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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The history and decay of a Mediterranean salt lens (1988)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 333 (1988), S. 649-651 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The life of Meddies is of interest to oceanographers for at least two different reasons. One reason for tracking Meddies is to assess their role in the lateral dispersion of heat and salt2'7'8. The high-salinity Mediterranean outflow spreads into the North Atlantic to form a 'tongue' which can be ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/333649a0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The dispersal of the Amazon's water (1988)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 333 (1988), S. 56-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] We studied the dispersal of Amazon water with 32 CZCS satellite images collected between November 1978 and December 1982, and with trajectories of surface drifters released from ships between 1983 and 1986. Visible radiance backscattered out of the upper optical depth of the ocean was estimated ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/333056a0
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  • 3
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    Caribbean Current and eddies as observed by surface drifters (2006)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-04
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author, 2004. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B. V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 52 (2005): 429-463, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.11.001.
    Description: Recent satellite-tracked surface drifter trajectories were analyzed to describe the mean currents and eddies in the Caribbean Sea. The structure of the Caribbean Current and its variability were determined from high-resolution ½ degree maps of the mean velocity and eddy kinetic energy. Looping drifter trajectories were used to identify discrete cyclones and anticyclones, and their characteristics were described and related to the structure of the mean flow. The translation rate of eddies in different areas was found to be similar to the mean velocity of the local background flow fields suggesting that the eddies were largely advected by the background flow. Ten energetic anticyclones translated westward at 13 cm/sec in the Venezuela and Colombia Basins. These anticyclones tended to lie in two bands, centered near 15ºN and 17ºN, coinciding with two jets of the Caribbean Current. The northern weaker jet contains water primarily from the North Atlantic, the southern stronger jet contains water from the tropical and South Atlantic. The anticyclones are thought to have formed in the eastern Caribbean from the anticyclonic vorticity derived from North Brazil Current rings. The ring vorticity enters the eastern Caribbean through island passages and is probably amplified by the anticyclonic shear on the northern side of the jets. Southwest of Cuba a cyclone-anticyclone pair was observed to slowly (~ 2 cm/sec) translate westward into the Yucatan Current. The cyclone was tracked for 10.5 months with four drifters, making it the longest-tracked of the Caribbean eddies.
    Description: Funding was provided by National Science Foundation grants OCE 97-29765 and OCE 01-36477.
    Keywords: Surface drifters ; Caribbean Current ; Caribbean eddies ; Eddies ; North Brazil Current rings ; Meridional overturning circulation ; Intra-Americas Seas ; Caribbean Sea ; Colombia Basin ; Venezuela Basin ; Yucatan Basin ; Antilles
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 4
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    SOFAR float trajectories in the tropical Atlantic 1989-1992 (2006)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Neutrally buoyant SOFAR floats at nominal depths of 800 m, 1800 m, and 3300 m were tracked acoustically for 3.7 years in the vicinity of the western boundary and the equator of the Atlantic Ocean. Trajectories and summaries from the whole experiment are shown along with detailed trajectories from the second setting of the listening stations, October 1990 to September 1992. Some highlights are mentioned below. Trajectories at 1800 m revealed a swift narrow southward flowing deep western boundary current (DWBC) extending from 7°N across the equator. Two floats directly crossed the equator in the DWBC and went to 10°S. Two other floats left the DWBC near the equator and drifted eastward. Three floats entered the DWBC from the equatorial current system and drifted southward. No obvious DWBC or swift equatorial currents were observed by the 3300 m floats. The 800 m floats plus some surface drifters measured seven anticyclonic eddies as they translated northwestward along the coast of South America in a band from the equator to 12°N. One of the floats (28) entered the Caribbean where tracking stopped. This float was again tracked as it drifted across the mid-Atlantic Ridge and entered the Canary Basin near 34°N 28°W after a gap of 2.7 years. We infer that this float went westward though the Caribbean and northeastward in the Gulf Stream. Float 17 drifted northward from 10°N to 22°N in an eastern boundary current off the coast of West Africa. Floats between 6°N-6°S (roughly) drifted long distances zonally in the equatorial current system.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through Grants Nos. OCE85-21082, OCE85-17375, and OCE91-14656.
    Keywords: SOFAR floats ; Sound Fixing And Ranging floats ; Equatorial currents
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 5
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    On the history of meridional overturning circulation schematic diagrams (2008)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Elsevier B.V., 2008. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Progress In Oceanography 76 (2008): 466-486, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2008.01.005.
    Description: Recent global warming caused by humans and the prediction of a reduced Atlantic Ocean meridional overturning circulation in the future has increased interest in the role of the overturning circulation in climate change. A schematic diagram of the overturning circulation called the “Great Ocean Conveyor Belt,” published by Wallace Broecker in 1987, has become a popular image that emphasizes the inter-connected ocean circulation and the northward flux of heat in the Atlantic. This would appear to be a good time to review the development of the conveyor belt concept and summarize the history of overturning circulation schematics. In the nineteenth century it was thought that symmetric overturning circulation cells were located on either side of the equator in the Atlantic. As new hydrographic measurements were obtained in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, circulation schematics in the early twentieth century began to show the inter-hemispheric overturning circulation in the Atlantic. In the second half of the twentieth century schematics showed the global ocean overturning circulation including connections between the Atlantic and the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Some recent schematics of the overturning circulation show its complexities, but as more information is included these schematics have also become complex and not as easy to understand as the simple Broecker 1987 version.
    Keywords: Ocean conveyor belt ; Meridional overturning circulation ; Thermohaline circulation ; Global ocean circulation ; Schematic circulation diagrams ; History of ocean circulation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    The mid-depth circulation of the northwestern tropical Atlantic observed by floats (2009)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2009. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 56 (2009): 1615-1632, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2009.06.002.
    Description: A comprehensive analysis of velocity data from subsurface floats in the northwestern tropical Atlantic at two depth layers is presented: one representing the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW, pressure range 600–1050 dbar), the other the upper North Atlantic Deep Water (uNADW, pressure range 1200–2050 dbar). New data from three independent research programs are combined with previously available data to achieve blanket coverage in space for the AAIW layer, while coverage in the uNADW remains more intermittent. Results from the AAIW mainly confirm previous studies on the mean flow, namely the equatorial zonal and the boundary currents, but clarify details on pathways, mostly by virtue of the spatial data coverage that sets float observations apart from e. g. shipborne or mooring observations. Mean transports in each of five zonal equatorial current bands is found to be between 2.7 and 4.5 Sv. Pathways carrying AAIW northward beyond the North Brazil Undercurrent are clearly visible in the mean velocity field, in particular a northward transport of 3.7 Sv across 16° N between the Antilles islands and the Mid- Atlantic Ridge. New maps of Lagrangian eddy kinetic energy and integral time scales are presented to quantify mesoscale activity. For the uNADW, mean flow and mesoscale properties are discussed as data availability allows. Trajectories in the uNADWeast of the Lesser Antilles reveal interactions between the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) and the basin interior, which can explain recent hydrographic observations of changes in composition of DWBC water along its southward flow.
    Description: MOVE was funded by the Bundesministerium fu¨r Bildung und Forschung (grants 03F0246A and 03F0377B) as well as by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant SE815/21), NBC by the National Science Foundation through grants OCE 97-29765 and OCE 01-36477, and SAMBA was fully supported by Ifremer.
    Keywords: Floats ; Tropical Atlantic ; Antarctic Intermediate Water ; North Atlantic Deep Wat ; Equatorial currents
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
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    Nantucket whalers and the Franklin-Folger chart of the Gulf Stream (2018)
    Nantucket Historical Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2018. This article is posted here by permission of Nantucket Historical Association for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Historic Nantucket 68, no. 1 (2018): 17-24.
    Description: Also includes: The search for the “lost” Franklin-Folger chart by Philip L. Richardson
    Keywords: Franklin-Folger chart ; Gulf Stream
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
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    The evolution and demise of North Brazil Current rings (2010)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2006. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 36 (2006): 1241-1264, doi:10.1175/JPO2907.1.
    Description: Subsurface float and surface drifter observations illustrate the structure, evolution, and eventual demise of 10 North Brazil Current (NBC) rings as they approached and collided with the Lesser Antilles in the western tropical Atlantic Ocean. Upon encountering the shoaling topography east of the Lesser Antilles, most of the rings were deflected abruptly northward and several were observed to completely engulf the island of Barbados. The near-surface and subthermocline layers of two rings were observed to cleave or separate upon encountering shoaling bathymetry between Tobago and Barbados, with the resulting portions each retaining an independent and coherent ringlike vortical circulation. Surface drifters and shallow (250 m) subsurface floats that looped within NBC rings were more likely to enter the Caribbean through the passages of the Lesser Antilles than were deeper (500 or 900 m) floats, indicating that the regional bathymetry preferentially inhibits transport of intermediate-depth ring components. No evidence was found for the wholesale passage of rings through the island chain.
    Description: Funding was provided by National Science Foundation Grants OCE 97-29765 and OCE 01-36477.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 9
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    Leonardo da Vinci’s discovery of the dynamic soaring by birds in wind shear (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2018. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here under a nonexclusive, irrevocable, paid-up, worldwide license granted to WHOI. It is made available for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science (2018), doi:10.1098/rsnr.2018.0024.
    Description: Although Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) is well-known to have studied bird flight, few people realize that he was the first to document flight maneuvers now called dynamic soaring. Birds use these maneuvers to extract energy from the gradient of wind velocity (wind shear) for sustained flight. In his Manuscript E (circa 1513-1515) Leonardo described land birds performing flight maneuvers that match those of albatrosses and other seabirds when they are engaged in dynamic soaring over the ocean. His description predates by almost 400 years the first generally-accepted explanation of the physics of this soaring technique by Lord Rayleigh in 1883. Leonardo’s early description of dynamic soaring is one of his major aerodynamic discoveries.
    Keywords: Leonardo da Vinci ; Bird flight ; Bird soaring ; Soaring ; Dynamic soaring ; Wind shear
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
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    Warm water pathways in the northeastern North Atlantic ACCE RAFOS float data report November 1996 - November 1999 (2005)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This is the final data report of all acoustically tracked RAFOS float data collected by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1996-1999 during the Atlantic Climate Change Experiment (ACCE). The RAFOS float component of ACCE, entitled "Warm Water Pathways and Intergyre Exchange in the Northeastern North Atlantic," was designed to measure the warm water currents entering the northeastern North Atlantic which become the source of intermediate and deep waters in the subpolar region. The experiment was comprised of three RAFOS float deployments on the R/V Knorr: the first in fall 1996 along the continental slope seaward of Porcupine Bank, the second in spring 1997 along the mid-Atlantic Ridge, and the final deployment in fall 1997 along both the Ridge and the Bank. Seventy floats were deployed, 13 RAFOS and 2 ALFOS in fall 1996, 14 RAFOS in spring 1997, and 41 RAFOS in fall 1997. The isobaric ALFOS floats were ballasted for 800 decibars and were launched to monitor the regions' sound sources during the experiment. The RAFOS floats were isopycnal and ballasted for the 27.5 sigma-t surface to target the intermediate-depth North Atlantic and Poleward Eastern Boundary Currents. The objectives of the Lagrangian float study were (1) to provide a quantitative description of the bifurcation of the North Atlantic Current east of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, (2) to assess the importance of meridional eddy fluxes, compared to large-scale advection, in the northward flux of heat and salt in the northeastern North Atlantic, and (3) to establish the degree of continuity of the Poleward Eastern Boundary Current as it flows to the entrance of the Norwegian Sea and the fate of the Mediterranean Outflow Water carried by this current.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number OCE-9831877.
    Keywords: North Atlantic Circulation ; Subpolar region ; Floats ; Knorr (Ship : 1970-) Cruise KN147 ; Knorr (Ship : 1970-) Cruise KN151 ; Knorr (Ship : 1970-) Cruise KN154
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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