ALBERT

Description: Oceanographic Observations from the SEMMES Jan. 14-Feb. 14, 1941 On a recent cruise through the West Indies a program of oceanographic observations was carried out on board the experimental sound ship, the U.S.S. SEMMES, in conjunction with the submarine, TRITON. This work which began on January 14 at New London, Conn. and ended on February 14 at Key West, Fla. included a week of operations with the East Coast Sound School out of Key West. The bathythermograph, an instrument for measuring the sea water temperature continuously from the surface down to 75 fathoms, was used for oceanographic observations.

Description: With moderate or light winds and a clear sky the diurnal heating which occurs near the sea surface can cause a serious reduction in the range of submarine detection, especially on shallow targets. This has usually been called the “afternoon effect", although as will be noticed below the ranges often remain short long after sun down. The heating of surface waters which causes such sharp downward refraction can of course be noted on a bathythermograph record, provided pen vibration does not confuse the upper part of the trace. Unfortunately it is the upper 20 or 30 feet of a bathythermograph curve which in the case of ships moving faster than 12 knots is often somewhat difficult to read with sufficient certainty. Moreover, in planning a days operations it is clearly desirable to know in advance how much reduction in range may be expected from diurnal warming.

Description: Contract OEMsr-31

Description: Leg 6 of CHAIN Cruise 115 began in Rio de Janeiro on 22 April 1974, and terminated in Recife on 18 May 1974. A multi-disciplinary scientific program was carried out within the Vema Channel and on the northern flanks of the Rio Grande Rise (see Figure 1). Personnel and scientific programs representing several institutions (W.H.O.I., Scripps, Lamont-Doherty) were included in the project; Brazilian observers representing PETROBRAS and the National Research Council also participated in the program.

Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation under Grant GA-41186. Financial support for shipboard operations and most of the scientific programs during Leg 6 of CHAIN Cruise 115 was provided under National Science Foundation grant GA-41185. Seismic profiling and bathymetry were supported under O.N.R. Contract N00014-66-C-0241. Bottom current measurements received support under N.S.F. Grant No. GA-41285 to W. Patzert and to J.L. Reid (Scripps). Support for the Lamont-Doherty nephelometer program was provided under O.N.R. Contract N00014-67-A-0108-0004 and N.S.F. Grant GA-27281. Supplementary equipment items required for the transponder navigation system were provided by the Woods Hole Ocean Industry Program.

Description: Also published as: Buoy Technology, Transactions 2nd International Buoy Technology Symposium/Exposition, Washington, D.C., September 18-20, 1967, pp.409-418, 1967.

Description: Since January 1965,a program has been underway at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, to measure currents at a limited number of fixed sites on a year round basis. Initially, one site was instrumented with both surface and subsurface moorings. The program has now been expanded to 4 major sites, extending along 70°W, from 39°20 ' N to the Hatteras Abyssal Plain at 30°N . In nearly three years of operation, a total of 65 moorings have been placed at the working sites, for periods up to six months. Recoveries from these sites have provided many velocity records of excellent quality. The repetitive exposure of moorings of essentially similar design under relatively standardized conditions has served to define clearly the design and operational problems that are inherent in such a program. A brief account is given of some of the problems encountered in routine buoy setting operations, and some of the results obtained from the measurements.

Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-66-C0241~ NR 083-004.

Description: The journal of a cruise of R/V CHAIN from Bermuda to Freetown, Sierra Leone during February and March, 1961, is the basis of this report. Location of observations are given. The portion of the Mid- Atlantic Ridge lying along the equator was surveyed from 10° to 19°W, and new information concerning the slope and orientation of rift zones was obtained. A detailed bathymetric survey of the Romanche Trench was made. A continuous temperature-depth profile, from the surface to 100 meters, was made along the ship 's track with a thermistor chain. Surface shear was measured with pitotmeters mounted on the chain (surface water velocity relative to the water velocity at the depth of the pitotmeter), to determine the strength and direction of the equatorial undercurrent.

Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr-, 2196 (00)

Description: The case often arises where a thermometer which has been inserted into a medium of temperature Tw is actually read in a place where the environment is at temperature t, ≠ Tw. Such a case is the soil thermometer , where the bulb is at Tw and the stem in the air at t; and such a case is the oceanographic reversing thermometer, brought up from a depth-of-reversal (Tw) to the ship laboratory (t). In each case the different cubical expansion coefficients of mercury and glass mean that the stem mercury capillary is taken from the true reading of Tw to a reading of T/ by the action of environmental change from Tw to T/.

Description: Sponsored by Grant NSF-GP 821 from the National Science Foundation

Description: Joint US-USSR Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (POLYMODE)

Description: Under grant OCE78-25612 from the Office of the International Decade of Ocean Exploration of the National Science Foundation .

Description: The New England Shelf/Slope Experiment (NESS76) was conducted from February to August in 1976 over the continental margin south of the New England coast. The initial objective of the experiment was to examine the kinematic and dynamic coupling of the low frequency oceanic motions between the outer New England shelf and the deeper slope/rise regions; and in particular, to monitor simultaneously the current, temperature, and bottom pressure fluctuations across the New England continental margin. The field program contained several components: (1) a six-month moored array to monitor current, temperature, and bottom pressure; (2) two hydrographic cruises conducted around the moored array; (3) a collection and synthesis of the synoptic meteorological data; and (4) detailed bathymetric surveys conducted around the deeper moorings. The two hydrographic cruises were conducted during May 11-21 and August 12-23 of 1976, and the initial results from the cruises have been reported elsewhere by Limeburner, Vermersch, and Beardsley (1978). Only the moored array and the meteorological data will be presented here.

Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation under Grants OCE 76-01813, OCE 78-19513, OCE 76-2590 and OCE 76-02190.

Description: A ship towed log for use on ships-of-opportunity to measure ocean surface currents was built and tested over the past two years. The technique used is one of the oldest known to navigators. The ship's dead reckoned position is calculated from the speed and heading as measured by the towed log. This is then compared to the ship's true position as obtained from a reference navigation system (Loran, satellites, etc.) and the difference is attributed to the currents encountered by the ship. The system was used on six sea cruises and was successfully towed over 11,000 miles. While it i s not capable of making high precision current measurements as would be obtained from moored current meters, it can distinguish features on the order of 20 to 30 em/sec. over a large horizontal scale in the upper ocean.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research Grant N00014-79-C-0071; NR 083-004.

Description: This report summarizes in graphical and tabular form the continuous conductivity-temperature-pressure-dissolved-oxygen (CTD0 2) data collected during the R/V ATLANTIS II Cruise 107, Leg X. These data were collected in the austral winter of 1980 as part of the International Southern Ocean Studies (ISOS) to evaluate and test various Antarctic Intermediate Water formation and circulation mechanisms.

Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation - Office of International Decade of Ocean Exploration under Grant OCE-78-22223.

Description: Also published as: Journal. of Physical Oceanography 11 (1981): 541-546

Description: Various statistics of temperature profiles are examined in an attempt to distinguish irreversible structures due to mixing from reversible distortions induced by internal wave straining. Even if all the low gradient regions were the result of mixing events, an analysis of the profiles shows that such events are rare and most often incomplete. An upper bound on the mixing effectiveness is obtained; it increases as the vertical scale decreases. Taking next the opposite view that internal wave straining is the sole process, an analytic model is developed to calculate the probability density function of temperature gradients. The model considers the straining by a weakly nonlinear Gaussian internal wave field of a linear temperature profile. The nonlinearity of the field is essential to account for the skewness of the probability distributions. Comparisons with data are quite satisfactory at scales larger than - 2m, less so at smaller scales. We conclude that nonlinear effects are important; at scales larger than - 2 m straining is dominant with very little mixing, while at smaller scales irreversible structures are more prevalent.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval. Research under Contracts N00014-75-C-0502 and N00014-79-C-0071.

Description: When current meters are used to measure mean horizontal currents in surface gravity waves, immunity to the vertical component of flow is important, even though the net vertical flow averages to zero and is normal to the desired horizontal components. A technique is presented for estimating the magnitude of the errors introduced by imperfect rejection of the off-axis flows (cross-talk) from laboratory measurements of the current meter "vertical-cosine-response." The predicted dynamic response is shown to compare favorably with laboratory measurements. The measured steady state vertical-cosine-response functions for several practical current sensors are summarized and used to estimate the magnitude of wave-induced errors in horizontal mean current measurements. A new dye technique for evaluating near-surface current meter performance in waves is shown.

Description: Prepared for the Working Con6enence on CURRENT MEASUREMENTS sponsored by the NOAA 0ffice of Ocean Engineering with the Delaware Sea Grant College Program.

Description: General information about mooring locations, durations and data gathered by the Moored Array Project (also known as Buoy Group) between late 1963 and 1978 is listed. Also included is a comprehensive list of scientific and technical publications written by the Buoy Group staff.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-400 and for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 77-19403 .

Description: The nomenclature, morphology and functioning of deep sea reversing thermometers are identified and explained. The various types of malfunctions, nonfunctions and other aberrations are defined and detailed instructions are given for the procedures used to restore normal functioning to the extent possible. Advice is given regarding the use, handling, storage and transportation of these instruments so as to avoid damage and actions which might cause malfunctions to occur.

Description: Also published as: Journal of Marine Research 36 (1978): 725-734

Description: Relatively energetic low frequency fluctuations in horizontal currents are found to exist below the thermocline in the northern trough of the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone. For example, deep eddy kinetic energy levels there are about twice as large as those observed at similar relative depths in the MODE-I region. Eddy kinetic energies are about 2-10 times larger than mean kinetic energies. The vertical distribution of eddy kinetic energy is frequency dependent, increasing toward the thermocline for the longer time scales and intensifying toward the bottom at higher frequencies. In addition to the expected mean westward motion of Norwegian Sea Overflow Water through the northern trough of the fracture, rather consistent mean southward flow is observed at a depth immediately above the overflow.

Description: Prepared f or the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083- 400.

Description: A Conductivity, Temperature and Depth (CTD) profiler has been designed to make precise fine scale measurements of these physical parameters in the ocean. This CTD system consists of a shipboard Data Terminal deck unit and an underwater unit which provides continuous sampling of the three variables as it is lowered into the water. Additional sensors can be added to measure other variables; the most common is dissolved oxygen. This report is a detailed description of the CTD System and includes the necessary documentation to operate and maintain the equipment.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-66-C-0241; NR 08,3-004 .

Description: This report describes the performance of a freely-falling velocity profiler called the Absolute Velocity Profiler (AVP) . The AVP is distinguishable from our previously developed velocity profiler the Electro-Magnetic Velocity Profiler (EMVP) in that acoustic Doppler measurements are used, to determine the reference velocity for the EMVP profiles. The AVP contains the essential measurements of the motional electric currents in the sea as implemented in the EMVP and in addition, collects acoustic Doppler measurements of frequencyshifted bottom echoes. The former measurements yield a profile of the horizontal components of velocity relative to a reference velocity, independent of depth, while the latter measurements determine the absolute velocity of the AVP vehicle with respect to the sea floor. The EM profile is obtained from the sea surface to bottom, and the acoustic Doppler measurements are made within about 300 m of the sea floor. The combination of the EM and acoustic Doppler measurements yields an absolute velocity profile throughout the water column. Performance analyses included in this report set method uncertainties of between 1 and 2 cm/s r.m.s. Measurements of temperature and its gradient are also made.

Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation, Office of the International Decade of Ocean Exploration under Grant OCE76-24605.

Description: Examination of data from the water areas surrounding the Hawaiian Islands leads to the conclusion that Hawaii is suitably situated for ocean thermal energy conversion. Historical records of surface temperature for the Hawaiian area and the tropical and sub-tropical Pacific suggest that the proposed site may be vulnerable to significant epochal changes and yearly shifts in base temperatures but the site should still remain within the limits of operational parameters. Annual and monthly charts have been prepared for sea surface temperature, surface wind speeds and directions, and reported storm severities.

Description: Prepared for the Department of Energy, Division of Solar Energy under Contract No. EG-77-S-02-4293.AOOO.

Description: Also published as Journal of Geophysical Research, 83(C6), 1978, pp. 2921–2938

Description: As part of a field study of the relation between fine scale and large‐scale variations of water properties in the western North Atlantic, the waters in the vicinity of Bermuda were investigated in detail. Previous work in the area had revealed regions of intense temperature fine structure confined to the sides of the island. Generally quieter levels of activity elsewhere in the midocean have suggested that significant mixing might only occur at the solid and fluid boundaries of the ocean. During the course of our investigation, two Gulf Stream rings were found in the vicinity of the island. The exchange of water between them caused three regions of strong alongshore flow. In these three areas we find elevated levels of temperature fine structure in the upper 800 m as measured by the variance in the temperature gradient normalized by the square of the mean temperature gradient over the interval. The normalized temperature variances on small scales (0.2–1 m) are most energetic in patches tightly bound to the island sides, whereas the fine structure on larger scales (5–25 m) is also energetic away from the island in a region of outflow. Velocity profiles show that vertical scales shorten as one approaches the island, and the energy increases in the counterclockwise component. There is no correlation evident between the shear measurements of the internal wave field and the intensity of the fine structure. Possible mechanisms for the production of fine structure are explored within the context of these observations.

Description: This research was carried out with funding from the Office of Naval Research under contracts NOOOI4-74-C- 0262 NR083-004 (N .G.H. and T.B.S.) and the National Science Foundation under grant OCE74-19608 (E.J.K.).

Description: Leg VI of CHAIN 112 was scheduled from 24 June to 9 July, St. Georges, Bermuda to Woods Hole. The original plans called for the following work: Recovery of sixteen intermediate moorings at the MODE site (28° N., 69° 40'W.) Recovery of three subsurface moorings in the MODE area for the University of Rhode Island. Launching of two new intermediate moorings at the MODE site. Bathymetric and meteorological observations in the MODE area. Bathymetry at Site D. Acoustic checks of three intermediate moorings at Site D. CTDs at each mooring recovery and setting

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-66-C0241; NR 083-004.

Description: Summaries are presented of basic current, temperature and pressure measurements which were made from moored instruments as a part of the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE) which took place March to July 1973. Current data are presented as Basic Statistics, Spectral Diagrams , Progressive Vector Diagrams, East vs. North Plots, and Variables vs . Time Plots.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contracts N00014-66-C-0241; NR 083-004 and N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-400.

Description: A meeting was held March 11-15, 1980 to develop and refine the hierarchy of problems to be addressed by the high energy benthic boundary layer experiment. This document outlines revised program goals and the critical scientific tasks needed to attain those goals. Also included is an interim "state of the program" report and a critical review by the Advisory Committee.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-79-C-0071; NR 083-004.

Description: Also published as: Journal of Physical Oceanography (1979) 9: 1294-1297

Description: It is demonstrated that the outcome of an intercomparison between data and the vertical distribution of eddy kinetic energy predicted by a previously developed numerical model of the MODE area is frequency dependent. In the range of periods from 50 to 150 or even to 400 days (one definition of the temporal mesoscale, the scale that the model was designed to simulate), the comparison is quite good. For periods in the range of 5 to 50 days, the agreement is poor. For periods longer than 400 days , the comparison is indeterminate. Earlier conclusions concerning the relation of model results to the MODE data should be qualified by stipulating frequency range , and future intercomparisons for any model in all regions should be conscious of the desirability of doing so across common frequencies.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-400 and for the International Decade of Ocean Exploration Office of the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 75-03962.

Description: Also published as: Journal of Marine Research 38 (1980): 111-133

Description: Time-averaged horizontal currents obtained from long-term moored instruments deployed in the western North Atlantic over the Sohm Abyssal Plain along 55W exhibit two segments of weakly depth-dependent flow: one, near 36N, predominantly westward and narrow or jet-like (~ 200 km wide or less); the second primarily eastward, located near 37.5N, about 200-300 km south of the mean position of the axis of the Gulf Stream (its width cannot be estimated quantitatively with the data available because only one mooring with adequate vertical coverage is clearly located in this flow regime, but an upper bound of roughly 200 km seems plausible). In both cases, long-term mean zonal currents between 600 and 4000 m depths (nominal) vary in amplitude from only 6 to 10 cm s-1 (approximately). The vertical structure of the westward recirculation varies with horizontal position, being both surface and bottom intensified. The possibility exists that the identification of these weakly depth-dependent flow regimes may point to one way of increasing the transport of the Gulf Stream. That is, flow with weak vertical shear is added offshore of the more baroclinic segment of the Stream, and possibly recirculated accordingly. This notion is generally consistent with all previous investigations which find the weakest vertical shears at the offshore edge of the Stream, wherever and however examined, and in particular with the addition of transport to the Florida Current over the Blake Plateau, after emerging from the Straits of Florida (Richardson, Schmitz, and Niiler, 1969). The horizontal patterns of the two weakly depth-dependent flow regimes found at 55W may be quite complex, containing variability on comparatively short and intermediate scales, associated to some extent with bottom topography. A specific example of the effect of bottom topography on the 55W data has been presented by Owens and Hogg (1980). It is hypothesized that the observations described here may indicate the presence of a previously unknown, weakly depth-dependent smaller scale gyre recirculating within the subtropical gyre, with the former confined between the New England Seamounts and the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. It should be emphasized that other horizontal and vertical structures may be characteristic of different locations in the recirculation of the North Atlantic. Eddy kinetic energy (Schmitz, 1978) and the off-diagonal component of Reynolds' stress are also to some extent weakly depth-dependent in each of the weakly depth-dependent mean flow regimes noted above, relative to more mid-ocean locations. At one site in particular, the off-diagonal component of the Reynolds' stress is found to be essentially depth-independent. The observation of weak depth-dependence in association with relatively strong abyssal currents for the recirculation regime could in principle help rationalize (Schmitz, 1977; Stommel, Niiler and Anati, 1978; Wunsch, 1978) some of the difficulties in geostrophica\ly balancing (at the leading order of approximation!), according to Worthington (1976), the North Atlantic Circulation in this type of region. Estimates of contributions to momentum balances (based on the available moored instrument data) involving horizontal gradients of the Reynolds' stresses, or of the momentum transport by the time-averaged flow, are typically at least an order of magnitude less than the Coriolis force associated with the zonal (or downstream) mean flow component, and possibly also the meridional (or cross-stream) flow component at most locations, thereby precluding violation of geostrophy at leading order by these effects. Geostrophic terms associated with estimates of the curvature of the Reynolds' stresses and/or mean momentum flux could be significant at the next order of approximation in the immediate vicinity of the Gulf Stream or near topographic features. Niiler (1979) has developed a model of an eddy-driven mean flow, where the eddy-terms in the vorticity equation are locally significant only in the Gulf Stream, but with a basin-wide mid-ocean flow driven in response to the noncompensated eddy-induced pressure gradient at the offshore edge of the region where eddy effects are locally significant dynamically. Two recent hydrographic sections across the Gulf Stream and recirculation along SSW were found to be in mass balance geostrophically, relative to the bottom (McCartney, Worthington and Raymer, 1980).

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-78-C-0197; NR 083-400 and for the Office of the International Decade of Ocean Exploration of the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 75-03982.

Description: A system has been developed recently at W.H.O.I. for tracking nearsurface drogues equipped with sonobuoys using an acoustic navigation system. Surface and submerged drogues of mean depths ranging from 0.15 m to 4.88 m were tracked in the vicinity of deepwater dumpsite #106 . A least squares linear regression technique was used to determine drogue velocities over 2 hour periods. Water velocities at depths from 8 - 110 m were measured using a ship-deployed current meter coupled with acoustic tracking of the ship. The results indicated very little velocity shear in the surface mixed layer. There were two regions of _strong shear at greater depths, one associated with the main thermocline and the other presumably associated with a halocline .

Description: Prepared for the Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-79EV10005 and NOAA under Grant 04-8-M01-62

Description: The near bottom density and velocity fields above the Hatteras abyssal plain were observed with a current/temperature measuring array and a towed-yo-yoing profiler. This report describes the array data and includes details of calibration and data quality. Sources of direction error were diagnosed from vane and compass performance and bearing direction .

Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 76-81190 and for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-400.

Description: Also published as: Journal of Geophysical Research 85 (1980): 6654-6660

Description: An early stage of the Somali eddy circulation was mapped in the period May 29 to June 13, 1978, using expendable bathythermograph data at closely spaced stations. By this time the SW monsoon had been blowing at 5°N for about 4 weeks and the large anticyclonic eddy in the northern Somali Basin was clearly discernible between 3°N and 10°N. It is estimated that the offshore transport at this time was approximately half of that occurring during the period when the eddy reaches maximum size and strength during August and September. A smaller southern eddy was observed just offshore between the equator and 3°N.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contracts N00014-74-C-0262; NR 083-004 and N00014-79-C-0071; NR 083- 004.

Description: This report summarizes in graphical and tabular form the continuous conductivity-temperature-pressure-dissolved-oxygen (CTD02) data collected during the R/V ATLANTIS II Cruise 107, Leg X. These data were collected in the .austral winter of 1980 as part of the International Southern Ocean Studies (ISOS) to evaluate and test various Antarctic Intermediate Water formation and circulation mechanisms.

Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation - Office of International Decade of Ocean Exploration under Grant OCE-78-22223.

Description: The purpose of this report is to discuss the use of a Neil Brown Instrument Systems internal recording CTD. The components of the instrument are described along with the advantages and disadvantages of the internal recording system. Calibration of the pressure and temperature sensors in the laboratory and the method used for in situ calibration of the conductivity sensor is described. A step by step description of the use of the CTD/IR at sea is also included.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-400 .

Description: The report presents summaries of three data sets taken at and in the vicinity of the oceanographic moorings deployed in the 1978 Joint Air-Sea Inte raction Project (JASIN). The data sets are: (1) the temperature, pressure and vertical motion records from the freely drifting Vertical Current Meters (VCMs) deployed from the ATLANTIS II, (2) the temperature data from the Aanderaa thermistor chains on W.H.O.I. mooring 653, designated as JASIN mooring W3, and (3) the expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data collected from the ATLANTIS II while participating in the JASIN Project.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083- 400 and for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 77-25803 .

Description: During July and August of 1980 our research group measured nearsurface water velocities near the eastern coast of Lake Huron by tracking drogues using acoustic travel time and compass sighting techniques. The velocity fields appeared to consist of two components. These have been termed: a sub-current, which varied slowly with depth (compared to the deepest drogue depth of 5.2 m) and, in most cases, was apparently in geostrophic balance with the cross shore pressure gradient; and, a surface layer-current (defined by the relative velocity from deeper to shallower drogues) which decayed rapidly with depth and was directed nearly parallel with the wind and waves. There was no discernable relationship between wind speed and relative velocity. There was, however, a direct dependence of relative velocity with estimated surface roughness, suggesting that Stokes drift may have been primarily responsible for the shear. The magnitudes of the observed relative velocities were approximately equal to Stokes drift magnitudes calculated from representative wave energy spectra. Also reported are measurements of current and temperature structure made prior to and following a coastal upwelling.

Description: Prepared for the Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-79EV10005 and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Contract 03-5-022-26.

Description: New laboratory measurements and numeric model studies show the present folded-path ATT current meters are stable and sensitive, but are not well suited for mean flow observations in surface gravity waves. Alternate designs which reduce unwanted wake effects are proposed. ATT flowmeter history, principles of acoustic flow sensors, mean flow near cylinders, and the need for linear flow sensors are reviewed.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract Number N00014-76-C-0197; NR083-400 to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

Description: Includes Errata page dated 1 February 1980

Description: Continuous salinity-temperature-depth (STD) data from two cruises in the South Atlantic are presented in both tabular and graphic form. Thirty-seven of the stations were made during the R/V CONRAD cruise 16, leg 9, March 29 to April 23, 1973 and 20 stations on the ARA ISLAS ORCADAS cruise 7-75, October 30 to December 20, 1975.

Description: In 1978, the first Keystone Conference addressed the scientific problems of sediment transport in a high energy flow such as the Western Boundary Undercurrent. Sedimentologists, physical oceanographers, geologists, optical oceanographers, biologists, and ocean engineers planned a program called the High Energy Benthic Boundary Layer Experiment (HEBBLE) to measure ocean floor bed-forms, sediment properties, turbulent flow structure, suspended sediment concentrations and fluxes, mixed layer thickness, outer scale velocity and horizontal gradients of density in a carefully surveyed site yet to be selected. While measurements were suggested, specific instruments were not identified to implement them. It was encouraging that the scientists participating in the first HEBBLE Conference wanted to continue to plan a multi-disciplinary experiment. Because of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's experience in management of planetary science experiments, autonomous instrumentation, image processing and data handling, we invited them to develop our experimental plan. Conferences were held in September at Woods Hole and November, 1978 at JPL to develop the instrumental ensemble. JPL involvement was concentrated on the extended deployment part of HEBBLE: the 6-month experiment. The March 20-23, 1979 conference brought JPL engineers and managers, HEBBLE scientists and PI's, ONR and NASA program managers together in Keystone, Colorado for presentation and discussion of the JPL program plan. This report summarizes the conference and includes reports by subcommittees of the conference on measurements and data sampling.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-74-C-0262; NR 083-004.

Description: Also published as: Journal of Physical Oceanography 9 (1979): 489-517

Description: A total of four moorings from POLYMODE array I and II were analyzed in an investigation of the interaction of wavefields and mean flow. In particular, evidence for internal wave-mean flow interaction was sought by searching for time correlations between the vertically acting Reynolds stress of the wavefield (estimated using the temperature and velocity records), and the mean shear. No significant stress-shear correlations were found at the less energetic moorings (u¯≲10 cm s−1), indicating that the magnitude of the eddy viscosity was under 200 cm2 s−1, with the sign of the energy transfer uncertain. This is considerably below the O(4500 cm2 s−1) predicted by Müller (1976). An extensive error analysis indicates that the large wave stress predicted by the theory should have been observable clearly under the conditions of measurement. At moorings typified by a higher mean velocity (u¯≈25 cm s−1), statistically significant stress-shear correlations were found, and the wavefield energy level was observed to modulate with the strength of the mean shear. The observations were consistent with generation of short (∼1 km horizontal wavelength) internal waves by the mean shear near the thermocline, resulting in an effective eddy viscosity of ∼100 cm2 s−1. Theoretical computations indicate that the wavefield “basic state” may not be independent of the mean flow as assumed by Müller (1976) but can actually be modified by large-scale vertical shear and still remain in equilibrium. In that case, the wavefield does not exchange momentum with a large-scale vertical shear flow and, excepting critical-layer effects, a small vertical eddy viscosity is to be expected. Using the Garrett-Munk (1975) model internal wave spectrum, estimates were made of the maximum momentum flux (stress) expected to be lost to critical-layer absorption. This stress was found to increase almost linearly with the velocity difference across the shear zone, corresponding to a vertical eddy viscosity of −100 cm2 s−1. Stresses indicative of this effect were not observed in the data.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-400.

Description: Also published as Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, Vol. 15, No. 4, November 1977, pp. 385-420

Description: From moored data, primarily temperature, of the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (ModeI) and its successor experiments we find a statistical description of the mesoscale variability. In the ModeI area itself the spectral characteristics of the thermocline and the deep water are different. The thermocline is conveniently described as being made up of three spectral bands: a ' low-frequency' band dominated by zonal velocity fluctuations, an 'eddy-containing' band in which the velocity field is nearly isotropic, and a 'high-frequency' band consistent with models of geostrophic turbulence. In the deep water the zonal dominance at low frequencies is not apparent, and there is enhanced energy at periods of 20-50 days. Vertical structure scales with WK BJ approximation in the high-frequency band but not in the lower frequencies, where low vertical modes dominate the motion. Linear models do not adequately describe the data in the ModeI region. Differences between rough and smooth topography regions are clearly seen only at 1500 m, where there is a loss of energy consistent with a reduced barotropic motion. Other differences, while apparently real, are small. It is found, consistent with the results of Schmitz (1976a), that the ModeI region is atypical of the midocean in that large changes of energy level are found elsewhere. A region due east of ModeI has slightly reduced kinetic energy levels in the main thermocline, but deep energy levels are much lower. Potential energy is less variable than kinetic; in the eastern region the frequency spectra change structure slightly. Linear models may be more adequate there. With more than 2 years of data, no statistically significant heat flux was found in the ModeI area, except for a weak zonal flux in the deep water. There is no direct evidence for baroclinic instability as a significant mechanism of eddy generation; the Gulf Stream is a possible, if unconfirmed, source.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contracts N00014-66-C-0241; NR 083-004~ N00014-74-C-0262; NR 083-004 and N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-400; and for the National Science Foundation under Grants GX-29054, GX-29034, OCE 75-03962 and ID0-82534.

Description: The W.H.O.I. portion of the MODE I array was to be installed on the first two legs of CHAIN 112, along with other work to be done at Site D. The original schedule called for the ship to leave Woods Hole on the 6th of March and return on the 20th. After a two-day layover in Woods Hole, Leg II was scheduled for 22 March through 2 April, terminating in Bermuda. Objectives of the cruises were: Setting of sixteen intermediate moorings and one surface mooring at the MODE Site (centered at 28° N., 69° 40'W.). Recovery of two MODE-Site maintenance moorings. Recovery of three intermediate moorings in the vicinity of Site D (39° 10'N., 70°00'W.). Setting of three new intermediate moorings at Site D. These were to be set by a faking-box technique, rather than the conventional method. CTDs at each new mooring. Bathymetry and meteorological observations. Gravity section, Woods Hole to MODE area and return

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-66-C0241; NR 083-004.

Description: Ten SOFAR floats were instrumented during the MODE field experiment to record pressure, temperature, and vertical water displacement during a four month drift. This report describes the acquisition and reduction of this data and then summarizes in graphical form some of the principal results.

Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation, International Decade of Ocean Exploration Grant GX-30220

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-66-C0241; NR 083-004

Description: Also published as Journal of Physical Oceanography, Vol. 7, No. 3, May 1977, pp. 329-337

Description: Estimates of horizontal derivatives of velocity made by differencing velocity measurements are used to show that the observed velocity field due to low-frequency mesoscale motions during the preliminary MidOcean Dynamics Experiment (MODE-0) field program is horizontally nondivergent within estimated errors. The errors in horizontal derivatives of 0.15 X lQ-6 s-1 are too large for direct estimates of horizontal divergence to be made accurately. The vorticity, however, can be estimated from these horizontal derivatives with an error small compared with its magnitude. Over the measurement period of SO days, the advection of planetary vorticity balances only one-half of the local change of vorticity so these observations cannot be explained in terms of barotropic Rossby waves alone. There are indications that vortex stretching, estimated from a linear heat balance, may balance the remaining local change of vorticity as expected for baroclinic Rossby waves. Based on other measurements in this region; however, it is likely that the horizontal advection of relative vorticity is also important in the vorticity balance. A positive, but not significantly different from zero, correlation between estimates of relative vorticity and advection of planetary vorticity suggests that the ens trophy of the observed velocity field is decreasing with time. In conjunction with a similar result for the perturbation potential energy obtained in this region, this result supports the view that the MODE region is a region of decay, rather than growth, of the low-frequency mesoscale motions.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-66-C-0241; NR 083-004 and for the National Science Foundation, Office of the International Decade of Ocean Exploration under Grant ID0?5-03962.

Description: Originally issued as Reference No. 61-17, series later renamed WHOI-.

Description: A series of current measurements were made southwest of Plantagenet Bank. Bermuda from October 5-18, 1959, at various depths ranging from 5 fathoms to the bottom in water depths of from 40 to over 1000 fathoms. With the exception of the bottom measurements which were made with a camera type current meter, all the current measurements were made with parachute drogues. The magnitude of the currents ranged from 1 knot at 5 fathoms to less than 0.02 knot just off the bottom and the direction of flow was generally southeast. The somewhat erratic behavior in the movement of the drogues just south of the bank seemed to indicate turbulent flow in this region. The currents do not seem to be tidal in nature, but during the period of measurement flowed fairly consistently in one direction. perhaps indicating association with the Gulf Stream.

Description: Submitted to the Office of Naval Research Under Contract Nonr-2866(00)

Description: Laboratory, theoretical and numerical research was conducted into the structure and stability of baroclinic non-linear currents in a rotating fluid. A rotating version of the dam-break problem in which a . density current is generated after a barrier has been removed was studied. The speed of the current and its width and depth were measured by Whitehead (1981) and more extensively by Stern, Whitehead, and Lien Hua (1982), who report the experiments and compare the results to theory. Properties of a limiting bore solution for rotation density currents predicted earlier by Stern are incorporated into the above theory to predict the speed of the nose of the current. Experiments are described in which the current width is measured to be in reasonable agreement with the theory. Theoretical studies of the stability of a free isolated baroclinic jet whose free surface in cross-section intersects the water surface at two points by Griffiths, Killworth and Stern (1982) was undertaken. The waves permit the release of both kinetic and potential energy. They can have rapid growth rates, thee-folding time for waves on a current with zero potential vorticity being close to one-half of a rotation period. Experiments with a current of buoyant fluid at the free surface of a lower layer were also conducted. The current was observed to be always unstable. Killworth and Stern (1982) showed that a coastal density current in a rotating system is unstable to downstream wave disturbances when the mean potential vorticity increases towards the (vertically-walled) coast and when the mean current vanishes there. Other new instability modes were also found which do not require the potential vorticity extremum of quasi-geostrophic theory. Paldor, in his Ph.D. thesis, used Rayleigh integral to prove that an unbounded geostrophic front of uniform potential vorticity is stable with respect to small perturbations of arbitrary wavelength. Stern and Paldor (1983) used extremum concepts to analyze large amplitude disturbances in a boundary layer shear flow with an inviscid and longwave theory. It was found that initially weak horizontal convergences were concentrated and amplified in time.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-81-C-0010 and for the National Science Foundation, Ocean Science Division under Grant 0CE 80-18322.

Description: The Nantucket Shoals Flux Experiment (NSFE79) was conducted across the continental shelf and upper slope south of Nantucket from March, 1979 to April , 1980 to measure the flow of shelf water from the Georges Bank/Gulf of Maine region into the Middle Atlantic Bight. Conceived as a cooperative field experiment involving the Northeast Fisheries Center (NMFS), U.S. Geological Survey (Woods Hole), University of New Hampshire, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the experiment contained two principal components, a moored array of current meter and bottom instrumentation deployed at six locations across the shelf and upper slope spanning a depth range from 46 m to 810 m, and a series of 27 hydrographic surveys made along or near the moored array line during the experiment. A basic description of the NSFE79 hydrographic data has been given in Part 1 by Wright (1983). A description of the moored array components and the basic moored array data sets is presented here in Part 2.

Description: The NEFC participation was supported by the NMFS Marine Resources Monitoring, Assessment, and Prediction (MARt-1AP) Program. The U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) supported the USGS field and analysis component under t~emoranda of Understanding M550-MU6-79, M551-MU8- 24, M551-MU9-4, and M551-MU0-18. The WHO! and UNH field programs were supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants OCE 78-19513 and OCE 78-26229.

Description: The underway current profiling system used in this study consists of a microprocessor-controlled data logger that collects and formats data from a four-beam Ametek-Straza 300 kHz acoustic Doppler current profiler, heading from the ship's gyrocompass, and navigation information from a Loran-C receiver and a satellite navigation unit. Data are recorded on magnetic tape and some real time calculations are made. The system was first used on a May, 1981 cruise aboard the R.V. OCEANUS in the western North Atlantic. Horizontal currents were profiled to depths of 100m. Time averaging is required to remove effects of ship motion. Errors in our ability to profile ocean currents are estimated to be 5-10 em s-1 for a ten-minute vector average. An intercomparison is made with a moored vector measuring current meter (VMCM). The mean difference in hourly-averaged APOC and VMCM currents over the four-hour intercomparison is a few mm s-1. Data from a variety of oceanic regimes are presented and discussed: these regimes include two Gulf Stream crossings, a warm core ring survey, and shallow water in a frontal zone to the east of Nantucket Shoals.

Description: Prepared for NASA under Grant NAG 1-91 through NASA-Langley.

Description: The Bedford Institute of Oceanography, E.G.&G., National Marine Fisheries Service, U.S. Geological Survey, and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution have conducted separate moored array experiments during 1974- 1980 to study various aspects of the regional circulation in the Gulf of Maine and adjacent Scotian and New England shelf and slope regions. The mean currents and current variances measured in these experiments are summarized here in tabular and graphical form, together with other information about each experiment. While there have been few measurements made in the interior of the Gulf of Maine, the map of mean subsurface currents demonstrate (a) a net inflow of Scotian shelf water past Cape Sable into the Gulf, (b) a net inflow of slope water through the Northeast Channel into the Gulf, (c) a partially closed anticyclonic circulation around Georges Bank, and (d) a net outflow of shelf water south of Nantucket from the Gulf of Maine into the New England shelf.

Description: Funding was provided by the Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management under Contract AA 551-MU0-18 and by the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 80-14941.

Description: The flow through the Strait of Gibraltar has always held a special fascination for oceanographers. Attempts to understand and measure the strong currents in the Strait stimulated many of the early advances in oceanography (Deacon, 1971). Over the centuries, the focus of scientific investigations has shifted from understanding how the mass budget of the Mediterranean is maintained in the presence of the strong inflow of Atlantic water through the Strait of Gibraltar, to observing the outflow of Mediterranean water over the Gibraltar sill, to measuring the two-layer. exchange of Atlantic inflow and Mediterranean outflow through the Strait. In the past few years the focus has again shifted to the study of how the dynamical constraints for flow through a narrow and shallow strait act to control the amount of exchange between the Atlantic and Mediterranean basins. To investigate the dynamics of flow through a strait, a year-long field experiment has been designed to measure the flows through the Strait of Gibraltar, including their time variability over tidal to seasonal time scales, and to assess the importance of friction, mixing, rotation, and nonlinear processes in controlling the exchange through the Strait. This field program, called the Gibraltar Experiment, will be carried out by a group of American, Spanish, Moroccan, Canadian and French scientists during the period from Fall 1985 to Fall 1986.

Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under contracts no. N00014-82-C-0019, NR 083-004, and N00014-85-C-0001, NR 083-004.

Description: In October, 1984, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution SOFAR float group began a three-year long field program to observe the low frequency currents in the Canary Basin. The principal scientific goal was to learn how advection and diffusion by these currents determine the shape and amplitude of the Mediterranean salt tongue. Fourteen floats were launched at a depth of 1100 min a cluster centered on 32N, 24W, and seven other floats were launched incoherently along a north/south line from 24N to 37N. At the same time investigators from Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the University of Rhode Island used four other SOFAR floats to tag a submesoscale lens of Mediterranean water. Slightly over twenty years of float trajectories were p reduced during the first year of the experiment. In this report we briefly describe the 1984 field operations and show the first year's SOFAR float data. Perhaps the most striking result is that westward flow within the Mediterranean salt tongue was found to be confined to a rather narrow jet {roughly 150 km in meridional extent) which had a mean speed of roughly 2 em s -l. To the north or south of this jet the mean flow was much weaker and eastward. This suggests that currents associated with the salt tongue itself {rather than the gyre scale circulation) may be most important for determining the salt distribution.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grant Nos. OCE 82-14066 and OCE 86-00055.

Description: Hydrographic data are presented from three cruises to Warm Core Ring 82-B during April-August 1982. These data include a sampling of the 2 db pressure, temperature, salinity and oxygen measurements obtained with a CTD-02 profiler, manufactured by Neil Brown Instrument Systems, together with water sample measurements of salinity, oxygen, silica, nitrate and phosphate. Charts showing the station positions and selected profiles of the various parameters are presented. Bi-monthly cruises aboard the R/V Endeavor show only slight changes in the ring between April and June. Interactions between the ring and the Gulf Stream before the August cruise however, reduced the volume of the central core of the ring by about 90 percent.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grant Number OCE 80-16983.

Description: The Long-Term Upper Ocean Study (LOTUS) was a two-year field experiment near 34°N, 70°W, designed to acquire a continuous set of measurements of currents and temperatures in the upper, open ocean together with local hydrography, meteorology, and mesoscale oceanographic features. The first scientific moorings were deployed in May 1982. The first year of mooring data, from May 1982-April 1983, is presented by Tarbell, Pennington and Briscoe (1984, W.H.O.I. Tech. Rept. 84-36). The second year of mooring data, from April 1983-May 1984, when the final mooring recovery occurred, is presented here.

Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under contract Nos. N00014-76-C-0197, NR 083-400, and N00014-84-C-0134, NR 083-400.

Description: Summaries of current and temperature measurements from three moorings in the 1978 Joint Air-Sea Interaction Project . (JASIN) are presented; the moorings are WHOI/JASIN numbers 651/Wl, 652/W2, and 653/W3. The instruments were either Vector Averaging Current Meters (VACM), Scripps Institution of Oceanography Vector Measuring Current Meters (VMCM) , or Neil Brown Acoustic Current Meters (ACM). Displays include time series, histograms, progressive vector diagrams, scatter plots, and spectra; statistics are given for the entire deployment period (some 40 days) and for each 5-day segment. Additional measurements include pressure and vertical temperature gradient. Wind records and other meteorological observations from one of the moorings are given, as well as partial wind records from another JASIN mooring (H2) .

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-400 to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Contract N00014-75-C-0152; NR 083-005 to Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 77- 25803 .

Description: The outrigged thermal probes of a "pogo" marine geothermal probe have been adapted to measure thermal conductivity in-situ by the continuous-heating line source technique. The instrumental uncertainty in applying the analytical theory to a single-probe and double-probe configuration is found to be 3 and 6 percent, respectively. The in-situ outrigged single probe 〈.32 cm dia.) is essentially a scaled-up version of the needle probe (.08 cm dia.). The main advantage of the outrigged probe over a larger radius probe 〈e.g., violin-bow probe) is that for short-time temperatures (〈2 min.), simple approximations to the exact solution for a perfectly conducting cylindrical probe are achieved. The continuous-heating compares favorably with the pulse-heating technique, the latter being more energy efficient. The continuous-heating method applied to the thin outrigged probe allows for accurate equilibrium in-situ temperature and thermal conductivity estimates in less than 15 minutes of recording time. The technique has been applied to several hundred marine heat flow stations. Comparison of in-situ measurements to needle probe measurements made on nearby piston cores indicate agreement to within 5%. The conductivity profiles of the in-situ data and core data show that the piston coring process frequently does not retrieve the upper meter of surficial sediment.

Description: Support was provided by the U. S. National Science Foundation under grant Nos. OCE-8025181, OCE-8117886, and OCE-8409170.

Description: A miniature temperature recorder has been developed to be used with the hydraulic piston sediment corer 〈HPC) on the Deep Sea Drilling Project 〈DSDP). The instrumentation fits into pressure-sealed slots in the wall of the HPC, allowing temperature measurements to be made simultaneously with coring operations. Temperatures from -2 to 70°C are measured to a resolution of about 0.01°C. Up to 1300 13-bit measurements are recorded in random access memory (RAM), at a sampling rate ranging between 0.1 s to over 100 min., as specified by the operator in a program loaded into a microprocessor of the instrument. During recording the instrumentation uses about 3.5 mamp at 7.5 volts, which can be supplied for about 20 hours of operation by a custom-made pack of silver-oxide batteries. The corer is normally left motionless in the sediment for about 10 min. to allow extrapolation of the measured temperatures to equilibrium in-situ temperature. Examples of data from DSDP Leg 86 are given.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grant Nos. OCE 82-14658 and OCE 83-00073. Additional support was provided by U.S. Geological Survey of Woods Hole to begin development of instrumentation; and to the Ocean Industry Program of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution to complete the development.

Description: Air/sea measurements from the Long-Term Upper Ocean Study (LOTUS) buoy in the Sargasso Sea are analyzed to learn how the diurnal response of sea surface temperature, ΔTs, is related to the surface heating, H, and the wind stress, S. Data are taken from the LOTUS-3 and LOTUS-5 records which span the summers of 1982 and 1983. The basic data are shown in monthly plots, and the analyzed daily values of ΔTs, H, and S are given in tables and in figures. Analyzed data show a clear trend of ΔTs increasing with H and decreasing with S. A best-fit, three-parameter, empirical function can account for 90 percent of the variance in a screened subset of the LOTUS data (172 days) and 81 percent of the variance of the full data set (361 days). The analyzed data are also compared with a theoretical model function now used for ocean predictions in the Diurnal Ocean Surface Layer model (DOSL) of Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center. The DOSL model function was derived from the assumption that wind-mixing occurs by a mechanism of shear flow instability. It is fully predictive and shows a parameter dependence consistent with the LOTUS data over a wide range of H and S. The DOSL model function can account for almost as much variance as the best-fit empirical function.

Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under contract Nos. N00014-76-C-0197, NR 083-400 and N00014-84-C-0134, NR 083-400.

Description: An acoustic Doppler profiler has been designed into a multi-sensor Acoustic Profiler of Ocean Currents system (APOC). All four major components of this data collecting ensemble are microprocessor based units, allowing programmatic flexibility. Various water column, meteorological, and navigation data are recorded in a raw and/or processed form. Plots and listings of processed data are generated and displayed in real-time for use by investigators. Once installed, the system requires only a periodic change of cartridge recording media. The equipment has collected data during five cruises, for a total of approximately 190 days at sea. A hardware and software description of the system is presented. Preliminary technical results are discussed and evaluated.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grant Nos. OCE 84-16197 and OCE 84-00128.

Description: The OPUS (Organization of Persistent Upwelling Structures) program deployed two current meter (VMCM) moorings near Point Conception, California, during April-July 1983. Current and temperature data from these moorings are summarized here. In addition, data from two nearby NDBC (National Data Buoy Center) meteorological buoys are presented.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grants OCE 82-13968 and OCE 80-14942.

Description: SOFAR float observations from the years 1972 to 1981 have been edited and analyzed to·produce a uniform and error-free data set suitable for archiving. These data were collected from the western North Atlantic during three major experiments directed by H. T. Rossby of the .University of Rhode Island. The data are shown here in plots of the composite and individual trajectories, as time series plots of velocity components, and for the LDE floats, as time series plots of temperature, pressure, vertical velocity, and vertical displacement. These data comprise about 72 years of SOFAR float observations, and are a unique resource for Lagrangian studies of the North Atlantic circulation.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant Nos. OCE-8109145, OCE-8117467, OCE-8214066, OCE-8600055.

Description: The dynamic response of electromagnetic current meters (manufactured by Marsh-McBirney, Inc.) has been clarified through a comprehensive laboratory measurement program combined with a thorough literature review. Elucidation of the behavior of these flowmeters under a variety of dynamic conditions has been neglected in the past. Since flow past a spherical body has considerable hydrodynamic complexity for different dynamic conditions, a careful laboratory study was carried out for pure steady, pure oscillatory (horizontal plane), and combined steady/oscillatory conditions at two test facilities. Test results indicate that flowmeter behavior under pure steady flow is excellent in the absence of high levels of free-stream turbulence, with an r.m.s. error of 1-5 cm/sec. These errors could· be reduced with a higher-order polynomial regression fit. Pure oscillatory response was also excellent, with r.m.s. errors of 1-2 cm/sec, and sensitivity which is correlated with the oscillatory Reynolds number, (Re)o, and the Keulegan-Carpenter number, (A/d). Combined steady/oscillatory flows degraded current meter performance with larger residual errors (1-6 em/sec) and significant differences in sensitivity (up to 20°/o). Horizontal cosine response showed systematic deviations from pure cosine behavior, with a notable inter-cardinal undersensitivity and cosine "shoulder" at lower Reynolds numbers. Error analysis shows these current sensors are adequate for many kinematic measurements, but may lead to excessive errors when using velocity to calculate dynamical quantities (such as bottom friction, Reynolds Stress, or log-layer friction velocities). A careful error analysis must precede any use of these meters for estimating dynamical quantities. These studies pointed out a potential difficulty in using these meters in areas of large ambient turbulence levels (20°/o turbulent intensities), which are characteristic of many near-bottom shallow water environments. Further study is needed to clarify this behavior.

Description: Prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS, under contract DACW/2-82-C-0014; work was initiated with funding from the NOAA National Office of Sea Grant under grant number NA80-AA-D-00077; the Coastal Research Center of the Woods Hole Qceanographic Institution provided support.

Description: Thirty-nine neutrally buoyant SOFAR floats were tracked in the western North Atlantic at depths of 700 m and 2000 m. These floats were launched in an effort to measure the deep current structure of the Gulf Stream and its recirculation near 55°W. Three separate deployments were made in April and October 1980 and July 1981. The floats were tracked by means of moored autonomous listening stations. The basic data consist of float trajectories, and temperature, pressure, and velocity measurements along the trajectories. This report describes the GUSREX experiment and instrument performance. It presents plots illustrating the horizontal structure and scales of the general circulation in the Gulf Stream and its recirculation for the period October 1980 to May 1982.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE 81-09145

Description: From 1974 through 1978 a series of intensive measurements were made in the coastal waters within 12 km of Long Island. The data were derived from two sources: a mooring array from which time series of temperature, salinity and water velocity were measured at four depths at each of four offshore distances; and high resolution, daily hydrographic surveys. Analysis of subtidal cross-shore velocity fluctuations has indicated a two-layer response to wind forcing, with near-surface flow to the right of the longshore wind and opposing flow below. The magnitude of these fluctuations increased in the seaward direction on a scale nearly equal to the internal deformation radius. The phase between longshore velocity fluctuations and longshore wind stress approached zero with decreasing bottom depth, probably the result of bottom stress. The vertical structure of longshore fluctuations during stratified conditions markedly differed from that during unstratified conditions, and resembled the structure derived from a simple two-layer coastal flow model. Significant mean offshore flow was measured during experiments in August and September, despite negligible mean wind stress during the same periods. This flow was most likely due to persistent longshore density gradients, as are consistently inferred from hydrographic data taken in the vicinity.

Description: Funding was provided by the Department of Energy under contract DE-AC02-79EV10005.

Description: This report presents current and wind data from the first of three surface mooring deployments in the Atlantic North Equatorial Countercurrent near 6°N and 28°W. A Vector Averaging Wind Recorder (VAWR) measured wind velocity, sea surface temperature and air temperature, barometric pressure and solar insolation. Four Vector Measuring Current Meters (VMCM) measured current velocity and temperature at depths of 20, 50, 75 and 150m. The mooring was deployed on February 25 and recovered (and replaced) on September 13, 1983 .

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grants OCE82-17112 and OCE82-11108.

Description: This report presents current and wind data from the second of three surface mooring deployments in the Atlantic North Equatorial Countercurrent near 6°N and 28°W. A Vector Averaging Wind Recorder (VAWR) measured wind velocity, sea surface temperature, air temperature, barometric pressure and solar insolation. Four Vector Measuring Current Meters (VMCM) measured current velocity and temperature at depths of 20, 50, 75 and 150 m. The mooring was deployed on September 12,1983 and recovered (and replaced) on March 24,1984.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grants OCE82-17112 and OCE82-11108.

Description: Haidvogel and Keffer (1984) have examined the stirring and mixing of a passive tracer in a turbulent mesoscale eddy field for environmental parameters characteristic of a homogeneous mid-ocean region. This study utilized two numerical models, based respectively on the barotropic vorticity and advective-diffusive equations, to simulate the evolving mid-ocean eddy field and the associated dispersion of an embedded tracer spot. Here, these models are described in detail, and the full suite of tracer release simulations are shown in the form of contour plots.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE81-09486, and the Center for Analysis of Marine Systems (CAMS).

Description: Summaries of wind and current measurements made with wind recorders and current meters by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution during the year 1968 are presented. Averaged quantities are presented in computer-generated output as basic statistics, spectra diagrams, progressive vector diagrams, and east-north component plots.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-66-C0262; NR 083-004.

Description: Originally issued as Reference No. 71-50, series later renamed WHOI-.

Description: Summaries of wind and current measurements made with current· meters and wind recorders by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution during the year 1966 are presented. Averaged quantities are presented in computer generated output as histograms, basic statistics, spectra, progressive vector diagrams, and east-north component plots.

Description: Supported by the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-66-C0241; NR 083-004.

Description: Originally issued as Reference No. 65-44, series later renamed WHOI-.

Description: Summaries of current measurements made with Richardson current meters at three moored stations in the Western North Atlantic are presented. Averaged quantities are presented in the form of computer-plotted curves.

Description: Submitted to the Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr-3351(00)NR 083-501 Nonr-2196(00)NR 083-004.

Description: Originally issued as Reference No. 67-66, series later renamed WHOI-.

Description: Summaries of current measurements made with Richardson current meters in two regions of the Western North Atlantic are presented. Averaged quantities are presented in the form of computer-plotted curves.

Description: Submitted to the Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr-3351(00) NR 083-501 and NR-2196(00) NR 083-004.

Description: Originally issued as Reference No. 66-60, series later renamed WHOI-.

Description: Summaries of current measurements made with Richardson current meters at a group of moored stations near Bermuda, and at a single station south of Bermuda are presented. Averaged quantities are presented in the form of computer-plotted curves.

Description: Submitted to the Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr-3351(00) NR 083-501 Nonr-2196(00) NR 083-004.

Description: From 1974 through 1978 intensive measurements were made of the salinity, temperature and current structure of the waters within 12 km of the Southern Long Island coastline. The data were derived from two sources: a mooring array from which time series of temperature, salinity and water velocity were measured at four depths at each of four offshore distances; and high resolution, daily STD and current meter surveys. During August and September intrusions of slope or outer shelf water were often observed by the STD surveys. Three intrusions have been studied in detail. Two were observed at mid-depth following periods of upwelling favorable winds. Concurrent hydrographic and current meter data suggest that these water masses were transported shoreward by a combination of wind forcing and longshore density gradients. The third intrusion, initially observed near the surface, had coinciding salinity and temperature maxima. This water mass appears to have entered the shelf as a result of a shelf/slope water exchange, possibly induced by a warm-core ring near the shelf break. Such intrusions may commonly occur during the summer and fall and may be related to the appearance of tropical fish in the Long Island vicinity during these seasons.

Description: Funding was provided by the Department of Energy under contract DE-AC02-79EV10005.

Description: Two extended cruises were made during May and August, 1976, to measure the regional hydrographic structure in the vicinity of Georges Bank on the New England Continental Shelf. A summary of the hydrographic observations made during Cruise E2B76 on the R/V Eastward and leg 3 of Cruise 13 on the R/V Oceanus are presented in graphic form.

Description: Prepared for the United States Geological Survey under Contract No. 14-08-0001-15615 and for· the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE-76-01813 (WHOI).

Description: This report reviews the working principles of the InterOcean S4 electromagnetic current meter and outlines the practical difficulties and engineering solutions to convert these basic principles into a working instrument. Presented are the test procedures and results performed on three production units placing emphasis on the oceanographic users point of view. These tests, performed by the Ocean Structures and Moorings Laboratory, Ocean Engineering Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), include laboratory, dockside, and both surface and subsurface mooring tests. S4s are compared to each other and to other types of current meters in various intercomparison tests. Results of. this evaluation program are next summarized. Also, suggestions for areas of improvement and further developments are made. Finally, recommendations for the acceptance, calibration, and burning in of new instruments conclude the report.

Description: Office of Naval Research Contract No. N00014-82-c-0019

Description: LOTUS was a two-year experiment near 34°N, 70°W, designed to acquire and analyse a continuous set of measurements of currents and temperatures in the upper, open ocean together with local hydrography, meteorology, and mesoscale oceanographic features. The first scientific moorings were deployed in May 1982. The first year of mooring data, from May 1982- April 1983, is presented here.

Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contracts No. N00014-76-C-0197, NR 083-400 and N00014-84-C-0134, NR 083-400.

Description: This third and final report presents current and wind data from a three part mooring deployment in the Atlantic North Equatorial Countercurrent near 6°N and 28°W. A Vector Averaging Wind Recorder (VAWR) measured wind velocity, sea surface temperature, air temperature, barometric pressure and solar insolation. Four Vector Measuring Current Meters (VMCM) measured current velocity and temperature at depths of 20, 75, 150, and 300m. The mooring was deployed on March 26, 1984 and recovered on October 12, 1984.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grants OCE 82-17112 and OCE 82-11108.

Description: Thirty freely drifting drogued surface buoys were tracked by satellite in the vicinity of the Atlantic North Equatorial Countercurrent from February 1983 to February 1985 as part of the SEQUAL (Seasonal Equatorial Atlantic) Experiment. Buoys were launched at several different times of the year in order to sample the Countercurrent in different seasons. The purpose was to measure the seasonal variation of the Countercurrent in relation to wind forcing. The basic data set consists of buoy trajectories, and sea surface temperature, velocity, and wind speed along the trajectories. A comparison is made between the data from the buoys and from a current meter mooring near 6N, 28W. The main results presented here consist of the collection of figures which show trajectories and time series data along the Countercurrent, and in the North and South Equatorial Currents, Guinea Current and North Brazil Current.

Description: Fulnding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grant Number OCE 82-08744.

Description: During the period October 1985 to October 1986 a large group of oceanographers collaborated in an intensive field effort called the Gibraltar Experiment. Scientists from Morocco, Spain, France, the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States joined together to obtain an extensive suite of measurements which greatly enlarged the oceanographic data base for the Strait of Gibraltar. Primary experiment goals included obtaining one realization of the annual flow cycle, understanding the dynamical balances of the strait flow, developing strategies for long-term monitoring of the Strait, and increasing knowledge of strait effects on the adjacent ocean. Preliminary results show progress toward each of these four goals.

Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research through contract Numbers N00014-82-C-0019, N00014-85-C-0001, and N00014-87-K-0007.

Description: In October, 1984, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution SOFAR float group began a three-year-long field program to observe the low frequency currents in the Canary Basin. The principal scientific goal was to learn how advection and diffusion by these currents determine the shape and amplitude of the Mediterranean salt tongue. Fourteen floats were launched at a depth of 1100 min a cluster centered on 32°N, 24°W, and seven other floats were launched incoherently along a north/south line from 24°N to 37°N. At the same time investigators from Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the University of Rhode Island used four other SOFAR floats to tag a Meddy, a submesoscale lens of Mediterranean water. In October, 1985, seven additional floats were launched, four in three different Meddies, one of which was tracked during year 1. This report describes the second year of the floats launched in 1984 and the first year of the ones launched in 1985. Approximately 41 years of float trajectories were produced during the first two years of the experiment. One of the striking accomplishments is the successful tracking of one Meddy over two full years plus the tracking of two other Meddies during the second year.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grant Numbers OCE 82-14066 and OCE 86-00055.

Description: Ninety plots of digitized temperature boundaries from infared satellite images of the Gulf Stream along with corresponding image snapshots were compiled to determine stream width propagation speed. The satellite images are from the years 1982, 1983, and 1985 and are often of consecutive days. In this report, these images and digitized plots are presented.

Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research through contract Number N00014-87-K-0007, and by the National Science Foundation under grant Numbers OCE 87-00601 and OCE 85-10828.

Description: The Sea Duct Ocean-Bottom Laboratory is a computer controlled recirculating inverted flume for the in-situ study of sediment transport. It is designed to measure the sea floor response to controlled currents analogous to those generated by surface waves, tidal, or deep ocean storms. The external support frame is an equilateral triangle with sixteen foot sides. It is 12 feet high, has an air weight of 12,500 lbs., and a 2800 lb. submerged weight. Three lead acid battery packs located at the vertex of the triangle legs provide power for the recirculating water pumps, hydraulic power, and ancillary equipment. The inner rotatable structure consists of a 4 foot long by 2 foot wide open bottom windowed test section that is 9 inches high. It is connected to 30 feet of 8 inch tube configured as an elongated toroid. Above the test section is a traverse carriage with stereo camera, flash, and a laser Doppler velocimeter to measure fluid stresses. Internal flow velocities are controlled and can be ramped up to approximately 2 ft/sec providing shear stress sufficient to scour sand, silts, and fine clays. Water and sediment sampling devices obtain specimens from inside and outside the test section. This report consists of three sections. The first subdivision discusses the electro-mechanical systems and deployment- recovery techniques, while the second portion covers the microprocessor controller and its support equipment. The third section contains the appendices, which consists of program listings, schematics, system and deployment check-list, etc.

Description: Office of Naval Research, Environmental Sciences Directorate, under Contracts N00014-85-C-0001 and N00014-87-K-007

Description: Nordic Seas sedimentation data file, v. 2

Description: Records from ten Aanderaa current meters deployed along with 5 current meter/sediment trap mooring arrays in the Fram Strait and Greenland Basin, each deployed for approximately one year between 1983 and 1986, are presented in this data file. Data included are current vectors, temperatures, frequency spectra, and two- and three-dimensional vector diagrams.

Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under Grant Number N00014-85-C-0001.

Description: Data are shown from a two-year current meter mooring in the Canary Basin near 32°N, 24°W. Current meters were located at depths of 470 m, 970 m, 1070 m and 2970 m during the period October 19, 1984 to October 4, 1986. The mooring deployment is part of an 1984-1988 experiment to measure features of advection and diffusion of Mediterranean outflow water with neutrally buoyant SOFAR floats.

Description: Funding provided by the National Science Foundation under grant Nos. OCE 82-14066 and OCE 86-00055

Description: A description and listing of 82 XBT sections of 61 stations each from ships-of-opportunity between 10°N-10°S in the Atlantic Ocean from January 1980 to January 1986 is presented. This work was associated with the SEQUAL program. A temperature-depth figure for each section is given with surface temperature, salinity, and6~ and wind data. Complimentary AXBT observations during two 1983 surveys are also presented.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grant Nunbers OCE 83·02794 and OCE 85-15332.

Description: This data report is for midwater fishes taken on the time-series cruises in and around cold-core Gulf Stream rings in 1976 and 1977 - KNORR cruises 62, 65, and 71 and ENDEAVOR cruise 11. The MOCNESS-10 system was used for sampling on the three KNORR cruises. Most often, five nets were fished at each station; one (Net 0) generally sampled down to near 1000 m where the second net (Net 1) was opened and retrieval of the gear begun; successive closure-openings were done at 250-m intervals on the way up. On ENDEAVOR cruise 11, for want of a suitable winch, a single net was fished down to and up from 1000 m.

Description: This work was done under Contract N00014-79-C-0071 NR083-004 and its predecessors with the Office of Naval Research.

Description: It is well recognized in the oceanography of the Western North Atlantic that a distinct hydrographic regime exists between the continental shelf and the Gulf Stream, once the latter has effectively separated from the coast at Cape Hatteras. Denoted as the Slope Water, this hydrographic regime has been considered as one of confusing complexity, presumably arising from irregular mixing processes between it and the neighboring shelf and Gulf Stream regimes. Although previously noted in the literature, it has recently become very strongly evident as a result of the satellite image coverage of this region that a dominant role in this variability can be ascribed to well organized and persistent circulation features. These have been given the name warm core Gulf Stream rings, in order to emphasize their complementary dynamic origin relative to the more generally known cold core rings in the Sargasso Sea. A scientific workshop was held in Woods Hole under the auspices of the NSF/ IDOE to review in detail the status of our knowledge about the biology, chemistry and physics of the shelf-Slope Water regime and the associated rings, and the general biological, chemical and physical processes likely to be taking place in rings. Also considered were the prospect for advancing this knowledge through a multidisciplinary study of the warm core rings and the region impacted by them. Out of extensive background review in papers presented in plenary sessions, and program discussions in working groups, there arose a consensus that such a multidisciplinary effort would be both feasible and timely.

Description: Funded by the National Science Foundation, Office for International Decade of Oceanographic Exploration, Grant OCE77-00924

Description: Originally published in the Journal of marine research, v. 36, 1, 1978, pp. 119-142

Description: The hydrographic limit of the distribution of Nematoscelis megalops in the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean is usually marked by the abrupt changes in water properties across the Gulf Stream. There are, however, isolated but repeated occurrences of this species in the Sargasso Sea. In our study, individuals in the Sargasso Sea were expatriates from the Slope Water which had been transported to the collection site by Gulf Stream cold core rings with but two exceptions. The exceptional cases can be indirectly linked to the presence of rings. Expatriated populations do not persist. Extinction in a ring appears to take place in one or two generations, and for N. megalops it is related to changes in hydrographic properties, and in particular, the vertical temperature structure. Both in the Slope Water and in the ring 50% or more of the population is found in a restricted temperature regime centered about 10°C. As a ring ages, the preferred temperature regime and N. megalops along with it move deeper into the water column. The physiological and biochemical data given by Boyd, Wiebe and Cox (1978) combined with data given here indicate that withdrawal from the surface results in progressive deterioration of the nutritional condition of the population, a cessation of growth, a drastic reduction in the number of males relative to females, reproductive incapacitation, and ultimate extinction. It is conceivable that a process similar to that occurring in rings is responsible for the maintenance of the Gulf Stream as a hydrographic limit in the distribution of N. megalops.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contracts N00014-66-C-0241; NR 083-004 and N00014-74-C-0262; NR 083-004 and for the National Science Foundation under Grant DES 74-02783 A01

Description: This report is part of a research project conducted at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution to improve the flight characteristics of CTD instrument packages. Improvement of these cable lowered instrument packages could allow their use in more severe weather conditions. It could improve the quality of the measurements. This·report presents the development of a simplified mathematical model of the CTD package flight characteristics. This computer model was exercised to perform a sensitivity analysis of different versions of CTD packages. Part of the research project includes scale model testing. The second part of the report discusses pertinent flow similarity criteria and proposes a scheme for building a CTD half scale model. Finally, recommendations to improve the hydrodynamic behaviour of the present CTD configuration are summarized at the end of the report.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-79-C-0071.

Description: A workshop on the physics, chemistry and biology of warm core rings was held at the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute in Wellington during 18-22 January 1982, under the auspices of the U.S./Australia and U.S./New Zealand Cooperative Science Programs. The purpose of the workshop was to elicit joint discussions and exchange of ideas between groups of scientists actively working on warm core rings or eddies. The workshop consisted of 34 scientific papers summarizing accomplishments resulting from work in warm core rings; working group discussions on particular disciplinary and multi-disciplinary problems associated with ring structure and dynamics; and a final session summarizing the current state of knowledge about rings, and indicating directions for future research.

Description: U.S.-Australia Cooperative Science Program; U.S.-New Zealand Cooperative Science Program; DSIR (New Zealand); CSIRO (Australia)

Description: Ship drift velocity observations were used to calculate and plot monthly mean and yearly mean velocities in 2° latitude by 5° longitude boxes for the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. The vector maps shown here provide a visualization of the mean and seasonally varying currents.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through grant Number OCE 87-16509.

Description: This report presents trajectories and time series of velocity, pressure, and temperature for twelve neutrally-buoyant floats launched during the Gulf Stream Recirculation EXperiment (GUSREX) and two from earlier experiments, that continued to operate after May 1982. These float data were obtained from Autonomous Listening Stations (ALSs) deployed from May 1982 to August 1985.

Description: Funding was provided by the national Science Foundation under Grant Numbers OCE 81-09145 and OCE 81-17467

Description: Originally published in the Journal of Marine Research, v. 36, 1, 1978, pp. 143-159

Description: Nematoscelis megalops, a cold water euphausiid commonly found in Northwestern Atlantic Slope Water, is frequently transported in the cores of Gulf Stream cyclonic rings into the Sargasso Sea. The inner core made of cold Slope Water gradually assumes physical and biological characteristics of the surrounding Sargasso Sea. These changes gradually lead to a localized extinction of this species in the core of the ring. Samples of N. megalops taken from the same ring at 6 and 9 months after its formation show a weakened physiological and biochemical condition. Deterioration of ring individuals is evidenced by an increase in body water content and a reduction in total body lipid, carbon, respiration rates, and nitrogen relative to Slope Water individuals. By 6 months it appears that ring N. megalops must supplement food intake by metabolizing some of their body protein and by 9 months they appear to use lipids as well. A shipboard starvation experiment involving 40 Slope Water individuals showed that physiological and biochemical states similar to those found in individuals from the 9 months old ring could be duplicated in 4 days of complete starvation.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contracts N00014-66-C-0241; NR 083-004 and N00014-?4-C-0262; NR 083-004 and for the National Science Foundation under Grant DES ?4-02?83 A01 .

Description: For the past five years the Buoy Group at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution has included temperature as one of the variables recorded in its current meters. These measurements began with the first successful deployments of Vector Averaging Current Meters (VACMs) in 1971. Circuitry designed for making highly accurate temperature measurements has been included in all the Buoy Project's VACMs. During the past year we have begun to add similar circuitry to the EG&G 850 current meters. This report is intended to describe what we have learned about making water temperature measurements with VACMs.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-400 .

Description: This is the final data report of all mooring data collected by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 2010-2012 during the experiment A Crossroads of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: The Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone. The objectives of this experiment were (1) to obtain an improved direct estimate of the mean and low-frequency variability of the deep westward transport of the Iceland-Scotland Overflow Water through the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone (CGFZ), and (2) to gain a better understanding of the causes of the low-frequency variability in the transport of overflow waters through the CGFZ, especially of the role of the North Atlantic Current in generating this variability. The mooring deployment and recovery cruises were on German research vessels, courtesy of Drs. Monika Rhein and Dagmar Kieke: the R/V Meteor cruise M82/2 in August 2010 and R/V Maria S. Merian cruise MSM 21/2 in June 2012, respectively. The CGFZ moored array complemented other moored arrays being maintained by German scientists just west of the CGFZ (Pressure Inverted Echo Sounders, or PIES) and the Faraday Fracture Zone (current meter and microcat moorings). A set of eight moorings were set up across the CGFZ to measure the intermediate and deep water variability for a two-year period, from a depth of 500 m to the ocean floor. The moorings held a total of three McClane Moored Profilers (MMPs), 10 Nortek and 18 Aanderaa current meters, and 36 Seabird MicroCATs, deployed from 18-20 August 2010 through 28-30 June 2012. This yielded a nearly two-year record of velocity, temperature, salinity and pressure. The MMPs profiled every five days, and resulted in a high-resolution time series of temperature, salinity, pressure and velocity data across the interface between the generally eastward flowing Labrador Sea Water carried underneath the North Atlantic Current, and the westward flowing deep Iceland-Scotland Overflow Water.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation Grant OCE-0826656

Description: The results of multiple deployments of surface drifters in warm core rings of the Gulf Stream are presented. Four satellite drifters (tracked by the Argos system) were deployed on nine separate occasions and two LORAN-C drifters (operated by the University of Miami) were deployed three times. Drifter studies were conducted during four cruises aboard the R/V Endeavor in 1982 in conjunction with the Warm Core Rings Experiment and one cruise of the USNS Bartlett in January 1983 which was sponsored by the Office of Naval Research. Translational velocities and periods of rotation are provided for two rings: 82B and 82H.

Description: National Science Foundation under grant OCE80-16983

Description: An article in the November 1986 National Geographic magazine examined the question of Columbus's first landfall in the Americas. The author, Luis Marden, was the first to quantitatively include the effects of the winds and currents in reconstructing the transoceanic portion of the voyage. There seemed, however, to be two major weaknesses in his analysis. First, the leeway effect on the ship by the wind was ignored for that portion of the voyage west of 40W, the whole second half of the voyage. Second, currents from pilot charts were used with the corresponding speed determined by the prevailing current. We sought to reanalyze the track using the leeway effect for the whole transatlantic track and using more appropriate average vector velocities of the current. Using climatological winds and currents we found the island of San Salvador (Watling Island) to be the most likely site of the first landfall of Columbus. This paper discusses the effects of wind, current, leeway, and magnetic variation on the determination of the landfall.

Description: Funding was provided in part by the National Science Foundation under grant Number DCE 85-14885.

Description: Conference name: North Atlantic Current (NAC) System; 19-20 April 1993, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA

Description: On April 19-20, 1993 a two-day workshop was held at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution on "The North Atlantic Current (NAC) System". The workshop, which was sponsored by NSF/NOAA/ONR reflected a growing sense of excitement and interest in the oceanographic community in the NAC system and its role in the large scale circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean and Climate of the adjoining landmasses. The presence of the North Atlantic Current with its warm waters at such high latitudes, and its role in both the wind-driven and thermohaline circulations makes it unique amongst the Western Boundary Currents of the oceans. Being on the one hand part of the wind-driven circulation and on the other hand the upper branch of the "Global Conveyor Belt", the North Atlantic current is indeed an enigma, suggesting fundamental issues about the nature of the coupling between the two 'roles' of the current that will need to be addressed. But it was also clear from the workshop discussions that there remain considerable uncertainty about the basic structure of the NAC. A high level of interest in these questions was evident at the workshop. The lectures, presentations, and the discussion sessions where observational and modelling issues were debated, brought out many ideas for the development and focus of future research of the NAC and surrounding waters. This report is intended to provide not only a synopsis of the lectures, papers, and ideas that were discussed, but also a scientific statement from the workshop reflecting a growing consensus for initiating a coordinated research effort in the region.

Description: NSF/NOAA/ONR

Description: This report summarizes direct observations of Eighteen Degree Water (EDW) subduction and dispersal within the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic Ocean. Forty acoustically-tracked bobbing, profiling floats (“bobbers”) were deployed to study the formation and dispersal of EDW in the western North Atlantic. The unique bobber dataset described herein provides insight into the evolution of EDW by means of direct, eddy-resolving measurement of EDW Lagrangian dispersal pathways and stratification. Bobbers are modified Autonomous Profiling Explorer (APEX) profiling floats which actively servo their buoyancy control mechanism to follow a particular isothermal surface. The CLIVAR Mode Water Dynamics Experiment (CLIMODE) bobbers tracked the 18.5°C temperature surface for 3 days, then bobbed quickly between the 17°C and 19°C isotherms. This cycle was repeated for one month, after which each bobber profiled to 1000 m before ascending to the surface to transmit data. The resulting dataset (37/40 tracked bobbers; more than half still profiling as of January 2010) yields well-resolved trajectories, unprecedented velocity statistics in the core of the subducting and spreading EDW, and detailed information about the Lagrangian evolution of EDW thickness and vertical structure. This report provides an overview of the experimental procedure employed and summarizes the initial processing of the bobber dataset.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE-0424492.

Description: "Baroclinic instability as the largest scale of motion participating in the cross frontal oceanic transport process" was the theme of the 25th summer program at G.F.D. Killworth (Cambridge University) reviewed classical baroclinic instability theory, leading up to recent studies in which the distinctive structure of an ocean front is included. Finite amplitude baroclinic instability in the classical model was discussed by Pedlosky (WHOI). Laboratory experiments on baroclinic frontal theory was surveyed by Griffiths (Australian National University). The different kinds of oceanic fronts were surveyed by Joyce (WHOI), and additional observations were supplied by several of the invited staff. The smallest scales of motion relevant to the cross-frontal transfer problem were discussed from the oceanic standpoint by Osborn (Naval Postgraduate School) and from the point of view of laboratory experiments by Ruddick (Dalhousie University), among others.

Description: Office of Naval Research under Contract NO0014 -82-G-00 79 and the National Science Foundation under Grant MCS-82-00450. Partial support ackmowledged from the Office of Naval Research Contract N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-400.

Description: Originally issued as Reference No. 59-54

Description: In August and September 1958 a number of oceanographic sections were made in the R.R.S. DISCOVERY II, Captain James Gray, under the scientific leadership of H. F. P. Herdman. These sections comprise part of a joint program undertaken by the National Institute of Oceanography and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution for the International Geophysical Year.

Description: The United States participation in this program was supported by the Office of Naval Research Contract Nonr 2196(00) with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

Description: Office of Scientific Research and Development National Defense Research Committee Division C - Section 4. OSRD No., Section No. C4=sr31-137

Description: Please see https://hdl.handle.net/1912/29562 for appendix information. With moderate or light winds and a clear sky the diurnal heating which occurs near the sea surface can cause a serious reduction in the range of submarine detection, especially on shallow targets. This has usually been called the "afternoon effect", although as will be noticed below the ranges often remain short long after sun down. The heating of surface waters which causes such sharp downward refraction can of course be noted on a bathythermograph record, provided pen vibration does not confuse the upper part of the trace. Unfortunately it is the upper 20 or 30 feet of a bathythermograph curve which in the case of ships moving faster than 12 knots is often somewhat difficult to read with sufficient certainty. Moreover, in planning a days operations it is clearly desirable to know in advance how much reduction in range may be expected from diurnal warming. Unfortunately it has turned out that five, more or less independent variables are involved. Listed in the order of their importance these are as follows: the altitude of the sun, the degree of cloud coverage, the strength of the wind, the difference in temperature between air and water, and the humidity of the air. It was at first thought that wind and cloud observations alone would be sufficient in most cases for a rough prediction of the seriousness of diurnal warming to echo ranging conditions. Thus it has been previously reported that with winds of force 4 or greater it can be expected that turbulence will prevent thermal stability from developing at depths critical to sound ranging, while with lighter winds ranges will be more or less reduced in the afternoon, except during cloudy weather. But the problem is considerably more complex than this and such simplification is not always justified.

Description: Contract OEMsr-31

Description: The Synoptic Ocean Prediction Experiment (SYNOP) was an ambitious, multi-faceted program focused on the dynamics and predictailty of the Gulf Stream and its recirculations. The moored array component contained the arrays; one just downstream of Cape Hatteras (the "Inlet Array"), one near 68°W (the SYNOP "Central Array") and one near 55°W ("SYNOP East") to which this report is addessed. There were two settings of the SYNOP East array, the first, from fall 1987 to summer 1989, contained 42 current meters on 13 moorings straddling the mean axis of the Stream and extending north and south into the two recirculations. The second extended the southernmost six moorings for an additional two years until summer 1991. Performance was excellent and all instruments but one were recovered.

Description: Funding was provided by Office of Naval Research under Contract No. N00014-85-C-0001 and National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE86-08258.

Description: Stored in the Archives of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is the floppy disk on which can be found the one-day average currents, the path of the Agulhas Current, CTD stations in "Live Atlas" format, SST frontal analyses (Chassignet and Olson, personal communcation) as well as programs written in QuickBASIC which allow one to access and display these observations. The programs are stored in ASCII and can be run under the Microsoft QuickBasic (Version 4.0 or higher). Instructions for running the programs can be found in a file entitled "read.me" on the disk.

Description: Data are presented from an experiment designed to explore the spatial and temporal structure of the Agulhas Current and Retroflexion by direct means. Included are the current meter results from 10 moorings in the Retroflexion region, CTD stations occupied on the deployment cruise in 1985, data from satellite tracked (ARGOS) freely during surface buoys and numerous images of the sea surface temperature.

Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research through Contract Nos. NOOO14-84C-O134, NOO014-85-C-0001, and NOOO14-87-K-0007.

Description: The Deep Basin Experiment (DBE) is an international effort and a part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment with the principal objective of improving our knowledge of the subthermocline circulation. The DBE fieldwork is focussed on the Brazil Basin and this report is concerned with a moored array situated along its southern boundary which was installed in early 1991 to measure the inflow and outflow to the Basin and to investigate the Brazil Current near 30S. This moored array was a joint undertaking by the Institut für Meereskunde of the University of Kiel and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Moorings were deployed on Meteor Cruise 15, leg 1 and retrieved on Meteor cruise 22, legs 3 and 4. A total of 57 conventional current meters and two Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers were set on 13 moorings with some concentration within the Brazil Current and the Vema Channel. CTDs were taken at each mooring site as well as in between. Some of the recovered instruments were reset in the Hunter Channel, a suspected additional connection between the Argentine Basin and the Brazil Basin. A later report will summarize this data after it is recovered in May 1994.

Description: Funding was provided by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Si 111/38-1, Si 111/39-1) the Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie (03F0535A, 03F0050D) and the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE-9004396.