ALBERT

Description: Hydrographie data (salinity, temperature, oxygen, silicate, and phosphate) obtained on 5 stations ("Meteor" cruise 23, leg C, 8 to 26 June 1971) on a section from Lisbon, Portugal, to 44° N, 43° W (Newfoundland Basin) by both water sampling and in situ observation by the "Bathysonde" (STD), are summarized. A strong core of Mediterranean water was found at the eastern boundary of the section (38.5° N, 11.5° W). At this station, the core is accompanied by low nutrient concentrations and brings about an extended oxygen minimum (ca. 500 to 1400 m depth). The core quickly weakens towards the west and is, at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, only apparent in the Bathysonde data. Two salinity maxima are observed within the core of Mediterranean water, the center of which speads along the isopycnal σt = 27.7. Dissolved oxygen shows a rapid concentration increase with depth below the Mediterranean water core; concentration variations with depth below the range of this increase are only small. The mean deep-water oxygen concentration increases from 5.5 ml/kg (below 2500 m) to 6.20 ml/kg (below 1500 m) in an east-west direction on the section. The upper boundary of the deep-water oxygen concentration range thereby rises from 2000 to 1300 m; this boundary marks the upper boundary of the Arctic Intermediate water. Core depths of Arctic Intermediate and of Iceland-Scotland overflow water, are derived from the potential-temperature/salinity diagrams obtained in the western basin, and are extended to the other stations by assuming lateral spreading to occur along isopycnal surfaces. The core depths for the Intermediate water obtained in this manner, are supported also by the potential-temperature to silicate relations. The bottom water of the westernmost station of the section, at 44° N, 43° W, is of Denmark Strait origin, and it produces a distinct reversal in the vertical trends of salinity, silicate, phosphate, and oxygen, at 4300 m depth. The concentration of the nuclear-weapon produced nuclide tritium increases within the Denmark Strait water core towards the bottom. Further tritium concentration peaks appear in the intermediate and deep water at this station. At the next Station east on the section at 43° N 34 ° W, tritium concentrations are essetially zero below 2000 m depth, and are distinctly smaller than on the westernmost station, between 600 m and 2000 m depth. This "Meteor" section was track F of the Atlantic network of the international Geochemical Ocean Sections Program (GEOSECS).

Description: At seven sites west of Gibraltar current and temperature variations of the Mediterranean outflow were observed during one month in spring 1971. This paper presents the obtained records of 29 current meters and 5 thermistor cables in the form of time series, amplitude spectra, and progressive vector diagrams as a basis for further evaluation. Characteristic featurcs of the currents like mean spceds, mean directions and the periodicity of the variation can be seen directly from the given plots.

Description: During the Northeast-Atlantic-Expedition of 1971, C02 concentration in the air layer near the ocean surface and C02 partial pressure in the surface water was measured between Lisbon and Weather Ship D as well as between Weather Ship D and Hamburg. These measurements were supplemented by depth profiles of C02 partial pressure in the ocean. The resulting zonal distribution is discussed. An interesting aspect of the C02 concentration values in the air layer above the ocean is their significant correlation with the temperature difference between air and water. The possible meaning of this correlation with the regard to the exchange of C02 between ocean and atmosphere is demonstrated by estimating the C02 flux for a particular case. The annual variation of C02 partial pressure in surface water is discussed for two points on longitude 30° W at which the route of the 1971 expedition intersects the route of the 1969 expedition. It is deduced that in temperate latitudes the annual variation of C02 partial pressure in surface water is related to that of surface-water temperature. Based on this relationship and on the PC02 decrease of 35 ppm measured between April and June it is estimated that the annual variation of C02 partial pressure in surface water for the oceanic area around 50° N 30° W amounts to 60 ppm ± 15 ppm.

Description: The diurnal variation in the concentration of C02 in the air and in the water near the ocean surface has been measured during the Atlantic Expedition of 1969. While at the Drift Station in the NE-trade wind belt, a mid-day minimum in the diurnal variation of C02 in the atmosphere was found similar to that measured by Kumvrn (1968) 1965 in the SE-trade wind belt. At the Equator Station under the influence of the intertropical convergence zone, on the other hand, a mid-day maximum was found. Statistical correlations between the C02 concentrations and various meteorological parameters could not be used to reveal the origin of such differing diurnal variations. By using a simple computer model it appears that a diurnal trend to the intensity of oceanic sources of C02 may be responsible for the diurnal variation of C02 in the atmosphere. Since the variations in the concentration of C02 in the near-surface waters were found to be too small to explain the variations observed in the atmosphere, other processes were discussed which lead to a stronger variation of C02 concentration in the laminar boundary film of the ocean surface. Since the C02 system in sea water is a function of both the temperature and the salinity, the concentration of C02 in the boundary film may be strongly influenced by the fluxes of radiation and evaporation. The diurnal variations found at the Equator Station can then be explained primarily through the variations in the temperature of the boundary film. At the Drift Station, however, an enrichment of salt content in this film through a greater evaporation rate may be the basis for the variations of C02 there. Such deviations in the concentrations of C02 between the laminar surface film and the near-surface waters seem important to the exchange of C02 across the sea-air interface.

Description: To estimate the disturbing influence of a ship's hull and superstructure on measurements of wind speed, air temperature and humidity and surface water temperature, data taken from R.V. "Meteor" are compared with simultaneous measurements from a meteorological buoy. It is shown that almost no systematic errors occur in the measurement of water temperature while the wet bulb temperature is generally indicated to high by 0.1°C to 0.2°C. However, due to large heating of the ship's body during daytime, a systematic increase of dry-bulb temperature is observed which also leads to erroneous values of relative humidity. During nighttime, the errors in dry-bulb temperature remain small. Wind-speed measurements, in particular, are critical from board a ship. The "Meteor" data show that the ship's values are systematically smaller than the measurements at the buoy, the difference increases with increasing wind speed. Although WARSH et al. (1972) found the same behaviour with R. V. "Discoverer", the result cannot be generalized, and similar investigation are recommended for any ship the data of which will be used for more extended evaluations. The errors are examined concerning their influence on the computation of turbulent heat fluxes from the bulk-aerodynamic equation. The result shows that, even if the diurnal march of dry-bulb temperature is corrected, the fluxes are still erroneous due to the wind-speed error. The conclusion, therefore, is that data taken from a ship are in general inappropriate for the more detailed investigation of surface-energy fluxes, unless a good correction function for all the parameters involved is known.

Description: Aerosol samples collected over the North Atlantic from ship were analysed for Sodium, Magnesium, Potassium, Calcium and Chloride. A found dependence of sea salt concentrations from wind velocity is compared with earlier results. The mean of the ratio Cl/Na was close to that for sea water; the Mg-, K- and Ca-concentrations in the aerosol, however, were enriched with respect to sea water. It is shown that continental advection influences the measured aerosol components over the North Atlantic.

Description: Satellite pictures and the results of radiosonde ascents indicate that FS "Meteor" was placed very near to or within the region of the ITCZ during the anchor station 1969 (March 8 to April 4) at the equator in 32° W. In spite of this the most frequently observed radar echoes are smaller than 100 km2, which is also shown by the small radar index (mean value 2.6%). The diurnal variation of the radar index over the ocean shows two maxima, in contrast to the continental typ. There is a weak maximum in the late afternoon due to surface heating. But the main peak occurs in the early morning (3 a.m. local time), apparently due to the increasing instability in the lower troposphere by longwave outgoing radiation. A frequently (20%) observed phenomenon is the arrangement of the echoes in organized structures, four examples of which are discussed: convergence line, shower streets, open cells.

Description: During cruises in the Norwegian Sea in 1969 and 1972 seven heat flow values were measured between Iceland and the Vøring Plateau. The six eastern values of this profile show a positive trend eastsoutheastwards which coincides with a possible transition from oceanic to continental ernst suggested by seismic results. One heat flow value taken near Iceland and 250 miles west of the others reflects the influence of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. An estimation of the heat flow at a depth of 15 km below the measuring localities yields values with a small, possibly insignificant negative trend towards the east-southeast. The temperatures at 15 km depth are estimated to be 190°C beneath the zone of seamounts and 280 °C beneath the Vøring Plateau.

Description: The continental margin off West Africa between 22° and 27° N has not developed by simple progradation and continuous sedimentation. Two unconformities which can be followed over large distances and drillings both on land and at sea suggest that a pre-Oligocene shelf has subsided there by more than 2000 m caused by orogenic movements south of the Atlas region. The former shelf edge is marked today by a slope anticline. We prefer this regional explanation and not a global one combining the huge hiatuses in the sediment column underneath the present continental slope and rise with a dramatically stronger occanic circulation at the Paleogene/Neogene boundary. The subsided shelf sediments, the slope anticline and the unconformities are of specific interest for oil exploration.

Description: 1. ATP in deep-sea sediments can be determined after it is adsorbed on a mixture of the sediment and calcium carbonate by measuring the luminescence of the reaction of the mixture and luciferin-luciferase. 2. ATP contents of the toplayer of northeastern Atlantic sediments (Josephine Bank and northern Canary Basin) decrease with increasing depths of 252, 408, 1445, 1769, 2149, 4897, 5510 m: 0.96, 0.61, 0.13, 0.10, 0.21, 0.05, 0.07 μg ATP/ml wet sediment. The decreasing values are in accordance with the decrease of macrobenthos and meiobenthos biomass in the deep-sea. 3. The ATP content of deep-sea nematodes is about 1‰ of their wet weight. 4. At the two deepest Stations, less than 50% of the ATP measured in the sediment is represented by nematodes, copepods, other "hard" meiofauna groups and bacteria.

Description: In an area regarded to be very favourable for the study of Holocene sea level changes one or several eustatic (?) oscillations of sea have been found using sedimentological and ecological methods. After a maximum of +3 m during the Nouakchottian stage (= Middle Flandrian or Late Atlantic) about 5500 YBP a drop of sea to -3.5 ± 0.5 m about 4100 YBP is testified by stromatolitic algae indicating the former sea level within the tidal zone with high accuracy. This evidence is supported by the observation of post-Nouakchottian regressive and transgressive geologic sequences, by buried beach deposits and flooded hardgrounds, post-Nouakchottian marine terraces of different height and age, the cutting off of one large and several small bays from the open sea etc. Possibly, one or two smaller oscillations followed between 4000 and 1500 years B.P. (derived sea level curve Fig. 5). The radiocarbon age of the marine shells dated may be partly somewhat too old or too young (Chapter G, Table 1).

Description: During "Meteor"cruise 1965 the author collected 134 samples of surface sediments from the Iranian part of the Persian Gulf. Benthic Foraminifera populations have been analysed for determining their depth zonation. These data are supposed to allow detailed depth interpretation of pleistocene sediments found in cores. In addition, the ecological information might be usefull to reconstruct the depositional environment of fossil sediments in similar shallow epicontinental seas. The investigation is published in two parts: the present part 1 contains the catalogue of species with short discussions of taxonomic problems, notes on the distribution within the Persian Gulf and 11 plates, partly with scanning electron micrographs. The results of the statistical analysis are given in data tables which include number of species, percentages of 2 (and 5) ranked species, standing crop and foraminiferal numbers. The author used "species groups" to avoid ambiguities with species requiring additional taxonomic studies. However, species numbers within these units are estimated to yield applicable diversity information. - A total of 52 species and 7 "species groups" were separated, 2 new species were described. Complete series of reference material were deposited in the British Museum (N.H.), London and the U.S. National Museum, Washington (BMNH 1973: 10: 22: 1 172 and USNM 36/203331 - 203383). Part 2 (ecological part) is in preparation and is supposed to contain diagrams showing depth distribution, relation of fauna with grain size of sediments, distribution maps and the ecological interpretation of dominant distribution patterns.

Description: From the south-eastern Tyrrhenian deep-sea floor, four sediment cores of "Meteor" cruise 22 (1971) are described. These cores were taken in the basin between the Aeolian Islands and the Marsili Seamount, an elevation of more than 3000 m above the sea floor. The sedimentation of the deep-sea basin is distinguished by a sequence of turbidites with a high sedimentation rate. The composition of the clastic material and the position of the cores in the mouth area of the morphologically very pronounced Stromboli Canyon suggest an interpretation of the turbidite sequence as fan of this canyon onto the deep-sea floor. A white rhyolitic pumice-tephra at the base of the 4 m thick sequence of turbidites in core M 22-102 has been correlated with the Pelato eruption of the island of Lipari in the 6th century A.D. At the foot of the Marsili Seamount - apparently in morphologically elevated positions - the influence of the turbidite sedimentation decreases, the rate of sedimentation is lower and stratigraphic omissions are probable. Here, rather compacted globigerina marls have been found in only 15-25 cm depth. In addition, volcanic material in the form of lapilli layers, palagonitized ashes and detrital volcanic sands of the Marsili Seamount have been encountered in this area. An up to 3 cm thick layer of completely palagonitized basaltic ash intercalates with the marls at the base of two cores. Layers of very fresh olivine basaltic lapilli in core 103 and palagonitized lapilli of latitic composition in core 104 testify to an explosive submarine volcanism of the Marsili Seamount. According to the stratigraphy of core 103, the latest manifestations of this basaltic volcanism belong to the late Pleistocene (Emiliana huxleyi-zone of Nannoplankton stratigraphy). The basaltic lapilli are glassy to perhyaline with phenocrysts or microphenocrysts predominantely of olivine. The petrological character of the basaltic volcanites with high MgO, Ni, Cr and high MgO/FeO- and Ni/Co-ratios exhibits primitive basaltic features. These basalts clearly differ from basalts of the ocean floors, mid-ocean ridges and marginal basins. Prominent features are a missing ironenrichment trend and low Ti02. Al203 tends to be high, as well as K20 and related trace elements (Ba, Sr). In spite of silica undersaturation and high color index, the Marsili basalts exhibit some analogies with the calcalkaline basalts of the Aeolian arc, as well as with the undersaturated basalts of some other circumoceanic areas.

Description: Chemical analyses have been carried out on 40 samples from the sediment surface and 210 samples from cores that were taken from the edge of the African continental block at the Arabian Sea (coasts of Somalia and Kenya, from Cape Guardafui to Mombasa) on the occasion of the Indian Ocean Expedition of the German research vessel "Meteor" during the years 1964/65. The carbonate content shows its maximum on the northern part of the continental shelf of Africa, where fossil reef debris furnish the detritic portion of carbonate. In the southern part of the continental shelf of Africa the portion of carbonate is low, as it is heavily diluted by the non-carbonatic detritus. lt is also in the deep-sea that a lower carbonate content is encountered below the calcite compensation depth. Trace elements in the carbonates: On the shelf and in its vicinity Sr and Mg are enriched. The enrichment has been brought about by the portion of reef debris, as this latter contains aragonite (enrichment of Sr) as well as high-magnesium calcite. The greatest patt of the slope contains carbonates that are poor in trace elements and mainly made up of foraminifera (and of coccoliths). Below the carbonate compensation depth another enrichment of Mg takes place in the carbonates, which is probably due to a selective dissolution of calcite in comparison to dolomite. The iron and manganese contents of the carbonates are high (iron higher in coast proximity, manganese higher in the depth), but not genuine, as they come about in the course of the extraction of the carbonates as a result of the dissolution of authigenic Mn-Fe-minerals. Non-carbonatic portion of the sediments: In coast proximity an enrichment of quartz comes about. Within the quartz-rich zone it is the elements V, Cr, Fe, Ti, and B that have been enriched in the non-carbonatic components. This enrichment must be attributed to an elevated content of heavy minerals. In the case of Ti and Fe the preliminary enrichment brought about by processes of lateritisation on the continent plays a certain role. Toward the deep-sea an enrichment of the elements Mn Ni, Cu, and Zn takes place; these enrichments must be explained by authigenic Mn-Fe-minerals. Within the Mn-rich zone a belt running parallel to the coast stands out that shows an increased Mn-enrichment. However, this increase in enrichment does not apply to the elements Ni, Cu, and Zn. lt is probable that this latter increased enrichment comes about as a result of the migration of manganese to the sediment surface. (Within the sediments there prevail reductive conditions, in the presence of which Mn is capable of migration, whereas at the sediment surface its precipitation comes about under oxidizing conditions). The quantity of organic matter mainly is dependent on grain size and on the rate of sedimentation. On the shelf an inpoverishment of organic matter is to be encountered, as the sediments are coarse-grained. In the depth the impoverishment must be explained on the strength of a small rate of sedimentation. Between those two ranges organic substance is enriched. P and N show an enrichment in comparison to Corg. with this applying all the more the smaller the absolute quantity of Corg. is. In this particular case one has to do with an enrichment coming about during the diagenetic processes of organic matter. A comparison with the sediments from the Indian and Pakistani continental border in Arabian Sea shows as follows: on the African continental border the coarse detrital material has been transported farther out to deep-sea, which has something to do with the greater inclination of the surface of sedimentation. Carbonate is found in greater abundance on the African side. Its chemical composition is influenced by reef-debris which is missing by Indian-Pakistani side. The content of organic matter is lower on the African side. Contrary to that, the enrichments of N and P compared to organic matter are of an equal order of magnitude on both sides of the Arabian Sea.

Description: 85 subsamples with coelenterates collected during the "Meteor"-Expedition into the Arabian Sea and sorted out in Kiel were checked for hydromedusae. Furthermore ten samples from the southern entrance of the Red Sea and 29 samples from the "John-Murray"-Expedition into the Indian Ocean (1933/34) which were stored at the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) are considered in this paper. In all this material 47 species of hydromedusae were found. Most of them are rather common in the Indian Ocean, only Phialidinum lomae and Aglantha intermedia are new to this sea. Velella velella, Oceania armata, Köllikerina omata, Phialidinum lomae and Eucheilota tropica are recorded from the Red Sea for the first time. Between the material of the "Meteor"-Expedition and the "John-Murray"-Expedition no fundamental difference appeared. The southequatorial current system seems to be richer in species than the northern systems. Off the Indian coast a relatively high number of species was found. 3089 specimen were counted in the Material of the "Meteor"-Expedition into the Arabian Sea. Aglaura hemistoma (60%), Solmundella bitentaculata (13%) and Liriope tetraphylla (12%) account for 85% of the individuals. No significant correlation seems to exist between the numbers of specimen in different regions and biotic and/or abiotic factors.

Description: The present study deals with 3 new genera and 14 new species of the Copepoda Harpacticoidea from the Peru-Trench and the Iberian deep-sea. The systematical position of the Argestigensgroup (Cletodidae) is discussed within the taxonomical remarks concerning the genus Parameiropsis n. gen.

Description: Description of Trefusialaimus monorchis nov. gen. nov. spec., Trefusiidae, characterized by only one testis, by seminal duct without differentiation of a muscular ductus ejaculatorius, and by pericloacal papillae. Second species of genus is T. magnus (FILIPJEV 1946), syn. Trefusia magna. With particular reference to the male genital apparatus Trefusialmus combines features of Dorylaimida Alaimina and Enoplida Tripyloidea.

Description: During the Indian Ocean Expedition of R/V "Meteor" phytoplankton samples were taken with a multiple closing net ("multinet") at 103 stations. In this material the diatoms were investigated. In all 247 taxa could be identified which belong to 242 species and 5 varieties or formae of 80 genera. Of these 1 variety, 15 species, and 3 genera are newly described. New combinations were made for 18 species, and a number of old combinations was reinstated. A distribution list of all species in the investigated area is included.

Description: In July, August and September 1969 a joint German-Icelandic-Norwegian-Expedition investigated time- and space-dependent oceanographic processes in the Norwegian Sea (fig. 1) and in the waters east of theIcelandic Shelf as weil as the geological and geophysical structure of the Norwegian continental slope, the Norwegian Basin and the Jan-Mayen-Ridge. The participating research vessels were "Hafthor" from Iceland, "Helland-Hansen" from Norway, "Anton Dohrn" and "Planet" from the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and as shooting vessel "Nordkapp" from Norway. "Meteor" (FRG) was eliminated from the measuring programme because of engine trouble shortly before begin. Due to the prolonged activity of "Planet" the originally planned investigations were almost entirely able to be carried out. The measuring programme and the preliminary results of the geological and geophysical working groups are dealt with separately (Closs et al. 1972). Systematic sounding from "Planet" in the main working area between 62° and 63° N, and 3° 25' and 4° 50' E forms the basis for a special contour map (see supplement). As a result of improved mooring technique in the course of the expedition's oceanographic measuring programme an almost one hundred percental retrieval of instruments was achieved and herewith 49 current and 55 continuous temperature recordings over 12 to 45 days in depths between 10 and 800 m were obtained. Hydrographie sections, nine anchor- and driftstations as well as one in five days six times successively passed through triangular course gave information over stratification and its periodic changes. The distribution of stations and the position of the moored self-contained instruments in the main working area is found in figure 2. Figure 3 gives insight into the registration period and depth of the instruments of the by "Planet" in cross formation moored systems I to VI. Parallel to the work clone off Norway observations were made as to variability of physical and chemical parameters in east Iceland waters.

Description: At first a technique is presented to evaluate repeated hydrographic sections. In order to separate the periodic variations and the fluctuations which arise as a result of the horizontal motion of the profiling ship, the data at defined locations are averaged relative to time. The procedure of averaging can be applied successfully to sets of sections repeated at a constant rate under the assumption that the spatial field is approximately stationary during the time of observation and that the energy of the overlapping temporal processes is concentrated over a few spectral bands. In these cases, the mean spatial distribution can be expected as a result. The periodic part is extracted as the deviation of the actual sections from the averaged section. This procedure was applied to a set of observations made at 28 discrete stations along a triangular course at the continental shelf off the coast of Norway during the expedition "Norwegian Sea 1969". Temperature sections were repeated six times at an interval of 18 hours. The average section shows the expected downsloping of the isotherms perpendicular to the continental shelf corresponding to the Norwegian current. lt turns out that the fluctuations with respect to time during the period of observation are probably produced by semidiurnal internal tides. Wavelength and phase velocity are estimated to be A = 22 km and c = 0.5 ms-1 respectively. The waves progress towards the shelf at right angles. For depths of 250-500 m at the continental slope a considerable amplification of wave is noticed.

Description: The seaward extension and vertical structure of the Coastal Current have been studied, on the basis of a repeated hydrographic section across the Norwegian Shelf off Stad. Current measurements were obtained from five anchor stations. The current ellipses do not reveal a consistent picture of the tidal current system, indicating that the observed currents may be influenced by internal tidal waves.

Description: The N2O in air and sea water from the Iceland-Faroe ridge was analyzed during the research vessel "Meteor's" cruise 20b from May 30 to July 4, 1970. Depths of the water samples varied from surface to 1000 meters. An improved analytical method yielded an average value of 0.495 micrograms of atmospheric N2O per liter (STP) of air. A slight N2O supersaturation of the water samples with respect to air was demonstrated.

Description: A bottom water sampler ("Suctor") for application in the deep-sea, in shallow waters and in estuaries is described. It is operated by hanging it on a wire and placing it on the sea floor. After waiting for 5-20 min for allowing the stirred sediment to be removed, an electrical pump installed in the sampler is operated from board of the ship. The bottom water sampler then samples simultaneously a volume of 10 litres from each 8 depths between O and 200 cm above the bottom. The samples are sucked into plastic bags through silicon rubber tubes; both the bags and the tubes can be kept extremely clean. The samples can be stored on board in the bags or can be connected to a filtering apparatus. During operation the bottom water sampler is connected with the ship by a wire, a conductor cable and the signals of the pinger device. Hence, its operation can be controlled on board at any time. During "Meteor" expedition 23 (summer of 1971) the sampler was used successfully between Madeira and the Straits of Gibraltar. Currents of 0-2 cm/sec were observed during operation by use of a Richardson current meter operatecl 44 cm above the bottom. The compass data of the current meter prove that the bottom water sampler maintained rigid contact with the sea floor. Analysis of particular organic nitrogen did not reveal significant gradients within the first two metres above the bottom.

Description: Olive-gray mud covers the continental slope off southern Portugal; at the same time sandy, reddishbrown mud was deposited off Morocco. Biogenie carbonate is a main constituent in both sediment types, off Portugal contributing about 25% and off Morocco more than 50%. The sediment cores from the Portuguese and Moroccan continental slope can be correlated by sedimentological and micropaleontological methods (figs. 10, 15). The climatic variations during the late Pleistocene and Holocene are weil documented by the content of ice-rafted debris (figs. 8, 13) and by faunal compos1t1on of planktonic foraminifera (THIEDE 1971 ). Radiocarbon ages indicate that these variations coincide with variations in the climatic record of the Iberian Peninsula based on pollen analysis (fig. 33). The calculation of sedimentation rates allows an estimate of the amount of terrigenous supply and biogenic carbonate production during the last 15.000 years (table 5). Planctonic organisms produced about 400 gram pro 100 cm2 per 1.000 yrs, while the contribution of benthos is relatively low (2.5 gram). The sedimentation rate of planctonic foraminifera increases from the open ocean to the region of the upper continental slope (fig. 27). This trend, caused by the better food supply near the continental influx and upwelling area, appears both off Portugal and Morocco. The sedimentation rate of benthonic remains decreases by a factor of 100 from the upper continental slope to the deep-sea plain (fig. 28). lt can be shown that this decrease is caused mainly by the reduction of available food with increasing water depth (figs. 29, and 30). In contrast to the biogenic sediment supply, which off Portugal and Morocco is not quantitatively different, the terrigenous supply from the weakly humid Iberian Peninsula is 3-4 times greater than the supply from the semiarid Moroccan mainland (fig. 31 ). This difference influences diagenetic processes. Small manganese concretions and reddish staining iron oxides, which remain stable under the oxygenated conditions in the sediments off Morocco, were replaced by pyrite during the destruction of organic matter in the sediments off Portugal through anaero bic bacteria. During the late Pleistocene a maximum of terrigenous and biogenic sediment (fig. 33) was deposited together with additional, mainly coarse sediment brought in by drifting icebergs. Mediterranean outflow water reduces the sedimentation of silt- and smaller sized particles on the Portuguese continental slope between water depths of 500 and 1.500 m. As a result this sediment is mainly deposited in water depths of 2.000 and 3.000 m (fig. 32). This form of sediment distribution and the high sedimentation rate of silt-sized particles under the southern part of the outflow water (core 8066 B) are characteristic of the time at least since the late Pleistocene. This would indicate that since then the outflow pattern of the Mediterranean water has not changed.

Description: Research cruise No. 4 of R.V. "Meteor" investigated the crest and upper flanks of the southern Reykjanes Ridge, in the region bounded by 52° 15' N, 56° 45' N, 33° W, and 37° W (fig. 1). Tracks spaced about 20 nm were laid out on a northsouth and east-west grid (fig. 3). The final smoothed track plot achieved acceptable relative accuracy, despite the poor navigational control. The median rift valley, not found on the Reykjanes Ridge north of 57.5° N, begins to be a well defined feature between 53.5° N and 54.5° N (figs. 2 and 6). In the survey area, free-air anomalies are entirely positive with a mean of + 60mgals. The anomaly pattern (fig. 7) mirrors sea-floor topography. A low ( 〈 + 40 mgals), associated with the rift valley, trends north along 35° 15' W from 53° 20' N to 54° 20' N. Less pronounced ( 〈 + 60 mgals) it can be followed as far north as 56.5° N. Some more transverse positive (〉 + 80 mgals) and negative ( 〈 + 50 mgals) free-air anomalies trend east between 54° N and 56° N and a parallel low ( 〈 ± 0 mgals) lies just to the south, coinciding with the Charlie Fracture Zone at 52° 45' N. In contrast to our results, TALWANI et al. (1971) found relatively positive zones of free-air anomalies over the ridge axis, and parallel to it, at a morphologically smoother part of the ridge, north of 59° N. The dependence between water depths and free-air anomalies yields an average of 2.3 g/cm3 without, and 2.6 g/cm-3 with topographic correction. This value as well as the positive free-air anomalies alone evidences a small amount of isostatic compensation. Bouguer anomalies have been calculated with three-dimensional topographic correction for standard density of 2.67 g/cm-3 (fig. 8) and for "true" density determined from rock samples of 2.90 g/cm-3 (fig. 9). In both cases, a slope of regional negative Bouguer values, centered on the ridge axis, points to a material in greater depths which is lighter than the normal mantle material ("root"). Similar gravimetric and seismic results, respectively, were obtained by M. TALWANI et al. (1965) south, and K. ARIC (1970 and 1972) north of the survey area. A thick layer of low density material under the axis (fig. 13) may be partially molten ultrabasics ascending into the rift axis as part of the sea-floor spreading process. The rift axis is characterized by magnetic anomalies of + 1000 to 1500 gamma amplitudes (figs. 10 and 11 ). A lineation pattern, symmetrical about the rift axis, is approximated by the model profiles computed from the standard HEIRTZLER reversal chronology and 1.12 cm/year spreading half-rate in the 095° T direction of relative motion between the Europe and Americas plates (fig. 14). The same rate, within measurement error, was found by HEIRTZLER et al. (1968) on the northern pare of the Reykjanes Ridge. The decay of anomaly amplitude away from the spreading axis suggests a 50 % reduction in magnetization intensity, or a similar reduction in thickness of the magnetized layer, in the first 5 my of crustal age. The former explanation is more probable; a similar decay is found elsewhere (VOGT et al. 1970). A significant finding is that the spreading axis as well as the anomaly pattern at least back to 5 mybp is not straight like the northern Reykjanes Ridge. In contrast to the physiographic interpretation of HEEZEN who shows transverse fractures perpendicular to and offsetting the rift valley, the axis is broken into oblique sections of the order 100 km long. Spreading rates normal to these sections range from 0.97 to 1.10 cm/year. The present irregular shape of the axis was formed in the late Tertiary, some time prior to 5 mybp but after 30 mybp. A similar irregular trend, discovered from detailed surveys between 48° and 50° N, was created about 20 mybp (JOHNSON & VOGT 1972).

Description: A coordinated geochemical and sedimentological study was made of recent marine sediments which were recovered during "Meteor" Project 22 (April 1971 ), in the vicinity of the Aeolian Islands. These unconsolidated clastic sediments, ranging from clay to gravel, are mostly composed of volcanogenic and pelagic detritus and, areally much more limited, contain crystalline debris derived from Sicily. According to composition, origin and mode of deposition, four sedimentary cnvironments were distinguished: the island flanks and the bay of Vulcano, the floor of the "Canyon di Stromboli", the eastern escarpment of this canyon, and the sea basin northwest of Stromboli. The importance of turbidite cycles, current-sorted horizons, or quietly sedimented pelagic clay, varies from one environment to another. Pyroclastic debris are found in all environments. The chemical analyses show that there are definite relationships between trace element concentrations and the sedimentary environments and, as to be expected, grain-size. Significantly higher copper concentrations are found closer to Vulcano than elsewhere, whereas the zinc content, because of its higher mobility, increases in deeper off-shore environments. Although the submarine fumaroles and thermal springs around Vulcano are known to be the source of metals, it should be emphasized that the predominance of coarse sediments and the absence of reducing conditions near these sources prevent any high concentrations from forming. The relatively turbulent environments, even at depths of over 3000 m (turbidite sequences), are also far from being conducive for metal enrichment.

Description: Morphology, distribution, and origin of the "cobblestones" in the Ionian Sea are discussed on the base of the results of bathymetric and seismic measurements, carried out by the R.V. "Meteor"

Description: During the cruises No. 17 and 22 of the German research vessel "Meteor", 45 water samples were taken at 4 stations in the central part of the Mediterranean Sea. Mass spectrometrical analyses showed that systematic, but time variable changes of the oxygen isotope ratios occur. Deep water samples (T 〉 500 m) have a ± constant isotopic composition of δ18O = + 1.79‰ (SMOW) and a chlorinity of 21.399‰. These data are discussed with respect to paleotemperature determinations.

Description: The portion of the continental shelf off Spanish Sahara lying between 23° 00' N and 22° 18' N is 80 km wide, flattens slightly between 40 and 60 m and breaks to the slope at 110 m. Over 200 nautical miles of side-scan sonar profiles were run in both reconnaissance and detail track configuration. Each survey covered a strip of the bottom ca. 280 m wide. A sediment distribution pattern which appeared to have complex lateral variation was revealed to be the result of a) "windows" in a thin, fine-grained upper sand layer exposing a coarse-grained sand below. In outline these windows run the full range from strongly parallel strips (width ca. 20 m) to irregularly bounded, somewhat elongate forms (width over 200 m). They all exhibit a preferred orientation parallel to the isobaths; b) Outcrops of probable semi-lithified and truncated Pleistocene sand dunes at depths between 30 and 80 m. Other outcrops are thought to belong to Pleistocene beachrock and pre-Pleistocene strata; c) Fields of the pelecypod Pinna ramulosa in water depths between 48 and 57 m with characteristic acoustic reflections; d) Largescale, wave-formed ripples as well as current-formed megaripples. The side-scan interpretation was corroborated through underwater TV observations, coring, samling, and air-gun profiling.

Description: Recent sediments off East Africa coast show 5 facies, parallel the coast: biogene carbonate sand, olivgrey mud, foraminiferal sand, globigerine ooze, and deep sea clay. These sediments decrease progressively in grain size, carbonate content and shell debris away from the coast. They differ in the primary and biogenetic structures, degree of bioturbation, lebensspuren and content of fecal pellets.

Description: Cores from the Atlantic Ibero-Moroccan continental rise and slope contain fine-grained Late Pleistocene and Holocene sediments. These young sediments cover the continental margin in large lensformed litho- and biostratigraphically well-defined units. The total sedimentation rates range from 4 cm/1000 yrs. to 27 cm/1000 yrs. off Portugal and from 6 cm/1000 yrs. to 14 cm/1000 yrs. off Morocco. Only a small proportion of these sediments usually consists of sand-sized particles (〉 0.063 mm) which are mostly dominated by foraminifera. Both planktonic and benthic foraminifera are much more abundant in Late Pleistocene and Holocene samples from the upper slope in comparison to those from the deeper slope and from the abyssal plains. Total sedimentation rates during cool and warm climatic stages are rather similar for both groups of foraminifera. For example, in Late Holocene sediments 7 X 103 benthic and 201 X 103 planktonic foraminifera (fraction 0.63-0.20 mm) per 100 cm 2 and 1000 yrs. are preserved in the Tagus, 10-19 x 103 benthic and about 1.3 X 106 planktonic foraminifera are preserved in the Seine abyssal plain sediments. Values from the upper slope sediments are higher for benthic foraminifera by a factor of 60 off Portugal and 60 to 70 off Morocco. The values for planktonic ones differ by factots of 6-12 and 6 respectively. These numbers seem to reflect differences in production and preservation. Production rates of planktonic foraminifera generally seem to be somewhat higher during Holocene than during Late Pleistocene, and the rates of benthic foraminifera appear rather higher during Late Pleistocene than during Holocene.

Description: In 9 samples from the Josephine Bank and Great Meteor Bank 23 halacarids were found among a macrofauna; mainly on hydroids and anthozoans. The 6 species found were Halacams actenos TROUESSART, Copidognathus tricomeata (LOHMANN), C. longipes n. sp., Agane alberti (TROUESSART), Aganopsis meteoris n. sp., and Lohmannella falcata (HODGE). Agane drygalski (LOHMANN) and A. bradypus NEWELL are considered to be synonyms of A. alberti. Copidognathus longipes and Aganopsis meteoris were not yet known. Copidognathus triconeata is new to the fauna of the North Atlantic. The most common species was Agane alberti; 11 individuals were found in 7 of the 9 samples.

Description: At a longtime station near the "Große Meteor Bank" in the North Atlantic 41 subsequent hauls were made in April 1967 with the Helgoland larva net with changing bucket device. In addition 9 hauls were made during July 1967. The catches from the depth ranges of 900-700 m, 700-500 m, 500-300 m, 300-200 m, 200-100 m, and 100-0 m were collected in separate buckets during each catch series. Contamination, though possible on principle, does not seem to be of much consequence in appendicularia. After some comments on certain species caught (part A, figs. 3-6, table 1, 2) it is shown that at this station in the open ocean the density of appendicularia not only varies with the season, but that clouds of plankton may pass by it within a few hours, in which the density may vary at a ratio of ten or more to one (B, fig. 7, table 7, 8). In the composition of species as many as four species may in turn be the most abundant (C, table 3, 7, 8). For one species the composition as to size and stage of maturity may change in the same way (D, fig. 8, 9, table 4). Regarding the depth distribution there are no species restricted to deeper layers. Below 100 m the number falls to about 1% of the uppermost layer. Oikopleura longicauda, 0. cophocerca, 0. parva and Althoffia tumida as well as Fritillaria species are found between 900 and 100 m in comparatively higher numbers than Stegosoma magnum, Oikopleura albicans and 0. intermedia (E, table 1, 2, 5)

Description: 1. Three species of the genus Acanthogorgia (Farn. Acanthogorgiidae) are known to occur in the eastern North Atlantic; two of them are described as new: granulata n. sp., pico n. sp., hirsuta GRAY. The latter was also found in the Mediterranean. 2.The three species are quite distinct in their morphological characters. Each is morphologically similar to a species of the West Atlantic. The three pairs are: hirsuta/aspera, granulata/muricata, and pico/armata.

Description: Diagnoses based on observations in light and electron microscopes of Gephyrocapsa ornata HEIMDAL n. sp., Alisphaera HEIMDAL n. gen., and A. ordinata (KAMPTNER) HEIMDAL n. comb. = Acanthoica ordinata KAMPTNER are given. The coccolith morphology of the new taxa as well as the probable relationship of G. ornata to previously described species, are considered.

Description: Macrorhamphosus scolopax spawns in the area around Meteor Seamount (30° N, 28° 30' W) from January until the middle of February. The first larval stages are living in the surface layer during nighttime, at daytime they stay in deeper layers. After reaching a length of about 5 mm, the larvae and smaller juveniles up to approximately 45 mm concentrate in the pleustal at daytime, at nighttime they migrate to probably 200 m depth. At a length of 40-50 mm and an age of about three months they leave the pleustal and move to the bottom. The animals on the Meteor Seamount grow to a length of 195 mm. The adults feed near the bottom, approximately a third of their food is benthic, the rest planktic. Macrorhamphosus gracilis spawns from February until the middle of March. The larvae and smaller juveniles behave like those of A1. scolopax. After leaving the pleustal, at least part of the stock stays pelagic. The adults live partly at the bottom and partly pelagic, they feed exclusively on planktonic food. On the Meteor Seamount the animals reach two years of age and a maximum length of 135 mm, which is less than in other areas.

Description: A. The influence of the Great Meteor Seamount on the distribution of fish larvae and net plankton biomass is shown. The amount of biomass was significantly less in hauls from above the seamount than at stations beside it. The same was valid for fish larvae belonging to mesopelagic species. in addition the average length of such larvae was smaller in specimen caught above the seamount compared to those caught above the surrounding deep sea. The distribution of neritic, epipelagic, and euneustic forms seemed not to be disturbed by the seamount. Larvae of a neritic species were even more abundant above the plateau. The influence of the seamount on the oceanic biotope is discussed under faunistical aspects and under aspects of productivity. B. Horizontal plankton hauls from a depth of 25 m distinctly showed another composition of fish larvae species than oblique tows down to a depth of 100 and 200 m. All hauls were from the oceanic area beside the seamount. Probably due to internal waves the fish larvae fauna in three of the horizontal hauls showed a surprising deviation from the other nine hauls.

Description: At a fixed station in the southern Norwegian Sea in August 1969 plankton samples were taken over an eight days period every two hours with a DAVID-Neuston-Net and simultaneously with a modified Gulf-V-Sampler. The biomass of the invertebrates is given in total, subdivided into their most important groups, and correlated to hydrographical and meteorological conditions. The patterns of their vertical distribution in the 0-50 m layer are discussed. Five species of fish were found. Juvenile stages of Sebastes marinus and Scomber scombrus showed a preference for the surface layer during the night. Some aspects of the advantages of the surface layer for planktonic life are discussed.

Description: Distribution and abundance of fish larvae collected from December 1964 to April 1965 in the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf are described. Deviations in the composition of the fish larvae fauna were due to kind of net used as well as to day time and to geographical area. Ecological differences were mostly pronounced when comparing the samples taken in the areas off East Africa, off India and in the Persian Gulf. Larvae of fishes which might be of economic importance were less abundant than larvae of fish species living mainly in the mesopelagic zone.

Description: In 22 samples, 6 from the Josephine Bank and 16 from the Great Meteor Bank, 14 halacarid species were found and described. Halacarus spiniger n. sp., Copidognathus magniporus n. sp., Arbodeoporus lineatus n. sp., A. brevocularis n. sp., Coloboceras karamani n. sp., Scaptognathus minutus n. sp., and Atelopsalis newelli were hitherto unknown. Acaromantis squilla TROUESSART & NEUMANN and Atelopsalis tricuspis TROUESSART were redescribed. Four larvae, probably belonging to Copidognathus longipes BARTSCH, C. tricorneata (LOHMANN), Lohmannella falcata (HODGE), and Atelopsalis newelli n. sp. were described, two Scaptognathus larvae could not be identified. To date only three species, Copidognathus tricorneata, Lohmanella falcata, and Scaptognathus minutus, have been found on both seamounts.

Description: Among a macrofauna (madreporaria, spongia) from the Great Meteor Bank two halacarid species were found, Agatte alberti (TROUESSART) and Copidognathus raekor n. sp. The male, female and protonymph of Copidognathus raekor are described.

Description: This is an account of hydromedusae from the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Only 12 hydromedusae were previously known from the Red Sea, 18 from the Gulf of Aden. About 500 plankton samples - from various expeditions and own collections near Eilat - were investigated. 76 species of hydromedusae were found, 72 from the Red Sea, 30 from the Gulf of Aden. Only 5 species in both the Red Sea (Zanclea costata, Aequorea aequorea, Liriope tetraphylla, Aglaura hemistoma and Rhopalonema funerarium) and the Golf of Aden (Bougainvillia fulva, Eutima modesta, Liriope tetraphylla, Aglaura hemistoma and Rhopalonema velatum) bad been found there by formet investigators. 10 species (Pachycordyle conica, Podocoryne meteoris, P. minima, Allorathkea ankeli, Bougainvillia muscoides, Thamnostoma eilatensis, Laodicea fertilis, Phialidium ambiguum, Eirene kambara, Helgicirrha schulzei) are recorded for the first time from the Indian Ocean. 6 different regions are distinguished in the area of investigation [Bay of Eilat (E); Gulf of Aqaba (A); northern Red Sea proper (S); Red Sea (R) without E, A, S, D; Dahlak Archipelago (D); Gulf of Aden (N)] and compared with regard to the hydromedusae fauna. There is an eightfold increase in the number of species from north to south. The diversity of Antho- and Leptomedusae increases towards the Dahlak Archipelago and decreases again towards the Gulf of Aden, whereas the Trachylina increase towards the Gulf of Aden with exception of the samples from the Dahlak Archipelago. Considering the distribution of the suborders, one finds the reduction of numbers in the Leptomedusae responsible for the low values of Hydroida in the Gulf of Aden. In the Trachylina both suborders - Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae - are equally responsible for the distribution pattern found. The Red Sca is considerably richer in species of hydromedusac than the eastern Mediterranean which is comparable only to the Gulf of Aqaba in respect of the poor number of species. The number of specimen per sample decreases from Eilat towards the northern part of the Red Sea proper and then varies about the average for all samples (26), with the exception of the Dahlak Archipelago, where great numbers of Liriope tetraphylla cause maximal density values. The pattern of distribution is dominated by the Trachylina, especially the Trachymedusae, Hydroida play the minor role. The most important Anthomedusae is Bougainvillia fulva which is responsible for the distribution pattem of Hydroida; within the Leptomedusae no single species is dominating. Aglaura hemistoma is the most abundant medusa, their numbers decrease markedly from north to south. Rhopalonema velatum has a maximum abundance in the northern part of the Red Sea and a minimum around the Dahlak Archipelago. Solmundella bitentaculata is responsible for the distribution pattern of Narcomedusae with two maxima in the Gulf of Aqaba and in the R-region. The remaining species increase in density from north to south, with exception of the somewhat lower values from the Dahlak Archipelago. Numbers of individuals seem to increase with water temperature in the Red Sea, number of species to decrease. With increasing salinity numbers of both species and specimens per sample decrease. Above 38‰ S all of these values are below the mean.

Description: Surface-living plankton of the subtropical NE-Atlantic (from 22° to 33° N and 28° W to the African coast) has been collected in winter 1970. Near the coast additional deeper hauls down to 50 m have been made. A modified David-Neuston sampler with two nets (300 or 500 μ mesh size) and a modified Gulf V sampler ("Langhai") with 300 μ were used. This paper deals with the ichthyoplankton only. A total of 14863 fishes or fish larvae were caught. They belonged to 51 different taxa. Between the neritic area (reaching to 130 nautical miles from the coast) and the oceanic area, great differences in the composition of ichthyoplankton were observed. The 27 neritic neuston samples yielded 110 less than 35 of the 51 taxa, while the 32 oceanic neuston samples had but 22 taxa, where of only 6 had not been caught in the first section. The average concentration of 190 fishes in 100 m3 of water filtered in the former area was significantly higher than in the oceanic area (112 individuals in 100 m3). The higher number of species near the coast is due to the fact that besides young stages of bottom-living and neritic pelagic fishes, mesopelagic species were caught. The neritic area showed higher surface temperatures, which normally brings a higher number of species. The species composition was not distinctly different with the results obtained in other seasons, but the percentage and the length distribution varied. The reason seems to be that the spawning of many species took place in this season. Young larvae of Macrorhamphosus, Scombridae, Carangidae and Sparidae have been caught in higher numbers. The following ecological aspects were observed in a part of the material. The distribution of some fishes, e.g. Mugilidae, indicate a preference to surface temperatures higher than 19°C. Sparids probably have the same temperature range. A large number of the ichthyoplankton showed a preference to the immediate surface for certain hours or even the whole day. For these species the daily rhythm was noted and an ecological grouping of the groups "euneuston", "daytime facultative neuston", "nighttime facultative neuston" and "pseudoneuston" was made. The "euneuston" includes all stages of Scomberesox, Mugilidae, Sparidae and the juvenile Carangidae. The "daytime facultative neuston" includes the juveniles of Macrorhamphosus and Scombridae together with the larvae of Ceratoscopelus. "Nighttime facultative neuston" are the young larvae of Macrorhamphosus and several genera of adult Mytophidae. "Pseudoneuston" includes mainly larvae of mesopelagic species as well as the larvae of Scombridae. For some taxa, a change in behaviour is probable. So early larval stages of Macrorhamphosus (up to 3 mm) and small Belone belong to the "nighttime facultative neuston", while elder stages should be regarded as "daytime facultative neuston" or "euneuston" in Belone. A change probably occurs in Scombridae and Carangidae too. Corresponding with this behavioural change in Macrorhamphosus a change in pigmentation from brown-white to blue seems to appear. A similar change may be assumed for Scombridae and Carangidae, but was not found in Belone.

Description: Additional comments on appendicularians found in unsorted parts of catches from the Arabian Sea are given. They concern: (1) specific differences between very young specimens of Oikopleura cornutogastra and 0. fusiformis; (2) the inclusion of LOHMANN's species Oikopleura mediterranea in the genus Folia which now comprises two species, F. gracilis LOHMANN 1896 and 0. mediterranea (LOHMANN 1899 n. n.); (3) the body form of very young Stegosoma magnum; (4) the occurrence of Appendicularia sicula FOL 1874 and (5) that of Kowalweskia oceanica LOHMANN 1899 in the area.

Description: With the increasing aging of an upwelling body of water, a pronounced rise in the saprophyte counts was found at first in the surface water and later also in the deeper zones. They increased, for example, at a depth of 15 meters, from 30-50 to 250 bacteria/ml, which represents a production of 4 X 10-3 mg bacterial C/m3 water. Different bacteria populations were included on the medium used for isolation, which was prepared with both sea-water and fresh water. On the former, which had relatively few species represented, the spectrum ranged from whitish to yellowish-white halophilic marine bacteria. On the tap water medium, however, dominated a spectrum of white or vividly pigmented bacteria, comprising many species, with maximal development in fresh water. It is supposed that bacteria of terrestrial origin are involved here, which are possibly carried to the sea by sand or dust storms. With regard to the colony forms, no difference between the bacteria populations within or without the upwelling water could be determined. The greatest bacterial infiltration of the sediment was found on the surface (between 16 X 103 and 80 X 103 bacteria/cm3). Already in the upper 2 cm, a strong reduction of the saprophyte count was determined, together with a relative increase of those bacteria which possess a greater range of ecological amplitude. The saprophyte counts on the sediment surface decreased with an increase of water depth. On 21 strains of bacteria isolated from the open waters, investigations were carried out on their morphological characteristics and the most important metabolic reactions.

Description: During the 19th cruise of the research vessel "Meteor" between Madeira and Lisbon 260 strains of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria have been isolated from sediment samples collected from different depths. These strains have been identified mainly as members of the genera Marinovibrio, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus. The majority of bacteria isolated from shallow areas (Josephine Seamount) were sea water media requiring Marinovibrio and Pseudomonas spp. but in sediment samples taken from depths exeeding 1000 m the probably terrestrial sporeforming Bacillus spp. predominated. Further investigations in the same region during the 23rd cruise of the "Meteor" demonstrated that about 30 to 50% of the sporeforming bacteria found in the sediment samples could be isolated from dormant spores in situ. The remaining more than 50% of sporeformers in the deep sea region examined are believed to be metabolic active cells.

Description: The zooplankton, collected in three microlayers with the use of a neuston catamaran during the cruise of R.V. "Meteor" in the subtropical Northeastern Atlantic Ocean in 1967 was studied with a view to the ecology of the calanoid copepod family Pontellidae and its position in the neuston association. The material comprises 8 species. Two of them, the abundant Pontella atlantica and Anomalocera patersoni may be used as indicator species for two different pontellid associations which were confined to special water types characterized by different ranges of surface temperatures. The biocoenotic structures in both of the species groups are to some extent - similar to those of the co-occurring communities of total invertebrate neuston. Because of this, pontellids are considered to be a useful help in studying principal changes in structures of zooplankton due to the hydrographic environment. All the pontellid species, their developmental as well as their mature stages, showed daily vertical migrations, but of different extent and distinctness. With the exception of Pontellina plumata their preference of the uppermost 10 centimeters, the "pleustal", was well-defined. Nevertheless, only Pontella atlantica can be considered an euneustonic form. There was little evidence that in the atea of investigations pontellids played a really important role in the zooneuston community; only in the oceanic part of the area, during the hours of strongest solar radiation around noon, they might perhaps gain some ecological importance as predators in the surface layer.

Description: In samples from the Indian and the Atlantic Ocean the size distribution of detritus particles was estimated by collecting the particles on membrane filters, drying, photographing and subsequent counting them by means of a Zeiss particle size analyzer. Parallel countings were made after the settling down of the particles at the bottom of sedimentation chambers and photographing them in an inverted plankton microscope. The size distribution of detritus particles is given in terms of concentration of detritus, either as number of particlcs per litre, or volume of detritus per litre. As was already observed by BRUN-COTTAN & IVANOFF (1971), in the mean of a series of different samples, the size distribution of detritus particles, in terms of concentration by number follows a decreasing logarithmic function; whereas the same, in terms of concentration by volume probably follows an increasing logarithmic function. In terms of linear presentation this would be a hyperbola and a parabola, respectively. By the plankton microscope method much more particles were obtained than by the membrane filter method. By the latter only solid particles were counted, whereas soft particles, that in nature are bloated by their inner water, disappear. Samples of different origin differ by the absolute number of particles and the gradient of the regression. Thus, the particle size analysis may serve as a means for characterization of water bodies.

Description: The first expedition planned for 1970 was conducted in the ocean area between the Iberian and West African coasts (north of 15 ° N and 30 ° W, see map). The first three sections of the expedition were devoted mainly to biological questions. The fourth and last cruise-section was concentrated on geological and geophysical problems relating to the exploration of the Iberian shelf and shelf margin. Since the activation of R.V. "Meteor" in 1964, biological work has predominantly centred round two questions: a) comparative studies on nutrient dynamics in poor and rich areas and b) communities in the open ocean and their diurnal periodic migrations. It was the purpose of the Canaries Basin expedition to supplement the data collected during previous research cruises, particularly the Atlantic Seamount cruises ("Meteor" cruise 8 and 9) in 1967 and the West African expedition ("Meteor" cruise 13) in 1968. Research work in the various disciplines of marine biology was carried out simultaneously with the collecting of chemical and physical data indispensable for the understanding of productivity, transport and decomposition of organic matter as well as affording an opportunity to observe biogenic sedimentation. In planning the cruise, special emphasis was laid on ensuring as close a coordination as possible between the individual working programmes; it was decided that of the vast number of problems presently confronting marine science, particularly in the biological field, only a few should be selected and these approached from diverse sides. Each cruise section was directed at one focal point, around which other investigations were grouped. Cruise section I. Nutrient dynamics in an upwelling water body off the West African coast. Cruise section II. Communities and environmental conditions in the region of the Great Meteor Seamount. Cruise section III. Metabolism and communities on the Iberian deep-sea bed. Cruise section IV. Testing of geophysical gear. Moreover, investigations on two important questions that for a considerable length of time have occupied the attention of planktologists and geologists at various German institutes covered several cruise sections: a) The structure of communities in the oceanic deep scattering layers and at the sea surface; an insight into the feeding migrations of these organisms is essential for an understanding of the vertical transport of organic matter in the open sea. b) The origin of sediments in the deep sea and on the Iberian shelf in relation to organic productivity and climatic and oceanographic fluctuations. The Canaries Basin expedition 1970 inaugurated the "Cooperative Investigations of the Northeastern Central Atlantic" (CINECA), a programme coordinated by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) on the recommendation of the FAO and IOC.

Description: The Persian Gulf situated in the arid climate region of the northern hemisphere shows special conditions in its hydrochemistry. The high evaporation, the lack of large rivers, and the exclusion of deep water from the Indian Ocean governs the nutrient cycle. At 95 stations in the deeper part of the Persian Gulf (Iran side), in the Strait of Hormuz, and in the Gulf of Oman determinations of dissolved oxygen, dissolved inorganic phosphate, silicate, and pH were carried out. The data are compiled in the data report (BRETTSCHNEIDER, GRASSHOFF, KOSKE & v. TREPKA 1970). The ammonia, nitrite and nitrate data from 30 stations are added to this report. On 4 selected transverse profiles for phosphate, and dissolved oxygen and on 1 length profile for phosphate, silicate, oxygen, and pH the distribution of these components is shown and the in- and outflow is characterized. It is also pointed out that the nutrients on their way into the Persian Gulf are diminished and that temporary replenishment supply from a layer of about 100 m depth in the Indian Ocean follows. On one horizontal map the phosphate distribution in the surface and 30 m layer gives reference to biological activity. One diagram where nitrogen components are plotted against phosphate shows that nitrate is a limiting factor for productivity. 02/P04-P and P04-P/S‰ diagrams enable the different waterbodies and mixed layers to be characterized.

Description: The atmospheric space from 11° N to 5° S along the Somali-coast of East-Africa over the western part of the Arabian Sea has been investigated making use of the aerological measurements, gained during the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) 1964/65. On the basis of the analyses obtained, an attempt is made to compute a heat budget for this space. In particular the following components have been taken into account: the net-radiation flux in the atmosphere (GN), the turbulent flux of sensible heat (Qs) and of latent heat (QL) from ocean to the atmosphere above, the potential (P), the sensible (I) and the latent energy (E). The vertical velocity component (ω) has been carefully determined making use of the adiabatic method but considering nonadiabatic effects of various kind lateron. From the vertical divergence of the net-radiation flux the cooling by long wave radiation was computed. Maximum effect of this process was obtained in the monsoon inversion (-5.4°C/day). Above the tropical tropopause the atmosphere shows maximum warming of 1.8°C/day. The intensity of the turbulent flux of sensible and latent heat is mainly determined by the windfield and by the local differences in the watertemperature. Maximum values are for Qs = 12·10-4 cal cm2 sec-1 and for QL = 140·10-4 cal cm2 sec-1 (Bowen-ratio R = Qs/QL = 8.5%, mostly not more than 4-5%). The computation of the vertical velocity rests besides the thermodynamic method (adiabatic) on a consideration of various non-adiabatic effects such as radiation, flux of sensible and latent heat. The following distribution has been obtained: Below the monsoon inversion a rising motion (maximum -30·10-4 mb/sec ≈ +2.8 cm/sec) and above a sinking motion (maximum +20·10-4 mb/sec ≈ -3.4 cm/sec) upwards to the tropical tropopause (near 90 mb). Above the tropopause weak rising motion (-2·10-4 mb/sec ≈ +1.3 cm/sec) was obtained. An attempt to compute various terms (in total 7) of the heat budget equation shows, that horizontal advection of various energy forms are only of importance in the monsoon layer (below the inversion) and above the tropical tropopause. In all height-intervalls considered the vertical advektion of the energy forms is dominant. The results of the budget-computation are presented in graphical form.

Description: During the Atlantic Expedition 1965 (IQSY) with the research vessel "Meteor" an extensive aerological programme was performed in order to investigate the lower trade wind regime. In this study energy and mass transport in the atmospheric layer below the top of the trade inversion was estimated on the basis of 4 to 8 radiosonde and radar wind measurements. The experiment took place on an anchoring station at the intersection of the Equator and 30° W longitude from September 12 to October 11, 1965. With the aid of simple model assumptions a mean sinking rate through the inversion of 540 m/d was derived. This value is determined mainly by the net radiative cooling and the prerequisite of no heating due to condensation. From the temporal variations of the daily averages of the thermal energy content within the inversion layer and the height of its boundaries it seems to be evident that changes of a quasi-equilibrium of mean subsidence and turbulent mixing at the inversion base are compensated by vertical motions of the inversion. The effect of strong mixing at the inversion base is supported by the fact that remarkable turbulent upward transport of latent heat is required at this level.

Description: The records of the potential gradient over the ocean obtained during the Atlantic Expedition of the research vessel "Meteor" in 1965 show a strong fluctuation of the values. Their frequency behaviour has been investigated. First a separation of different types of fluctuation has been made with regard to visual impression. Then power spectra of selected records were calculated. They show a F-5/3-range (F = frequency) in the interval of periods between 0.2 and 10 minutes for the most frequent visual type. For longer periods the ascent becomes more flat. This result can be explained by the assumption that the fluctuations are effected by the convective vertical air exchange over the sea.

Description: Siliceous skeletons were investigated in two core profiles (9 cores ), one off Cap de Sines, Portugal and the other off Cap de Mazagan, Morocco. Total number of skeletons was determined per gram of dried sediment at different core depths of the fraction 〉 21 μ. Results are compared with a core profile from the Arabian Sea. Diatoms are of four roups: (A) marine-planktonic, (B) marine-benthic, (C) freshwater and (D) Tertiary species (Trinacria e. g.). Species from groups (B), (C) and (D) are redeposited in all cores taken at a water depth of greater than 100 m. Small numbers of Silicoflagellates and Radiolarians were found throughout the cores from the Ibero-Moroccan shelf. In the Arabian Sea core, Radiolarians were concentrated in distinct horizons in which Tertiary material was redeposited (40-50, 140-150, 250-260 cm). The number of siliceous skeletons per gram of dried sediment decreases more or less rapidly with increasing depth in all cores. Whereas about 2500 skeletons were found in sediments close to the surface, approximately 100 skeletons only were found in deeper (〉40 cm) layers. Deeper horizons with more than 100 specimens were interpreted as redeposited material. This sediment contained robust skeletons, resistant against dissolution, as well as benthic and Tertiary material. The decrease of siliceous skeletons relative to core depth depends upon the sedimentation rate. Where the sedimentation rate is high, the opal dissolution zone extends down to 30-60 cm, where the sedimentation rate is low, it is located at 10-30 cm. Below these depths opals disappears. These zones also have approximately the same age (4000 years) everywhere. Siliceous skeletons dissolve differentially, first the Silicoflagellates disappear, second the Diatoms, third the Radiolarians, and fourth the Sponge Spicules. Surface structure of skeletons from near the opal dissolution zones are similar to those of skeletons treated with NaOH. Tertiary diatoms ( Trinacria e. g.) and benthic diatoms (Campylodiscus e. g.) dissolve less rapidly than skeletons of modern planktonic diatoms (Coscinodiscus e. g.). The time control of the opal dissolution zones appeared rather independent of various oceanic influences. No evidence was found for effects from upwelling either off Portugal or off Morocco. No difference in dissolution rates was recorded between the abyssal plains lying off these two areas. Likewise, there was no change in solution rates from Pleistocene to Holocene within either one of the abyssal plains. The Mediterranean outflow, which is enriched in dissolved silica, apparently had 110 effect on dissolution rates of siliceous skeletons in the sediment.

Description: This is a report about a joint scientific venture of German and Norwegian Institutes in an area between φ = 66° 45' N and 68° 30' N and λ 10° E to 7° 30' W. The chief scientist's report gives an outline of the cruise. The preliminary contributions by the scientists deal with results of gravity at sea, magnetic and geothermic measurements, the seismic shooting, results of continuous seismic reflection work, some refraction seismic results and with the observations of the ship's weather station.

Description: Eine neue Art der zentrale Diatomeengattung Thalassiosira wird aus dem Auftriebsgebiet vor Kap Blanc, Afrika, beschrieben. Die Art ist durch die Ausbildung von gallertigen Tuben charakterisiert, die sich zusammenlagern und Zellaggregate bilden. A new species of the centric diatom genus Thalassiosira is described from upwelling waters near Cap Blanc, Africa. The species is charcterised by living in gelatinous tubes which are packed together and form large aggregates.

Description: 1. The new species Umbellula thieli, found in the Horseshoe deep-sea basin near Madeira, has only one single, big autozooid (="polyp"). Thus the species represents the ultimate point of an evolutionary series in some Pennatularian groups, characterised by the reduction of the number of autozooids. - This sea-pen, even it is a colony of polyps, appears as a solitary organism. 2. During the intensive investigations with trawls, dredges and cameras no sea-pen was found on the plateau of the Josephine Seamount and the Great Meteor Seamount. Pennatularians seem to lack in these biotopes.

Description: During the German "Meteor"-Canaries-Basin-Expedition, 1970, a total of 1577 meso- and bathypelagical fishes were caught by means of the IKMT and the Agassiz-Trawl in stratified or oblique hauls on 18 stations (Fig. 1). Some few fishes were selected from catches with the Bongo-Net. Stratified hauls were only made on the first six IKMT-stations (1000-700, 700-400 and 400-0 m), using an exchanging-container-system. Since this proved not to work satisfactorily the method was abandoned in favour of oblique hauls from 1000, 700 or 650 m to the surface. The material splits up into 31 fish families, 72 genera and 134 species. Nearly one third (35%) of the total of fish is yielded by the large family of Myctophidae, which is followed by the Gonostomatidae (31%), the Sternoptychidae (15%) and the Chauliodontidae (8%). All the remaining 26 families are of minor importance and represented, in general, each by less than 0,5%. No species new to science were found, but several are first records for this area. Since the circumstances of catch (gear, duration and depths) on the single stations were distinct, considerations on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the pelagic fish population, as well as their vertical distribution within the investigated area, seem not to be admissible. Fot this reason, only an annotated check-list is given. A new genus of myctophid fishes, Paralampanyctus, is erected, comprising the Lampanyctus ater-lineatus-niger-complex which is clearly separated from the remaining Lampanyctus-species. Otoliths, valuable diagnostic characteristics, are figured from the majority of the fish species discussed.

Description: Two aphyonids were caught in 1968 by the R.V. "Meteor" off Southwest Europe. One specimen, a male, belongs to Meteoria erythrops of which only a female and a juvenile were known. The other is referred to Nybelinella erikssoni hitherto found at two localities, north of Madagascar and in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Nybelinella nom. nov. is proposed as a substitute for the preoccupied Nybelinia.

Description: In the subtropical NE Atlantic 337 neuston samples had been collected simultaneously in the 0-10 cm surface layer and in the adjacent 10-25 or 38-53 cm strata with a modified DAVID neuston catamaran. At a permanent station additional vertical stepwise hauls had been made down to 200 m with a Helgoland Larvae Net with a changing bucket device. Invertebrate neuston and other plankton was analysed in order to taclde the following problems: horizontal and vertical micro- and macrostratification, diurnal vertical migration, abundance, and feeding of species and their ontogenetical stages. Three ecological groups are described: 1. euneuston, living permanently in the uppermost layer (0-10 cm) by day and night; 2. facultative neuston, migrating into the surface layer mainly at crepuscular time and at night, or during certain phases of its early life history; 3. pseudoneuston, inhabiting with its highest concentration deeper layers, and reaching the immediate surface by relatively few specimens. - Contrary to the Black and Caspian Seas, the surface layer of the subtropical NE Atlantic is poor in nutrition compared with deeper layers. In the surface layer the total amount of invertebrates was only half of that in the adjacent strata of 10-25 and 38-53 cm, whereas the average concentration of Zooplankton in the 0-30 m macrolayer was eight times higher than in the surface layer. During daytime, particularly at noon, the average number of the invertebrate neuston diminished to 25 specimens/100 m3, and macrophages, i.e. mainly carnivores, represented about 75% of all the specimens, giving evidence of extreme scarcity of food at the sea surface. - The existence of a neuston biocoenoses in the subtropical NE Atlantic is discussed. The increase of the total number of invertebrates in the surface layer during dim light and at night, caused by facultative and pseudoneuston species, has to be regarded as an exchange of food between two communities: the biocoenoses of euneuston und pleuston on one hand and that faunal association on the other hand which is living in other habitats than at the very surface. Because of biological reasons and of terminological considerations the uppermost 5 to 10 cm thick layer at the sea surface should be called "pleustal".

Description: 1. On the cruises 3 and 15 of R.V. "Meteor" 6 grab samples, and 6 hauls with the 6 m Agassiztrawl were taken and at 2 stations the deep sea camera was lowered. This material gave quantitative results on the meiofauna and minimum counts of the macrofauna. 2. The nematodes constitute nearly 95% of the meiofauna, the copepoda only 2%, With increasing sediment depth the density of animals decreases gradually. In the uppermost centimeter of sediment (layer A) 42.6% of the meiofauna are found while only 3.7% live in layer G (tab. 6). Meiofauna weight ranges from 0.6-5.7 mg/25 m2 sediment surface i.e. 0.24-2.8 g/m2. 3. Mean numbers of individuals (tab. 3) and weights (tab. 5 for nematodes) show standard errors of 20-30%. As an approximate average value for further considerations the weight of the meiofauna in the area was taken as 1 g/m2. 4. Quantitative information on the macrofauna is derived from the trawls and the photographs for the actinia Chitonanthus abyssorum only, which is found in the rate of 1 individual/36-72 m 2, but seems to be less abundant generally. 5. Animal density does not decrease steadily from nearshore to offshore biocoenoses, i.e. generally with increasing depth. The decrease is more pronounced for macro- than for meiofauna. For the deep sea the weight proportion of macrofauna : meiofauna is of the order of 1 : 1. 6. With the assumption, that adaptation of metabolism to deep sea conditions is similar in macro- and meiofauna total metabolism of invertebrates is ascribed to meiofauna to more than 80%. 7. The structure of the biocoenosis of the deep sea floor is characterized by the meiofauna living on and in the sediment and by the dominance of sediment feeders in the macrofauna. 8. Considering the large numbets and high partition rates of bacteria a comparative large part of the metabolism in the deep sea sediment must be ascribed to bacteria. This favours the hypothesis, that with increasing depth and decreasing addition of organic material to the sediment, the importance of meiofauna and microorganisms for total metabolism increases. 9. Considering the different modes of food transport to the deep sea environment, i.e. sinking of dead particles, transport by vertical migration of organisms, aggregation of organic particles, adsorption of dissoloved organic substance to inorganic particles, and heterotrophy, the sediment may be assumed to contain more food for invertebrates than the water above the bottom. 10. Suspensionfeeders of macrofauna are fixed to hard substrates in the sediment surface. Same of them are shown to bend themselves down to the bottom in underwater photographs. This suggests the idea that some deep sea suspension feeders partly depend on food from the sediment surface, on which they feed directly.

Description: The genus Desmopterus (Pseudothecosomata, Gastropoda) includes two species. They are D. papilio Chun 1889 and D. gardineri T esch 1910. Both are tropical species having widespread distribution between 40° N and 40° S. D. papilio is common in occurrence, but D. gardineri is very rare. The present study on Zooplankton collections of the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) reveals that D. papilio is abundant in the area off the Somali coast, Gulf of Aden, South Arabian coast, Gulf of Oman, West coast of Pakistan, South-West coast of India, northern and Western Bay of Bengal, Southern Andaman Sea and North-West Australian Sea. The highest abundance was noticed in the area off Cochin. D. gardineri is relatively common in the Bay of Bengal, equatorial Zone and North-West Australian Sea. The seasonal Variation in spatial abundance shows that D. papilio is distinctly more abundant during the period dominated by the North-East Monsoon in the North Indian Ocean. Along 110° E two maxima were found, one during April—August between 9° and 11° S and another during November—February between 17° and 23° S. D. gardineri occurs mainly between April and August. The distribution in relation to the thermocline shows that D. papilio is almost uniformly abundant above and below the thermocline during day and night. But D. gardineri was almost absent above the thermocline. Therefore the thermocline appears to be a barrier for the distribution of D. gardineri.

Description: 1. Morphological characters of Ellisella flagellum were studied. The population of the plateau of the Josephine Seamount was compared with that of the Great Meteor Seamount. 2. The calcareous spicules of the colonies occur in several types (Fig. 1). The spicules of the cortex are uniform in all colonies, those of the calyx wall show differences between colonies. 3. The percentage of each spicule type of the calyx wall varies from colony to colony (Figs. 2-3). The range of variation is large (Fig. 4). 4. Differences between the two populations: a) Size: The colonies are bigger on the plateau of Great Meteor Seamount than those of the Josephine Seamount. b) Coloration: About one fourth of the specimens from Josephine Seamount are orange-red, on Meteor Seamount all colonies are white. c) Spicules: The average percentage of some spicule types show significant differences (see Table 1). 5. These results point to the morphological differentiation of E. flagellum in its area, probably favoured by the isolation of the seamounts and of the isles. The two different populations are preliminarily considered as infraspecific forms without nomenclatural state.

Description: 1. The three species of the Gorgonarian family Ellisellidae occurring in the eastern North Atlantic and the Mediterranean are described and compared with similar western Atlantic forms. 2. Material examined: a) the Gorgonarians obtained during the cruises of R.V. "Meteor" (Octocorallia now in the Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt am Main), b) the Gorgonarians of the museums in Amsterdam, Leiden, London, Monaco and Paris. These collections contain the original material of classical expeditions and of the chief works on the east Atlantic and Mediterranean Gorgonarian fauna (WRIGHT, STUDER, KÜKENTHAL, THOMSON, STIASNY). 3. Ellisella paraplexauroides is found only in the African shelf, Ellisella jlagellttm on the seamounts and near the islands, Nicella granifera in both regions. 4. Ellisella flagellum is the most frequent species of the big benthic forms living on the plateaus of the Great Meteor Seamount and the Josephine Seamount. 5. The three species are quite distinct in their morphological characters. For each of these three east Atlantic species there can be found a similar species in the west. The colonies are similar in form but differ slightly in the structure of spicules. Ellisella flagellum / E. barbadensis, Ellisella paraplexauroides/ E. elongata and Nicella granifera/ N. guadalupensis can be spoken of as east-west-atlantic pairs. (This does not exclude that there are probably morphologically similar species in the Indo-Pacific). 6. Bach species has several types of spicules. The percentage of each spicule type varies from colony to colony, at least in Ellisella flagellum and in Nicella granifera. 7. The population of Ellisella jlagellttm of the Josephine Seamount and that of the Great Meteor Seamount show differences in coloration, average size of the colonies and significant differences in the average percentage of some spicule types.

Description: Continuous Bathysonde profiles of temperature versus pressure were used to follow the depths of isotherms at a deep sea anchor station northwest of the Great Meteor Seamount (30 ° N, 28 ° W) from 19th to 27th of April 1967. Assuming temperature to be a conservative parameter, vertical velocities can be computed from the vertical displacements of isotherms, according to equations (1) or (7), respectively. Several advective terms of higher order, however, seem to be large compared to lower order terms (see equ. (7) and table 1). In addition, advective velocities are only known approximately for the period of the measurements. Therefore the total vertical velocity for each depth could not be determined. However, it can be assumed that vertical velocities of semi-diurnal tidal period are large compared, to vertical motions of other frequencies (see fig. 2). The vertical velocity of the semi-diurnal tidal motion can therefore be computed from equ. (10) (table 2). A subsequent approximation of the observed distribution of the vertical velocity component by eigenfunctions reveals a reasonable description of the baroclinic semi-diurnal tide by internal gravity wave modes of the order 1-4 (see fig. 5).

Description: Based on measurements during the "Atlantic Seamount Cruises 1967" with the German R. V. Meteor, (see Cwss et al., 1969; HORN et al., 1971), the fluctuations of temperature in the upper 275 meters are investigated. The analysis of 67 time-series yields the following : 1. Within the period range from 124 hours to 10 minutes fundamental oscillations and their harmonics occur permanently with relatively high amplitudes. These oscillations could be attributed to the diurnal (K1) and semidiurnal (M2) surface- and internal tidal waves as well as to their harmonics. It ought to be mentioned that in the surveyed area the K1-tide and the inertial wave have the same periods and could not be separated by spectrum analysis. 2. Interactions between the K1- or M2-waves and their harmonics by single superposition are shown in the observed periods. These two facts possibly can be explained by the perturbative influence of the Great Meteor Seamount on long wave motions. 3. Special investigations of the short period range lead to significant oscillations with periods between 15 and 40 minutes, which correspond to the Brunt-Väisälä-frequency calculated from the mean density distribution. 4. The diurnal variation of tempernture at the sea surface has a mean amplitude of 0.3 °C and a penetration depth of about 55 m. The mean vertical eddy conductivity amounts to 260 g cm-1 sec-1.

Description: Data obtained during the "Atlantic Seamounts Cruises 1967" with the German R.V. "Meteor" in the area of the Great Meteor Seamount (30 ° N, 28 ° W) are presented graphically. Sections of temperature, salinity, oxygen, pH and alkalinity (figs. 2-5) generally show horizontal homogeneity, which is obviously disturbed around the top of the seamount. This is conformed in greater detail by the results of two bathy thermograph-sections (figs. 6, 7). The time dependence of variations in stratification and currents is presented in figs. 8-10 and 12-17. They clearly indicate the presence of tidal motions, which are amplified in the area above the plateauby a factor of 4. The marked differences in the vertical amplitude distribution suggest the occurrence of internal (tidal) waves. Figs. 18 and 19 graph the residual currents, which show significant deviations from a uniform directional behaviour, especially in the bottom layer on top of the seamount. Various aspects of the data will be treated by HoRN (1971), HUSSELS (1971) and MEINCKE (1971).

Description: S02 concentration and sulfate in maritime aerosols were analyzed during the Atlantic-expedition 1969 (GARP) as a contribution to the atmosphedc sulfurbudget. Discontinuous methods for analysis were applied. The results show with respect to S02 a decreasing concentration from the temperate latitudes towards the tropics, indicating continental origin of this trace-gas. The concentration of sulfate-aerosols reveals no meridional trend. The "background" concentration of sulfate-aerosols is composed of a continental and a maritime component.

Description: Data on the N20 content in air and water over the North Atlantic from 10° S to 60° N along 30° W are presented. The N20 mixing ratio in air shows low values for air masses originating from West Africa suggesting N20 sinks in these arid areas. The N20 concentration in surface water is 1.5 to 3 times higher than the equilibrium from the air indicating that this part of the Atlantic Ocean is a source for atmospheric N20. In deeper layers of the ocean there is an indication of N20 destruction.

Description: From 9th of March to 4th of May 1969 measurements of raindrops has been carried out at the Atlantic Expedition of the "Meteor". The main part (584) of the 720 spectra is measured in the zones near the equator. Normally the rainfalls contain only small drops and are very intensive. 676 spectra had been measured, which have 85 % of all drops per ms with a diameter smaller or equal to 1.25 mm. The intensities of these spectra grow up to 250.3 mm/h. Wide spectra are rare and always intensive (R greater 10.0 mm/h). The radarequation Z = aRb, calculated from R (intensity of rain [mm/h]) and Z (radarreflectivity [mm6/m3]) both of them deduced from our measurements, deviates from the usual form Z = 200 Rl.60 and has the value Z 137 Rl.26. The comparison of the spectra measured on border of the "Meteor" with these of the maritime station of high latitude Reykjavik and the station near equator Entebbe shows, that the spectra of the "Meteor" are more equal to these of Reykjavik as to these of Entebbe. This ist confirmed by the difference of the radar-equation, which is for Reykjavik Z = 106 Rl.2 3 and for Entebbe Z = 278 Rl.30.

Description: The equilibrium radii of mar1t1me aerosol particles are calculated for the purpose of describing quantitatively the changes in the standard visibility or in the scattering coefficient, which result from changes in the humidity. No assumptions are made with regard to particular particle size distributions. Changes in the density and in the refractive index of the aerosol droplets and insoluble ingredients are admitted. The results are illustrated with an aqueous NaCl-aerosol and are compared with the measurements of other authors. A close mathematical relationship is found to exist between the wavelength dependence of the scattering coefficient for haze and its changes with humidity. Applied to the measurements from the Atlantic "Meteor"-Expedition 1965, there follows a deformation of the oceanic particle size distributions in the range below 1 µm radius. Above 98 % humidity there result characteristic changes in the size distributions of any aerosol, which agree with frequently observed changes in time of the wavelength dependence of the atmospheric scattering coefficient.

Description: During the 14th expedition of the research vessel "Meteor" from the 2nd of July to the 7th of August 1968 continously recording instruments for measuring the C02 partial pressure of seawater and atmospheric C02 were developped by the Meteorological Institute, University of Frankfurt/M. During the Faroer expedition instrumental constants, such as relative and absolute accuracy, inertia and solvent power were tested. The performance of discontinous analyses of water samples was adopted to shipboard conditiones and correction factors depending on water volume, depth of sampling and water temperature were measured. After having computed average values of the continous records (atmosp. C02 content, C02 partial pressure, water temperature) geographical distribution, diurnal variation and dependence of diurnal averages were tested. At four different locations c02 partial pressure was measured in various depths. During the voyage from the Faroer islands to Helgoland the measured concentrations of atmospheric C02 content and C02 partial pressure were tested with respect to a correlation of the geographical latitude.

Description: The concentration of C02 in the layer of air near the ocean surface and in the surface water itself were measured continuously during the Atlantic Expedition of 1969. Of particular interest is the meridional profile of each component measured between 10° S and 60 ° N latitude at a constant longitude of 30° W. The variation with latitude of the vertical distribution of C02 partial pressure in water, as determined from the extensive data of Wattenberg (Meteor Expedition 1925 /27) and from five profiles resulting from the presently described expedition, helps explain the latitudinal dependence of the C02 content of Atlantic surface water. If one assumes an increase in the vertical mixing of the surface layers of the ocean due to surface cooling, as occurs in winter, then a seasonal trend to the partial pressure of the C02 in the surface water is to be expected north of about 40 ° N latitude. A spatial analog to such a temporal trend may be exemplified by the observation of gradually increasing Pco2 values with decreasing temperature as the measuring ship travelled northward from 40° N. The variation with latitude of the C02 concentration in the atmosphere has been found to be an order of magnitude smaller than that in the water, suggesting that the amount of C02 in the water has only a minor influence over the meridional distribution of C02 in the atmosphere.

Description: During the Atlantic Expedition of 1969 (GARP) on the research vessel "Planet" measurements of the vertical profile of the C02-concentration in the lower atmospheric layers were made. For these measurements a special apparatus was develloped which is described.

Description: During the third part of the Atlantic Expedition 1969 from 10° S to 60° N along 30 ° W, measurements of the complete size distribution of atmospheric aerosols over the whole size range from about 10-7 to 10-2 cm radius were made. This was possible by the simultaneous operation of different methods which are critically discussed. The results obtained are the first of its kind and are of general interest despite some methodical shortcomings. North of the equator the ship passed through air masses of West African origin and the influence of Sahara dust on the marine aerosols could be documented in a unique way. The Sahara dust component was restricted to the size range of 10-5 to 10-3 cm radius. Throughout the voyage particles up to 10-2 cm radius were always found to be present, similar to findings over continents. Of special interest is the observation that the size distribution extends to very small particles, suggesting continuous aerosol production over the ocean.

Description: Heterostegina depressa from the Persian Gulf was cultivated in the laboratory and observations were made on their zooxanthellae. The relation between the Heterostegina and the zooxanthellae living inside them is a symbiotic one. These foraminifera proved to be capable of growth when kept in the light without being given additional particulate nutrition. In this case the Heterostegina fed themselves partly by digesting the zooxanthellae. When kept in darkness the animals did not grow even if fed additionally. Fed as well as unfed foraminifera and also some of their zooxanthellae survived maintenance in darkness for a period of four months. Since the nucleus of the zooxanthellae is no dinocaryon and the cell membrane does not show any cellulose reaction and since the occurrence of pennate diatoms was observed in the culture vessels after the zooxanthellae had left the foraminifera test the zooxanthellae living in Heterostegina are possibly diatoms.

Description: Is it possible to draw a structural scheme of the West Mediterranean basin? The author gives a summary of the topographic, gravimetric, magnetic, seismic refraction and further on seismic profiling data for the last 40 years - the most important fact is the discovery of salt domes, but geophysics do not explain their origin and age. From a short survey of some geological observations on shore the extension of a landmass south of the Provence has been concluded during the oligocene. The question arises hether this mass is now the block of Corsica and Sardinia, which may have been later drifted to its actual position? - if so, the salt could be tertiary - or is this landmass as a part of the Provence sunken down under the sea by tectonic processes? If so one could propose a triassic age of the saltdomes. Continuous seismic profiling does not give any arguments for one of these two theories. But it allows us to follow the miocene surface and to know the variations of the thickness of the plioquaternary sedimentation. Many questions remain. The author lists the problems still to be solved and the necessary means. International cooperation may give the means for the solution of these problems.