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  • 1
  • 2
    Publication Date: 1978-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0016-7835
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1149
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2008-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0191-8141
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-1201
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-07-20
    Description: In an area regarded to be very favourable for the study of Holocene sea level changes one or several eustatic (?) oscillations of sea have been found using sedimentological and ecological methods. After a maximum of +3 m during the Nouakchottian stage (= Middle Flandrian or Late Atlantic) about 5500 YBP a drop of sea to -3.5 ± 0.5 m about 4100 YBP is testified by stromatolitic algae indicating the former sea level within the tidal zone with high accuracy. This evidence is supported by the observation of post-Nouakchottian regressive and transgressive geologic sequences, by buried beach deposits and flooded hardgrounds, post-Nouakchottian marine terraces of different height and age, the cutting off of one large and several small bays from the open sea etc. Possibly, one or two smaller oscillations followed between 4000 and 1500 years B.P. (derived sea level curve Fig. 5). The radiocarbon age of the marine shells dated may be partly somewhat too old or too young (Chapter G, Table 1).
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-07-22
    Description: The 60 km wide shelf off Mauritania is cut by several submarine canyons. Its water-circulation is controlled by the cool Canary current and upwelling. Its Recent sediments show faunal assodations remarkably related to the grain size distribution which in water depths between 40 and 80 m is strongly influenced by reworldng of older coarse sand or sandstone. In this depth range a mixed biofades originating from Pleistocene and Recent material is encountered. The present lateral faunistic and sedimentological fades change, including horizons of mixed provenance, can be recognized in vertical sequences taken by vibro-coring. This correlation combined with 14C-datations on molluscs enable the reconstruction of the history of the last gladal regression and transgression. Due to the arid climate, the emerging calcareous shelf sediments are indurated and, therefore, protected from subaerial and submarine erosion. During low sea level eolian sand migrates over the shelf, but only about l/10 of this material remains there and is later incorporated into the sandy shelf sediments. The calculated average rate of total sedimentation during Holocene is 15 cm, and the production rate of carbonate is 5 cm/1000 years.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: On experimentally deposited kaolinite, illite, and Ca-bentonite consolidated under their own load or by additional vertical pressure, the progress of compaction in relation to excess pore water pressure, mass physical properties, gravitational mass movements in a tilted tank, and erodibility under running water in a flume were studied. The very low consolidated sediments near the mud/water interface do not obey the generally used theory in soil mechanics. They show a different, non-linear relationship between void ratio or water content and depth below the sedimentary surface on the one hand, or effective overburden pressure and shear strength on the other. The same is true of other physical properties such as permeability, which changes considerably with depth and time of consolidation.High sedimentation rates on slopes induce shallow sediment flow, whereas at low rates and critical slope angles different types of slope failures including the breaking up of water-rich sediment into sharp boundered blocks are observed.Flume studies on soft clay muds show three different types of erosion: continuously suspending, discontinuous erosion of crumbs or shreds, and wavy deformation of the clay surface with disintegration of particles from the crests. The critical tractive stress depends not only on clay type, void ratio, and shear strength, but significantly also on the ‘geologic history’of the clay (i.e. deposition from thin suspension or dense slurry, fabric, consolidation and swelling generating minute inhomogeneities etc.).The experiments may lead to a better understanding of all mechanical processe's including pore-water flow taking place near or not far below the sediment/ water interface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 67 (1978), S. 858-879 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Quantitative experimental and theoretical investigations, except basic research, should focus only to such parameters which can be measured in the field. This is shown by three examples. (1) A model of a discontinuum composed of particles, between which friction occurs during shear is presented. Even at simple shear external and internal stresses are in equilibrium; no rigid body rotation occurs. The theory is examinated experimentally. (2) In deformation experiments with clay and sand a development of anisotropy is observed, which can cause shear fractures. The orientation of the normal stress directions can be discovered from the shear sets, their angular distribution, and the rotation of the individual blocks. (3) Most folds can be traced back to the following three types, a) Similar folds, b) concentric folds, and c) box folds. b) and c) occur only near the surface and near shear planes, as shown by experiments and field observations. In all other cases the more energy-consuming similar folds are formed. Kink bands are presumably transitional between folds and shear fractures.
    Abstract: Résumé Les recherches expérimentales et théoriques quantitatives n'ont de grand intérÊt—hormis celui de la recherche fondamentale — que si les données peuvent Être mesurées sur le terrain. Trois exemples nous aideront à le montrer. 1. Soit un modèle de milieu discontinu composé de particules entre lesquelles des frictions apparaissent sous l'effet d'un cisaillement. Dans le cas d'un cisaillement simple, les contraintes intérieures équilibrent les contraintes extérieures. Une rotation rigide du corps dans son ensemble n'apparaÎt pas. Une vérification expérimentale de cette théorie est présentée ici. 2. Lors de la déformation de corps sableux ou argileux, on observe l'apparition d'une anisotropie qui peut aller jusqu'à des ruptures par cisaillement. En considérant la position des ruptures, leur distribution angulaire et la rotation des blocs qu'elles limitent, il est possible de retrouver la direction des contraintes. 3. La plupart des plis appartiennent à l'un des trois types suivants: plis semblables, plis isopaques et plis coffrés. Les travaux expérimentaux et les observations de terrain montrent que les plis des deux derniers types n'apparaissent qu' à proximité de la surface et le long de plans de cisaillement. Dans tous les autres cas se développent des plis semblables, dont la formation nécessite une plus grande énergie. Les bandes knickées semblent Être une forme de transition entre plis et ruptures de cisaillement.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Quantitative Untersuchungen im Experiment und in der Theorie sind abgesehen von Grundlagenforschungen nur dann sinnvoll, wenn die verwendeten Daten auch im Gelände gemessen werden können, wie an drei Beispielen gezeigt wird. 1. Ein Modell eines Diskontinuums wird vorgestellt, das aus Partikeln besteht, zwischen denen bei Scherung Reibung auftritt. Auch bei einfacher Schiebung befinden sich Beanspruchungs- und Spannungszustände im Gleichgewicht. Eine starre Rotation des gesamten Körpers tritt nicht ein. Die Theorie wird experimentell überprüft. 2. In Ton- und Sandkörpern wird während der Deformation die Anisotropisierung verfolgt, die zu Scherbrüchen führen kann. Aus den Scherbruchlagen und deren Verteilungskurven sowie aus der Rotation der von Brüchen begrenzten Schollen kann auf die Lage der Spannungszustände zurückgeschlossen werden. 3. Die meisten Falten lassen sich drei Faltentypen zuordnen: den kongruenten Falten, den konzentrischen Falten und den Kofferfalten. Experimente und Geländebeobachtungen zeigen, daß die beiden letztgenannten Typen nur in Oberflächennähe und an Abscherungen auftreten. In allen anderen Fällen müssen sich die mehr energieverbrauchenden kongruenten Falten bilden. Knickzonen dürften eine übergangsform zwischen Falten und Scherbrüchen darstellen.
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