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  • Elsevier  (5,804,698)
  • Springer Nature  (1,070,368)
  • American Physical Society (APS)
  • MDPI Publishing
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A measurement of τ polarization in Z^0 decays (1992-8977)
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physics Letters B 294 (1992), S. 466-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 0370-2693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0370-2693(92)91549-O
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of the average lifetime of b hadrons (1993-4325)
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physics Letters B 317 (1993), S. 474-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 0370-2693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0370-2693(93)91027-K
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  • 3
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    Is tree planting an effective strategy for climate change mitigation? (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-21
    Description: The world's forests store large amounts of carbon (C), and growing forests can reduce atmospheric CO2 by storing C in their biomass. This has provided the impetus for world-wide tree planting initiatives to offset fossil-fuel emissions. However, forests interact with their environment in complex and multifaceted ways that must be considered for a balanced assessment of the value of planting trees. First, one needs to consider the potential reversibility of C sequestration in trees through either harvesting or tree death from natural factors. If carbon storage is only temporary, future temperatures will actually be higher than without tree plantings, but cumulative warming will be reduced, contributing both positively and negatively to future climate-change impacts. Alternatively, forests could be used for bioenergy or wood products to replace fossil-fuel use which would obviate the need to consider the possible reversibility of any benefits. Forests also affect the Earth's energy balance through either absorbing or reflecting incoming solar radiation. As forests generally absorb more incoming radiation than bare ground or grasslands, this constitutes an important warming effect that substantially reduces the benefit of C storage, especially in snow-covered regions. Forests also affect other local ecosystem services, such as conserving biodiversity, modifying water and nutrient cycles, and preventing erosion that could be either beneficial or harmful depending on specific circumstances. Considering all these factors, tree plantings may be beneficial or detrimental for mitigating climate-change impacts, but the range of possibilities makes generalisations difficult. Their net benefit depends on many factors that differ between specific circumstances. One can, therefore, neither uncritically endorse tree planting everywhere, nor condemn it as counter-productive. Our aim is to provide key information to enable appropriate assessments to be made under specific circumstances. We conclude our discussion by providing a step-by-step guide for assessing the merit of tree plantings under specific circumstances.
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  • 4
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    Seaweed farming environments do not always function as CO2 sink under synergistic influence of macroalgae and microorganisms (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-29
    Description: Seaweed farming contributes substantial amounts of organic carbon to the ocean, part of which can be locked for a long term in the ocean and perform the function of ocean carbon sequestration, and the other part can be converted into inorganic carbon through microbial mineralization and aerobic respiration, affecting the pCO2, pHT and dissolved oxygen of seawater. It is generally believed that seaweed farming will cause the seawater to become a sink of CO2 due to carbon fixation by macroalgal photosynthesis. However, little attention has been paid to the fact that seaweed farming environment may sometimes become a source rather than a sink of CO2. Here, through in-situ mesocosm cultivation experiments and eight field investigations covering different kelp growth stages in an intensive farming area in China, we found that compared with the surrounding seawater without kelps, the seawater at the fast-growth stage of kelp was a sink of CO2 (pCO2 decreased by 17−73 μatm), but became a source of CO2 at the aging stage of kelp (pCO2 increased by 20−37 μatm). Concurrently, seawater pHT experienced a transition from increase (by 0.02−0.08) to decline (by 0.03−0.04). In-situ mesocosm cultivation experiments showed that the positive environmental effects (i.e., pCO2 decrease and pHT increase) induced by kelps at the early growth stage could be offset within only 3 days at the late-growth and aging stages. The release of dissolved organic carbon by kelps at the late growth stage increased significantly, supporting the enhancement in microbial abundance and respiration, which was manifested by the remarkable decrease in seawater dissolved oxygen, ultimately leading to CO2 release exceeding photosynthetic CO2 absorption. This study suggests that mature farmed kelps should be harvested in time to best utilize their carbon sink function and environmental benefits, which has guiding significance for the rational management of seaweed farming.
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  • 5
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    Epiphytic and endophytic microbiome of the seagrass Zostera marina: Do they contribute to pathogen reduction in seawater? (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-06
    Description: Highlights: • Inhibitory potential of eelgrass microbiome against aquatic and fecal pathogens • Isolation of epiphytes and endophytes associated with eelgrass leaves and roots • Particularly leaf epibiotic bacteria exhibit significant antimicrobial activity. • Rich secondary metabolite composition by untargeted metabolomics • Potential involvement of eelgrass microbiome in seagrass ecosystem services Seagrass meadows provide crucial ecosystem services for coastal environments and were shown to reduce the abundance of waterborne pathogens linked to infections in humans and marine organisms in their vicinity. Among potential drivers, seagrass phenolics released into seawater have been linked to pathogen suppression, but the potential involvement of the seagrass microbiome has not been investigated. We hypothesized that the microbiome of the eelgrass Zostera marina, especially the leaf epiphytes that are at direct interface between the seagrass host and the surrounding seawater, inhibit waterborne pathogens thereby contributing to their removal. Using a culture-dependent approach, we isolated 88 bacteria and fungi associated with the surfaces and inner tissues of the eelgrass leaves (healthy and decaying) and the roots. We assessed the antibiotic activity of microbial extracts against a large panel of common aquatic, human (fecal) and plant pathogens, and mined the metabolome of the most active extracts. The healthy leaf epibiotic bacteria, particularly Streptomyces sp. strain 131, displayed broad-spectrum antibiotic activity superior to some control drugs. Gram-negative bacteria abundant on healthy leaf surfaces, and few endosphere-associated bacteria and fungi also displayed remarkable activities. UPLC-MS/MS-based untargeted metabolomics analyses showed rich specialized metabolite repertoires with low annotation rates, indicating the presence of many undescribed antimicrobials in the extracts. This study contributes to our understanding on microbial and chemical ecology of seagrasses, implying potential involvement of the seagrass microbiome in suppression of pathogens in seawater. Such effect is beneficial for the health of ocean and human, especially in the context of climate change that is expected to exacerbate all infectious diseases. It may also assist future seagrass conservation and management strategies.
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  • 6
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    Variability of total alkalinity in coastal surface waters determined using an in-situ analyzer in conjunction with the application of a neural network-based prediction model (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-18
    Description: Total alkalinity (TA) is an important variable of the ocean carbonate system. In coastal oceans, carbonate system dynamics are controlled by a range of processes including photosynthesis and respiration, calcification, mixing of water masses, continental inputs, temperature changes, and seasonal upwelling. Assessments of diel, seasonal and interannual variations in TA are required to understand the carbon cycle in coastal oceans. However, our understanding of these variations remains underdeveloped due to limitations in observational techniques. Autonomous TA measurements are therefore required. In this study, an in situ TA analyzer (ISA-TA) based on a single-point titration with spectrophotometric pH detection was deployed in Tong'an Bay, Xiamen, China, over a five-month period in 2021 to determine diel and seasonal TA variations. The TA observations were combined with an artificial neural network (ANN) model to construct TA prediction models for this area. This provided a simple method to investigate TA variations in this region and was applied to predict surface water TA between March and April 2021. The in situ TA observations showed that TA values in Tong'an Bay varied within a range from 1931 to 2294 μmol kg−1 over the study period, with low TA in late winter, early summer and late summer, and high TA in early winter. The TA variations in late summer and early winter were mainly controlled by mixing of water bodies. The diel variations of TA were greatly determined by tides, with a diel amplitude of 9 to 247 μmol kg−1. The ANN model used temperature, salinity, chlorophyll, and dissolved oxygen to estimate TA, with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of ∼14 μmol kg−1, with salinity as the input variable with the greatest weight. The approach of combining ISA-TA observations with an ANN model can be extended to study the carbonate system in other coastal regions.
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  • 7
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    The transition between coastal and offshore areas in the North Sea unraveled by suspended particle composition (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-17
    Description: Highlights • SPM concentration and organic fractions are analyzed in coastal-offshore gradients • Diagnostic model of SPM allows separating fresh, labile from less reactive PON • Analysis of PON fractions reveals a characteristic area, the transition zone • There, particle settling is enhanced, fostering their transport back to the coast, which controls the fate of organic matter • The transition zone is generally confined to water depths below 20 m Abstract Identifying the mechanisms that contribute to the variability of suspended particulate matter concentrations in coastal areas is important but difficult, especially due to the complexity of physical and biogeochemical interactions involved. Our study addresses this complexity and investigates changes in the horizontal spread and composition of particles, focusing on cross-coastal gradients in the southern North Sea and the English Channel. A semi-empirical model is applied on in situ data of SPM and its organic fraction to resolve the relationship between organic and inorganic suspended particles. The derived equations are applied onto remote sensing products of SPM concentration, which provide monthly synoptic maps of particulate organic matter concentrations (here, particulate organic nitrogen) at the surface together with their labile and less reactive fractions. Comparing these fractions of particulate organic matter reveals their characteristic features along the coastal-offshore gradient, with an area of increased settling rate for particles generally observed between 5 and 30 km from the coast. We identify this area as the transition zone between coastal and offshore waters with respect to particle dynamics. Presumably, in that area, the turbulence range and particle composition favor particle settling, while hydrodynamic processes tend to transport particles of the seabed back towards the coast. Bathymetry plays an important role in controlling the range of turbulent dissipation energy values in the water column, and we observe that the transition zone in the southern North Sea is generally confined to water depths below 20 m. Seasonal variations in suspended particle dynamics are linked to biological processes enhancing particle flocculation, which do not affect the location of the transition zone. We identify the criteria that allow a transition zone and discuss the cases where it is not observed in the domain. The impact of these particle dynamics on coastal carbon storage and export is discussed.
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  • 8
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    Spatial structure and biodiversity of macrofauna around marine munition dumpsites – A case study from the Baltic Sea (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-30
    Description: Coastal German waters contain about 1.6 million tons of dumped munition, mostly left after World Wars. This study investigated the benthic macrofauna around the 'Kolberger Heide' munition dumpsite (Baltic Sea). A total of 93 macrofauna grab samples were obtained in the proximity of the munition dumpsite and in reference areas. Environmental variables analysed included the latitude/longitude, depth, terrain ruggedness, sediment grainsize distribution, TNT concentration in the bottom water and distance to the centre of munition dumpsite. The overall abundance, biomass and diversity varied among these groups, though demonstrated no clear differences regarding the proximity to munition and modelled near-bottom dissolved TNT. Among individual taxa, however, a total of 16 species demonstrated significant correlation with TNT concentration. Moreover, TNT may serve as a predictor for the distribution of three species: molluscs Retusa truncatula, Varicorbula gibba and polychaete Spio goniocephala. Possible reasons for the species distribution including their biological traits are discussed.
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  • 9
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    Widespread slab melting in modern subduction zones (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-30
    Description: Highlights • Global primitive arc lavas (Mg# ≥60) display notable δ49/47Ti heterogeneity. • Residual rutile imposes high δ49/47Ti of 0.24 ± 0.06 ‰ on hydrous, silicic slab melts. • Primitive Aleutian rhyodacites have the same δ49/47Ti as predicted for slab melts. • A variably diluted signature of slab melts is found in all eight subduction zones. • A slab melt component is required to generate silicic primitive arc lavas. Abstract It is still a matter of intense debate to what extent partial melting of the subducting slab contributes to arc magmatism in modern subduction zones. In particular, it is difficult to differentiate between silicate melts formed by partial melting of the slab, and aqueous fluids released during subsolidus dehydration as the main medium for slab-to-mantle wedge mass transfer. Here we use δ49/47Ti (the deviation in 49Ti/47Ti of a sample to the OL-Ti reference material) as a robust geochemical tracer of slab melting. Hydrous partial melting of subducted oceanic crust and the superjacent sedimentary layer produces silicic melts in equilibrium with residual rutile. Modelling shows that such silicic slab melts have notably higher δ49/47Ti (+0.24 ± 0.06 ‰) than their protolith due to the strong preference of rutile for the lighter isotopes of Ti. In contrast, even highly saline fluids cannot carry Ti from the slab and hence hydrous peridotite partial melts have δ49/47Ti similar to mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB; ca. 0 ‰). Primitive (Mg# ≥60) arc lavas from eight subduction zones that are unaffected by fractional crystallisation of Fe-Ti oxides show a more than tenfold larger variation in δ49/47Ti than found in MORB. In particular, primitive arc lavas display a striking correlation between SiO2 content and δ49/47Ti that ranges from island arc basalts overlapping with MORB, to primitive rhyodacites with δ49/47Ti up to 0.26 ‰ erupted in the western Aleutian arc. The elevated δ49/47Ti of these primitive arc lavas provides conclusive evidence for partial melts of the slab as a key medium for mass transfer in subduction zones. The Aleutian rhyodacites represent a rare example of slab melts that have traversed the mantle wedge with minimal modification. More commonly, slab melts interact with the mantle wedge to form an array of primary arc magmas that are a blend of slab- and peridotite-derived melt. We identify primitive arc lavas with a clearly resolvable slab melt signature in all eight subduction zone localities, confirming that slab melting is prevalent in modern subduction zones.
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  • 10
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    Lithostratigraphy of the ignimbrite-dominated Miocene Bükk Foreland Volcanic Area (Central Europe) (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-30
    Description: Highlights • An event-scale, complete lithostratigraphic column for the Miocene BFVA was created through extensive field volcanology. • Field volcanology was supplemented by volcanic glass geochemistry to separate the eruptions. • An example is presented how to undertake lithostratigraphy-based classification in poorly preserved, deeply eroded volcanic terrains. • In the ancient BFVA landscape, sea cover during eruptions and terrestrial deposition is evident. Abstract This study documents the volcanic evolution of the Miocene silicic Bükk Foreland Volcanic Area (BFVA), Northern Hungary (Central Europe) at an event-scale. The BFVA is a deeply eroded and dissected volcanic field dominated by multiple, several 10-m thick, valley-filling silicic ignimbrite units, which are chemically and texturally very similar to each other. Hence, establishing lateral correlation is a real challenge due to the sporadic and small-scale outcrops and lack of stratotypes. Detailed field observations allowed us to identify eleven lithological members including fourteen eruption events and establish a nearly complete lithostratigraphic correlation between fifteen outcrops across the BFVA. Primary pyroclastic material of each member was sampled, and volcanic glass was geochemically analyzed for major and trace element composition. The geochemical results confirm the field-based classification of the members and enable the correlation of distinct outcrops. The major and trace element composition of the glassy pyroclasts of each member of the BFVA served as basis to create a field-wide chemical reference database for regional correlational studies. Here, a new lithostratigraphic classification scheme (consisting of one lithostratigraphic formation and eleven members) is presented, which reflects the challenges unraveling the stratigraphy of ancient volcanic terrains. The field-based event-scale lithostratigraphy of the BFVA suggests a wet, partly sea-covered depositional environment in the close vicinity of the eruption centers providing favorable conditions to ‘fuel’ silicic explosive phreatomagmatism. On the contrary, paleosol horizons formed after almost each major eruption event or sequence suggests an overall near-coast terrestrial environment for the BFVA, where the emplacement of the pyroclastic material occurred.
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  • 11
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    Governance pathway for coastal eutrophication based on regime shifts in diatom–dinoflagellate composition of the Bohai and Baltic Seas (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-01
    Description: Regime shifts in the diatom–dinoflagellate composition have occurred in the Baltic Sea (BS) and Bohai Sea (BHS) under eutrophication and have affected the entire coastal ecosystem, damaging the regulatory, provisioning, cultural, and supporting service functions of marine ecosystems. Therefore, finding a solution to restore the balance of phytoplankton community composition and mitigate eutrophication is of utmost importance. In this study, the Driver (per capita gross domestic product)-Pressure (terrestrial inputs)-State (seawater environmental parameters)-Impact (proportions of diatoms and dinoflagellates)-Response (eutrophication governance projects) framework served as a guide for our analysis of the causal relationship among various environmental components in the coastal system. The relevant data in BS and BHS spanning from the 1950s to the 2010s were collected and used to construct a diatom–dinoflagellate composition single index, which allowed us to identify the shifts in regimes (mutation points and phases) of the diatom–dinoflagellate composition and environmental factors using sequential t-test analysis. We also identified key environmental factors that moderated the diatom–dinoflagellate composition using redundancy analysis and analyzed the partial effects of the main environmental factors on the diatom–dinoflagellate composition using a generalized additive model. Finally, the regulation of the eutrophication governance investment on diatom–dinoflagellate composition was investigated. We found that (1) BS is a “time machine,” with coastal eutrophication governance and regime shift of diatom–dinoflagellate composition and environmental factors two decades earlier than that in BHS; (2) in BS, the key moderation factor of diatom proportion is SiO3-Si and those of dinoflagellates are sea surface salinity and N:P ratio; in BHS, the key moderation factors of diatom proportion are PO4-P and Si:N ratio and those of dinoflagellate are dissolved inorganic nitrogen and N:P and Si:P ratios; (3) it is projected that BHS will enter its recovery phase from eutrophication after mid-2020s. In summary, the N/P/Si stoichiometric relationships should be given greater consideration, with the exception of the “dose-response” relationship in both sea areas. Our results indicate an urgent need for an improved mechanistic understanding of how phytoplankton biodiversity changes in response to changes in nutrient load and how we should ultimately deal with the challenges that arise.
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  • 12
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    Ascending phase of solar cycle 25 tilts the current El Niño–Southern oscillation transition (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-05
    Description: A La Niña condition in the equatorial Pacific began in the early summer of 2020 and has lasted more than two and a half years (referred to as the 2020 La Niña hereafter). Predicting its temporal evolution had attracted a lot of attention. Considering the possible phase-locked impact of the 11-year solar cycle on the tropical Pacific variability, in this study the authors present the possible modulations by the solar cycle 25 (SC25) started from December 2019, on the future temporal evolution of the 2020 La Niña. Based on statistical features of historical solar cycles, the authors propose three possible scenarios of the timing of the SC25 maximum year and discuss its possible impacts on the temporal evolution of the 2020 La Niña in the next two years. The ongoing ascending phase of SC25 dampens the development of a super El Niño condition to some extent in 2023.
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  • 13
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    Spatial distribution and habitat relationship of sea urchin assemblages (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in Hong Kong waters (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-12
    Description: Highlights: • Change in sea urchin species composition from RBC and NRBC habitats. • Sand coverage is an important factor that influences the sea urchin species composition. • The relationship between sea urchins and their habitat is species-specific. Sea urchins are important components of marine ecosystems and can act as bioindicators, reflecting the health of reefs. The spatial patterns of sea urchins are largely shaped by the type of habitat. In Hong Kong, coral communities are divided into two distinct types: reef -building coral habitats and non -reef -building coral habitats. In summer 2020, a qualitative survey was conducted using SCUBA at 56 sites across eastern and western waters, recording a total of 11 species from 6 families of sea urchins. Out of these 56 sites, 14 were selected for a quantitative survey to investigate the relationship between sea urchin assemblages and the two types of coral habitat. We found that the species composition of sea urchins differed significantly between the two habitats, and the presence of sand was a critical factor influencing the species composition of sea urchins. Sand coverage had a positive effect on Salmasic sphaeroides abundance but a negative effect on the abundance of Diadema setosum and Heliocidaris crassispina. The distribution of sea urchins across different degrees of sand coverage may be associated with food availability or species -specific adaptive behaviour, likely due to niche preferences.
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  • 14
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    Effects of global warming and Tibetan Plateau uplift on East Asian climate during the mid-Cretaceous (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-12
    Description: Highlights • East Asian climate evolution was dependent on the latitude of the proto-Tibetan Plateau in the deep past; • Global warming induced wetting at mid-latitude East Asian in the mid-Cretaceous; • The proto-Tibetan Plateau uplift led to drying in the subtropical East Asian in the mid-Cretaceous. Abstract Sedimentary records indicate that subtropical and mid-latitude East Asia exhibited considerable drying and wetting, respectively, during the mid-Cretaceous, which is considered to be relevant to much higher atmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO2) concentrations and/or proto-Tibetan Plateau (proto-TP) uplift. In order to explore and compare their roles on the East Asian climate evolution, we conducted simulations of the mid-Cretaceous climate system with different atmospheric pCO2 levels and varying topographies. The results show that both factors had significant influences on the East Asian climate. As the increase in atmospheric pCO2 levels from ∼560–1120 ppmv to ∼1120–2240 ppmv, the precipitation increases considerably over mid-latitude East Asia, but only small changes in the subtropical portion of East Asia occur. Simultaneously, the effects of the proto-TP uplift are opposite to those of global warming trend during that period. Generally, it leads to a precipitation decrease over subtropical East Asia, but rather minor changes over mid-latitude East Asia. These changes are qualitatively consistent with the deduction based on the geological records, but the magnitudes of the modeled precipitation changes are relatively smaller. Therefore, we can conclude that the subtropical East Asian drying during the mid-Cretaceous can be partly explained by the proto-TP uplift, while the mid-latitude East Asian wetting was partly due to global warming. However, additional factor(s) also played a significant role in the East Asian climate evolution during the mid-Cretaceous.
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  • 15
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    An earth system governance research agenda for carbon removal (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-12
    Description: Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) – the creation, enhancement, and upscaling of carbon sinks – has become a pillar of national and corporate commitments towards Net Zero emissions, as well as pathways towards realizing the Paris Agreement's ambitious temperature targets. In this perspective, we explore CDR as an emerging issue of Earth System Governance (ESG). We draw on the results of a workshop at the 2022 Earth System Governance conference that mapped a range of actors, activities, and issues relevant to carbon removal, and refined them into research questions spanning four intersecting areas: modeling and systems assessment, societal appraisal, policy, and innovation and industry. We filter these questions through the five lenses of the ESG framework and highlight several key ‘cross-cutting’ issues that could form the basis of an integrated ESG research agenda on CDR.
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  • 16
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    Distribution of copper-binding ligands in Fram Strait and influences from the Greenland Shelf (GEOTRACES GN05) (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-12
    Description: Highlights • Cu complexation was measured for the first time in the Fram Strait region. • Cu-binding ligand concentrations and binding strength varied longitudinally in the Fram Strait. • More than 99 % of dCu was organically complexed by strong ligands. • On the Greenland shelf the Transpolar Drift and the coastal processes were the main sources of Cu ligands. Abstract The Fram Strait represents the major gateway of Arctic Ocean waters towards the Nordic Seas and North Atlantic Ocean and is a key region to study the impact of climate change on biogeochemical cycles. In the region, information about trace metal speciation, such as copper, is scarce. This manuscript presents the concentrations and conditional stability constants of copper-binding ligands (LCu and log KcondCu2+L) in the water column of Fram Strait and the Greenland shelf (GEOTRACES cruise GN05). Cu-binding ligands were analysed by Competitive Ligand Exchange-Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry (CLE-ACSV) using salicylaldoxime (SA) as competitive ligand. Based on water masses and the hydrodynamic influences, three provinces were considered (coast, shelf, and Fram Strait) and differences were observed between regions and water masses. The strongest variability was observed in surface waters, with increasing LCu concentrations (mean values: Fram Strait = 2.6 ± 1.0 nM; shelf = 5.2 ± 1.3 nM; coast = 6.4 ± 0.8 nM) and decreasing log KcondCu2+L values (mean values: Fram Strait = 15.7 ± 0.3; shelf = 15.2 ± 0.3; coast = 14.8 ± 0.3) towards the west. The surface LCu concentrations obtained above the Greenland shelf indicate a supply from the coastal environment to the Polar Surface Water (PSW) which is an addition to the ligand exported from the central Arctic to Fram Strait. The significant differences (in terms of LCu and log KcondCu2+L) between shelf and coastal samples were explained considering the processes which modify ligand concentrations and binding strengths, such as biological activity in sea-ice, phytoplankton bloom in surface waters, bacterial degradation, and meltwater discharge from 79NG glacier terminus. Overall, the ligand concentration exceeded those of dissolved Cu (dCu) and kept the free copper (Cu2+) concentrations at femtomolar levels (0.13–21.13 fM). This indicates that Cu2+ toxicity limits were not reached and dCu levels were stabilized in surface waters by organic complexes, which favoured its transport to the Nordic Seas and North Atlantic Ocean and the development of microorganism.
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  • 17
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    Innovative aquaculture cage “Flow2Vortex” ensures a sustainable biomass delivery for low trophic level aquaculture (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-14
    Description: The increasing global demand for seafood, coupled with the limitations of current fish stocks and aquaculture practices, requires the development of sustainable aquaculture solutions. In this context, this study explores the potential of a novel cage technology - Flow2Vortex - for the cultivation of jellyfish, a low-trophic-level organism with increasing market demand. The unique cage design creates a laminar and circular water flow, providing optimal conditions for cultivating fragile planktonic species. Indoor experiments demonstrated the successful growth of jellyfish in the cage, with growth rates of up to 11.6% per day. In addition, field tests in open waters confirmed the cage's ability to maintain a diffuse and controlled flow inside, even under strong external currents. The cage also maintained significantly higher zooplankton concentrations than the surrounding environment, offering a consistent food source for the cultivated jellyfish. These findings highlight the potential of the Flow2Vortex cage for scalable indoor and outdoor cultivation of low-trophic-level organisms, such as jellyfish, contributing to the diversification and sustainability of aquaculture practices.
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  • 18
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    Genetic diversity and population structure of farmed and wild Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Uganda: The potential for aquaculture selection and breeding programs (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-21
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    Corrigendum to “Oceanic seismotectonics from regional earthquake recordings: The 4–5°N Mid-Atlantic Ridge” [de Melo, G. W., Mitchell, N. C., Zahradnik, J., Dias, F., & do Nascimento, A. F. (2021). Tectonophysics, 819, 229063]. (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-22
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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    Economic impact disharmony in global biological invasions (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-22
    Description: Highlights • More diverse non-native taxa generally include more economically costly species. • Chordates, nematodes and pathogens are among significantly over-represented taxa. • Monetary cost magnitude links positively to numbers of costly invasive species. • Costs are biased towards a few ‘hyper-costly’ invasive species groups. • Future invasion rates will continue to harbour new economically costly species. Abstract A dominant syndrome of the Anthropocene is the rapid worldwide spread of invasive species with devastating environmental and socio-economic impacts. However, the dynamics underlying the impacts of biological invasions remain contested. A hypothesis posits that the richness of impactful invasive species increases proportionally with the richness of non-native species more generally. A competing hypothesis suggests that certain species features disproportionately enhance the chances of non-native species becoming impactful, causing invasive species to arise disproportionately relative to the numbers of non-native species. We test whether invasive species with reported monetary costs reflect global numbers of established non-native species among phyla, classes, and families. Our results reveal that numbers of invasive species with economic costs largely reflect non-native species richness among taxa (i.e., in 96 % of families). However, a few costly taxa were over- and under-represented, and their composition differed among environments and regions. Chordates, nematodes, and pathogenic groups tended to be the most over-represented phyla with reported monetary costs, with mammals, insects, fungi, roundworms, and medically-important microorganisms being over-represented classes. Numbers of costly invasive species increased significantly with non-native richness per taxon, while monetary cost magnitudes at the family level were also significantly related to costly invasive species richness. Costs were biased towards a few ‘hyper-costly’ taxa (such as termites, mosquitoes, cats, weevils, rodents, ants, and asters). Ordination analysis revealed significant dissimilarity between non-native and costly invasive taxon assemblages. These results highlight taxonomic groups which harbour disproportionately high numbers of costly invasive species and monetary cost magnitudes. Collectively, our findings support prevention of arrival and containment of spread of non-native species as a whole through effective strategies for mitigation of the rapidly amplifying impacts of invasive species. Yet, the hyper- costly taxa identified here should receive greater focus from managers to reduce impacts of current invasive species.
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    The Pauzhetka tephra (South Kamchatka): A key middle Pleistocene isochron for the Northwest Pacific and Okhotsk Sea sediments (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-23
    Description: Highlights: • Ca. 418 ka Pauzhetka tephra from South Kamchatka was found in 11 marine sediment cores. • New major and trace element analyses allow identification of tephra glasses. • K/Ti and K/Fe maxima mark the Pauzhetka tephra presence in marine sediments. • The tephra occurs at Marine Isotope Stages 12 to 11c and below the Bermuda excursion. • The revised ash dispersal covers vast areas in the NW Pacific and Okhotsk Sea. Abstract: The distal Pauzhetka tephra, formed by a large caldera-forming volcanic eruption in South Kamchatka, has been identified in eleven recently recovered marine sediment cores based on major and trace element compositions of tephra glass. Ten SO264 cores form a transect along the Emperor Seamount Chain (ESC) in the Northwest (NW) Pacific between ∼50.3° and ∼45°N, 800–1200 km southeast of the Pauzhetka caldera. One additional core LV28-41-4 was retrieved in the Okhotsk Sea, ∼600 km west of the caldera. The Pauzhetka tephra glass shards have a characteristic medium-K rhyolite composition and trace element content compatible with the rear-arc position of the source volcano that ensures their identification. In the NW Pacific SO264 cores, the tephra is preserved as layers in cores 33, 47, 49, 53, 55, 56 and 62, as a lens in core 45, and as cryptotephra in cores 57 and 66. It forms a cryptotephra in the Okhotsk Sea core LV28-41-4. Distinctively high XRF-retrieved K/Ti and K/Fe ratios compared to those for the host sediments help identify the Pauzhetka tephra. According to our refined stable oxygen isotope (δ18O)- and magneto-stratigraphy of two studied and two reference cores, the Pauzhetka tephra occurs within a local δ18O maximum during a transition from marine isotope stage 12 to 11c (Termination V) and below a paleointensity minimum referred to as the Bermuda excursion, at ca. 418 ka. Using the tephra age as an isochron, we show that average linear sedimentation rates decrease southward along a transect of the SO264 cores, except in core 55. It partially reflects an intensification of mid-depth currents causing winnowing, erosion or non-deposition along the ESC over the past 418 kyr. An increased linear sedimentation rate in core 55, recovered from the southern leeward side of the Minnetonka Seamount, appears to record the pelagic accumulation protected from the mid-depth current influence. Our findings expand the former ash dispersal area farther southeast in the NW Pacific and southwest in the Okhotsk Sea. The new data on the tephra thickness supports the axis direction of the fallout zone southeast of the Pauzhetka caldera. Our results suggest the Pauzhetka tephra as a key middle Pleistocene isochron for the stratigraphy and correlation of the NW Pacific and Okhotsk Sea sediments.
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    Introduction of isotopically light barium from the Rainbow hydrothermal system into the deep Atlantic Ocean (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-29
    Description: Highlights • Negligible Ba removal observed in the Rainbow hydrothermal system. • Insignificant modification of Ba isotope composition of the vent fluid endmember. • Rainbow vent introduces isotopically light Ba (−0.17) to the deep Atlantic Ocean. • Hydrothermal inputs contribute 4.6 ± 2.2 Gmol/yr Ba to the ocean. Abstract The marine barium (Ba) cycle is closely connected to the short-timescale carbon cycle, and Ba serves as a valuable paleo proxy for export production, ocean alkalinity, and terrestrial inputs. However, the marine Ba budget is poorly constrained, particularly regarding the fluxes of hydrothermally sourced Ba, which hinders our understanding of the Ba cycle and use of Ba-based proxies. Recent studies have suggested a modern source-sink imbalance of Ba isotopes in the global ocean, with sources being overall isotopically heavier than the sinks, and the hydrothermal Ba inputs were considered isotopically heavy sources. In this study, we present the first investigation of Ba and its isotopes in a non-buoyant hydrothermal plume based on dissolved and particulate samples collected from the Rainbow hydrothermal vent field on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Our data reveal strong hydrothermal signals at near-field stations, as evidenced by helium isotopes, accompanied by elevated concentrations of dissolved and particulate Ba. Dissolved Ba isotope compositions (δ138Ba) in hydrothermally influenced deep waters (∼0.3 ) are lighter than at similar depths of far-field stations (∼0.45 ) in the Atlantic Ocean. The concentrations and isotopic compositions of dissolved and labile particulate Ba in the non-buoyant hydrothermal plume can be explained by conservative mixing between a Ba-enriched hydrothermal component and North Atlantic Deep Water. By extrapolating the correlations to the vent fluid endmember, our results suggest that there is negligible removal of Ba, and insignificant modification of Ba isotopic signatures, from the vent fluid endmember to the non-buoyant hydrothermal plume. This indicates that the Rainbow hydrothermal system introduces isotopically light Ba (−0.17 ± 0.05 ) to the deep Atlantic Ocean. We estimate that global hydrothermal inputs of Ba are 4.6 ± 2.2 Gmol/yr. These observations highlight the potential of hydrothermal Ba to be an isotopically light source component of the marine Ba isotope budget.
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    The effects of primary and secondary bacterial exposure on the seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) immune response (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-01
    Description: Highlights: • Transcriptomic immune response assessments in seahorse (Hippocampus erectus). • Seahorses exposed in two phases to heat-killed Vibrio and Tenacibaculum strains. • Adaptive immune memory evidence (double-exposed) and increased naivety to Tenacibaculum. • Upregulated gene expression pertaining to potential innate ‘trained immunity’. • Trained immunity potential compensator for deduced MHC II loss of function. Evolutionary adaptations in the Syngnathidae teleost family (seahorses, pipefish and seadragons) culminated in an array of spectacular morphologies, key immune gene losses, and the enigmatic male pregnancy. In seahorses, genome modifications associated with immunoglobulins, complement, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC II) pathway components raise questions concerning their immunological efficiency and the evolution of compensatory measures that may act in their place. In this investigation heat-killed bacteria (Vibrio aestuarianus and Tenacibaculum maritimum) were used in a two-phased experiment to assess the immune response dynamics of Hippocampus erectus. Gill transcriptomes from double and single-exposed individuals were analysed in order to determine the differentially expressed genes contributing to immune system responses towards immune priming. Double-exposed individuals exhibited a greater adaptive immune response when compared with single-exposed individuals, while single-exposed individuals, particularly with V. aestuarianus replicates, associated more with the innate branch of the immune system. T. maritimum double-exposed replicates exhibited the strongest immune reaction, likely due to their immunological naivety towards the bacterium, while there are also potential signs of innate trained immunity. MHC II upregulated expression was identified in selected V. aestuarianus-exposed seahorses, in the absence of other pathway constituents suggesting a possible alternative or non-classical MHC II immune function in seahorses. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis highlighted prominent angiogenesis activity following secondary exposure, which could be linked to an adaptive immune process in seahorses. This investigation highlights the prominent role of T-cell mediated adaptive immune responses in seahorses when exposed to sequential foreign bacteria exposures. If classical MHC II pathway function has been lost, innate trained immunity in syngnathids could be a potential compensatory mechanism.
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    Properties influencing flux and diatom uptake of mercury and methylmercury from estuarine sediments (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-05
    Description: Highlights • Mercury methylation in sediment rapidly transported into water and diatoms. • CH3Hg flux was highest for sediments with higher sulfide and organic content. • Mineral and compressed sediment released minor Hg and CH3Hg. • Higher sediment Hg species flux does not correlate with high sediment content. • Stable isotope incubations provide substantial insight to environmental Hg cycling. Abstract Mercury (Hg) is a conspicuous and persistent global pollutant. Ionic Hg can be methylated into noxious methylmercury (CH3Hg), which biomagnifies in marine tropic webs and poses a health risk to humans and organisms. Sediment Hg methylation rates are variable, and the output flux of created CH3Hg are dependent on sediment characteristics and environmental factors. Thus, uncertainties remain about the formation and flux of CH3Hg from sediment, and how this could contribute to the bioaccumulative burden for coastal organisms in shallow ecosystems. Cores were collected from 3 estuarine locations along the Eastern USA to examine how sediments characteristics influence the introduction of Hg and CH3Hg into the base of the food chain. Stable isotopes of inorganic 200Hg and CH3199Hg were injected into sediments of individual cores, with cultured diatoms constrained to overlying waters. Five different treatments were done on duplicate cores, spiked with: (1) no Hg isotopes (control); (2) inorganic 200Hg; (3) CH3199Hg; (4) both 200Hg and CH3199Hg isotopes, (5) both 200Hg and CH3199Hg into overlying waters (not sediment). Experimental cores were incubated for 3 days under temperature and light controlled conditions. These results demonstrate that upper sediments characteristics lead to high variability in Hg cycling. Notably, sediments which contained abundant and peaty organic material (∼28 %LOI), had the highest pore water DOC (3206 μM) and displayed bands of sulfur reducing bacteria yielded the greatest methylation rate (1.97 % day−1) and subsequent diatom uptake of CH3200Hg (cell quota 0.18 amol/cell) in the overlying water.
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    The rise, fall and rebirth of ocean carbon sequestration as a climate 'solution' (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-05
    Description: Highlights • Solutions to the climate crisis are not ahistorical. • Both social and technical processes explain their rise (or fall) on the agenda. • Thinking about ocean CDR closely co-evolved with scientific understandings of global climate change. • Ocean CDR methods have followed cycles of hype, controversy and disappointment. • Key sociotechnical configurations and narrative changes explain the new hype around ocean CDR. Abstract While the ocean has long been portrayed as a victim of climate change, threatened by ocean warming and acidification, it is now increasingly framed as a key solution to the climate crisis. In particular, the promising carbon sequestration potential of the ocean is being emphasised. In this paper, we seek to historicise the practices, discourses and actors that have constructed the ocean as a climate change solution space. We conceptualise the debate about the mitigation potential of the ocean as a contested site of governance, where varying actors form alliances and different sociotechnical narratives about climate action play out. Using an innovative quali-quantitative methodology which combines scientometrics with document analysis, observational fieldwork, and interviews, we outline three historical phases in the history of ocean carbon sequestration that follow recurring cycles of hype, controversy and disappointment. We argue that the most recent hype around ocean carbon sequestration was not triggered by a technological breakthrough or a reduction in scientific uncertainty, but by new socio-technical configurations and coalitions. We conclude by showing that how climate change solutions are put on the agenda and become legitimised is both a scientific and political process, linked to how science frames the climate crisis, and ultimately, its governance.
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    Co-occurrence of native and invasive macroalgae might be facilitated under global warming (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-04
    Description: Climate change is driving compositional shifts in ecological communities directly by affecting species and indirectly through changes in species interactions. For example, competitive hierarchies can be inversed when competitive dominants are more susceptible to climate change. The brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus is a foundation species in the Baltic Sea, experiencing novel interactions with the invasive red seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla, which is known for its high tolerance to environmental stress. We investigated the direct and interactive effects of warming and co-occurrence of the two algal species on their performance, by applying four climate change-relevant temperature scenarios: 1) cooling ) 2 °C below ambient – representing past conditions), 2) ambient summer temperature (18 °C), 3) IPCC RCP2.6 warming scenario (1 °C above ambient), and 4) RCP8.5 warming (3 °C above ambient) for 30 days and two compositional levels (mono and co-cultured algae) in a fully-crossed design. The RCP8.5 warming scenario increased photosynthesis, respiration, and nutrients' uptake rates of mono- and co-cultured G. vermiculophylla while growth was reduced. An increase in photosynthesis and essential nutrients' uptake and, at the same time, a growth reduction might result from increasing stress and energy demand of G. vermiculophylla under warming. In contrast, the growth of mono-cultured F. vesiculosus significantly increased in the highest warming treatment (+3 °C). The cooling treatment (−2 °C) exerted a slight negative effect only on co-cultured F. vesiculosus photosynthesis, compared to the ambient treatment. Interestingly, at ambient and warming (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios) treatments, both F. vesiculosus and G. vermiculophylla appear to benefit from the presence of each other. Our results suggest that short exposure of F. vesiculosus to moderate or severe global warming scenarios may not directly affect or even slightly enhance its performance, while G. vermiculophylla net performance (growth) could be directly hampered by warming.
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    Characterization and future projection of marine heatwaves under climate change in the South China Sea (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-08
    Description: Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are widely recognized as prolonged periods of significantly elevated sea surface temperatures, leading to substantial adverse impacts on marine ecosystems. However, a comprehensive understanding of their characteristics and potential changes under climate change in the South China Sea (SCS, 0 ∼ 25°N, 105 ∼ 125°E) remains insufficient. Here, utilizing the OISST V2.0 reanalysis dataset, our study first examines MHW characteristics and their trends in the SCS during the historical period (1982 ∼ 2014). Then, in accordance with the criteria established in this study, GFDL-ESM4, EC-Earth3-Veg, NESM3, EC-Earth3, and GFDL-CM4 are identified from the CMIP6 ensemble of 19 models for their enhanced simulations of historical MHW characteristics. Moreover, considering that the fixed and sliding threshold methods offer distinct perspectives on the future evolution of MHWs, we employ both approaches to evaluate MHW characteristics under projected scenarios for the future period (2015 ∼ 2100) and subsequently compare the disparities between the two methodologies. The outcomes obtained using these methods consistently indicate that MHWs in the SCS are anticipated to intensify and persist for longer durations in the future. Besides, addressing seasonal variability, the peak intensity of MHWs falls in May during both the historical period and the four projected future scenarios. This study provides valuable insights into the behavior of MHWs in the SCS within the context of climate change, underscoring the urgency of adopting effective mitigation strategies. Especially, the use of two definition methods provides a more comprehensive set of information for understanding the future changes of MHWs in the SCS.
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    Genetic diversity of the Atacama Desert shrub Huidobria chilensis in the context of geography and climate (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-18
    Description: Highlights: • Huidobria chilensis is an endemic shrub distributed in the south of the Atacama Desert with a disjunct population at the northern coast. • Population and genetic structure correlate with geographic distance and geological factors. • Rain fall and fog, as well as ground water, must be regarded as important factors for populations at the coast and the Andean valleys, respectively. • A combination of different software tool to analyze GBS data allowed a good understanding of the population structure and genetic diversity. Abstract: Survival in hyperarid deserts is a major challenge for life in general and for plants in particular. The Atacama Desert presents harsh conditions such as limited rainfall, crusted soils, high soil salinity, high altitude, and intense solar radiation. These conditions, together with paleoclimatic variations over the last 10 million years, have influenced the genetic structure and connectivity of plant populations, resulting in a diverse flora with high endemism. However, the diversification of most lineages appears to be relatively recent, in contrast to the reported age of the Atacama Desert and the onset and expansion of hyperarid conditions since the late Oligocene and early Miocene. A prominent exception is Huidobria chilensis (Loasaceae), which is thought to be endemic to the Atacama since the Eocene. However, it is still not understood why this plant has been successful in adapting to the harshening environmental conditions. To investigate its genetic structure in relation to the history of the Atacama Desert, we studied 186 individuals from 11 populations using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). A total of nearly 56 k genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed for population structure and genetic diversity. We identified four genetic clusters corresponding to geographic regions: the coastal region south of Tocopilla, the Cordillera de la Costa around Chañaral, and the Copiapó catchment 1 and 2. Genetic diversity within and between these clusters was analyzed along with rainfall, altitude, and landscape data. Although the genetic data support `isolation by distance’ as a major factor for genetic divergence between populations, the study also reveals the influence of topography on the distribution of H. chilensis and highlights the role of hydrologically connected watersheds and rivers in plant migration and colonization. This shapes the species' evolutionary trajectory and genetic diversity. Understanding these patterns in H chilensis lets one draw general conclusions about adaptation and survival strategies of plants in extreme desert environments such as the Atacama.
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    Niche width and overlap of benthic invertebrates in surf zones increase with distance from the estuarine source of organic matter (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Highlights: • Microphytobenthos contributed to the particulate organic matter in both beaches. • Allochthonous materials provide relevant contributions to the POM in surf zones. • Estuarine subsidies' availability determines changes in consumers' isotopic niches. • Higher estuarine trophic subsidies resulted in narrower niches of dominant species. Abstract: Benthic invertebrates in the surf zone of exposed sandy beaches represent important links for energy circulation between benthic and pelagic food webs. This work assesses the trophic ecology of co-occurring epi- and hyper-benthic invertebrates inhabiting the surf zone of sandy beaches located close to an estuarine mouth. It illustrates that different sources of organic matter induce changes in resource utilization. The trophic positions, and the niche width and overlap of species were described using δ13C and δ15N stable isotope analysis. The contribution of different sources to the particulate organic matter was quantified through stable isotopes analysis and fatty acids profiles. Shifts in the trophic niches of dominant species reflected a decrease in the contribution of estuarine carbon to the diets along the coast. This change in contribution of estuarine carbon also influenced trophic niche properties: more diverse resources availability resulted in narrower niches without overlap while less diverse resources resulted in broad isotopic niches and a highest overlap. Results show that spatial variations in the availability of resources can modify carbon pathways and trophic interactions in coastal food webs. Whenever resources are abundant, species display a more specialized diet while food scarcity leads to broader diets, a pattern consistent with the optimal foraging theory. This resource maximization behavior commonly observed in nature is also occurring in surf zone ecosystems.
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    Spatial and temporal variations in the micronutrient Fe across the Peruvian shelf from 1984-2017 (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Description: High dissolved iron (dFe) concentrations of the order of 10-100 nmol L-1 are a feature of waters influenced by sedimentary inputs in oxygen minimum zones (OMZ). However, the temporal development of dFe concentrations is poorly defined due to a general reliance on snapshot cross-shelf sections to study marine trace metal dynamics. Multiple cruise campaigns since the 1980s have investigated Fe dynamics over the Peruvian shelf, particularly between 9-17°S where the shelf is broad, extremely productive and known to feature benthic dFe effluxes which are amongst the highest measured globally. This extensive long-term dataset uniquely allows us to study the interannual variability in dFe concentrations and their response to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. By combining data from 11 cruises during the period 1984-2017 we are able to evaluate dFe dynamics on interannual timescales in a major OMZ. The region where average dFe concentrations are sensitive to variations in ENSO is confined to a subsurface layer at depths between 50-150 m, particularly in the narrow coastal region within 50 km of the coastline. Subsurface dFe concentrations were generally low during El Niño events (0.7-15.4 nmol L-1) and relatively high with a wider range of variability during the cold ENSO phase (1.1-52.1 nmol L-1). Inverse relationships between wind speed and surface/subsurface dFe were evident. In the subsurface layer, this may be attributable to enhanced dFe offshore transport along isopycnals when upwelling-favorable winds relax in accordance with previously outlined theories. Surface layer (〈40 m) dFe variability was likely associated with a dilution and/or oxidation effect depending on the strength of wind driven water column mixing. Upwelling brings macronutrient-rich water into the euphotic zone, but its intensity had a limited impact on upper layer dFe concentrations possibly due to the influence of an onshore geostrophic flow. Interannual variability in surface chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) was found to correlate with dFe concentration in the offshore zone of northern Peru. This is consistent with bioassay experiments and climatological residual nitrate concentrations which both indicate proximal Fe limitation of phytoplankton growth over and beyond the northern Peruvian shelf. Overall, our work highlights the importance of physical factors driving short-term variations in Fe availability in one of the world’s most economically important fishery regions and suggests that, despite pronounced spatial and temporal variability in dFe concentrations, the ENSO phase has an impact on dFe availability.
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    Advanced underwater image restoration in complex illumination conditions (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Description: Underwater image restoration has been a challenging problem for decades since the advent of underwater photography. Most solutions focus on shallow water scenarios, where the scene is uniformly illuminated by the sunlight. However, the vast majority of uncharted underwater terrain is located beyond 200 meters depth where natural light is scarce and artificial illumination is needed. In such cases, light sources co-moving with the camera, dynamically change the scene appearance, which make shallow water restoration methods inadequate. In particular for multi-light source systems (composed of dozens of LEDs nowadays), calibrating each light is time-consuming, error-prone and tedious, and we observe that only the integrated illumination within the viewing volume of the camera is critical, rather than the individual light sources. The key idea of this paper is therefore to exploit the appearance changes of objects or the seafloor, when traversing the viewing frustum of the camera. Through new constraints assuming Lambertian surfaces, corresponding image pixels constrain the light field in front of the camera, and for each voxel a signal factor and a backscatter value are stored in a volumetric grid that can be used for very efficient image restoration of camera-light platforms, which facilitates consistently texturing large 3D models and maps that would otherwise be dominated by lighting and medium artifacts. To validate the effectiveness of our approach, we conducted extensive experiments on simulated and real-world datasets. The results of these experiments demonstrate the robustness of our approach in restoring the true albedo of objects, while mitigating the influence of lighting and medium effects. Furthermore, we demonstrate our approach can be readily extended to other scenarios, including in-air imaging with artificial illumination or other similar cases.
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    Degradation and accumulation of organic matter in euxinic surface sediments (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Description: The impact of oxygen on the preservation of organic matter in marine surface sediments is still controversial. We revisited this long-standing debate by determining the burial efficiency of sedimentary organic matter in the Black Sea, the largest anoxic and euxinic basin in the modern ocean. Surface sediments were sampled in the Danube paleodelta on the northwestern margin of the Black Sea at 420–1550 m water depth. Steady-state modeling of solid species (particulate organic carbon and nitrogen) and solutes (ammonium, sulfate, and total alkalinity) in sediments was performed to quantify rates of mass accumulation, particulate organic matter (POM) degradation, and POM burial. We develop a novel analytical model to quantify these rates applying an inverse modelling approach to down core data accounting for molecular diffusion, sediment burial and compaction. Our model results indicate that 56.7 ± 6.6 % of the particulate organic matter deposited in the study area is not degraded in surface sediments but accumulates below 10 cm sediment depth. This burial efficiency is substantially higher than those previously derived for seafloor areas underlying oxygenated bottom waters. Hence, our study confirms previous studies showing that euxinic bottom water conditions promote the preservation of particulate organic matter in marine sediments.
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    Variations in isoprenoid tetraether lipids through the water column of the Western Pacific Ocean: Implications for sedimentary TEX86 records (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Description: The TetraEther indeX of 86 carbon atoms (TEX86) is widely used as a proxy to reconstruct past sea surface temperatures. Most current applications of TEX86 are primarily based on analyzing the composition of isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (isoGDGTs) that comprise TEX86 in sediments, with the assumption that the sedimentary isoGDGTs are mainly derived from the surface mixed layer. Here we report on the variations in the isoGDGT distribution, archaeal abundance and community through the water column of the Western Pacific Ocean, directly testing the export depth of isoGDGTs and constraining the temperature records of TEX86. Our data show that maximum isoGDGT concentrations occurred in subsurface waters (150–200 m) with maximum archaeal abundances. The ratio between isoGDGTs bearing 2 vs. 3 cyclopentane moieties, i.e. [2/3] ratio, increased with depth, which is likely related to the shift of the archaeal community from Ca. Nitrosopelagicus-dominance to norank_f__Nitrosopumilaceae-dominance. Models based on the [2/3] ratios in the water column predicted an average export depth of isoGDGTs to sediments of around 150–200 m, consistent with the robust relationship between the compiled sedimentary TEX86 and the annual mean subsurface temperature. Taken together, our findings support that TEX86 records subsurface rather than surface temperatures in the open ocean.
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    New Technologies for Monitoring and Upscaling Marine Ecosystem Restoration in Deep-Sea Environments (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    Surface ocean biogeochemistry and deep ocean circulation control relationships between nutrient-type trace metals (Cd, Ni, Cu, and Zn) and nutrients in the South Atlantic Ocean near the subtropical front (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Description: The ocean region along the latitude of 40oS in the South Atlantic, characterized by enhanced primary productivity, forms a transition zone between the nutrient replete but iron depleted Southern Ocean, and the nitrate and iron depleted Subtropical Gyre. Here, we present distributions of nutrient-type dissolved and particulate trace metals (dTMs and pTMs) including cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in the South Atlantic from the GEOTRACES GA10 cruises. Phytoplankton uptake, riverine and atmospheric inputs shaped dTM and pTM concentrations in surface waters (dCd 27.8±36.0 pmol kg-1, n=222; dCu 0.732±0.429 nmol kg-1, n=222; dNi 3.38±0.52 nmol kg-1, n=219; dZn 0.332±0.398 nmol kg-1, n=214). Subsurface nutrients and dTMs (dCd 563±184 pmol kg-1, n=335; dCu 1.819±0.773 nmol kg-1, n=334; dNi 6.19±1.06 nmol kg-1, n=330; dZn 3.71±2.10 nmol kg-1, n=333) were controlled by the mixing of Antarctic origin waters and North Atlantic Deep Waters (NADW) with negligible contributions from local remineralization. Dissolved and particulate TMs in the Argentine Basin showed elevated concentrations towards the seafloor because of benthic inputs. Direct hydrothermal inputs of dTMs and pTMs to deep waters were not observed along the transect. The Cd-Cu-Zn-phosphate stoichiometries of Antarctic origin waters were set by a combination of dynamic physical circulation and preferential uptake of Cd, Cu, and Zn relative to phosphate in surface waters because of a dominance by diatoms in the Southern Ocean. Water mass mixing subsequently produced convoluted dCu-P and dZn-P relationships and apparent linear dCd-P and dNi-P relationships in the South Atlantic. More importantly, endmember characteristics of Antarctic waters and NADW are largely fixed in their formation regions in high latitude oceans. Therefore, the highly dynamic high latitude oceans are key regions that supply nutrients and TMs at specific ratios to low latitude oceans via the thermohaline circulation. Changes to processes in the high latitude oceans may have consequences for marine primary productivity downstream, and hence the global carbon cycle.
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    Assessment of Porites microatolls for paleothermometry: Calibration for French Polynesia (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Description: Highlights • Investigation into the potential of Porites microatolls for SST reconstruction. • Comparison between recent and more conventional coral paleoclimatology methods. • Application of Srsingle bondU and Li/Mg paleothermometer. • Accuracy and reproducibility of Sr/Ca proved to be the most suitable proxy for SST reconstruction. Abstract Massive dome-shaped coral Porites are the predominant choice for paleoclimate studies due to their consistent and reliable growth. When growing close to sea level, they become limited in their vertical growth and form so-called ‘microatolls’. Microatolls have not yet been extensively explored for paleoclimate reconstruction. Here, we investigate how reliable modern Porites microatolls are against empirical sea-surface temperature using Sr/Ca, δ18O, Li/Mg and Srsingle bondU paleothermometry methods on samples from the Society Islands, French Polynesia. Our results show Sr/Ca ratios have the lowest Standard Error of the Inverse Prediction (SEIP) at 0.415 °C (N = 41) with a calibration of Sr/Ca (mmol mol−1) = −0.082 ± 0.006 SST (°C) + 11.256 ± 0.170 and with high reproducibility across multiple corals. The reproducibility of δ18O was less good, with SEIP increasing to 0.829 °C (N = 41). Considering methods directly from the literature, Li/Mg ratio empirically corrected for Sr/Ca had the best balance between bias and precision where no local calibration could be available. This study independently evaluates and confirms the suitability of Porites microatolls from well-flushed environments for paleoclimate studies. Fossil dome-shaped Porites grow anywhere between near-surface and roughly 20 m depths which inherently incorporates uncertainty into any sea surface temperature reconstruction. This uncertainty is significantly reduced for microatolls due to their well-constrained bathymetry. The study represents a fundamental step in paleoclimate research targeting consistently near the water-air interface bringing reliability and, especially when combined with their ability to reconstruct past sea-level changes, microatolls have the potential to be central for future paleoenvironmental studies.
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    Implications of ocean acidification on micronutrient elements-iron, copper and zinc, and their primary biological impacts: A review (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-26
    Description: This review has been undertaken to understand the effectiveness of ocean acidification on oceanic micronutrient metal cycles (iron, copper and zinc) and its potential impacts on marine biota. Ocean acidification will slow down the oxidation of Fe(II) thereby retarding Fe(III) formation and subsequent hydrolysis/precipitation leading to an increase in iron bioavailability. Further, the increased primary production sustains enzymatic bacteria assisted Fe(III) reduction and subsequently the binding of weaker ligands favours the dissociation of free Fe(II) ions, thus increasing the bioavailability. The increasing pCO2 condition increases the bioavailability of copper ions by decreasing the availability of free CO32− ligand concentration. The strong complexation by dissolved organic matter may decrease the bioavailable iron and zinc ion concentration. Since ocean acidification affects the bioavailability of essential metals, studies on the uptake rates of these elements by phytoplankton should be carried out to reveal the future scenario and its effect on natural environment.
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  • 38
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    Noble gases in groundwater reflect wet-season temperature in an arid, monsoonal, and mountainous environment (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: Highlights • Present day infiltration conditions in an monsoonal environment are studied. • Noble gas concentrations in groundwater are fixed near the soil surface. • Noble gas temperatures represent seasonal infiltration conditions in the monsoon. • Holocene and modern infiltration conditions are quite similar in southern Oman. Abstract Comparing directly measured soil temperatures with noble gas recharge temperatures (NGTs) inferred from noble gas concentrations indicates that the infiltrating soil water equilibrates with soil air near the soil surface during the rainy season. Therefore, NGTs of groundwater recently recharged by the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) in the Dhofar Mountains in southern Oman reflect the soil temperatures of the 3-month period and do not represent an annual mean. This finding highlights the need to account for seasonality when interpreting NGT data in regions with pronounced dry and wet seasons. We extend the observations from the southern flank of the Dhofar Mountains to three wells situated on the northern flank of the Dhofar Mountains. Two of these wells yield water of Holocene age that was recharged by the monsoon, their NGT signals are therefore classified as seasonal. The NGT calculated from a third well for recharge conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), when the ISM was absent, is approximately 3 °C lower than that of the two Holocene wells. The lower LGM noble gas temperature corresponds well with the lower annual Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in the nearby Arabian Sea. NGTs from published studies from northern Oman are 1–3 °C higher when compared with our data of the same period in the southern Oman. We explain this regional difference of reconstructed temperatures for the LGM and Holocene groundwater with a more continental climatic influence on the infiltration conditions further to the north. The published NGTs from northern Oman show a large temperature difference between the late Holocene and the LGM. In view of our finding of seasonal NGT signals under monsoonal climate, part of this difference may reflect a change in the precipitation regime rather than in air temperature.
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  • 39
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    Numerical analysis of the dynamic gas hydrate system and multiple BSRs in the Danube paleo-delta, Black Sea (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: Highlights • This study simulates the sedimentation-driven development of multiple stacked BSRs in the Danube paleo-delta, Black Sea. • Formation of multiple BSRs in the Black Sea is controlled by the sequence of sedimentation events of the levees induced by sea-level changes. • Kinetics of phase transitions plays a key role in the coexistence, location, and timing of the multiple BSRs. • Development of multiple stacked BSRs is possible only under a narrow range of parameters, unique for the Danube delta setting. Abstract The gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) is defined by pressure-temperature-salinity (pTS) constraints of natural gas hydrate (GH) system. It refers to a depth interval which usually extends several hundred meters into the sediment column at sufficient water depths. The lower boundary of the GHSZ often coincides in seismic reflection data with a bottom simulating reflector (BSR), which indicates the transition between the underlying free gas and the overlying no-free gas zone at the thermodynamic stability boundary. The GHSZ in geological systems is dynamic and can shift in response to sedimentation processes and/or changes in environmental conditions such as bottom water temperatures, hydrostatic pressure, and water salinity. The appearance of multiple BSRs has been interpreted as remnants of former GHSZ shifts which have persisted over geological timescales. In this study, we numerically simulate the sedimentation-driven development of multiple stacked BSRs in the Danube deep-sea fan in the Black Sea. We show that in this dynamic sediment depositional regime sufficient amounts of residual gas remain trapped in the former GHSZ, given sufficiently high initial gas hydrate saturations, so that paleo-BSRs could persist over long time scales (similar to 300 kyr). In particular, the formation and persistence of multiple BSRs in the Danube Delta is controlled by the sequence of sedimentation events of the levees induced by sea-level change. The kinetics of methane phase transitions between gas hydrate, dissolved methane, and free gas plays a key role in the coexistence, location and timing of the multiple BSRs. Thus, For a given permeability, distinct multiple BSRs appear only for a narrow range of GH formation (10(-14) 〈 k(f) [mol/m(2) Pa s] 〈= 10(-12)) and dissociation rates (10(-16) 〈 k(d) [mol/m(2) Pa s] 〈 10(-14)).
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    The decline of kilkas, sturgeons and seals in the Caspian Sea: The potential of qualitative loop analysis for the cumulative assessment of multiple drivers of stress (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: Multiple stressors often act concomitantly on ecosystems but detection of species responses follows the “single species-single driver” strategy, and cumulative impacts are seldom considered. During 1990–2010, multiple perturbations in the Caspian Sea, led to the decline of kilka, sturgeon and Caspian seal populations. Specific causes for their collapse were identified but a cumulative assessment has never been carried out. Using loop analysis, a qualitative modelling technique suitable in poor-data contexts, we show how multiple drivers can be combined to assess their cumulative impact. We confirm that the decline of kilka, sturgeon and Caspian seal populations is compatible with a net effect of the concomitant perturbations. Kilkas collapse was certainly due to the outburst of M. leidyi and overfishing. In addition, the excess nutrient might have conspired to reduce these populations. The interplay between concurrent drivers produces trade-offs between opposite effects and ecosystem management must face this challenge
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  • 41
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    Mid-Miocene silicic explosive volcanism of the Tokaj Mts., eastern-central Europe: Eruption chronology, geochemical fingerprints and petrogenesis (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: Highlights • Four rhyolitic explosive eruption events were distinguished from 13.1 Ma to 11.6 Ma. • Silicic volcanism occurred at termination of subduction in a thinning lithosphere. • Rhyolites show extreme magma differentiation and reduced-dry character. • Zircon trace element and Hf isotope fingerprint is an effective correlation tool. Abstract The Tokaj Mts. volcanism occurred in a thinning continental lithosphere regime at the final stage of the subduction process. Using high-precision zircon U-Pb dating, four major explosive eruption events were distinguished. Among them the 13.1 Ma Sátoraljaújhely and the 12.0 Ma Szerencs eruptions could have yielded large amount of volcanic material (possibly 〉 100 km3) and they were associated with caldera collapse as shown by the several hundred-metre-thick pyroclastic deposits and the long (〉100 km) runout pyroclastic flow in case of the 13.1 Ma eruption. The 12.3 Ma Hegyköz and the 11.6 Ma Vizsoly eruptions were relatively smaller. The volcanic products can be readily distinguished by zircon and glass trace elements and trace element ratios, which can be used for fingerprinting and to correlate with distal deposits. The Rb, Ba, Sr content and strong negative Eu-anomaly of the glasses reflect extreme crystal fractionation, particularly for the Szerencs rhyolitic magma. The silicic volcanic products of the Tokaj Mts. show compositional similarities with the so-called ‘dry–reduced–hot’ rhyolite type consistent with an origin in an extensional environment, where the primary magmas were formed by near-adiabatic decompression melting in the mantle with subordinate fluid flux. In contrast, some of the older Bükkalja rhyolitic magmas evolved via more hydrous evolutionary paths, where amphibole played a role in the control of the trace element budget. The significant increase of zircon ε Hf values from −8.8 to + 0.2 in the rhyolitic pyroclastic rocks of Tokaj Mts. with time implies that mantle-derived magmas became more dominant. This can be explained by the specific tectonic setting, i.e. the final stage of subduction when the descending subducted slab became almost vertical, which exerted a pull in the upper lithosphere leading to thinning and accelerated subsidence as well as asthenospheric mantle flow just before the slab detachment.
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    Controls on distributions of aluminium, manganese and cobalt in the South Atlantic Ocean along GEOTRACES transect GA10 (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-10
    Description: Trace metals (TMs) manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), and aluminium (Al) have important geochemical and biological roles in the ocean. Here, we present full depth profiles of dissolved (d) and particulate Al, Mn, and Co along the latitude of 40 °S in the South Atlantic Ocean from the GEOTRACES GA10 cruises that operated in austral spring 2010 and summer 2011. The region is characterized by enhanced primary productivity and forms a key transition zone between the Southern Ocean and South Atlantic Subtropical Gyre. The mean concentrations of dAl, dCo, and dMn (±standard deviation) were 3.36 ± 2.65 nmol kg−1, 35.3 ± 17.6 pmol kg−1, and 0.624 ± 1.08 nmol kg−1, respectively. Their distributions in surface waters were determined by external sources and complex internal biogeochemical processes. Specifically, surface ocean dCo was controlled by the interplay between phytoplankton uptake, remineralization and external inputs; dMn was likely determined by the formation and photoreduction of Mn-oxides; and dAl was supplied by atmospheric deposition and removed by scavenging onto particles. Fluvial and sedimentary inputs near the Rio de La Plata estuary and benthic sources from the Agulhas Bank resulted in elevated dTM concentrations in near-shore surface waters. These externally sourced dTMs were effectively delivered to the open ocean by offshore diffusion and/or advection, and potentially facilitated enhanced primary productivity along the transect. The distributions of dTMs at depth were predominantly controlled by the mixing of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and waters of Antarctic origin (e.g., Upper Circumpolar Water (UCDW) and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW)). The calculated endmember concentrations of dAl and dCo in NADW showed minor decreases in the SASTG following north–south transport, suggesting removal rates of 0.064 nM/year and 0.035–0.075 pM/year, respectively. The endmember concentration of dCo in AABW was maintained at ∼30 pmol kg−1 without evidence for scavenging removal in the Southern Ocean and SASTG (time frame 〉400 years). The concentrations of dMn in NADW and AABW were between 0.1 and 0.16 nmol kg−1, and any elevated dMn concentrations were ascribed to local external inputs (e.g., from sediments in the Argentine Basin and hydrothermal activity near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge). Hence, four controlling factors (sources, internal cycling, water mass mixing and time) need to be considered when assessing TM distributions in the global ocean, even for TMs that are vulnerable to scavenging removal processes. Because the deep waters formed in high latitude oceans are crucial components of the global thermohaline overturning system, any processes (e.g., glacier melting, upwelling and sinking, and biological activity) that impact the preformed dTM concentrations in high latitude oceans will determine the downstream dTM distributions. Therefore, the sources and sinks of TMs and associated biological activity in high latitude oceans could engender basin to global scale impacts on seawater distributions of Al, Co, and Mn and their stoichiometric relationships with macronutrients, and the global biogeochemical cycles of these scavenged-type TMs.
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  • 43
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    Physicochemical controls on seawater (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: The overriding physicochemical controls in seawater discussed here are the chemical composition and the state of master variables including temperature, pressure, salinity, pH and redox status. Dissolved Organic Matter also plays a major role, but since its properties are not sufficiently well quantified it is described as an emergent master variable at this stage. The theoretical basis for the treatment of equilibrium chemistry and kinetics is presented, together with projections of the future development of seawater chemistry resulting from climate change. Key points • Composition of seawater • Master variables (temperature, pressure, pH, oxygen/redox state) • The role of Dissolved Organic Matter • Equilibrium chemistry • Kinetics • The consequences of ongoing global changes
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    A commentary on holocene relative sea-level histories of far-field islands in the mid-Pacific by F. Tan, N. S. Khan, T. Li, A. J. Meltzner, J. Majewski, N. Chan, P. M. Chutcharavan, N. Cahill, M. Vacchi, D. Peng, B. P. Horton, [Quat. Sci. Rev. 310: 107995; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.107995] (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
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    An optimized outlier detection function for multibeam echo-sounder data (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Highlights • Developed an innovative weighted outlier detection function that adaptively selects the best outlier detection technique, markedly improving precision and robustness in multibeam echosounder data analysis. • Demonstrated superior performance of the weighted function over traditional methods, achieving higher precision, recall, and F1 scores, pivotal for accurate seafloor mapping. • Enhanced data quality for geoscientific applications by effectively identifying and removing outliers without introducing data voids, preserving the integrity of multibeam sonar data. • The function’s significance extends to supporting sustainable environmental and resource management practices through improved accuracy in seabed mapping. • Discussed the adaptability of the method to various outlier patterns and its limitations, highlighting the need for further research and validation across different marine environments and data types. Abstract Multibeam sonar data are a valuable tool for seafloor mapping and geological studies. However, the presence of outliers in multibeam data can distort the results of analyses and reduce the accuracy of seafloor maps. In this paper, we define a weighting function based on the performance of various outlier detection techniques (OTDs) for detecting outliers in multibeam data, which calculates an outlier probability score for each sounding. Our results show that each OTD has its own strengths and weaknesses, and that a combination of outlier detection techniques is promising to improve reproducibility, explainability and the accuracy of the detection process. To address the challenge of detecting outliers in multibeam data, we propose a weighted outlier detection function that outperforms individual outlier detection techniques in terms of precision, recall and F1 scores by considering their strengths and combining them in a way that accounts for variations in the data. The function detects various types of outliers with high precision and recall values, resulting in valuable improvements in outlier detection performance for multibeam data. Overall, our proposed workflow has the potential to significantly improve the way multibeam data cleaning is performed, with the weighted outlier detection function being applied first, detecting most of the outlier automatically, followed by a domain-expert review of a small group of soundings whose automatic outlier labelling is not unequivocal.
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    Fish Stocks (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-15
    Description: Fishes occur in a wider range of habitats than any other vertebrate or invertebrate group, from the upper reaches of streams in high mountain ranges to the mouths of temperate and tropical rivers, and from the intertidal zone to the ocean's abyss. Fish grow in size, spawn and die, either from natural causes (predation, diseases, ageing) or from being caught in fishing nets if the population is exploited. These dynamical processes are expressed with mathematical equations and are used in population models to estimate fisheries reference points (stock assessment), which in turn provide the basis for fisheries management. Fish populations subjected to fisheries exploitation are called fish “stocks”. Fishing has been increasingly affecting fish stocks and ecosystems both directly and indirectly, and along with the human-induced climate change they pose major threats to fish biodiversity worldwide. Using the available data stored in local or global databases to assess the status of all stocks, even the data-poor fish stocks, and following an ecosystem approach to fisheries management that incorporates effort reduction through marine protected areas, may contribute to the sustainable exploitation of fisheries resources.
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    Refining the roles of productivity, redox, and remineralization on the cadmium isotope composition of marine sediments (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-15
    Description: Cadmium (Cd) has a nutrient-like distribution in the ocean, similar to the macronutrient phosphate. Significant isotope fractionation induced by the biological cycling of Cd makes it a potential tracer for nutrients and productivity. However, the Cd flux and Cd isotope composition of marine sediments can also be influenced by local redox conditions and partial remineralization of organically hosted Cd. These confounding factors are under-constrained and render it challenging to use Cd as a reliable paleoproxy. To understand the relative importance of each of these processes, we examined the Cd isotope systematics of 69 modern sediments deposited across a wide range of environments. We complement these data with four profiles of particulate Cd isotope compositions from the Southern Ocean. We report three main results. First, we show that the sedimentary flux of Cd is tightly coupled to that of organic matter. Second, most Cd burial occurs in regions with some bottom-water oxygen, and the flux of CdS to anoxic regions is, globally, minor. Finally, we find that remineralization can substantially modify sedimentary Cd isotope compositions, though it is challenging to relate pelagic and sedimentary processes. For example, we find that the relationship between sedimentary Cd isotope compositions and surface seawater [Cd] is the reverse of that predicted by isotope reactor models. Likewise, sedimentary Cd isotope compositions are anti-correlated with bottom-water oxygen. While this pattern is consistent with preferential remineralization of isotopically heavy Cd, profiles of marine particulate matter reveal the reverse, whereby the Cd isotope composition of large particles, which are most likely to reach the seafloor, becomes increasingly ‘heavy’ with depth. These results highlight how productivity, redox, and remineralization all influence the flux and isotope composition of Cd to marine sediments. While our study suggests that there is no simple way to relate sedimentary Cd isotopes to surface nutrient utilization, our data point toward several potential controls that could form the basis of novel proxies for local redox conditions and remineralization.
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    Ocean Basin Connections (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
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    Analysis of vortex merging from a rotating tank laboratory experiment (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: Highlights: • The interactions between vortices in a four-vortex flow field using a rotating water tank. • Driven by the strain field, non-ideal vortices stretch along the centerline, and manifest an asymmetric stretching pattern. • Non-ideal vortices disperse vorticity, accumulate filaments, and exhibit distinctive variations in anti-symmetric vorticity distribution, impacting respective merging efficiency. Abstract: Oceanic vortex merging is an important physical process for the vortex evolution and its impact on marine environment. However, limitation of the in-situ oceanic observational data of vortex merging inhabits its better understanding. This study investigates the interactions between non-ideal vortices in a four-vortex flow field in a rotating tank. We examine the merging stages of anticyclonic vortices, influenced by two other cyclonic vortices and their respective dynamical behaviors and quantify the effects of merging on vortex characteristics. The results indicate a strong shear flow between two counter-rotating vortices, which accelerates the motion of the anticyclonic vortex, while cyclonic ones exhibit greater stability. Subsequently, different stages of non-ideal vortex merging in a co-rotating framework are defined, primarily the encircling stage, rapid approaching stage, and merging vortex stage. In addition, we quantify and compare variations in morphological parameters and anti-symmetric vorticity distribution of non-ideal vortices across these stages. The stretching of vortices primarily occurs along the line connecting their centers due to the strain field exerted by neighboring vortices, resulting in an asymmetric stretching pattern in the interactions among non-ideal vortices. Furthermore, during the merging process, non-ideal vortices disperse vorticity outward and accumulate vortex filaments in the surrounding environment, leading to distinctive variations in anti-symmetric vorticity distribution, affecting their respective merging efficiency.
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  • 50
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    Mapping high-resolution surface current by incorporating geostrophic equilibrium with surface quasigeostrophic theory using multi-source satellite observations (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: In the past three decades, altimeter-based remote sensing has been a widely used system to estimate ocean surface currents. However, it remains a great challenge to effectively resolve scales below ∼100 km at high latitudes and ∼ 300 km at mid-latitudes. In this study, we propose a scheme that utilizes geostrophic equilibrium and surface quasigeostrophy theory (SQG) to improve surface current resolution by incorporating remote sensing sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height (SSH), and sea surface salinity (SSS) observations. The scheme separately characterizes the larger-scale flows and smaller-scale motions of surface currents. A case study encompassing the Agulhas surface current demonstrates that the smaller-scale motions associated with temperature fronts are well captured by introducing high spatial-temporal resolution SST data. Furthermore, the reconstructed surface current is systemically evaluated by using surface drogued drifters and a Lagrangian synthetic particle tracking tool throughout the South Indian Ocean (SIO) for 2011–2015. Notably, the reconstructed zonal velocity component is closer to the drifter observations than the meridional counterpart and corresponding velocity phase. Regionally, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) showcases superior reconstruction performance, with higher skill scores and lower Lagrangian separation distances. However, a relatively large uncertainty is observed around the Agulhas Retroflection (AR) and Greater Agulhas System (GAS), which are linked to complicated regional dynamic regimes. We finally conduct four simulation experiments to explore the effect of different SST products on surface current reconstruction within the subdomain AR. The results indicate the varying potentials of the four evaluated SST products for informing surface current applications. Specifically, the MWIRSST enhances the likelihood of particles reaching the target field, while DMI OI shortens the average deviation distance of the arrived particles.
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    Defining the target population to make marine image-based biological data FAIR (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: Marine imaging studies have unique constraints on the data collected requiring a tool for defining the biological scope to facilitate data discovery, quality evaluation, sharing and reuse. Defining the ‘target population’ is way of scoping biological sampling or observations by setting the pool of organisms to be observed or sampled. It is used in survey design and planning, to determine statistical inference, and is critical for data interpretation and reuse (both images and derived data). We designed a set of attributes for defining and recording the target population in biological studies using marine photography, incorporating ecological and environmental delineation and marine imaging method constraints. We describe how this definition may be altered and recorded at different phases of a project. The set of attributes records the definition of the target population in a structured metadata format to enhance data FAIRness. It is designed as an extension to the image FAIR Digital Objects metadata standard, and we map terms to other biological data standards where possible. This set of attributes serves a need to update ecological metadata to align with new remotely-sensed data, and can be applied to other remotely-sensed ecological image data.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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    Development of an autonomous on-site dissolved inorganic carbon analyzer using conductometric detection (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-25
    Description: Highlights • Development of an autonomous DIC analyzer based on Conductometric technique using a cell with 4 hollow brass electrodes. • CO2 extraction from seawater using a gas diffusion cell with a “Tube In A Tube” configuration and a gas permeable membrane. • Formulation of mathematical temperature and salinity correction to determine accurate DIC concentration. • Demonstration of the analyzer performance in the southwest Baltic Sea. Abstract Background The increase in anthropogenic CO2 concentrations in the Earth's atmosphere since the industrial revolution has resulted in an increased uptake of CO2 by the oceans, leading to ocean acidification. Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) is one of the key variables to characterize the seawater carbonate system. High quality DIC observations at a high spatial-temporal resolution is required to improve our understanding of the marine carbonate system. To meet the requirements, autonomous DIC analyzers are needed which offer a high sampling frequency, are cost-effective and have a low reagent and power consumption. Results We present the development and validation of a novel analyzer for autonomous measurements of DIC in seawater using conductometric detection. The analyzer employs a gas diffusion sequential injection approach in a “Tube In A Tube” configuration that facilitates diffusion of gaseous CO2 from an acidified sample through a gas permeable membrane into a stream of an alkaline solution. The change in conductivity in the alkaline medium is proportional to the DIC concentration of the sample and is measured using a detection cell constructed of 4 hollow brass electrodes. Physical and chemical optimizations of the analyzer yielded a sampling frequency of 4 samples h−1 using sub mL reagent volumes for each measurement. Temperature and salinity effects on DIC measurements were mathematically corrected to increase accuracy. Analytical precision of ±4.9 μmol kg−1 and ±9.7 μmol kg−1 were achieved from measurements of a DIC reference material in the laboratory and during a field deployment in the southwest Baltic Sea, respectively. Significance This study describes a simple, cost-effective, autonomous, on-site benchtop DIC analyzer capable of measuring DIC in seawater at a high temporal resolution as a step towards an underwater DIC sensor. The analyzer is able to measure a wide range of DIC concentrations in both fresh and marine waters. The achieved accuracy and precision offer an excellent opportunity to employ the analyzer for ocean acidification studies and CO2 leakage detection in the context of Carbon Capture and Storage operations.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    Pinewood (2024)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-23
    Description: This open access book examines how Pinewood came to be Britain’s dominant film studio complex, focusing on key years following the Second World War. It presents a revisionist, micro history of the studio and its longevity during a particularly turbulentperiod, explaining Pinewood’s survival at a time when other major film studios such as Denham closed. This book also provides contemporary insights into how Pinewood’s technologies, practices, and filmmaking methods compared to Hollywood’s. Thirteen films produced in1946–47 are analysed in detail, tracking how economic pressures engendered many creative techniques and innovative technologies. Prevailing cultures of management and labour organization are foregrounded, as well as insights into being a studio employee. These are vividly brought to life through an in-depthfocus on the in-house studio magazine Pinewood Merry-Go-Round, which provides rare details of sports and leisure activities organized at the studios.
    Keywords: Pinewood ; Film history ; British cinema ; Film studios ; Innovation ; Technology ; Leisure cultures ; Labour history ; Set design ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AT Performing arts::ATF Films, cinema ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AT Performing arts::ATJ Television ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AT Performing arts::ATF Films, cinema::ATFX Filmmaking and production: technical and background skills
    Language: English
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    Agroforestry as Climate Change Adaptation (2024)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-16
    Description: This open access book provides multidisciplinary perspectives on the potential of agroforestry to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change on cocoa production. Against the backdrop of increasingly precarious farmer livelihoods, it focuses on cocoa-agroforestry in Ghana – the second largest producer of cocoa in the world. Taking the reader on a journey across experimental plots and on-farm studies, the book delivers a holistic understanding of cocoa-agroforestry. Chapters examine historical yield and climate interactions, the effects of heat and drought on cocoa plants and the role of differing shade trees on soil fertility, yields, pests and diseases. The book discusses the socioeconomics of shade tree management, including cost-benefits, tree rights and competition for natural resources emphasizing policy implications and recommendations. Taking a multidisciplinary approach to climate-agriculture interactions, the book provides an innovative understanding of agroforestry and perennial cropping systems that goes beyond the Ghanaian cocoa belt. It is of relevance to students, researchers, farmers, practitioners and policymakers working with agroforestry and climate change adaptation. This is an open access book.
    Keywords: cocoa ; climate change ; multidisciplinary ; mitigation ; adaptation ; resilience ; climate-smart agriculture ; Ghana ; shade trees ; farming systems ; ecophysiology ; land rights ; tree use rights ; smallholder farming ; rural livelihoods ; technical efficiency ; perennial crop ; profitability ; sustainability ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPQ Central government::JPQB Central government policies ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RG Geography ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNF Environmental management ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNU Sustainability
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    Scripting Farming Simulator with Lua (2024)
    Springer Nature | Apress
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: Create mods using the popular game Farming Simulator with Lua, a versatile scripting language that can run on various platforms and applications. This open access book is best suited for programmers who want to learn how to use Lua to write scripts that can enhance and extend the gameplay experience. You'll start by reviewing the basics of programming in Lua and then move on to advanced topics, such as object-oriented programming, vehicle and placeable specializations, network synchronization, and creating custom user interfaces. With step-by-step instructions and detailed explanations, you'll see how to create scripts that modify game mechanics and add new features to the game. The practical examples and projects are ideal for providing hands-on experience with Lua scripting. Whether you are a creator looking to take your skills to the next level or a game developer interested in learning a new programming language, Scripting Farming Simulator with Lua is the ultimate guide to mastering Lua scripting. What You'll Learn Understand the fundamentals of programming in LUA Implement a basic “Hello-World” mod Add a new graphical user interface to your mod Use hook scripts to extend base game features Publish your mod on the official Farming Simulator ModHub Who This Book Is For Creators who want to add new features to Farming Simulator; game developers who want to learn a new programming language for modding purposes, and anyone who wants to expand their knowledge of programming and scripting.
    Keywords: Modding ; Lua ; Farming Simulator ; Scripting ; GIANTS Editor ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UM Computer programming / software engineering::UMK Games development and programming
    Language: English
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    Quantifying Climate Risk and Building Resilience in the UK (2024)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-16
    Description: This open access book draws together key research from the UK Climate Resilience programme. It focuses on topics central to the programme’s research agenda, including improved characterisation and quantification of climate risks, enhanced understanding of the management of climate risks, and the development and delivery of climate services. Key chapters address the challenges inherent to undertaking resilience research, including how to make the term ‘climate resilience’ usable and useful, co-producing research between academics, policy makers and practitioners, and engaging and communicating outside of academia. This book is unique in providing a concise and accessible overview of the programme’s key lessons, placing the findings into a wider context and it will inform future research, policy and practice agendas.
    Keywords: Climate risk ; climate adaptation ; risk ; resilience ; climate services ; climate resilience ; climate change ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPQ Central government::JPQB Central government policies ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RG Geography::RGC Human geography ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RG Geography ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RB Earth sciences::RBP Meteorology & climatology
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    Religious Entanglements Between Germans and Indians, 1800–1945 (2024)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-02
    Description: Religion as a form of cultural expression constitutes a critical element in the relationship between Germany and India. The discovery of Indian traditions in Germany and re-interpretations of those traditions in India fueled not only new theological and philosophical explorations, but also extensive innovations in the fields of music, dance, bodily experience, and political intervention. Seeking to uncover the enfolding of colonial thought structures through presentations of the Self, while placing them in the context of global colonial value chains that connected the peripheries with the centre, this interdisciplinary volume addresses India through the lens of an entangled relationship. Adopting the position that the acceleration of communication, technical development, and colonisation locally triggered re-interpretations of the religious sphere, This volume takes a look at the period from 1800 to the end of National Socialism, tracing the strands of an Indo-Germanic religion in the making as it goes along. A special emphasis is placed on the artistic expressions of religious experience including re-enactments of musical compositions and dance configurations, which were created to embody India in Germany. This is an open access book.
    Keywords: Kaiserreich ; Ahmadiyya Islam ; coloniality ; völkisch ; Madame Menaka ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHD European history ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHF Asian history ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRA Religion: general::QRAC Comparative religion ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHT History: specific events and topics::NHTB Social and cultural history
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    Surgery in and around the Orbit (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: This OpenAccess - textbook sheds new light on pathology in and around the orbit, which is typically an area where many medical disciplines overlap. Each physician brings a specific expertise, but the goal should be that the end result of all this input is much more than the sum of the parts. Collaboration, insight and overall knowledge of all parties involved are essential to achieve an optimal patient outcome. Oral and Maxillofacial surgeons have traditionally focused on the bony parts of the orbit, but usually have limited knowledge of the intricacies of binocular single vision, and for the Ophthalmologist it may be the other way around. In the past, scientific articles were often written from a single point of view, resulting in tunnel vision for the physician. The multidisciplinary approach to the orbit leads to an improvement in treatment that should not be underestimated and from which the patient benefits immensely. But especially forthe physician and the trainees, a multidisciplinary consultation is a real goldmine in which a lot can be gained. Not every medical problem needs to be tackled in a multidisciplinary framework, but problems around the eye socket often do. At Amphia Hospital in Breda, the Netherlands, more than fifteen years ago, a collaboration between Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, Endocrinologists, Radiologists and Ophthalmologists was initiated, which has proven to be very fruitful. The main focus was on Graves' Orbitopathy and orbital fractures, but problems associated with these conditions were also frequently encountered. For those who want to follow this example, or for those who are interested in both orbital surgery, anatomy or ophthalmological orbital issues, this book could prove to be complementary.
    Keywords: Orbit ; Treatment Protocol ; Graves ; Trauma ; Multidisciplinary ; Orbital Infectiom ; Orbital Anatomy ; OpenAccess ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKE Dentistry::MKEP Oral and maxillofacial surgery ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MJ Clinical and internal medicine::MJQ Ophthalmology ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences::MFC Anatomy ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MN Surgery::MNP Plastic and reconstructive surgery ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MJ Clinical and internal medicine::MJP Otorhinolaryngology (ENT)
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    Toward Good Simulation Practice (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Nature Switzerland
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This open access book, the Community of Practice led by the VPH Institute, the Avicenna Alliance, and the In Silico World consortium has brought together 138 experts in In Silico Trials working in academia, the medical industry, regulatory bodies, hospitals, and consulting firms. Through a consensus process, these experts produced the first attempt to define some Good Simulation Practices on how to develop, evaluate, and use In Silico Trials. Good Simulation Practice constitutes an indispensable guide for anyone who is planning to engage at any title with In Silico Trials.
    Keywords: In Silico Trials ; In Silico Medicinal Chemistry ; In Silico Dreams ; Multiscale Modeling of the Skeletal System ; Brain and Human Body Modeling ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MQ Nursing and ancillary services::MQW Biomedical engineering ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAD Bioethics ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYM Computer modelling and simulation
    Language: English
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    Gender Equality, Climate Action, and Technological Innovation for Sustainable Development in Africa (2024)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: This open access book explores the intersection of gender and climate change, suggests ways in which innovative technologies can accelerate climate relief actions, and offers strategies for integrating climate change initiatives into national policies and planning. By examining the devastating consequences of climate change on women and girls throughout the continent, the authors pose a crucial question: Does gender matter in climate change discussions in Africa? Political and social traditions have burdened women with greater vulnerability to the impacts of climate-related natural disasters, including violence, displacement, poverty, famine and lack of access to clean water. However, women are also key to effective and inclusive climate mitigation, adaptation, and decision-making. The authors provide a compelling discourse that identifi es the social and economic benefi ts for all citizens when genderinclusive policies shape equitable and targeted action plans, from mitigationto adaptation and funding. The UN’s SDG 13 calls for urgent action and commitment to combat climate change. The implementable and action-oriented propositions presented in this book will be of interest to students, educators, practitioners, third-sector actors, and policymakers committed to gender equality, sustainable development and climate action in Africa.
    Keywords: Sustainable Development Goals ; SDGs ; climate change ; women's empowerment ; gender inclusion ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBS Social groups, communities and identities::JBSF Gender studies, gender groups ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNP Pollution and threats to the environment::RNPG Climate change ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNU Sustainability ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCC Cultural studies ; thema EDItEUR::1 Place qualifiers::1H Africa ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJD Business innovation ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJK International business
    Language: English
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    Surgery in and around the Orbit (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This OpenAccess - textbook sheds new light on pathology in and around the orbit, which is typically an area where many medical disciplines overlap. Each physician brings a specific expertise, but the goal should be that the end result of all this input is much more than the sum of the parts. Collaboration, insight and overall knowledge of all parties involved are essential to achieve an optimal patient outcome. Oral and Maxillofacial surgeons have traditionally focused on the bony parts of the orbit, but usually have limited knowledge of the intricacies of binocular single vision, and for the Ophthalmologist it may be the other way around. In the past, scientific articles were often written from a single point of view, resulting in tunnel vision for the physician. The multidisciplinary approach to the orbit leads to an improvement in treatment that should not be underestimated and from which the patient benefits immensely. But especially for the physician and the trainees, a multidisciplinary consultation is a real goldmine in which a lot can be gained. Not every medical problem needs to be tackled in a multidisciplinary framework, but problems around the eye socket often do. At Amphia Hospital in Breda, the Netherlands, more than fifteen years ago, a collaboration between Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, Endocrinologists, Radiologists and Ophthalmologists was initiated, which has proven to be very fruitful. The main focus was on Graves' Orbitopathy and orbital fractures, but problems associated with these conditions were also frequently encountered. For those who want to follow this example, or for those who are interested in both orbital surgery, anatomy or ophthalmological orbital issues, this book could prove to be complementary.
    Keywords: Orbit ; Treatment Protocol ; Graves ; Trauma ; Multidisciplinary ; Orbital Infectiom ; Orbital Anatomy ; OpenAccess ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKE Dentistry::MKEP Oral and maxillofacial surgery ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MJ Clinical and internal medicine::MJQ Ophthalmology ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences::MFC Anatomy ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MN Surgery::MNP Plastic and reconstructive surgery ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MJ Clinical and internal medicine::MJP Otorhinolaryngology (ENT)
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    Introduction to Digital Humanism (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Nature Switzerland
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This open access textbook introduces and defines digital humanism from a diverse range of disciplines. Following the 2019 Vienna Manifesto, the book calls for a digital humanism that describes, analyzes, and, most importantly, influences the complex interplay of technology and humankind, for a better society and life, fully respecting universal human rights. The book is organized in three parts: Part I “Background” provides the multidisciplinary background needed to understand digital humanism in its philosophical, cultural, technological, historical, social, and economic dimensions. The goal is to present the necessary knowledge upon which an effective interdisciplinary discourse on digital humanism can be founded. Part II “Digital Humanism – a System’s View” focuses on an in-depth presentation and discussion of the main digital humanism concerns arising in current digital systems. The goal of this part is to make readers aware and sensitive to these issues, including e.g. the control and autonomy of AI systems, privacy and security, and the role of governance. Part III “Critical and Societal Issues of Digital Systems” delves into critical societal issues raised by advances of digital technologies. While the public debate in the past has often focused on them separately, especially when they became visible through sensational events the aim here is to shed light on the entire landscape and show their interconnected relationships. This includes issues such as AI and ethics, fairness and bias, privacy and surveillance, platform power and democracy. This textbook is intended for students, teachers, and policy makers interested in digital humanism. It is designed for stand-alone and for complementary courses in computer science, or curricula in science, engineering, humanities and social sciences. Each chapter includes questions for students and an annotated reading list to dive deeper into the associated chapter material. The book aims to provide readers with as wide an exposure as possible to digital advances and their consequences for humanity. It includes constructive ideas and approaches that seek to ensure that our collective digital future is determined through human agency.
    Keywords: ethics in computer science ; responsible technologies ; legal issues and regulation ; data privacy ; digitalization ; digital economy ; digital humanism ; social responsibility ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UB Information technology: general topics::UBJ Digital and information technologies: social and ethical aspects ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTQ Ethics and moral philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTS Social and political philosophy
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    Manufacturing Refused Knowledge in the Age of Epistemic Pluralism (2024)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: This open access book explores contemporary practices that challenge science, arguing that this matter cannot be simply disregarded as a new manifestation of “anti-scientism”. It scrutinizes the processes through which knowledge claims, refused by established institutions and the scientific community, seek legitimacy. Assuming an agnostic analytical stance, it explores the actors involved in such processes and their social worlds, their interactions with epistemic institutions, and the ways in which they enact such refused knowledge in their daily lives. Drawing on a three-year mixed-method research project, this collection demonstrates how refused knowledge can be seen as a distinct mode of knowing, employed in response to the uncertainties of everyday life. Thus, it offers a deeper understanding not only of how refused knowledge garners credibility, but also of how knowledge at large – including scientific knowledge – emerges from specific sociotechnical assemblages.
    Keywords: Science contestation ; Anti-science ; Symmetry Principle ; Expertise ; Epistemic Democracy ; Post-truth ; Science-denialism ; Refused Knowledge ; Actor–network Theory ; Situated Knowledge ; Feminist Epistemology ; Social Network Analysis ; Social Imaginaries ; Media Analysis ; Fringe Science ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCC Cultural studies ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHM Anthropology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCT Media studies
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    Differential Geometry (2024)
    Springer Nature | Birkhäuser
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This open access book covers the main topics for a course on the differential geometry of curves and surfaces. Unlike the common approach in existing textbooks, there is a strong focus on variational problems, ranging from elastic curves to surfaces that minimize area, or the Willmore functional. Moreover, emphasis is given on topics that are useful for applications in science and computer graphics. Most often these applications are concerned with finding the shape of a curve or a surface that minimizes physically meaningful energy. Manifolds are not introduced as such, but the presented approach provides preparation and motivation for a follow-up course on manifolds, and topics like the Gauss-Bonnet theorem for compact surfaces are covered.
    Keywords: Differential Geometry ; Surfaces ; Curves ; Elastic ; Minimal ; Willmore ; Variational Calculus ; Riemannian Geometry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBM Geometry::PBMP Differential and Riemannian geometry
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    Peter Schroeder-Heister on Proof-Theoretic Semantics (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Nature Switzerland
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: This open access book is a superb collection of some fifteen chapters inspired by Schroeder-Heister's groundbreaking work, written by leading experts in the field, plus an extensive autobiography and comments on the various contributions by Schroeder-Heister himself. For several decades, Peter Schroeder-Heister has been a central figure in proof-theoretic semantics, a field of study situated at the interface of logic, theoretical computer science, natural-language semantics, and the philosophy of language. The chapters of which this book is composed discuss the subject from a rich variety of angles, including the history of logic, the proper interpretation of logical validity, natural deduction rules, the notions of harmony and of synonymy, the structure of proofs, the logical status of equality, intentional phenomena, and the proof theory of second-order arithmetic. All chapters relate directly to questions that have driven Schroeder-Heister's own research agenda and to which he has made seminal contributions. The extensive autobiographical chapter not only provides a fascinating overview of Schroeder-Heister's career and the evolution of his academic interests but also constitutes a contribution to the recent history of logic in its own right, painting an intriguing picture of the philosophical, logical, and mathematical institutional landscape in Germany and elsewhere since the early 1970s. The papers collected in this book are illuminatingly put into a unified perspective by Schroeder-Heister's comments at the end of the book. Both graduate students and established researchers in the field will find this book an excellent resource for future work in proof-theoretic semantics and related areas.
    Keywords: Proof-theoretic Semantics ; Logical Constants ; Proof Theory ; Deductive Logic ; Constructive Logic ; Intuitionistic Logic ; Mathematical Logic ; Peter Schroeder-Heister ; Gerhard Gentzen ; Gottlob Frege ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTL Philosophy: logic ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics::CFA Philosophy of language ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBB Philosophy of mathematics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBC Mathematical foundations ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CB Language: reference and general::CBX Language: history and general works ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTL Philosophy: logic ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics::CFA Philosophy of language ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBB Philosophy of mathematics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBC Mathematical foundations ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CB Language: reference and general::CBX Language: history and general works
    Language: English
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    Biographical Life Course Research (2024)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This open access book explores an approach that connects individual and societal processes throughout history and shifting trends in sociological perspectives, influenced by C. Wright Mills’ theories of time and temporality. It traces its origins from American pragmatist thought and Chicago qualitative sociology in the early 20th century to the revival of biographical research in European and American sociology during the 1970s. The book shows empirical studies from this vibrant research approach can bridge methodological gaps between qualitative and quantitative biographical studies, applicable to various topics like class, gender, ethnicity, and intergenerational dimensions.
    Keywords: Life course ; Biography ; Mixed-methods ; Case studies ; Temporality ; History-biography dynamic ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RG Geography::RGC Human geography ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBK Sociology: family and relationships ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics::CFG Semantics, discourse analysis, stylistics
    Language: English
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    Hochschulweiterbildung zwischen Wissenschaftsinstitution und Weiterbildungsmarkt (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: Dieses Open-Access-Buch basiert auf einer mikrosoziologischen Analyse des Akteursverhaltens in der Programmplanung und -entwicklung der Weiterbildung an Schweizer Hochschulen. Diese ist in einen ausgeprägten Weiterbildungsmarkt eingebettet, in welchem öffentliche und private Anbieter miteinander konkurrieren. Die Marktorientierung vollzieht sich dabei auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen, indem sowohl Wettbewerbsdynamiken als auch Berufspraxis und Gesellschaft als prioritäre Themenkontexte der Nachfragerinnen und Nachfrager hochschulischer Weiterbildungen zu berücksichtigen sind. Auf der Ebene der Hochschulen ergibt sich für die Akteure und Akteurinnen in der Programmplanung und -entwicklung ein Spannungsfeld, da sowohl Funktionslogiken der Wissenschaftsinstitution als auch Mechanismen des Weiterbildungsmarktes in der Hochschulweiterbildung wirksam werden. Die Programmverantwortlichen üben in diesem Umfeld eine aktive und gestaltende Rolle aus, indem sie Weiterbildungen inhaltlich entwickeln und marktbezogen vertreiben. Als methodologischer Zugang dient die Konventionenökonomie. Es wird untersucht, wie verantwortliche Akteure und Akteurinnen in der Weiterbildung an Hochschulen ihre Planungsentscheide auf der Basis von Konventionen begründen, und welchem Qualitätsverständnis zu hochschulischen Weiterbildungen dabei gefolgt wird.
    Keywords: Hochschulweiterbildung ; Wirtschaftssoziologie ; Bildungsmanagement ; Konventionenökonomie ; Erwachsenenbildung ; Weiterbildungsforschung ; Hochschulbildung ; Weiterbildungsmanagement ; Konventionen ; Bildungssoziologie ; Konventionentheorie ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher education, tertiary education
    Language: German
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    Segregierte Quartiere – segregierte Freizeiträume (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Dieses Open-Access-Buch stellt vor dem Hintergrund einer zunehmenden sozialen Segregation in deutschen Städten die Frage nach den Auswirkungen dieser sich verschärfenden räumlichen Polarisierung auf die Sozialisation von Jugendlichen. Die Arbeit geht dabei über den quartiersfixierten Ansatz der Nachbarschaftseffektforschung hinaus und untersucht, welche Räume in der Stadt von Berliner Jugendlichen in ihrer Freizeit tatsächlich genutzt werden und damit für sie sozialisationsrelevant sind. Der Fokus liegt auf dem Einfluss, den einerseits individuelle Merkmale, wie Geschlecht und sozialer Status, und andererseits die Stadtstruktur auf das räumliche Freizeitverhalten der Jugendlichen haben. Zentral ist dabei die Frage, ob sich die soziale Segregation der Wohnquartier auch in den Aktivitätsräumen der Jugendlichen widerspiegelt. Um diese Frage zu beantworten, werden Daten mit einer eigens für diese Arbeit entwickelten innovativen räumlich-quantitativen Befragung erhoben, vor dem Hintergrund der physischen und sozialräumlichen Struktur Berlins ausgewertet und durch qualitative Leitfadeninterviews ergänzt.
    Keywords: Jugendliche ; Sozialisation ; Mixed Methods ; Freizeitverhalten ; Berlin ; Segregation ; Nachbarschaftseffekte ; Aktionsräume ; soziale Segregation ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology
    Language: German
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    Basic Modeling and Theory of Creep of Metallic Materials (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Nature Switzerland
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This open access book features an in-depth exploration of the intricate creep behavior exhibited by metallic materials, with a specific focus on elucidating the underlying mechanical properties governing their response at elevated temperatures, particularly in the context of polycrystalline alloys. Traditional approaches to characterizing mechanical properties have historically relied upon empirical models replete with numerous adjustable parameters, painstakingly tuned to match experimental data. While these methods offer practical simplicity, they often yield outcomes that defy meaningful extrapolation and application to novel systems, invariably necessitating the recalibration of parameters afresh. In stark contrast, this book compiles a compendium of models sourced from the scientific literature, meticulously crafted through ab initio methodologies rooted in fundamental physical principles. Notably, these models stand apart by their conspicuous absence of adjustable parameters. This pioneering effort is envisioned as a groundbreaking initiative, marking the first of its kind in the field. The resulting models, bereft of arbitrary tuning, offer a level of predictability hitherto unattained. Notably, they provide a secure foundation for ascertaining operational mechanisms, contributing significantly to enhancing our understanding of material behavior in high-temperature environments. This open access book is a valuable resource for researchers and seasoned students engaged in the study of creep phenomena in metallic materials. Readers will find a comprehensive exposition of these novel, parameter-free models, facilitating a deeper comprehension of the intricate mechanics governing material deformation at elevated temperatures.
    Keywords: Stress strain curves ; Stationary creep ; Dislocation model ; Creep with low stress exponents ; Solid solution hardening ; Precipitation hardening ; Modelling of subgrain formation ; Grain boundary sliding ; Brittle rupture ; Ductile rupture ; Hart's criterion ; Cavitation ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHF Materials / States of matter
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    Quantitative Sustainability (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This open access book focuses on how scientific methodologies can help industrial managers, entrepreneurs and policymakers handle the 17 Sustainable Development Goals in an efficient and realistic way. It also offers an operative scheme for scientists to overcome their discipline barriers. Is interdisciplinarity an intrinsic research value or is it merely instrumental for handling the increasing flux of open problems that sustainability poses to science?Can these problems of sustainability be solved with what the authors already know? Is it just a matter of having the right people at the table and giving them sufficient resources, or is it something more? Is meeting the needs of the present without compromising those of future generations a scientific definition of sustainable development? Questions similar to those posed in the sixties regarding complexity must be asked about sustainability today. In addition, the new data science includes powerful tools for making novelquantitative predictions about future sustainability indicators, an open problem that the book discusses. This book is primarily addressed to Ph.D. students, postdocs and senior researchers in the Life and Hard Science (LHS) and Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH) disciplines, as well as professionals of the primary, secondary and tertiary industrial sectors.
    Keywords: Sustainable Development Goals ; Data science in Sustainability ; SDG Targets ; Data Science in Sustainable Development Goals ; Complex Network ; Food Security ; Climate Changes ; Environmental Changes ; Human Ecology ; Sustainable Economy ; Space Science ; Platform For a Science-industry Dialogue ; Industrial Processes ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general::GPF Information theory::GPFC Cybernetics and systems theory ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNU Sustainability ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UN Databases ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNP Pollution and threats to the environment::RNPG Climate change ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNF Environmental management::RNFF Food security and supply ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment
    Language: English
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    Paradigmenwechsel in Bau- und Immobilienwirtschaft (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Spektrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Der vorliegende Open-Access-Band gibt einen umfassenden Einblick in aktuelle europäische und nationale Anforderungen zur Kreislaufwirtschaft im Bau- und Immobilienwesen. Es beleuchtet die Entwicklungen der Gebäudezertifizierungen sowie die aktuellen Möglichkeiten digitaler Gebäudepässe. Zudem wird erörtert, wie Building Information Modelling BIM verwendet werden kann, um Bauwerksdaten schnell und strukturiert zur Verfügung zu stellen und langgfrisitig entlang der Wertschöpfungskette zu dokumentieren. In einem verlinkten online-Artikel findet sich ergänzend die Beschreibung eines Demoprojektes und eine ausführliche Kriterienliste zum kreislauffähigen Planen und Bauen.
    Keywords: Kreislauffähiges Bauen ; Digitalisierung ; Building Information Modelling ; Kreislaufwirtschaft ; Prinzipien der Kreislauffähigkeit ; Gebäudezertifizierungssysteme ; Gebäudepass ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
    Language: German
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    Gongsheng Across Contexts (2024)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: This open access book sheds light on the term gongsheng/kyōsei, which is used in Chinese and Japanese to not only translate “symbiosis” in biology but also broadly deployed in philosophical, social and political contexts. It is a cross-contextual attempt to study the foundation of gongsheng/kyōsei as a philosophy of co-becoming, with exploration of its significance for thinking about the planetary challenges of our times.
    Keywords: Symbiosis ; Confucianism ; Daoism ; Buddhism ; Human society ; Gong Sheng ; Chinese philosophy ; Mutual Embeddedness ; Environmental philosophy ; Ecological anthropology ; Human-machine relationship ; Co-existence ; Co-becoming ; Social cohesion ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRA Religion: general ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRA Religion: general
    Language: English
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    Cycling Through the Pandemic (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This open access book provides insight on how the tactical urbanism has the capacity to influence change in mobility practices such as cycling. COVID-19 crisis prompted the public authorities to rethink the use of public space in order to develop means of transport that are both efficient and adapted to the health context and their effects on cycling practices in Europe, North, and South America. Its contributors collectively reveal and evidence through policies analysis, mapping, and innovative qualitative analysis bridging video and interviews, how those new infrastructures and policies can be a trigger for change in a context of mobility transition. This book provides an important element on the way local authorities can act in a quicker and more agile way. While some decisions are specific to the context of the beginning of the pandemic, the analysis offers lessons on the way to implement the transition toward a low-carbon mobility, on the importance of processes based on trials and errors, on the political stakes of reallocating road space.
    Keywords: Tactical Urbanism ; Mobility Policies ; Urban Planning and COVID-19 ; Urban Geography and Urbanism ; Landscape/Regional and Urban Planning ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPR Regional, state and other local government ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPQ Central / national / federal government::JPQB Central / national / federal government policies ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere
    Language: English
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    Vom Hauen und Stechen (2024)
    Springer Nature | J.B. Metzler
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Dieses Open-Access-Buch beschäftigt sich mit der Zuordnung der Gebrauchsspuren bei jung- und endneolithischen Knochenartefakten zu einem Werkmaterial oder einer Funktion. In der Regel werden Knochen-, Geweih- und Zahnartefakte nur typologisch untersucht. Dabei werden Begriffe wie etwa „Meißel“, „Pfriem“, „Ahle“, „Schaber“ aufgrund der Form der Artefakte vergeben, ohne jedoch die tatsächliche Funktion bzw. den Verwendungszweck näher zu untersuchen. Experimentalarchäologische Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass es durchaus Unterschiede in den Gebrauchsspuren gibt, die wiederum Rückschlüsse auf den tatsächlichen Gebrauch und das bearbeitete Material ermöglichen. Die bisherigen Experimente haben gezeigt, dass sich die Gebrauchsspuren in drei Gruppen einteilen lassen, die wichtige Hinweise auf die Art der Bewegung oder die Handhabung und damit auf das bearbeitete Material geben. Zudem haben die Untersuchungen von nachgebauten Werkzeugen und Artefakten ergeben, dass die Mikrospuren direkt miteinander verglichen werden können.
    Keywords: Use Wear Analysis ; Herstellungsspuren ; Gebrauchsspuren ; Knochenartefakte ; Funtkionsanalyse ; Feuchtbodensiedlungen ; Neolithikum ; Experimentelle Archäologie ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NK Archaeology
    Language: German
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    Industry 4.0 and the Road to Sustainable Steelmaking in Europe (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This open access book gathers original contributions focused on the transition of the European steel industry to Industry 4.0. It not only investigates how Industry 4.0 can enhance productivity, cost-saving, and sustainability in the steel industry but also helps to comprehend its broad consequences on employment, education and training, human resources, economic resilience and decarbonisation. The content engages with the international debate on Industry 4.0 through the lens of the steel industry from a multidisciplinary perspective. It encourages a scientifically grounded critical approach and includes contributions from humanities and technical disciplines, with a focus on the social dimensions of the phenomenon. This book draws strength from up-to-date international research projects and adopts a strong industry-based perspective, providing a thorough description and analysis of the state of the art of the European steel industry. It also analyzes the trends, outcomes, opportunities, and criticalities arising with the transition to the Industry 4.0 paradigm. The book is primarily based on the results of the European Steel Skills Agenda (ESSA) skills alliance project co-funded by the Erasmus+ programme of the European Union and supported by the European Steel Technology Platform (ESTEP). This is an open access book.
    Keywords: Industry 4.0 ; Steel Industry ; Skill Formation ; Recruitment ; Technological Innovation ; Workforce Development ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science
    Language: English
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    Sozialrechtsbezogene Beratung (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer VS
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-16
    Description: In diesem Open-Access-Buch wird erstmals die sozialrechtsbezogene Beratung von Verbänden als Strategie im Zugang zum Recht in die Tiefe gehend analysiert und anhand von drei exemplarisch dargestellten Beratungssituationen die Herstellung eines Zugangs zum System sozialer Sicherung rekonstruiert. Die Beratung der Sozialverbände zu sozialen Problemlagen ist ein historisch gewachsenes Gefüge im Sozialstaat. Sie tragen mit ihrer Beratung dazu bei, dass Bürger:innen im Bedarfsfall Barrieren im Zugang zum System sozialer Sicherung überwinden und auf die sozialen Sicherungssysteme zugreifen können. Die Gestaltung des Beratungssettings ist dabei von ausschlaggebender Bedeutung.
    Keywords: sozialrechtsbezogene Beratung ; Rechtsmobilisierung ; Zugang zum Recht ; System sozialer Sicherung ; Sozialverbände ; Sozialrecht ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences
    Language: German
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    Kulturelle Teilhabe durch Immaterielles Kulturerbe (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-14
    Description: Dieses Open-Access-Buch gibt einen umfassenden Überblick über die Verfahren und Abläufe der nationalen Umsetzung der UNESCO-Konvention zur Erhaltung des immateriellen Kulturerbes in Deutschland. Die Untersuchung konzentriert sich auf die Jahre unmittelbar vor und nach dem deutschen Beitritt zum Übereinkommen im Jahre 2013. Durch eine Politikfeldanalyse wird insbesondere der Frage nachgegangen, ob und wie die neue Aufgabe vom übergreifenden Ziel des Politikfelds, kulturelle Teilhabe zu steigern, beeinflusst wurde. Die Kombination aus einer Insiderperspektive des Autors mit einem analytischen Forschungsansatz dürfte für Vertreterinnen und Vertreter der Praxis des deutschen Mehrebenensystems der Kulturpolitik ebenso interessant sein wie für andere Forschende im Feld.
    Keywords: UNESCO-Konvention zur Erhaltung des immateriellen Kulturerbes ; Auswärtige Kulturpolitik ; Kulturelle Teilhabe ; Immaterielles Kulturerbe in Deutschland ; UNESCO-Kulturerbe in Deutschland ; Kulturpolitik-Instrumente im internationalen Vergleich ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFC Cultural studies ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government
    Language: German
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    Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 2 Issue 2, 2023 (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Nature Switzerland
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-17
    Description: This open access book provides an overview of the progress in landslide research and technology and is part of a book series of the International Consortium on Landslides (ICL). The book provides a common platform for the publication of recent progress in landslide research and technology for practical applications and the benefit for the society contributing to the Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020, which is expected to continue up to 2030 and even beyond to globally promote the understanding and reduction of landslide disaster risk, as well as to address the 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development Goals.
    Keywords: Landslide Disaster Mitigation Measures ; Monitoring and Early Warning ; Testing, Modeling and Risk Assessment ; Frontiers of Landslide Science and Applications ; Landslide Mechanism and Dynamics ; Catastrophic Landslides ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNR Natural disasters ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RB Earth sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RB Earth sciences::RBG Geology & the lithosphere ; bic Book Industry Communication::U Computing & information technology::UB Information technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RG Geography ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RB Earth sciences::RBP Meteorology & climatology
    Language: English
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    Measuring Gender Equality (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-14
    Description: In this open access book, the editors explicitly address the issue of measuring gender equality. The book introduces readers to basic concepts of gender equality, equity and equal opportunities, then discusses measuring these phenomena, the methods of constructing indicators, and reviews the main indicators that have been proposed at the international level to measure gender equality. It then sets the theoretical discussions against the findings from a Jean Monnet project financed by the European Union to highlight the importance of a regional analysis of gender equality in four main study areas: Italy, Spain, France and Germany. The results make it clear that it is necessary to move from the purely national perspective hitherto used in gender equality analyses to a regional one because differences can be highly pronounced even within the same country. This is a self-contained volume requiring limited statistical expertise for the reader and is aimed at social researchers and policymakers who wish to address gender equality from a quantitative perspective.
    Keywords: Gender Equality ; Gender Gap ; Indicators ; Measurement ; Policy Making ; European Union ; Complexity ; Regional Studies ; Gender Responsive ; Fiscal Policies ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFS Social groups::JFSJ Gender studies, gender groups ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBC Social research & statistics ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MB Medicine: general issues::MBN Public health & preventive medicine::MBNH Personal & public health
    Language: English
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    Women's Empowerment and Public Policy in the Arab Gulf States (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Nature Singapore
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: This open access book explores the various dimensions of women’s empowerment in public policy in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region, with a particular focus on Qatar, comparing the country to the other Gulf states. Through its rich compilation of empirical qualitative research, the text unpacks the various ways in which women’s empowerment materializes in the GCC context, providing insights into public policy perspectives in high-income rentier states more broadly. The Arab world has long been part of the global dialogue on women’s economic and political empowerment and the GCC has, over the past decade, situated women’s empowerment amongst their respective national priorities and long-term strategies. In turn, the Gulf has seen gradual implementation of policies aimed at women, specifically, in looking to attract and retain them in the labour market, and in the public sector more broadly. The collection surveys and evaluates the progress made in recent decades, paying close attention to the cultural and policy constraints still limiting women’s empowerment in the Gulf. With a key linkage to SDG5, this book is a timely text addressing the context and drivers behind policies centering on women in the Arab region, in its analysis of the interplay of international women’s empowerment discourse and regional public policy decisions. It is relevant to researchers and policy makers focused on women and gender issues in relation to social, cultural, economic, and political empowerment in the Gulf specifically, but also in the Arab world and beyond. ; This open access book explores the various dimensions of women’s empowerment in public policy in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), with a particular focus on Qatar, comparing the country to the other Gulf states. Through its rich compilation of empirical qualitative research, the text unpacks the various ways in which women’s empowerment materializes in the GCC context, providing insights into public policy perspectives in high-income rentier states more broadly. The Arab world has long been part of the global dialogue on women’s economic and political empowerment and the GCC has, over the past decade, situated women’s empowerment amongst their respective national priorities and long-term strategies. In turn, the Gulf has seen gradual implementation of policies aimed at women, specifically, in looking to attract and retain them in the labour market, and in the public sector more broadly. The collection surveys and evaluates the progress made in recent decades, paying close attention to the cultural and policy constraints still limiting women’s empowerment in the Gulf. With a key linkage to SDG5, this book is a timely text addressing the context and drivers behind policies centering on women in the Arab region, in its analysis of the interplay of international women’s empowerment discourse and regional public policy decisions. It is relevant to researchers and policy makers focused on women and gender issues in relation to social, cultural, economic, and political empowerment in the Gulf specifically, but also in the Arab world and beyond.
    Keywords: Public Policy and Women Empowerment in the Gulf ; Women and Work in Qatar ; Maqasid Approach to Women Empowerment ; Public Sector and Empowering Women in Qatar ; Public Sector and Empowering Women in the GCC ; Family and Labour Economics ; Gender, Family and Society ; Gender in Law and Policy ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBS Social groups, communities and identities::JBSF Gender studies, gender groups ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPP Public administration ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBK Sociology: family and relationships ; thema EDItEUR::L Law::LN Laws of specific jurisdictions and specific areas of law::LNH Employment and labour law: general ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCF Labour / income economics
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    Making Universities Matter (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Nature Switzerland
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: In an era of rapid change and increasing societal demands, the role of universities as knowledge producers and catalysts for change has come under scrutiny. This open access book offers a fresh perspective on the significance of universities in society, shedding light on how their knowledge can truly matter beyond academia. Drawing upon insightful inquiries from both the Swedish and international contexts, this volume delves into the multifaceted interactions between universities and various knowledge users, emphasizing the need for scholars to reflect on how their knowledge can become useful and applicable to wider society. Organized into three compelling themes, collaboration, engagement, and impact, this book explores the concept of "mattering". Together and jointly, they point at the fluid movement of scholars and scholarly knowledge across academic, political, and public spaces, and the intentional actions of scientists to leverage their expertise for real-worldimpact. Essential reading for social science and humanities scholars, university management professionals, and individuals keen on a critical understanding of the evolving role of universities, this volume offers a comprehensive examination of how universities have mattered, continue to matter, and can shape the future.
    Keywords: Knowledge and Innovation ; Knowledge transfer ; Universities in society ; Knowledge production ; Innovation and Technology Management ; University governance ; Science–policy interaction ; Role of universities in society ; Research collaboration ; Inequality in academia ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJD Business innovation ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJM Management and management techniques::KJMK Knowledge management ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher education, tertiary education ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy
    Language: English
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    Cancer Care in Pandemic Times: Building Inclusive Local Health Security in Africa and India (2024)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-16
    Description: This open access edited volume focuses on the scope and benefits of strengthening local industrial-health linkages. The Covid-19 pandemic collapsed international supply chains for health. That experience brought home to African policy makers the critical nature of local manufacturing capabilities for sustaining and strengthening health care, and highlighted the pandemic benefits of India’s much stronger industrial base. At that time, a network of researchers in East Africa, India and the UK were investigating how to address the crisis of cancer care in low-resource health systems. Their project, uniquely, focused on the scope and benefits of strengthening local industrial-health linkages. The project researchers were also drawn into the pressing demands of Covid19 response. The result is this very timely book. The authors link their research on cancer to pandemic experience, and they draw sharp lessons for how countries can enhance their populations’ health security. The authors argue that improving cancer care is crucial for human wellbeing and more inclusive health care. They challenge policy makers to bring together health needs, health innovations and improved industrial capabilities to embed better cancer care and broader health system improvement in local industrial innovation and development.
    Keywords: Covid19 ; cancer ; Africa ; India ; health security ; manufacturing for health ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPS International relations
    Language: English
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    Intercultural Competence and Pragmatics (2024)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: This Open Access book examines the link between intercultural competence (IC) and pragmatics by asking frontline modern foreign language teachers in higher education teaching a variety of languages (e.g., Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Swedish) how they conceptualise intercultural competence and which skills, competences and knowledge they consider important in their teaching contexts. The data were collected with an online survey that focused on the relationship between intercultural competence and pragmatics. While international organizations such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) or the Council of Europe (CoE) agree that intercultural competence should play an important role in education, it is not always clear what IC may encompass in specific teaching contexts and subject areas. Examining how modern foreign language teachers in higher education conceptualise intercultural competence and the value they attach as well as the attention they give to various areas of pragmatics in their teaching is highly important, since those language professionals may be the final teachers learners encounter during their formal foreign language education. They are therefore in a unique position to shape modern foreign language learners’ intercultural and pragmatic awareness, competence and skills. This book will be of interest to language professionals, modern foreign language teachers and teacher trainers, as well as students and scholars of applied linguistics, pragmatics, and language education.
    Keywords: intercultural competence ; pragmatic competence ; intercultural teaching ; intercultural communicative competence ; L2 pragmatics ; teaching of L2 pragmatics ; intercultural competence in foreign language teaching ; language and culture ; intercultural skills ; intercultural communication ; communicative competence ; intercultural competence in higher education ; intercultural education ; interlanguage pragmatics ; ICC ; IC ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics::CFG Semantics, discourse analysis, stylistics ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GT Interdisciplinary studies::GTC Communication studies ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCT Media studies ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CB Language: reference and general ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher education, tertiary education
    Language: English
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    Internet of Production (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This seminal compendium, available through open access, illuminates the forefront of digital collaboration in production. It introduces the visionary concept of the Internet of Production (IoP), an ambitious initiative by Germany's esteemed Cluster of Excellence at RWTH Aachen University. This handbook pioneers the integration of data, models, and knowledge across development, production, and user cycles, offering interdisciplinary insights into production technology's horizons with the overall objective to create a worldwide lab. The work is organized into seven key parts, each contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the IoP. Part I lays the foundation with interdisciplinary visions and concepts. Part II delves into IoP's infrastructure, encompassing digital shadows and actionable artificial intelligence. Part III examines materials within the digitalized production landscape. Part IV confronts the challenges and potentials of production processes under novel digitalization methods. Part V focuses on production management with data-driven decision support, while Part VI explores agile development processes. Finally, Part VII delves into the interplay between internal and external perspectives in the IoP, human-centered work design, and platform-based ecosystems. Supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG), this compendium redefines manufacturing through the transformative IoP lens. Embrace this scholarly endeavor to embrace technological advancement. This is an open access book.
    Keywords: Internet of Production ; Industrial Internet of Things ; Advanced Manufacturing ; Production ; Digital Shadow ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGP Production and industrial engineering ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UM Computer programming / software engineering::UMB Algorithms and data structures ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJM Management and management techniques::KJMV Management of specific areas::KJMV5 Production and quality control management ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJM Management and management techniques::KJMV Management of specific areas ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJM Management and management techniques::KJMV Management of specific areas::KJMV8 Purchasing and supply management
    Language: English
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    Civil Society Elites (2024)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-16
    Description: This open access book introduces a groundbreaking concept - civil society elites - and serves as an essential resource for scholars, researchers and students interested in the complexities of power and influence within contemporary civil societies. Through a series of unique empirical studies, the authors offer a comprehensive examination of the individuals occupying the upper echelons of influential civil society organisations and movements. By delving into the factors that propel individuals into key positions and examining the connections between civil society leaders within and across sectors, the book offers insight into the mechanisms that shape access to powerful positions in civil societies. As a reflection of current debates on elites and populism, the book furthermore explores the expression and conceptualisation of counter-elite positions and criticism of civil society elites. With its original approach, the book serves as a catalyst for further research into inequalities, power structures and elites within civil societies.
    Keywords: Civil society elites ; Elite theory ; Civil society theory ; Elite integration ; Elite reproduction ; Elite contestation ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JK Social services & welfare, criminology::JKS Social welfare & social services::JKSN Social work ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology
    Language: English
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    A Circular Built Environment in the Digital Age (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This open access book offers a comprehensive exploration of the digital innovations that have emerged in recent years for the circular built environment. Each chapter is meticulously crafted to ensure that both academic readers and industry practitioners can grasp the inner workings of each digital technology, understand its relevance to the circular built environment, examine real-life implementations, and appreciate the intriguing business models behind them. Our primary objective is to blend scholarly knowledge with practical inspiration by providing real-life case studies for each innovation. The authors, who possess extensive expertise in their respective fields, have contributed chapters dedicated to digital technologies within their areas of specialization. The book is organized into three distinct parts. The first part focuses on data-driven digital technologies and delves into how their capabilities can facilitate the transition to a circular built environment. Essential aspects such as building information modeling (BIM), digital twins, geographical information systems (GIS), scanning technologies, artificial intelligence (AI), data templates, and material passports are explored as vital tools for data collection, integration, and analysis in the context of circular construction. In the second part, various digital technologies for design and fabrication are introduced. Topics covered include computational design algorithms, additive and subtractive manufacturing, robotic manufacturing, and extended reality. These discussions shed light on how these technologies can be leveraged to enhance design and fabrication processes within the circular built environment. Finally, the last part of the book presents emerging digital concepts related to business and governance. It explores the role of deconstruction and reverse logistics, blockchain technology, digital building logbooks, and innovative business models as enablers of circularity in the built environment. The book concludes with a chapter dedicated to digital transformation and its potential to propel the built environment towards a regenerative future. In addition to the substantive content, the book features forewords and perspectives from esteemed experts, providing valuable economic and creative insights to complement its comprehensive approach.
    Keywords: Digital innovations in the construction sector ; Applications in the construction sector ; Circular economy in the built environment ; Digital construction ; Addititive manufacturing ; Robotic manufacturing and artificial intelligence ; Big data and analytics ; Blockchain ; Circular business models ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TN Civil engineering, surveying and building::TNK Building construction and materials ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology::TQD Environmental monitoring ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNU Sustainability ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBT Probability and statistics ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UF Business applications::UFM Mathematical and statistical software
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    Die politische Ökonomie der „Überflüssigen“ (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer VS
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-16
    Description: Jakob Graf wirft in diesem Open-Access-Buch die Frage auf, wie sozialökologische Konflikte am Rande der Weltwirtschaft soziologisch verstanden werden können. Dabei zeigt er, dass gerade in durch Rohstoffausbeutung gekennzeichneten Ländern des Globalen Südens große Teile der Erwerbstätigen nicht mittels Lohnarbeit in den globalen Kapitalismus integriert werden. Aus Sicht der kapitalistischen Weltwirtschaft sind große Teile der weltweiten Armen vielmehr „überflüssig“. Der Autor zeigt, dass diese Menschen allerdings nicht einfach „arbeitslos“, sondern vielfach wirtschaftlich aktiv sind; sie tragen in entscheidendem Maße zum Überleben der Menschen in ärmeren Ländern bei. Wie aus dem Widerspruch zwischen diesen lokalen „bedarfsökonomischen“ Aktivitäten und der kapitalistischen Wirtschaft sozialökologische Konflikte entstehen, verdeutlicht Graf am Beispiel der indigenen Mapuche im Süden Chiles. Diese setzen sich gegen die Expansion der industriellen Forstwirtschaft zur Wehr, die für die Weltmärkte in riesigen Forstplantagen Zellstoff produziert. Als historisch "Enteignete" kämpfen die Mapuche für die Wiederaneignung ihres Landes und ihrer Ressourcen. Graf analysiert die Funktionsweise derartiger Konflikte, er fragt, wie sich die soziale Gruppe der „Überflüssigen“ soziologisch verstehen lässt.
    Keywords: Lateinamerika ; soziale Konflikte ; Chile ; Kapitalismus ; Kolonialismus ; Globaler Süden ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCP Political economy
    Language: German
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    Entstehung, Struktur und Steuerung des deutschen Schulsystems (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-14
    Description: Für jene, die (künftig) als Lehrkräfte oder in anderen Positionen im Kontext von Schule arbeiten, ist es unerlässlich, über ein orientierendes Wissen zum Schulsystem zu verfügen. In Anlehnung an die Themenstruktur der Module zum bildungswissenschaftlichen Studium bietet dieses Open-Access-Lehrbuch in komprimierter und präziser Form zentrale, wissenschaftlich fundierte Grundlagen zur Entstehung, Struktur und Steuerung des deutschen Schulsystems und seiner Qualitätsentwicklung. Eine konzentrierte Themenwahl und die grundlegende Einführung zentraler Begriffe und problemorientierter Zusammenhänge garantieren ein vertieftes Basiswissen, das sowohl im Rahmen von Lehrveranstaltungen als auch zur Prüfungsvorbereitung unentbehrlich ist. Hierzu tragen auch Reflexionsaufgaben am Ende aller Kapitel bei. Über eine grundlegende Aktualisierung der herangezogenen Forschungs- und Datenlage hinaus bietet die 4. Auflage nun einen systematischen Blick auf die (nicht) staatlichen Akteure, die aufunterschiedlichen Ebenen des Bildungssystems Einfluss nehmen. Darüber hinaus werden Querschnittsthemen (wie Inklusion und Digitalisierung) stärker akzentuiert, die das Bild von Schule prägen. ; Für jene, die (künftig) als Lehrkräfte oder in anderen Positionen im Kontext von Schule arbeiten, ist es unerlässlich, über ein orientierendes Wissen zum Schulsystem zu verfügen. In Anlehnung an die Themenstruktur der Module zum bildungswissenschaftlichen Studium bietet dieses Open-Access-Lehrbuch in komprimierter und präziser Form zentrale, wissenschaftlich fundierte Grundlagen zur Entstehung, Struktur und Steuerung des deutschen Schulsystems und seiner Qualitätsentwicklung. Eine konzentrierte Themenwahl und die grundlegende Einführung zentraler Begriffe und problemorientierter Zusammenhänge garantieren ein vertieftes Basiswissen, das sowohl im Rahmen von Lehrveranstaltungen als auch zur Prüfungsvorbereitung unentbehrlich ist. Hierzu tragen auch Reflexionsaufgaben am Ende aller Kapitel bei. Über eine grundlegende Aktualisierung der herangezogenen Forschungs- und Datenlage hinaus bietet die 4. Auflage nun einen systematischen Blick auf die (nicht) staatlichen Akteure, die aufunterschiedlichen Ebenen des Bildungssystems Einfluss nehmen. Darüber hinaus werden Querschnittsthemen (wie Inklusion und Digitalisierung) stärker akzentuiert, die das Bild von Schule prägen.
    Keywords: Bildungswesen ; Erziehungswissenschaft ; Schulentwicklung ; Schulqualität ; Schultheorie ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNL Schools
    Language: German
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    Rational Use of Intravenous Fluids in Critically Ill Patients (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This open access book, published by Springer under the Open Access CC BY 4.0 Licence in collaboration with the International Fluid Academy (IFA, www.fluidacademy.org), explores rationalized intravenous fluid therapy for critically ill patients. Despite being commonly prescribed in inpatient settings, intravenous fluids are often administered without evidence-based guidelines, neglecting essential considerations such as the fact they are drugs, that need proper dosing, duration, indications, contraindications, side effects, and de-escalation. This book fills this knowledge gap. Each chapter starts with a clinical vignette and a related question, followed by a concise summary abstract, key learning points, main text, and a conclusion that addresses the clinical question and provides relevant take-home messages. Additionally, every chapter includes an IFA commentary referencing the latest literature and evidence. The book begins with an introductory chapter that provides definitions and terminology, followed by four sections. The first section covers the fundamentals of intravenous fluid therapy, including fluid compartments in sick patients, fluid bolus dynamics, heart-lung interactions, fluid challenge, fluid responsiveness, arterial blood gas analysis based on traditional and Stewart concepts, and electrolyte physiology relevant to clinical issues. The second section discusses commercially available intravenous fluids, while the third section focuses on fluid therapy in specific clinical situations. The final section introduces the concepts of fluid stewardship and appropriate fluid prescription. Aligned with the International Fluid Academy's mission to enhance education and promote research on fluid management and monitoring, ultimately improving patient survival rates, this book contributes significantly to establishing fluid stewardship at the bedside. It provides valuable support for physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and other healthcare professionals across various clinical disciplines working in emergency rooms, operating rooms, or intensive care units, aiding their everyday clinical practice.
    Keywords: Dynamics of fluid resuscitation ; Acid-base homeostasis ; Hydroxyethyl starch ; Blood and blood products in resuscitation ; Regulation of plasma electrolytes and dyselectrolytemia ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKP Accident and emergency medicine::MKPL Intensive care medicine ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKA Anaesthetics ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKP Accident and emergency medicine ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MJ Clinical and internal medicine ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MN Surgery
    Language: English
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    The Palgrave Handbook of South–South Migration and Inequality (2024)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-16
    Description: This open access handbook examines the phenomenon of South-South migration and its relationship to inequality in the Global South, where at least a third of all international migration takes place. Drawing on contributions from nearly 70 leading migration scholars, mainly from the Global South, the handbook challenges dominant conceptualisations of migration, offering new perspectives and insights that can inform theoretical and policy understandings and unlock migration’s development potential. The handbook is divided into four parts, each highlighting often overlooked mobility patterns within and between regions of the Global South, as well as the inequalities faced by those who move. Key cross-cutting themes include gender, race, poverty and income inequality, migration decision making, intermediaries, remittances, technology, climate change, food security and migration governance. The handbook is an indispensable resource on South-South migration and inequality for academics, researchers, postgraduates and development practitioners.
    Keywords: Global South ; colonisation ; decolonisation ; forced migration ; food insecurity ; climate change ; gender inequality ; transnational borders ; asylum ; refugees ; diaspora ; colonialism ; displacement ; discrimination ; intersectional inequalities ; Indigenous Peoples ; postcolonialism ; racism ; Sustainable Development Goals ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFN Migration, immigration & emigration ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBD Population & demography ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RG Geography::RGC Human geography ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPA Political science & theory ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences
    Language: English
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    Perspectives on Socio-environmental Transformations in Ancient Europe (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Nature Switzerland
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This open access book brings together key issues from transformative processes and events across Europe (and in some cases beyond) from 15,000 to 1 BCE. This volume covers the research output produced by the Collaborative Research Centre (CRC) 1266 "Scales of Transformation" – the first interdisciplinary centre to diachronically investigate transformations in past societies with a summary of their individual aspects from the Late Palaeolithic to the Roman Period. Following the introduction, the book is divided into three main sections: In "Identification of anatomies of socio-environmental transformation", the concept of scales of transformations is first explained, and the various parameters of transformational change are identified. This is followed by "Expressions of socio-environmental transformations: from climate preconditions to decision making", in which transformation processes are illustrated with individual examples. The third major part of the book deals with"Perspectives on decision making processes in socio-environmental transformations". In conclusion, the results are framed in a broad temporal framework, and patterns of socio-environmental change are presented across common time frames from the Eastern Mediterranean to Scandinavia. This book is of interest to researchers in archaeology and palaeoecology.
    Keywords: Archaeological transformation studies ; Human-environment interaction ; Social archaeology of prehistoric societies ; Transformations in human history ; Integrative archaeology ; Modelling past transformations ; Combining quantitative and qualitative archaeological research ; Palaeoenvironmental research ; European prehistory ; Prehistoric social and political history ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NK Archaeology ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NK Archaeology
    Language: English
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    Agroforestry as Climate Change Adaptation (2024)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-14
    Description: This open access book provides multidisciplinary perspectives on the potential of agroforestry to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change on cocoa production. Against the backdrop of increasingly precarious farmer livelihoods, it focuses on cocoa-agroforestry in Ghana – the second largest producer of cocoa in the world. Taking the reader on a journey across experimental plots and on-farm studies, the book delivers a holistic understanding of cocoa-agroforestry. Chapters examine historical yield and climate interactions, the effects of heat and drought on cocoa plants and the role of differing shade trees on soil fertility, yields, pests and diseases. The book discusses the socioeconomics of shade tree management, including cost-benefits, tree rights and competition for natural resources emphasizing policy implications and recommendations. Taking a multidisciplinary approach to climate-agriculture interactions, the book provides an innovative understanding of agroforestry and perennial cropping systems that goes beyond the Ghanaian cocoa belt. It is of relevance to students, researchers, farmers, practitioners and policymakers working with agroforestry and climate change adaptation. This is an open access book.
    Keywords: cocoa ; climate change ; multidisciplinary ; mitigation ; adaptation ; resilience ; climate-smart agriculture ; Ghana ; shade trees ; farming systems ; ecophysiology ; land rights ; tree use rights ; smallholder farming ; rural livelihoods ; technical efficiency ; perennial crop ; profitability ; sustainability ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RG Geography ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNF Environmental management ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNU Sustainability
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    International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy 2022 (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-14
    Description: This open access book presents an important discussion on the interface between sustainable soil management and climate mitigation and adaptation. It investigates a variety of aspects in this context, such as the political and societal consequences for countries in the Global South, an assessment of the outcomes of the UNFCCC Conference of Parties held in Glasgow, appropriate legal instruments to promote desealing, regulatory concepts for negative emissions in soil and land use, the debate in Europe on carbon uptake in soils and the climate-related policy of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Lastly, it provides information on recent court rulings on climate mitigation in Germany and Australia and their relevance for sustainable soil management. This sixth volume of the International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy is divided into four parts, the first of which deals with various aspects of the theme “Climate Mitigation and Adaptation and Sustainable Soil Management.”The second part covers recent international developments, the third presents regional and national reports, and the fourth discusses overarching issues. Given the range of key topics covered, the book offers an indispensable tool for all academics, legislators and policymakers working in this field. The “International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy” series discusses central questions in law and politics with regard to the protection and sustainable management of soil and land – at the international, national, and regional level.
    Keywords: Land Degradation ; Neutrality ; Sustainable Management ; Climate Adaptation ; Soil ; Governance ; Climate Mitigation ; UNFCCC ; CBD ; Sustainability ; Climate Change ; Emissions ; Climate Policy ; Climate Litigation ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LB International law::LBB Public international law::LBBP International environmental law ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TV Agriculture & farming::TVB Agricultural science ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LB International law::LBB Public international law ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPV Political control & freedoms::JPVH Human rights ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RB Earth sciences::RBP Meteorology & climatology ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPQ Central government::JPQB Central government policies
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    Elusive Phenomena, Unwieldy Things (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Nature Switzerland
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This open access book provides a historical treatment of scientific control in experimentation in the longue durée. The introduction distinguishes four related strands in the history of experimental control: the development of practices to stabilize experimental conditions; the career of the comparative design; the unfolding of methodological discussions about control practices and designs; and the history of the term “control”. Each chapter brings these distinctions to bear on specific historical episodes. The focus is on experiments with complex, elusive phenomena such as perception and learning, irregular movements, and unobservable elements. Such experiments bring control issues to the fore because they are difficult to design and stabilize and often controversial. Together, the chapters show that the local context shapes what exactly is controlled, how control can be accomplished, and how controls are justified. They also show that control strategies and methodological ideas often remain stable for a long time and change only gradually. This book, as well as the volume on analysis and synthesis in experimentation by the same editors, contains contributions by an array of experts from multiple disciplines, making it suitable for historians and philosophers of science and students alike.
    Keywords: Control experiment ; History of experimental practice ; History of life sciences ; History of physical sciences ; History of philosophy of science ; visions on experimentation ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDX History of science ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDH Philosophical traditions and schools of thought ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBX History of mathematics
    Language: English
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    Manifold Learning (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Nature Switzerland
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This Open Access book reviews recent theoretical and numerical developments in nonlinear model order reduction in continuum mechanics, being addressed to Master and PhD students, as well as to researchers, lecturers and instructors. The aim of the authors is to provide tools for a better understanding and implement reduced order models by using: physics-based models, synthetic data forecast by these models, experimental data and deep learning algorithms. The book involves a survey of key methods of model order reduction applied to model-based engineering and digital twining, by learning linear or nonlinear latent spaces. Projection-based reduced order models are the projection of mechanical equations on a latent space that have been learnt from both synthetic data and experimental data. Various descriptions and representations of structured data for model reduction are presented in the applications and survey chapters. Image-based digital twins are developed in a reduced setting. Reduced order models of as-manufactured components predict the mechanical effects of shape variations. A similar workflow is extended to multiphysics or coupled problems, with high dimensional input fields. Practical techniques are proposed for data augmentation and also for hyper-reduction, which is a key point to speed up projection-based model order reduction of finite element models. The book gives access to python libraries available on gitlab.com, which have been developed as part of the research program [FUI-25] MORDICUS funded by the French government. Similarly to deep learning for computer vision, deep learning for model order reduction circumvents the need to design parametric problems prior reducing models. Such an approach is highly relevant for image-base modelling or multiphysics modelling.
    Keywords: Computational Mechanics ; Data Augmentation ; Deep Learning ; Digital Twining ; Dimensionality Reduction ; GenericROM Library ; High-Fidelity Model ; Hyper-reduction ; Image-based Digital Twins ; Manifold Learning ; Model Order Reduction ; Mordicus ; Multiphysics Modeling ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence::UYQM Machine learning ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UF Business applications::UFM Mathematical and statistical software ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBT Probability and statistics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science::TGMB Engineering thermodynamics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGP Production and industrial engineering ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHU Mathematical physics ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence::UYQM Machine learning ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UF Business applications::UFM Mathematical and statistical software ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBT Probability and statistics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science::TGMB Engineering thermodynamics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGP Production and industrial engineering ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHU Mathematical physics
    Language: English
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    Beyond Becquerel and Biology to Precision Radiomolecular Oncology: Festschrift in Honor of Richard P. Baum (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This open access book is written by world-renowned experts on radiomolecular precision oncology to celebrate the work, life, principles and ideology of Richard P Baum. It includes commentaries, reviews and some thought provoking novel ideas on radionuclide precision oncology, covering topics such as various aspects of theranostics and molecular radiotherapy like radiolabeled peptides, radiolabeled antibodies, dosimetry, and quality control as well as the diagnosis and treatment of specific tumor types. Featuring contributions by biologists, physicists, chemists, mathematicians, geneticists, and physicians from a range of specialties, this Festschrift is highly interdisciplinary and will be a valuable resource for future precision oncologists. ;
    Keywords: Precision Oncology ; Theranostics ; Radiomolecular Precision Oncology ; Molecular Radiotherapy ; Radionuclide Precision Oncology ; Dosimetry ; Radiolabelled Peptides ; Radiolabelled Antibodies ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKR Nuclear medicine ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHV Applied physics::PHVD Medical physics ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MJ Clinical and internal medicine
    Language: English
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    Understanding China’s Belt and Road Initiative (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Nature Singapore
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: This open access book provokes critical thinking regarding the most ambitious Chinese project since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The book presents extensive quality research and original insights in assessing the status of China’s outbound investment and construction projects under the BRI umbrella. Referring to case studies and projects of selected countries from Southeast Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East, the author sheds new light on the issues and problems associated with the BRI's implementation and discusses both the readjustments and prospects for the BRI. Finally, this book demarcates the limits and potential of the world’s second largest economy in pushing for the BRI, which is challenged by enormous domestic tensions and external pressures. It also identifies and analyzes potential new collaboration areas between the Belt and Road countries and China under the BRI framework in the context of the post-COVID-19 era. It provides an outstanding reference for academics, students, policymakers, and the business community working in areas of international affairs and Asian economics and development, particularly those interested in Sino-relations and Chinese power dynamics in the global world order.
    Keywords: Contemporary Chinese Politics ; Asian Economics ; Connectivity and Infrastructure Development ; One Belt One Road ; Southeast Asia ; Diplomacy ; East Asia ; International Relations ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHF Asian history ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPS International relations ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPS International relations::JPSD Diplomacy ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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    Conservation in Chilean Patagonia (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Chilean Patagonia, located at the southwestern tip of South America, is one of the last regions on earth where highly intact environments predominate. With a coastline that extends along some 100,000 km of fjords, channels, and islands, it has one of the world´s most extensive marine-terrestrial interfaces. Local place-based and Indigenous cultures and management practices are a vital presence across the region, while the long and rich history of conservation efforts have resulted in officially protected areas covering over 50% of the land and 41% of the coastal-marine area. However, Chilean Patagonia is increasingly facing anthropogenic pressures associated with increased infrastructure and access, salmon aquaculture, extractive industries, and the spread of invasive exotic species. Despite widespread recognition that Chilean Patagonia represents a unique global reservoir of socio-natural heritage, to date there has been no region-wide assessment of the scientific evidence of the conservation status of its ecosystems or the priorities for their effective conservation. Conservation in Chilean Patagonia: Assessing the state of knowledge, opportunities, and challenges is the first book to gather and synthesize the available scientific and socio-environmental information related to Patagonian conservation. It presents the collaborative work of 68 researchers and local experts, representing a range of specialties and perspectives, including: biology, ecology, socio-ecology, fisheries, aquaculture, anthropology, economics, geography, tourism, cryosphere, oceanography, climate and global change. The book’s 18 chapters focus on the status of key ecosystems and conservation tools, and provide recommendations toward the construction of a renewed, inclusive, and integrated conservation agenda for the Chilean Patagonian region. It provides an essential primer for anyone interested in the future of this ecologically vital region, as well as lessons on interdisciplinary collaboration and integrated analysis of conservation issues useful for conservation practitioners and scholars. This is an open access book. This book is a translation of an original Spanish edition. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Oceanography ; Biodiversity ; Marine-terrestrial Interface ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNK Conservation of the environment ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences::RBK Hydrology and the hydrosphere::RBKC Oceanography (seas and oceans) ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RG Geography::RGM Biogeography ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNC Applied ecology::RNCB Biodiversity
    Language: English
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    Neuroaesthetics (2024)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-16
    Description: ​This open access neuroaesthetics textbook, the first in the world, is designed for teaching a semester module (14 meetings) to undergraduate/masters students from both the sciences and the humanities. Written in a style that appeals to humanities students without prior science training, and to science students without prior humanities training, the textbook contains 6 Units, material for an introductory class, and summative comments to be discussed in a closing meeting. Each Unit comprises an overview designed as student home reading, a lecture, and a lab. The labs contain detailed step-by-step instructions for running a basic experiment and analysing the collected data, that can be easily implemented in humanities and science departments alike. The textbook introduces students to philosophical considerations of neuroaesthetics topics in context of the history of empirical aesthetics, showcases experimental approaches to the empirical study of dance, the visual arts, and music, and supports hands-on training in experimental research methods.
    Keywords: neuroaesthetics ; perception ; art ; quantitative methods ; qualitative methods ; psychology of creativity ; artificial intelligence ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology::JMR Cognition & cognitive psychology ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPN Philosophy: aesthetics ; bic Book Industry Communication::A The arts::AB The arts: general issues
    Language: English
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    Measuring Gender Equality (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-16
    Description: In this open access book, the editors explicitly address the issue of measuring gender equality. The book introduces readers to basic concepts of gender equality, equity and equal opportunities, then discusses measuring these phenomena, the methods of constructing indicators, and reviews the main indicators that have been proposed at the international level to measure gender equality. It then sets the theoretical discussions against the findings from a Jean Monnet project financed by the European Union to highlight the importance of a regional analysis of gender equality in four main study areas: Italy, Spain, France and Germany. The results make it clear that it is necessary to move from the purely national perspective hitherto used in gender equality analyses to a regional one because differences can be highly pronounced even within the same country. This is a self-contained volume requiring limited statistical expertise for the reader and is aimed at social researchers and policymakers who wish to address gender equality from a quantitative perspective.
    Keywords: Gender Equality ; Gender Gap ; Indicators ; Measurement ; Policy Making ; European Union ; Complexity ; Regional Studies ; Gender Responsive ; Fiscal Policies ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFS Social groups::JFSJ Gender studies, gender groups ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJM Management & management techniques::KJMV Management of specific areas::KJMV2 Personnel & human resources management ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBC Social research & statistics ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes
    Language: English
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