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1

Monograph available for loan

Cyclic and event stratification (1982)

Einsele, G. [Hrsg.]

Berlin [u.a.] : Springer

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Call number: G 8277

Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan

Pages: XIV, 536 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.

ISBN: 3540113738

Location: Upper compact magazine

Branch Library: GFZ Library

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2

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Mass physical properties, sliding and erodibility of experimentally deposited and differently consolidated clayey muds (Approach, equipment, and first results) (1974)

EINSELE, G. ; OVERBECK, R. ; SCHWARZ, H. U. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Sedimentology 21 (1974), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3091

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences

Notes: On experimentally deposited kaolinite, illite, and Ca-bentonite consolidated under their own load or by additional vertical pressure, the progress of compaction in relation to excess pore water pressure, mass physical properties, gravitational mass movements in a tilted tank, and erodibility under running water in a flume were studied. The very low consolidated sediments near the mud/water interface do not obey the generally used theory in soil mechanics. They show a different, non-linear relationship between void ratio or water content and depth below the sedimentary surface on the one hand, or effective overburden pressure and shear strength on the other. The same is true of other physical properties such as permeability, which changes considerably with depth and time of consolidation.High sedimentation rates on slopes induce shallow sediment flow, whereas at low rates and critical slope angles different types of slope failures including the breaking up of water-rich sediment into sharp boundered blocks are observed.Flume studies on soft clay muds show three different types of erosion: continuously suspending, discontinuous erosion of crumbs or shreds, and wavy deformation of the clay surface with disintegration of particles from the crests. The critical tractive stress depends not only on clay type, void ratio, and shear strength, but significantly also on the ‘geologic history’of the clay (i.e. deposition from thin suspension or dense slurry, fabric, consolidation and swelling generating minute inhomogeneities etc.).The experiments may lead to a better understanding of all mechanical processe's including pore-water flow taking place near or not far below the sediment/ water interface.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1974.tb02065.x

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3

Electronic Resource

Marine depositional events controlled by sediment supply and sea-level changes (1993)

Einsele, G.

Springer

International journal of earth sciences 82 (1993), S. 173-184

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ISSN: 1437-3262

Keywords: Depositional events ; Sea level changes ; Sediment supply

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences

Notes: Abstract Under conditions of high fluvial or coastal sediment supply, individual sandy storm layers (tempestites) and turbidites form after significantly shorter time intervals than Milankovitch cycles. To provide the material for mass flows of very high volume, large, mountainborne rivers require about ten thousand years. With little sediment supply, however, all event deposits become rare or are missing. Third-order sequences (about 1–4 Ma) vary considerably in thickness depending on the sedimentation rates in the basins. Thick and widely extended mud flows and megabreccias are preferentially triggered by sea level fall below the shelf edge. Mixed siliciclastics-carbonate systems along the foot of carbonate shelves generally become coarser grained and poorer in carbonates during lowstands. Turbidite successions also frequently occur in lowstand deposits, but may be present in the other systems tracts as well if a delta is prograding continually. The position of tempestites in third or higher order shallow water sequences is less clear. In studies on the migration of coastal sands in relation to falling and rising sea level, one should distinguish, apart from sediment supply, between settings with and without substantial wave scour. The generation of sandy tempestites appears to be favoured if coastal progradation and wave scour operate simultaneously for example during late highstand and early lowstand.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191823

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4

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Sedimentary history of the Tethyan basin in the Tibetan Himalayas (1994)

Liu, Guanghua ; Einsele, G.

Springer

International journal of earth sciences 83 (1994), S. 32-61

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ISSN: 1437-3262

Keywords: Permian to Paleogene Indian shelf ; sedimentary facies ; basin evolution subsidence history ; Tethys ; Tibet

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences

Notes: Abstract After an epicontinental phase, the sedimentary rocks in the Tibetan Himalayas document a complete Wilson cycle of the Neo-Tethyan (Tethys Ill) evolution between the Gondwana supercontinent and its northward drifting margin (Lhasa block) from the Late Permian to the Eocene. During the Triassic rift stage, the basin was filled with a huge, clastic-dominated sediment wedge with up to 〉 5 000 m of flysch in the northern zone. Widespread deltaic clastics and shallow-water carbonates of late Norian to earliest Jurassic age in the southern zone mark, in conjunction with decreasing tectonic subsidence, the transition to the drift stage. Some 4 500 m of Jurassic and Early Cretaceous shallow-water carbonates and siliciclastics accumulated on the Tethyan Indian passive margin. Deepening-upward sequences with condensed beds at their tops alternate with repeated progradational packages of shelf sediments. Extensive abyssal sediments with basaltic volcanics in the northern deep-water zone reflect continued ocean spreading and thermal subsidence. Paleomagnetic data, gained separately for the northern Indian plate and the Lhasa block, indicate that the Neo-Tethys reached its maximum width about 110 Ma ago with a spreading rate of 4.8 cm/year, before it commenced to close again. During the remnant basin stage in the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene, a shallowing-upward megasequence, capped by a carbonate platform, developed in the southern inner shelf realm. In the northern slope/basin plain zone, turbidites and chaotic sediments, derived from both the acretionary wedge and the steepening slope of the passive margin, accumulated. The depositional center of the remnant basin shifted southward as a result of flexural subsidence and southward overthrusting. The sediments from the Triassic to the Paleogene are tentatively subdivided into five mega-sequences, which are controlled mainly by regional tectonics. Climatic influence (e.g., carbonate deposition), due to northward plate motion, is partially subdued by terrigenous input and/or increased water depth. During the Oligocene and Miocene, crustal shortening led to rapid uplift and the deposition of fluvial molasse in limited basins.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00211893

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5

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Modelling long-term acidification trends of forested sandstone catchments in the Black Forest (SW Germany) (1995)

Hinderer, M. ; Einsele, G.

Springer

Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 719-724

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ISSN: 1573-2932

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering

Notes: Abstract An extensive database from eight Triassic (Bunter) sandstone catchments in the Black Forest, SW Germany, was used to apply the MAGIC model and simulate long-term acidification trends. Using the ion ratio (Ca+Mg)/(SO4+NO3) as criterium (values〈 1.5 indicate an acidified state), hindcast simulations showed that the brooks of three catchments have reached values 〈1.5, three catchments are approaching 1.5, and two catchments (carbonate bearing upper Bunter) are still well above this limit. The different acidification state of the catchments is mainly caused by the amount of acidic deposition and bedrock geology. Other differences (shallow or deep groundwater circulation, sulphate sorption and soil parameters) are less significant. To simulate the future evolution, three scenarios were tested: a pessimistic, an optimistic and a most probable case. The latter leads to a still progressing but decelerated acidifcation in the next 100 years. In the pessimistic case, acidification rates will be accelerated in two of the catchments. Even in the optimistic case, the initial state, prior to acidification, cannot be restored up to the year 2130. However, the forecasting of the future evolution is still markedly hampered by the significant uncertainty in the evaluation of nitrogen-driven acidification, a process which today already predominates in parts of the Black Forest.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476914

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6

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Groundwater acidification in Triassic sandstones: prediction with MAGIC modelling (1997)

Hinderer, M. ; Einsele, G.

Springer

Geologische Rundschau 86 (1997), S. 372-388

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ISSN: 0016-7835

Keywords: Key words Groundwater acidification ; Black Forest ; Future evolution ; Modelling

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences

Notes: Abstract Acidification of groundwater lags behind acid deposition due to the relatively long water residence time in conjunction with various buffering processes in the soil zone and deeper aquifer (chemical weathering, cation exchange, sulfate sorption, and N uptake by the biomass). Extensive field data from eight forested catchments in the Bunter Sandstone of the Black Forest, including results from water budget studies and hydrochemical analysis of stream and spring waters, were used to simulate the future evolution of ground-water acidification with the MAGIC model. The present acid deposition exceeds the “critical load” (here meaning buffering due to chemical weathering and protonation of organic acids) in six of eight catchments. Two catchments are well buffered because they contain carbonate-bearing layers in the Upper Bunter sandstone. Transient buffering (i.e., cation exchange, N uptake, the sulfate sorption) thus far prevents worse acidification, but this effect will decline in the future. For one of the poorly buffered catchments (Seebach), a two-layer simulation was carried out, based on extensive data from 10 years of measurements. Validation of the long-term simulations by hydrochemical and soil data was hampered by strong annual variations but generally supported by paleolimnological studies. In the future, reductions in the S deposition by 20% and the N deposition by 10% up to the year 2030 are assumed as the most probable scenario. N uptake through soil and vegetation will come to an end as suggested by decreasing C/N ratios of the organic matter. This process is arbitrarily included in the simulations. In the periglacial soil layer, acidification will decrease until the year 2030 and then approach a steady-state condition. In the fractured aquifer, acidification will also proceed at a decreasing rate; however, sulfate desorption up to the year 2130, the end of simulated period, will prevent earlier remediation. Despite a significant reduction in S deposition since the mid-1980s, further efforts are necessary to reduce the emission of acidifying substances. Liming in the recharge area is partially effective to ameliorate “shallow” groundwater but largely fails to ameliorate “deeper” groundwater in the sandstone aquifer.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005310050147

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7

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Terrestrial sediment yield and the lifetimes of reservoirs, lakes, and larger basins (1997)

Einsele, G. ; Hinderer, M.

Springer

Geologische Rundschau 86 (1997), S. 288-310

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ISSN: 0016-7835

Keywords: Key words Denudation ; Sediment yield ; Relief ; Climate ; Sedimentation rate ; Lifetime of basins ; Artificial reservoirs

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences

Notes: Abstract Water reservoirs, lakes, and larger basins, including their drainage areas, represent sedimentologically closed to semi-closed denudation-accumulation systems. The mean rates of mechanical denudation, DRme, and clastic sedimentation, SRme, are related by the ratio of the drainage/lake area, Ad/Al. If the latter is known, DRme (or the specific sediment yield SY in t per km2/a) can be calculated from SRme, or vice versa. The best data for modern SY mainly come from the sediment fills of artificial reservoirs. Small drainage areas of mountainous regions show SY values up to two orders of magnitude higher than lowlands and approximately one order higher than larger regions of mixed relief. This is also true of arid to semi-arid zones which often provide approximately as much sediment (SY) as humid temperate and even tropical zones of comparable relief. Lithology and climate (river runoff) also may play some role for SY from catchments of limited size. The importance of these factors is exemplified by perialpine lakes and two East African lakes. Sediment yields gained from some large reservoirs compare well with long-term denudation rates derived from geological studies (e.g., the Tarbela dam reservoir along the Indus River). In many other cases, human activities have raised SY by factors of 2–10, locally up to 〉100. Artificial reservoirs in mountainous regions with SY in the range of 300–2000 t per km2/a tend to become filled within several tens to hundreds of years; some have even shorter lifetimes. Perialpine lakes of the Alps and British Columbia are strongly affected by delta prograding and have lifetimes mostly between 15 and 40 ka. Closed lake systems in deep morphological depressions (Lake Bonneville, Aral Sea, northern Caspian Sea) have a high potential for sediment storage up to the level of spillover and therefore can persist over long time periods. Basins with markedly subsiding basin floors (lakes of the East African rift zone, the southern Caspian Sea, and the Black Sea, both on oceanic crust) can survive for many Ma in the future, despite relatively high terrigenous input.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005310050141

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