winds along the Alaskan coast and northwest along the Canadian Archipelago Islands, and 4) southwest and southeast winds along the northern coasts of Europe and Asia respectively. Although the wind directions during mid-summer become more variable the study showed that the prevailing surface winds for most areas in this season are nearly opposite those observed in winter.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 55 Seiten , Illustrationen, Karten
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 306
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5965620
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Effects of stratigraphic layers on water flow through snow (1973)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-311
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Notation. - Introduction. - Review of observations. - Review of theory. - Water flow through textured layers. - Water flow past semipermeable layers. - Discussion. - Literature cited. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: The flow of water through layered snowpacks is discussed. A method for predicting flow through unsaturated layers is given. The flow along ice layers and through ice layers is analyzed in terms of the slope, permeability, thickness and length of the layers. It is shown that the permeability of ice layers required to cause large flow diversions is quite small. The effect of slope is large even at small angles.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 311
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1035634712
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Internal friction of single-crystal ice (1973)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-243
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command, 243
    Description / Table of Contents: The internal friction of single-crystal ice has been attributed to reorientation of the water molecule under periodic stress. However, the theory for damped dislocations, which offers another mechanism for the internal friction of ice, has not been investigated. The effects of scratching the surface of 41 ice samples and X-irradiating and plastically deforming them were evaluated. The effects observed on the internal friction of pure, single-crystal ice, in the flexure mode of oscillation between 400 and 1400 Hz, supported the existence of a dislocation-controlled mechanism, with the drag produced by the interaction of the dislocation with the protons in the crystal. In addition, analysis of the detailed shape of the data curve showed two peaks of tan delta as a function of temperature. The second peak, which had not been previously reported, had an activation energy of 0.16 eV and a relaxation time of 1.7 x 10^8 sec at infinite temperature. These experiments indicated that both peaks vrere controlled by the dislocation mechanism described above.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 41 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 243
    URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11681/5931
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Previous work. - Previous theory. - Internal friction of a crystal. - Granato-Lücke theory of dislocation damping. - Double kink mechanism. - Mechanisms not involving dislocations. - Experimental work. - Experimental approach. - Experimental apparatus. - Mode of oscillation. - Automated system. - Support, acoustic isolation, and temperature control. - Sample preparation. - X-ray apparatus. - Data analysis. - Stage I. - Stage II. - Stage III. - Experimental results and discussion. - The second peak. - Interpretation of scratching, X-irradiation, and plastic deformation. - Scratching. - X-irradiation. - Plastic deformation. - Supporting research. - Interpretation of the two peaks. - Conclusions. - Literature cited. - Appendix A: Computer programs. - Abstract.
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  • 9
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    Measurements of laser extinction in ice fog for design of SEV pilotage system (1972)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-302
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Literature review. - Experimental procedure. - Experimental and theoretical equations. - Results and discussion. - Conclusions. - Literature cited. - Appendix A. Some problems in the experimental determination of the extinction coefficient of ice fog. - Appendix B. Ice fog production technique. - Appendix C. Ice fog samples and their corresponding particle spectra. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: Laser extinction measurements in ice fog were made at wavelengths of 0.6328, 1.15 and 3.39 microns. The ice fog was generated in an environmental chamber whose temperature could be lowered to -43°C. Particle sampling was carried out simultaneously with the laser measurements using an impactor. Size distributions were derived from the impactor measurements. These data were used to compute Mie extinction coefficients at the three laser wavelengths. These coefficients were compared with the coefficients derived experimentally. Although some discrepancy exists between theory and experiment, both agree fairly well on the behavior of the extinction coefficient as a function of particle concentration.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 302
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5974559
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Soil failure under inclined loads (1972)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-303
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Notation. - 1.Introduction. - 1.1Definition and scope of problem. - 1.2 Theoretical background. - 1.3 Previous work on the single plate-grouser problem. - 1.4 Background of the present investigation. - 2.Theory of two-dimensional soil failure by a plate-grouser. - 2.1 Basic criteria and assumptions. - 2.2 Rupture zones and boundaries. - 2.3 Forces in the spiral and Rankine zones. - 2.4 Solution to forces of the equilibrium wedge abc when [Theta]c 〉 [Theta] 〉 (- [Epsilon] [equal to or greater] -[Beta]). - 2.5 Solution to the forces H and V. - 3. Observation of soil rupture patterns. - 3.1 General. - 3.2 Test equipment and photographic technique. - 3.3 Photographing failure patterns. - 3.4 Observation of the equilibrium wedge when [Theta]c 〉 [Theta] 〉 - [Epsilon]. - 3.5 Rupture patterns at [Theta] = 90°. - 4. Force measurements. - 4.1Test program. - 4.2 The plate-grouser test apparatus. - 4.3 The measurement of soil strength. - 4.4 Results of controlled [Theta] tests. - 5. Conclusions. - Literature cited. - Appendix A: Details of mathematical methods. - Appendix B: Computer program. - Appendix C: Examples of application. - Appendix D: Photographs of failure patterns. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: The most common example of the application of inclined loads to the soil is the plate-grouser. This consists of a strip footing with a vertical arm at one end. The most usual loading arrangement is one in which a fixed vertical load is applied and then the horizontal load is increased until failure occurs. A theory has been developed which will predict the maximum horizontal force, assuming that the soil is dense enough to be reasonably described by the Coulomb equation. The theory is based on slip line fields including wedges of soil that are not failing. These slip line fields vary systematically with the interface angle [Beta] and the angle of internal shearing resistance of the soil [Phi] and they are a function of the direction of motion of the interface [Theta]. A computer program is provided which will solve the problem directly if the direction of motion [Theta] is given. It will also solve the more practical situation described above by an iterative procedure. The postulated slip line fields have been shown to be correct by means of glass box photographs giving excellent agreement with the theory. The predictions of passive pressure have been verified by a series of force measurements on quite large grousers driven into saturated clay, dry sand and an intermediate loam.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 93 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 303
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5963520
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Model analysis of vehicle trafficability with application to surface effect vehicles on sea ice fields (1972)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-298
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Abstract. - I. Introduction. - II. A statistical theory of trafficability. - Statistical descriptions of trafficability. - Statistical modeling of trafficability. - Trafficability in a variable space with comparison to a fixed space. - III. Statistical description of sea ice. - Homogeneous, isotropic, and normal random function. - Upper bound of probability for finding an obstacle derived from two-point probability density function. - IV. Design criteria of a SEV derived from sea ice surface roughness. - Literature cited. - Appendix: Statistics of a variable space.
    Description / Table of Contents: Efforts were made to derive the design criteria of surface effect vehicles operated on arctic sea ice. Statistical theories were developed to describe trafficability of the vehicles and topography of the sea ice. By the use of actual sea ice surface profiles obtained by an aerial laser profiler, the usefulness of the present statistical method was demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 298
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5974570
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    Chemical indicators of Arctic biological and environmental activities (1972)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-301
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Introduction. - 1.The flow of organic nutrients in plants in cold-dominated ecosystems and the influence of man's activities on this flow. - Methodology for extraction and estimation of plant lipids, alcohol and water-soluble carbohydrates, starch and fructans. - Seasonal cycles in lipids and alcohol-soluble carbohydrates in plants at Barrow, Alaska. - Biochemical changes in plants at the heated soil experiment at Barrow. - Literature cited. - II. Contributions of carbon dioxide from frozen soil into the arctic atmosphere. - Introduction. - Laboratory study. - Field study. - Conclusions. - Literature cited. - III. Biochemical estimations of underground plant biomass. - Appendix A. Methodology. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: Two approaches were used to study the carbon cycling in a cold-dominated ecosystem at Barrow, Alaska. One involved a detailed analysis of the flow of CO2 between the atmosphere, soil and biota and the other concentrated on the internal carbon cycling in plants. A pilot study was also conducted which investigated the possibility of estimating underground plant biomass by biochemical means. Both laboratory and field studies were conducted to analyze the input of CO2 to the arctic atmosphere by frozen tundra soils. Data are presented which indicate that frozen soil is a major source of CO2. It is hypothesized that CO2 trapped in soils during bi-directional freezing in the fall and winter is released during the spring thaw, thus producing a spring rise in CO2 content of the atmosphere. A procedure for the extraction and estimation of organic nutrients (lipids and carbohydrates) was developed and used to follow the seasonal cycle of these nutrients of plants obtained at Barrow, Alaska. No cycling in levels of carbohydrates (alcohol-soluble) was observed in the foliage during the season, however a definite cycling in lipid levels was seen for all the species studied. The species were synchronous. Plant survival and organic nutrient levels were followed during the winter over a heated-soil experiment at Barrow, Alaska. During the winter, the heating of the soil caused ponding which resulted in the elimination of Dupontia fischeri by mid-winter and the eventual death of all plants by spring. The carbohydrate levels indicated a starvation condition was created where a marked decrease in storage polymers (starch and fructans) occurred without a concurrent large increase in the alcohol-soluble carbohydrate levels. An increase in the fresh/dry weight ratios was also observed indicating etiolated, succulent growth in early winter. Four techniques were tried for estimating the below-ground biomass of plants. Two of these were eliminated as unsuitable, however two other methods(ATP and phospholipid-levels) remain to be fully evaluated.
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    Pages: iii, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 301
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5973881
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    Depth-time-temperature relationships of ice crystal growth in polar glaciers (1971)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-300
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Sampling. - Byrd Station. - Plateau Station. - Camp Century. - lnge Lehmann. - Grain-crystal relations. - Analytical techniques. - Thin sections. - Crystal size measurements. - Results and discussion. - Literature cited. - Appendix A: Crystal size as a function of depth and age in the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: The growth of ice crystals as a function of depth and time in polar firn and glacier ice has been investigated at a number of locations in Antarctica and Greenland. Thin sections of snow and ice were used to measure crystal size variations which showed, in all cases, that crystal size increases essentially linearly with the age of samples. Crystal growth rates are strongly temperature dependent. At Camp Century, Greenland, where the firn temperature is -24°C, crystals grow approximately 23 times faster than at Plateau Station, Antarctica, where the in situ temperature is -57°C. Extrapolation of the existing data indicates that crystal growth rates in polar firn and ice could be expected to vary by about two orders of magnitude over the temperature range -60°C to -15°C. Examination of the changes in the pore-crystal structure relationships to a dpeth of 100 m at Camp Century shows that these changes closely resemble those occuring in the full-scale isothermal sintering of powder compacts.
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    Pages: iii, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 300
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5974076
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    Influence of soil on detection of buried explosives and tunnels by trace gas analysis (1971)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-292-288
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preface. - List of symbols. - Introduction. - Adsorption of volatile chemicals by soil. - Introduction. - Experimental procedure. - Results and discussion. - Diffusion of volatile chemicals in soil. - Introduction. - Experimental procedure. - Calculations. - Results and discussion. - Prediction of vapor diffusion in soil. - Introduction. - Construction of model. - Computations. - Results and discussion. - A statistical method for analysis of diffusion through soil. - Introduction. - Theory. - Application. - Literature cited. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: Detection of mines, explosives, and tunnels may be accomplished by sensing associated volatile effluvia. This investigation was undertaken to provide a basis for predicting the diffusion of volatile compounds from underground sources into the atmosphere. Diffusion of a volatile compound was studied for a range of soil conditions utilizing soils from the mine detection sites in Puerto Rico. A new mathematical analysis based on the Monte Carlo method was developed for predicting vapor diffusion through soil into the atmosphere. It was determined that diffusion in soil can be reliably predicted if soil porosity, moisture content, and affinity for the compound are known. Appearance in the atmosphere is also dependent on accumulation of the compound in air at the soil/atmosphere interface. Diffusion of volatile compounds through soil into the atmosphere is not likely to be an important factor in tunnel detection due to depth of overburden. However, adsorption of compounds at tunnel walls is likely to significantly reduce the amount of vapor appearing in the atmosphere through entrances and vents. Detection in the atmosphere of TNT vapor from mines and explosives buried in moist, porous soil should be possible under ideal sample collection conditions.
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    Pages: v, 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 288
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/227635497
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    Summer temperatures in interior Alaska (1971)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-244
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Summer temperature data. - Station network and history. - Parameters for data reduction. - Analysis of summer temperatures. - Temperature trends. - Summer temperatures in the highlands. - Lapse rates for summer temperatures. - Spatial variation of summer temperatures. - Summary. - Literature cited. - Appendix A. - Appendix B. - Appendix C. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: Annual degree-day summations over bases of 43°F and 50°F in 15-day periods from May through August are given for the period of record for five interior Alaska climatic stations. Average temperature and precipitation data are included. Patterns of summer temperature in interior Alaska are analyzed in terms of historical, elevational and areal differences. Since 1900, summer temperatures show little long-term change but significant short-term changes. In contrast, winter temperatures show considerable fluctuations, which are reflected in mean annual temperatures to a much greater degree than are summer temperature fluctuations. Average summer lapse rates for the 1600 to 3300 and 3300 to 6600-ft levels were 3.4 and 3.7°F/1000 ft, respectively, based on timberline temperature observations and on upper air data from Fairbanks. Correlation analysis of daily and monthly average July temperatures indicates areas of uniformity with respect to temperature variation. This provides information on lowland climatic stations that are representative of highland locations, especially the Yukon-Tanana Uplands
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 37 Seiten , Illustrationen, Karten
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 244
    URL: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210025591825&seq=3
    Language: English
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  • 16
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    Gamma-ray spectra of resonance neutron irradiated earth materials (1970)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-289
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Materials and methods. - Materials. - Methods. - Results and discussion. - Literature cited. - Appendix A.
    Description / Table of Contents: Clay mineral and soil samples were subjected to neutron activation analysis in order to identify and measure the abundances of trace elements having radionuclides with long half-lives. After exposure of cadmium-shielded samples to neutrons for a period of five days, the gamma radiation associated with the decay of the resulting radionuclides was observed using a high resolution Ge(Li) detector. Trace elements identified without prior chemical separation using the gross gamma-ray spectra included Fe, Zn, Ti, Ni, Co, Cr, Sr, Ba, Ca, La, Eu, Tb, Hf, Ta, Th, and U. It should be possible to determine quantitatively the amount of each of these elements. This is a considerable improvement over the number of elements determined in soils previously by activation analysis without destructive chemical treatments.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 289
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5974517
    Language: English
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  • 17
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    Phase boundary water in frozen soils (1970)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-274
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Introduction. - The ice/ice interface. - The ice/air interface. - The silicate/water/silicate interface. - The silicate/water/ice interface. - Summary. - Literature cited. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: Interfacial regions in frozen soils are of the following types: ice/ice (grain boundary) ice/water/air, silicate/water/silicate (interlamellar) and silicate/water /ice (extralamellar). For the last, the mid-portion of the interfacial region should be regarded as a liquid-like solution of the ionic and undissociated substances sorbed by the interface and expelled from the ice during freezing. The interfacial forces operative in these regions result in distinct differences in the properties and behavior of the interfacial water, compared with water in bulk; but, in spite of strong interfacial forces, the interfacial water exhibits liquid-like mobility in its response to many kinds of driving forces. From the evidence and arguments considered, it is concluded that distinctly different zones of orientational order can be distinguished within the interfacial regions. For an advancing silicate/water/ice interface it is proposed that there is a zone of strong perturbation and disorder immediately proximate to silicate surfaces in which the protons of water molecules are partially delocalized; this makes them more easily dissociated. Two or three molecular diameters removed from the silicate surface the interfacial forces operative there combine to create a zone of enhanced order in the molecular configurations. At some farther distance, depending upon the temperature below freezing, it is suggested that there exists a disordered transition zone proximate to the ice surface as portrayed in Drost-Hansen's model. It is suggested that future investigations will contribute refinements in the model and will uncover still further complexities in the various interfaces mentioned.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 274
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5973960
    Language: English
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  • 18
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    Determination of cation exchange capacity of earth materials using a radiotracer technique (1970)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-283
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Determination of CEC of earth materials using isotopic exchange. - Determination of CEC of earth materials using isotopic labeling. - Appendix: Procedure for determination of CEC of earth materials by isotopic labeling.
    Description / Table of Contents: Two radiochemical methods were investigated for determining the cation exchange capacity of earth materials having a wide range in physicochemical properties. The first method attempted was unsuccessful but involved determination of the radioactivity of a 22Na-NaOAc solution in isotopic equilibrium with a Na+-saturated mineral phase. The logic of this method is presented in order to illustrate principles of isotopic exchange in mineral systems. The method finally adopted is based upon determination of the radioactivity of a salt-free, Na+-saturated mineral sample prepared using a radioactive NaOAc solution with a known 22Na-NaOAc composition. This method is less time-consuming and more accurate than the conventional ammonium acetate method for cation exchange capacity determinations.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 283
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5975372
    Language: English
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  • 19
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    Shock effects on frozen materials : exploding wire experiments (1970)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-287
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: Hugoniot curves were generated from simultaneous measurements of shock and free-surface velocities, obtained from samples of frozen Fairbanks (Fox) silt, using the exploding wire technique. The abrupt change in slope of the Us-Up Hugoniot is indicative of a phase change. The shape of the P-V Hugoniot suggests that the transformation begins immediately but does not go to completion. This means that, although the pressure lies slightly above the Rayleigh line through the mixed phase region, the slope does not increase as rapidly as it would if the material had stayed in the initial phase.
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Conversion factors. - Introduction. - Test procedure. - Test results. - Discussion. - Literature cited. - Appendix A: Hugoniot data. - Abstract.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 287
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5974609
    Language: English
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  • 20
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    Numerical computation of the shock wave diffracted by a circular cylindrical cavity in elastic-plastic media (1970)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-279
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Nomenclature. - Introduction. - Basic equations. - Equation of motion. - Equation of continuity. - Artificial viscosity. - Equation of state. - Equation of motion. - Equation of continuity. - Artificial viscosity. - Equation of state. - Finite difference approximation. - Equation of motion. - Equation of continuity. - Artificial viscosity. - Equation of state. - Boundary conditions. - Results and discussion. - Literature cited. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: A finite difference method for predicting the effect of shock waves on a circular cylindrical cavity in elastic-plastic media was studied. A two-dimensional Lagrangean code was found quite satisfactory. Attenuation of the shock waves through the cavity and the deformation of the cavity wall were discussed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 279
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5973985
    Language: English
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  • 21
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    Vibratory surface loadings on a viscoelastic half-space (1970)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-286
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS : Introduction. - Basic analysis. - Part I: Far field surface motion. - A single oscillating source. - A group of forces over a finite area. - Part II: Near field study. - Motion at center of source. - Approximation of displacements. - Conclusion. - Literature cited. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: Wave propagation generated by vibratory load on a homogeneous, isotropic, linear viscoelastic half-space is studied. The effect of a single concentrated force and a group of forces applied over a circular area has been examined and solutions of the displacement functions are presented. In the case of the group forces, the three types of force distribution used by Reissner and Sung were employed. At a great distance (far field) from the applied load, surface displacements are reduced to closed form expressions. A field method based on these results is recommended for determining the complex modulus and the damping property of a viscoelastic material. For areas near the source (near field), numerical procedures were employed to evaluate the integral solution. To facilitate the application, two simplified versions are provided for calculating the center displacement under the load. They both provide good approximation to the integral solution and, most important of all, they speed up the computation enormously
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 33 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 286
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5974825
    Language: English
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  • 22
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    Vibration of a floating ice sheet (1970)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-281
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: The solution for the vibration of an elastic plate floating on water is developed. The water is assumed to be incompressible and to have irrotational flow. In free vibration upon release of the plate, the maximum negative rebound of the deflection is 25%. For forced vibration, the steady state part of the solution shows that there is a frequency at which the deflection is a maximum. The stresses become a maximum at a frequency higher than the one for deflection. These critical frequencies depend upon the plate's characteristic length and the depth of the water. For most situations the critical frequency for stress is less than 0.2 cycle per second. At this critical frequency the stresses are amplified over the static case by a factor less than 10%.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 281
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5973998
    Language: English
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