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  • 551  (121)
  • 550 - Earth sciences
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • Deutschland
  • Universitätsverlag Göttingen  (127)
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  • 101
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    Measurement of calcite crystallographic-preferred orientations by magnetic anisotropy and comparison to diffraction methods (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of rocks reflects the preferred orientations of minerals. Therefore AMS is a quick and easy way to characterize rock fabrics (Hrouda 1982,Borradaile 1988); the obtained result is also called the magnetic fabric of the rock. The method has been often used to measure the orientation of ferromagnetic minerals, mainly magnetite, but in recent studies it has been increasingly used to measure textures of paramagnetic minerals as phyllosilicates (Lüneburg et al. 1999, Cifelli et al. 2004). A further application is the measurement of diamagnetic textures, especially calcite textures. Calcite is suitable for the AMS method, because it has a high magnetic anisotropy with the minimum susceptibility along the crystallographic c-axis. Therefore a preferred orientation of the c-axes, which can be induced by deformation, generates a magnetic fabric...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VKA 200 ; VAE 120 ; TQB 000 ; TOT 310 ; VGA 410 ; Gefügekunde der Gesteine ; Methodik {Strukturgeologie} ; Erdmagnetische Verfahren {Geophysik} ; Gesteinsmagnetismus {Geophysik} ; Röntgenanalyse {Mineralogie: Kristallographie} ; Calzit ; Magnetische Suszeptibilität ; Kristallorientierung ; Röntgendiffraktometrie ; Neutronendiffraktometrie ; Vergleichsmessung
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 102
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    Gypsum veins as hydrofractures in layered and faulted mudstones: implications for reservoir permeability (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Mineral veins form when water solutions passing through fluid-transporting fractures gradually seal the fractures as minerals precipitate. Many mineral veins are hydrofractures, that is, fractures generated at least partly by an internal fluid pressure. For most mineral veins, the fluid generating the hydrofracture is geothermal water. Other hydrofractures include fractures generated by magma (dykes, sills, inclined sheets), oil, gas and groundwater (many joints), as well as manmade hydraulic fractures in petroleum engineering. Hydrofractures are primarily extension fractures (Gudmundsson et al. 2002). The formation of hydrofractures is one of the two basic mechanisms for the generation and maintenance of permeability, particularly in fluid-filled heterogeneous reservoirs such as those commonly associated with petroleum, groundwater, volcanic and geothermal fields. The other, and better-known, mechanism for permeability development is the formation of shear fractures, that is, faults. The permeability development in fractured reservoirs, such as those for groundwater, geothermal water and petroleum, depends on fluid overpressure and transport in hydrofractures (Aguilera 1995). It has been proposed that a high fluid pressure in a reservoir can create high temporary permeability through hydrofracturing (Aguilera 1995; Gudmundsson et al. 2002). This hydrofracturing may result in mineral vein networks. Such palaeohydrofractures give information about past fluid flow and flow networks. Studying mineral veins is thus important for understanding fluid and mineral transport in rocks and reservoirs...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VEC 218 ; VAE 150 ; VAE 400 ; VKB 380 ; South-West England {Geologie} ; Strukturelle Erscheinungen {Strukturgeologie} ; Tektogenese {Geologie} ; Sedimente bestimmter Regionen ; Somerset ; Trias ; Tonstein ; Silt ; Hydraulische Rissbildung ; Mineralgang ; Gips
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 103
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    Influence of viscosity on growth of high pressure phases in computer experiments (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The general aim of the project is the examination of microstructures that develop under HP conditions in computer experiments. Starting point is an interest in the dynamics of HP phase transitions, as for instance the probably catastrophic phase-change event of olivine to spinel in the upper mantle. This is either explained by large overpressure or failure during the development of micro-structures during the growth of the spinel phase. Experimental results on this subject are rare, and do not lead by themselves to a deeper insight into the complicated stress/strain/volumechange/ micro-crack relationships of the transition. We developed a central force spring model, where particles can undergo a phase change using parameters of olivine and spinel. The algorithm is capable of simulating the local growth of the mentioned phases on the basis of direction-dependant rate laws. In the current context newtonian viscosity is added to the previously solely elastic system, since under HP/HT conditions the viscous flow within the material will have a large influence on the distribution of elastic energies, which in turn have an important influence on the driving force of the transition. Thus we are dealing with a visco-elastic system, which will be subjected to timedependant strain.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VKA 200 ; VBE 000 ; VKA 110 ; VAE 120 ; Gefügekunde der Gesteine ; Modellierung von Prozessen in der Geosphäre ; Gesteinsbestimmung ; Methodik {Strukturgeologie} ; Hochdruckparagenese ; Viskosität ; Olivin ; Spinell ; Kristallisation ; Computersimulation
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 104
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    Strukturgeologische Studien als Beitrag zum Erfolg tiefengeothermischer Projekte (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Bei der tiefen Geothermie werden zur Schaffung eines künstlichen geothermischen Reservoirs unterirdische Wärmetauscher erzeugt. Zur Wärme- und Stromerzeugung wird dann wiederholt Wasser in den Untergrund verpresst, welches erhitzt und wieder gefördert wird. Dafür werden im Allgemeinen Systeme aus Injektions- und Förderbohrungen (‚Dubletten‘) von 2–5km Tiefe verwendet, um die erforderlichen Temperaturen zu erreichen. Der kritische Parameter für die wirtschaftliche Nutzbarkeit geothermischer Reservoire (‚Erfolg‘) ist jedoch eine nötige hohe Permeabilität. In den meisten Reservoiren müssen zu niedrige natürliche Permeabilitäten — oder zu kleine Wärmeaustauschflächen — durch die Öffnung bzw. Scherung vorhandener Brüche oder die Erzeugung künstlicher hydraulischer Brüche erhöht werden (‚Reservoirstimulation‘). Um Stimulationen erfolgreich durchzuführen, müssen dabei das vorhandene Bruchsystem und das gegenwärtige Spannungsfeld möglichst genau bekannt sein. Dafür sind strukturgeologische Studien von besonderer Bedeutung (vgl. Philipp et al. 2005)...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; TOO 000 ; TQF 000 ; VAE 120 ; Geothermik {Geophysik} ; Geothermische Verfahren {Geophysik} ; Methodik {Strukturgeologie} ; Geothermische Energie ; Strukturgeologie ; Buntsandstein ; Klüftung
    Language: German
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  • 105
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    Two-dimensional finite element models of convective heat transfer in the upper crust — implications for the interpretation of fission-track data (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Fission-track (FT) thermochronology is a tool routinely used for studies of surface denudation because of its sensitivity to the low temperatures found in the uppermost part of the crust. FT ages and associated track length distributions are regularly interpreted assuming a steady-state temperature field and only conductive heat transfer. However, application of the method to thermochronological studies based on such interpretations may lead to invalid conclusions, if the temperatures at a certain depth had actually varied with time. For example, the convective transfer of heat by hydrothermal fluids can cause transient thermal events within the upper crust. In particular, fluid circulation along fault zones can result in substantial convective heat transport and cause temperature anomalies in the adjacent rocks (Zuther & Brockamp 1988, Fleming et al. 1998, Lampe & Person 2002, Bächler et al 2003). As a consequence, any refined interpretation of FT data requires a thorough understanding of the upper crustal temperature field and its evolution through time. The main objective of this study is to assess quantitatively how convective heat transport influences the upper crustal temperature field as well as the cooling ages and track length distributions observed in apatite FT data...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VEB 143 ; VBN 200 ; VGF 400 ; TOO 000 ; Oberrheinische Massen {Geologie} ; Radiometrische Altersbestimmung ; Druck- und Temperaturbestimmungen {Mineralogie} ; Geothermik {Geophysik} ; Schwarzwald ; Erdkruste ; Konvektion ; Kernspaltspurenmethode
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 106
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    Texturanalysen von Halitmyloniten aus den Salzstrukturen Gorleben, Morsleben und Teutschenthal (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Das Verständnis der Mechanismen und der Prozesse der Gefügeentwicklung und die damit verbundene Charakterisierung der anisotropen physikalischen Eigenschaften von natürlich deformiertem Steinsalz sind von grundlegender Bedeutung. So lassen sich damit u.a. Aussagen zur Entwicklung von Salzstrukturen vom mikroskopischen bis zum regionalen Maßstab machen, aber auch wichtige Parameter u.a. für den Kavernenbau oder die Endlagerung toxischer Stoffe in Salzstrukturen gewinnen. Ein wichtiger Gefügeparameter ist dabei die kristallographische Vorzugsorientierung (Textur). In der Literatur gibt es im Gegensatz zu Deformationsexperimenten und numerischen Simulationen relativ wenige Untersuchungen natürlicher deformierter Steinsalze (für einen Überblick siehe Scheffzük 1999). Die meisten der bislang untersuchten Proben sind Einzelproben und sind nicht nach mylonitischen oder rekristallisierten Steinsalzgesteinen unterschieden (u.a. Schwerdtner 1966, 1968, Goemann & Schumann 1977, Ertel 1987). Aussagen sind daher nicht zwingend repräsentativ und eine Charakterisierung der gesamten Salinarstruktur nicht möglich. Ziel unserer Arbeiten ist daher eine strukturbezogene (Falten, Scherzonen etc.) Gefügecharakterisierung durch Korrelation von Kornformanalysen, Texturen, makroskopischen Strukturen im dm- bis 10er Meter Bereich und der gesamten Salzstruktur...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 160 ; VAE 140 ; VKA 200 ; VKB 270 ; VEB 126 ; Salztektonik {Strukturgeologie} ; Gesteinsdeformation {Strukturgeologie} ; Gefügekunde der Gesteine ; Produkte mechanischer Deformation {Petrologie} ; Niedersächsisches Bergland {Geologie} ; Groleben 〈Region〉 ; Salzstock ; Steinsalz ; Mylonit ; Texturanalyse
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 107
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    Gekoppeltes Kornwachstum in polymineralischen Gesteinen (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Bei Temperaturerhöhung tritt in einem kristallinen Festkörper Kornwachstum auf; die treibende Kraft hierfür entspricht einer Reduktion der Oberflächenenergie. Die Parameter, die das Kornwachstum in monomineralischen Stoffen, wie zum Beispiel in Metallen beeinflussen, wurden in der Vergangenheit eingehend studiert. In der Natur sind Gesteine aber meistens polymineralisch, was ein ungleich komplexeresWachstumsverhalten mit sich bringt. Bei Gesteinen mit einer dominanten Matrixphase und mengenmäßig untergeordneten Sekundärphasen muss eine Interaktion zwischen Matrixphase und Sekundärphasen auftreten, damit beide Phasengruppen wachsen können und somit eine Korngrößenzunahme im Gesamtgefüge stattfinden kann. Um dieses gekoppelte Kornwachstum in natürlichen Gesteinen besser verstehen zu können, wurden Karbonatgesteine mit unterschiedlichem Sekundärphasengehalt entlang von Temperaturprofilen in der kontaktmetamorphen Aureole des Adamello Plutons in Norditalien beprobt. Die Proben stammen aus den Calcare di Angolo, bei denen es sich um unreine Karbonate, die mit Mergellagen alterieren, handelt. Hauptphase dieser Gesteine ist Kalzit, daneben gibt es einen variierenden Zweitphasengehalt an Glimmern, Quarz, Erzen und teilweise Feldspäten und Amphibolen. Letztere treten als Reaktionsprodukte erst in Kontaktnähe auf. Es zeigt sich, dass mit abnehmender Distanz zum Intrusionskontakt eine Zunahme der Korngröße von Kalzit und Sekundärphasen in allen polymineralischen Karbonaten auftritt...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VKA 200 ; VKB 210 ; VKB 220 ; VGF 200 ; Gefügekunde der Gesteine ; Gefüge und Mineralogie metamorpher Gesteine {Petrologie} ; Kontaktmetamorphe und metasomatische Gesteine {Petrologie} ; Phasengleichgewichte und Umbildungen {Mineralogie} ; Adamello-Batholith ; Kontakthof ; Carbonatgestein ; Mineralbildung ; Gefüge 〈Gesteinskunde〉 ; Korngröße
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 108
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    Change of deformation mechanisms during low temperature flow of rocks — observation from micron to nanometer scales (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Recent studies on nano-materials in materials science revealed that nanomaterials may have fantastic features due mainly to size-effect of the materials. For example, nano ceramics may have very high ductility at room temperatures and pressures, even though normal ceramics is easily deformed by brittle fracturing. What and how much do we know about the nature of nano or nano to micron scale geological materials? What factors contribute to their occurrence? How do they flow at geological conditions and how do they affect the rheology of rocks? Upper crustal deformation is characterized by low temperature flow of rocks under unsteady state, which results in progressive grainsize reduction and leads to the occurrence of micron to nano meter scale materials in fault zones. The examples of naturallydeformed upper crustal rocks presented in the paper help to unravel the importance of nano to micron scale rock materials during the low temperature flow of rocks.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 140 ; VAE 130 ; Gesteinsdeformation {Strukturgeologie} ; Geomechanik ; Deformation 〈Geologie〉 ; Mikromechanik ; Niedrigtemperatur ; Duktilität
    Language: German
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  • 109
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    Microstructural analysis of the RWTH-1 cores in thinsections (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The Aachen RWTH-1 well was drilled to 2544mTVD for geothermal purposes and gives substance to extensive geoscientific research. It is located in a hydrothermally and seismically active area of the Aachen Anticline, 500m NW of the Aachen Overthrust and 420m ENE of the Laurensberg Fault. The main focus of this PhD work is the structural and microtectonic analysis of the cores sampled. For 94% of the total well length the collected cuttings give information of the lithology and stratigraphy of the subsurface. A total of 145.5m was cored in three different intervals. A complete set of wireline measurements including high resolution borehole image allow mapping of fractures and folds, and linking the core to the logs. About 100 core samples were selected for detailed microstructural analysis.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VBL 500 ; VAE 200 ; VKA 130 ; VKA 200 ; Geologische Bohrungen in einzelnen Regionen ; Geodynamik der Lithosphäre {Geologie} ; Optische Petrographie ; Gefügekunde der Gesteine ; Aachen 〈Region〉 ; Tiefbohrung ; Dünnschliff ; Gefüge 〈Gesteinskunde〉
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 110
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    Perturbation of isotherms below topography: constraints from tunnel transects through the Alps, Gotthard road tunnel (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: For many years it has been known that near surface isotherms are influenced by the topography (Lees 1910). Recently, a number of studies were pursued to quantify the effect of topography on low temperature isotherms (e.g. Stüwe et al. 1994, Mancktelow & Grasemann 1997). The magnitude of perturbation depends on several parameters: exhumation rate, geothermal gradient, wavelength and amplitude of topography, and finally by the age of surface relief change (Braun 2002).
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; TOO 000 ; VBN 400 ; VBN 200 ; VEB 168 ; VAE 400 ; Geothermik {Geophysik} ; Sonstige Verfahren der geologischen Altersbestimmung ; Radiometrische Altersbestimmung ; Schweizer Alpen {Geologie} ; Tektogenese {Geologie} ; Gotthardtunnel ; Gotthardgruppe ; Isotherme ; Modellierung ; Kernspaltspurenmethode
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 111
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    Microfabrics and textures of quartzites of the Indiavaí- Lucialva shear zone, SW Amazonian Craton: preliminary conclusions (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The purpose of this contribution is to present preliminary results regarding the kinematics and deformation conditions of the Indiavaí-Lucialva Shear Zone, based on the analysis of the texture and microfabrics of related quartzites.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 140 ; VKB 270 ; VAE 850 ; VKA 200 ; Gesteinsdeformation {Strukturgeologie} ; Produkte mechanischer Deformation {Petrologie} ; Festländische Lineamente {Geologie} ; Gefügekunde der Gesteine ; Amazonas-Kraton ; Indiavai-Lucialva-Scherzone ; Quarzit ; Mylonit ; Mikrogefüge ; Textur
    Language: German
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  • 112
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    Neue Perspektiven der Texturanalytik von Gesteinen mit konventioneller Röntgenbeugung (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Technische Entwicklungen und verbesserte Messmethoden haben in den vergangenen 15 Jahren in der Gesteinstexturanalyse zu einer zunehmenden Nutzung vor allem der Elektronen- und Neutronenbeugung geführt. Dabei ist die Anwendung der Röntgentexturanalyse in der Geologie in den Hintergrund getreten. Neue technische Optionen dieser Methode, wie sie zum Beispiel für die Qualitätskontrolle in der Siliziumchipherstellung entwickelt worden sind, haben noch keinen Eingang in die Gesteinstexturanalyse gefunden. Steht die volumenbezogene Gesamttexturanalyse im Vordergrund, so hat die Röntgenbeugung spezifische Vorteile. Gegenüber der Elektronenbeugung am Rasterelektronenmikroskop (Backscatter Electron Diffraction) ist keine aufwendige Probenpräparation notwendig und es kann ein wesentlich größeres Probenvolumen erfasst werden. Gegenüber der Neutronenbeugung ist die Röntgenbeugung wesentlich kostengünstiger und die zur Verfügung stehende Messzeit ist im Prinzip unbeschränkt. Nachteile der Röntgentexturanalyse sind die notwendige Messdatenkorrektur aufgrund der Defokussierung des Messstrahls im Verlauf der Messung (Ullemeyer & Weber 1994), die unter Umständen schlechte Auflösung bezüglich Gitterabstand d, und das gegenüber der Neutronenbeugung wesentlich geringere messbare Probenvolumen. Die Anwendung der Röntgentexturanalyse war daher klassischerweise auf monophase und feinkörnige Gesteine beschränkt. Um diese Nachteile der Röntgentexturanalyse kostengünstig zu minimieren, wurde für die Abteilung Strukturgeologie und Geodynamik des Geowissenschaftlichen Zentrums der Universität Göttingen ein neues Röntgentexturgoniometer auf der Basis von neu entwickelten standardisierten Bauteilen für die Gesteinstexturanalyse individuell konfiguriert und die Messdatenauswertestrategie angepasst.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 120 ; VKA 200 ; VGB 500 ; Methodik {Strukturgeologie} ; Gefügekunde der Gesteine ; Röntgenographische Methoden {Mineralogie} ; Gefüge 〈Gesteinskunde〉 ; Röntgentexturanalyse
    Language: German
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  • 113
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    Kinematics of the SEMPfault in the western Tauern Window (Stillupp Valley) (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The working area is located in the Stillupp Valley (Tirol, Austria), where the western termination of the SEMPfault (Salzach, Ennstal, Mariazell, Puchberg), overprints the northernmost margin of the Zentralgneiss. This sinistral shearzone, which has a length of about 300 km, and causes a lateral displacement of 60km (Linzer et al. 2002), marks part of the northern border of the Tauern Window...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 850 ; VAE 400 ; VAE 140 ; VEB 161 ; Festländische Lineamente {Geologie} ; Tektogenese {Geologie} ; Gesteinsdeformation {Strukturgeologie} ; Ostalpen {Geologie} ; Tauernfenster 〈West〉 ; Scherzone ; Horizontalverschiebung ; Transpression
    Language: German
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  • 114
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    The effect of water, temperature and strain rate on the dislocation creep microstructure, recystallized grain size and flow stress of quartz (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Since the work of Griggs & Blacic (1965) it is well known that the crystal plastic flow strength of ‘wet’ quartz samples is much lower than that of ‘dry’ samples deformed at the same conditions, and the general effect of water on dislocation creep microstructures has been documented (e.g. Hirth & Tullis 1992), but its effect on the recrystallized grain size has not been quantified. The recrystallized grain size is the most reliable and most easily measurable microstructural feature to derive flow stresses from natural mylonites (e.g. White 1979, Kohlstedt et al. 1980). In a recent experimental study, a well-constrained recrystallized grain size piezometer for quartz (Stipp & Tullis 2003) was calibrated using natural as-is quartzites; the use of a molten salt cell at high confining pressure (1.5GPa) in a Griggs-type apparatus allowed good stress resolution (Green & Borch 1989). There has been some debate as to whether there is any independent effect of water on the recrystallized grain size piezometer. Two laboratory studies on olivine aggregates (at different pressures) report contradictory results; van der Wal et al. (1993) found that the recrystallized grain size piezometer is independent of the water content, whereas Jung & Karato (2001) observed a water-dependence of the piezometer. In this study, we have investigated changes in the recrystallized grain size and other deformation microstructures of quartz within dislocation creep regimes 2 and 3 of Hirth & Tullis (1992). Deformation experiments on Black Hills quartzite with three different initial water contents (as-is, wateradded and vacuum-dried) were carried out in order to evaluate the effect of water on the recrystallized grain size / flow stress piezometer...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VKA 200 ; VAE 120 ; VAE 140 ; VHB 400 ; VKA 120 ; VKB 270 ; Gefügekunde der Gesteine ; Methodik {Strukturgeologie} ; Gesteinsdeformation {Strukturgeologie} ; Oxide und Hydroxide {Mineralogie} ; Experimentelle Petrologie ; Produkte mechanischer Deformation {Petrologie} ; Quarzit ; Deformation 〈Geologie〉 ; Experiment ; Quarz ; Rekritallisationstextur
    Language: German
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  • 115
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    Fracture sealing in limestones, a microstructural and mineralogical study (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Fractures significantly enhance the flow rate in rocks, if fracture density is high (Taylor 1999, Cox et al. 2001). This leads to rapid flux along a hydraulic gradient from high to low pressure reservoirs, and is represented in rocks as veins. Veins are precipitates from supersaturated fluid, and are formed by a change in pressure, temperature or geochemistry. The solubility of vein forming minerals such as quartz, calcite or halite is generally low and thus large (and sometimes unreasonable) fluid volumes are required to account for the precipitated mass. Rapid ascent of solution may explain the high supersaturation needed to seal fractures, either by fluid flow along deep reaching faults due to seismic ruptures, or mobile hydrofractures driven by pressure gradients in fluid filled fractured at deeper crustal sections (Bons 2001, Miller 2002). The vein microstructure is a unique tool to unravel the fracture sealing process. The most indicative microstructures are fractured minerals, which were sealed by a fluid of different composition. The repeated presence of fluid and solid host rock inclusions in fibrous, stretched crystal type veins (minerals which extend across the vein and into the host rock) also indicate repeated fracture-sealing processes (Ramsay 1980), although their presence is not a sufficient criteria (Hilgers 2005). In this study, we outline the different fault sealing processes associated in a still seismic zone. The faults are located in Carboniferous limestones, and thus present an analogue for fault sealing processes in hydrocarbon reservoirs and an in-depth study of seismogenic faults.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 150 ; VKB 130 ; VKA 200 ; VGE 000 ; Strukturelle Erscheinungen {Strukturgeologie} ; Petrologie der Ganggesteine ; Gefügekunde der Gesteine ; Mineralbildung ; Hohes Venn ; Unterkarbon ; Aachen ; Oberdevon ; Bruch 〈Geologie〉 ; Mineralgang ; Hydrothermalprozess
    Language: German
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  • 116
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    Microfabrics and deformation processes in magmatic veins of the Thuringian Forest, Germany (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The research area is located in the Ruhla-Brotterode crystalline complex in the western part of the Thuringian Forest (Germany), about 20km southsouthwest of Eisenach. The investigated outcrops occur at the eastern and western flanks of the valleys north of the villages Trusetal and Hohleborn. Deformed magmatic veins only occur in the Hohleborn area. Both areas have relative fresh outcropping rocks, due to the steep relief, former quarries and fresh road cuts. According to Obst & Katzung (2000) several periods with the formation of magmatic veins with different chemical composition occur in the Ruhla-Brotterode crystalline complex. Presumably older lamprophyric veins and younger doleritic, syenitporphyric and granitporphyric veins have been identified (Obst & Katzung 2000). Benek & Schust (1988) already pointed out that some of these magmatic veins have experienced ductile deformation. The subject of this work is the occurrence of deformed magmatic veins in the Hohleborn area. The contact to their host rocks, their petrography and their microfabrics have been investigated and related to deformation processes, which led to a better understanding of their deformation conditions within the late-to post-variscan development of the area.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VKB 290 ; VEB 125 ; VAE 140 ; VKA 200 ; Metamorphe Komplexe, Mitteleuropa {Petrologie} ; Hessisch-thüringisches Bergland {Geologie} ; Gesteinsdeformation {Strukturgeologie} ; Gefügekunde der Gesteine ; Rhulaer Kristallin ; Ganggestein ; Deformation 〈Geologie〉 ; Mikrostruktur
    Language: German
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    Quartz microstructures in nature and experiment — evidence of rapid plastic deformation and subsequent annealing (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Quartz microstructures produced in short-term deformation and annealing experiments are compared with those in naturally deformed vein quartz in cores from the Long Valley Exploratory Well (Long Valley Caldera, California). The experiments are designed to simulate i) co-seismic deformation of quartz in the uppermost plastosphere and ii) annealing during post-seismic stress relaxation. The experiments are performed in a modified Griggs type solid medium apparatus. Natural polycrystalline quartz samples (grain size on the order of millimetres) are deformed at a temperature of 400°C, a confining pressure of 2GPa, and strain rates of ca. 10−4 s−1. The differential stress reaches 2–4GPa and the irreversible axial shortening is typically a few percent. In some experiments the samples have subsequently been annealed for ca. 14–15 h at elevated temperatures of 800–1000°C and low stresses (quasi-hydrostatic or nonhydrostatic conditions)...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VKA 200 ; VAE 120 ; VAE 140 ; VHB 400 ; VKA 120 ; VGF 300 ; Gefügekunde der Gesteine ; Methodik {Strukturgeologie} ; Gesteinsdeformation {Strukturgeologie} ; Oxide und Hydroxide {Mineralogie} ; Experimentelle Petrologie ; Experimentelle Mineralogie ; Quarz ; Deformation 〈Geologie〉 ; Experiment ; Mikrostruktur ; Rekristallisationstextur
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 118
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    Experimental study of the evolution of fault gouge in layered sand–clay sequences (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: This study focuses on clay smear processes during fault gouge evolution in sand-clay sequences at depths up to 2 km. A clay-rich fault gouge can dramatically lower the fault’s permeability, and prediction of this process is therefore relevant in groundwater modelling and hydrocarbon geology (Fulljames et al. 1997, Yielding et al 1997, van der Zee et al. 2003, 2005). We constructed an ‘underwater’ sandbox to deform layered sand-clay models of 20 × 40 × 20 cm above a 70°-dipping rigid basement fault. The experiments are run completely watersaturated to allow deformation of wet clay and cohesionless sand. The basement fault moves at 20 to 120mmh−1 to a maximum offset of 60 mm. We use quartz sand with grain size between 0.1 to 0.4mm and an illite-rich clay with a water content between 28 and 55 wt.%. Water content of the clay is used to control its shear strength and state of consolidation...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 140 ; VAE 120 ; VAE 130 ; VBB 000 ; VKA 120 ; VKB 270 ; Gesteinsdeformation {Strukturgeologie} ; Methodik {Strukturgeologie} ; Geomechanik ; Experimentelle Geologie ; Experimentelle Petrologie ; Produkte mechanischer Deformation {Petrologie} ; Verwerfung ; Störungsletten ; Experiment
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 119
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    Evolution of the Tamtsag Basin / NE-Mongolia — part II: structure and hydrocarbon potential (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The Tamtsag basin in NE Mongolia is part of a widespread basin system which formed during Late Jurassic and Cretaceous times (Graham et al. 2001, Qing-Ren et al. 2003). It is filled with continental sediments and volcanics which can reach up to 4km in thickness. Rifting and subsequent basin inversion led to a complex basin geometry characterized by several horst and graben structures. The geodynamic causes for regional basin formation are discussed controversially and several hypothesis ranging from orogenic collapse via subduction rollback to collision-induced rifting have been put forward. Scientific research on the Mesozoic basins in Mongolia has so far concentrated on the East Gobi basin to the southwest (Graham et al. 2001, Prost 2004, Johnson et al. 2004) and some work has also been published on the Hailar Basin (Qing-Ren et al. 2003), the northeastward continuation of the Tamtsag Basin into China. Fundamental data on the fill and tectonics of the Tamtsag Basin in between is still missing. This is partly due to poor exposure as most of the basin fill is covered by Cenozoic sediments and only locally, near the borders faults, rocks are accessible for surface investigations. However, recent discoveries of oil in the Tamtsag and Hailar Basins have resulted in intense exploration activity and a strong interest in the area. This contribution describes the results of a field campaign in Fall 2005 focusing on the structure and hydrocarbon potential while a companion paper (Geerdts et al. this volume) deals with the fill of the Tamtsag Basin.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 820 ; VAE 840 ; VEK 500 ; VRE 200 ; VSK 000 ; Sedimentationsbecken als Erdkrustentypen {Geologie} ; Rifts {Geologie} ; Mongolei (Mongolische Volksrepublik) {Geologie} ; Vorratsberechnungen {Kohlenwasserstofflagerstätten} ; Zentralasien {Fossile Energieträger} ; Mongolei 〈Nordost〉 ; Riftsystem ; Mesozoikum ; Sedimentationsbecken ; Tektonik ; Erdölvorkommen
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 120
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    Deformation und Kinematik der Lechtal-Decke im nordwestlichen Rätikon, Nördliche Kalkalpen (Vorarlberg,Österreich) (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem strukturellen Bau und der tektonischen Entwicklung der Lechtal-Decke im nordwestlichen Rätikon am Westende der Nördlichen Kalkalpen (NKA). Die Daten und Interpretationen beziehen sich zum Einen auf den gesamten Bereich der NKA im Rätikon westlich des Brandnertals und zum Anderen auf ein detailliert kartiertes Teilgebiet zwischen dem südlichen Brandnertal und dem südlichen Gamperdonatal. In- und außerhalb dieses Kartiergebiets konnten in Aufschlüssen der Arosazone, die das lokale Unterlager der Nördlichen Kalkalpen darstellt, kinematische Daten von Scherbändern erhoben werden. Auf der Basis der eigenen Arbeiten und publizierten Geologischen Karten der Region (Allemann 1985, Heissl 1965) wurde ein NW–SE-Profil durch das westliche Rätikon konstruiert und bilanziert. Die Anlage des Profils erfolgte senkrecht zum Überwiegenden Streichen der Großstrukturen die einen ausgeprägten Schuppen- und Faltenbau zeigen...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VEB 162 ; VAE 811 ; VAE 140 ; VAE 400 ; Nördliche Ostalpen {Geologie} ; Alpidische Orogene {Geologie} ; Gesteinsdeformation {Strukturgeologie} ; Tektogenese {Geologie} ; Lechtal Decke ; Deformation 〈Geologie〉 ; Tektogenese
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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    Die dynamische Entwicklung von Styloliten (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Stylolite sind raue Lösungssäume, die sich in einer großen Zahl von natürlichen Gesteinen bilden. Sie werden häufig verwendet um die Kompaktion von sedimentären Becken abzuschätzen und die Hauptspannungsrichtung zu finden. Allerdings sind die meisten Beschreibungen von Styloliten qualitativ und wir wissen nicht viel über ihre dynamische Entwicklung und den Einfluss der Spannung auf die Entwicklung der Rauhigkeit. Wir präsentieren numerische Simulationen mit deren Hilfe wir die dynamische Entwicklung von Styloliten untersuchen und erforschen, welchen Einfluss Heterogenitäten, Oberflächenenergien und Spannungen auf die Entwicklung der Rauhigkeit haben...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 150 ; VKB 322 ; VAE 130 ; Strukturelle Erscheinungen {Strukturgeologie} ; Sedimentgefüge ; Geomechanik ; Stylolith
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 122
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    Neotectonic markers in the Panafrican belt formations of Cameroon: elements of interpretation and their environmental impacts (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The North equatorial Panafrican Belt, whose Cameroonian formations are dated between 650 and 400 million years, and which are located in the North of the Congo Craton, is subdivided in to three major geodynamic domains: a north Cameroon domain, a central Cameroon domain and a south Cameroon domain. These major domains are generally, particularly the central domain, affected by great strikeslip faults in which the most important are the central cameroonian shear zone and the Sanaga fault. Studies that establish the order of occurrence of geological events, generally performed in these domains and particularly at Banefo area (West Cameroon) reveal markers of recent tectonics (post panafrican) that affect the granitogneissic basement...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VEP 400 ; VAE 150 ; VAE 400 ; VKB 270 ; Kongo Brazzaville {Geologie} ; Strukturelle Erscheinungen {Strukturgeologie} ; Tektogenese {Geologie} ; Produkte mechanischer Deformation {Petrologie} ; Kamerun ; Neotektonik ; Pseudotachylit ; Strukturgeologie
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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    Magnetic fabric in ilmeniterich norites of the Bjerkreimer-Sokndal Layered Intrusion, Norway (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The Bjerkreim-Sokndal (BKS) is a layered intrusion, located in the Mid- Proterozoic Egersund anorthosite-norite province within the Sveconorwegian province of the Baltic Shield, south Norway. The layered intrusion formed by influxes of more primitive magma into more evolved magma to produce six Megacyclic units (MCU), each of which can be divided into up to six subunits. From bottom to top in each megacycle the rocks consist of early plagioclase-rich norites, intermediate hemo-ilmenite-rich norites and later magnetite-rich norites. Aeromagnetic maps over the intrusion show large negative and positive anomalies. A negative anomaly with amplitude to - 13000 nT at 60m above ground is associated with hemo-ilmenite-rich norite layer MCU Ive. This layer IVe contains plagioclase, orthopyroxene, hemoilmenite, magnetite, and minor clinopyroxene, biotite, apatite and sulfides. Multi-domain (MD) magnetite makes up 2–3% of the rock. The negative magnetic anomaly associated with MCU IVe reaches its most negative value on the east limb of the Bjerkreim Lobe near Heskestad. The anomaly at Heskestad is part of a longer negative anomaly, which follows MCU IVe for more than 20 km around a large syncline. The average NRM intensity decreases from 25AM−1 along the east fold limb to 10AM−1 towards the hinge area to 7AM−1 at the hinge. The BKS has a penetrative deformation fabric within the syncline with the weakest deformation found in the hinge area and the strongest on the east limb. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was used to determine the lattice-preferred orientation (LPO) of orthopyroxene and ilmenite. The (100)-planes of the orthopyroxenes are found to lie parallel to a foliation in the rock, which is subparallel to the cumulate layering. Orthopyroxene c-axes form the steep lineation within the foliation plane. The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) was measured for samples that were taken at five locations from the eastern limb to the hinge area of the syncline to investigate if the change in NRM intensity could be related to magnetic fabric.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; TOT 310 ; TOT 320 ; TSD 000 ; VKB 115 ; VKA 200 ; VED 300 ; VAC 200 ; Gesteinsmagnetismus {Geophysik} ; Paläomagnetismus {Geophysik} ; Nordeuropa {Geophysik} ; Ultramafite {Petrologie} ; Gefügekunde der Gesteine ; Norwegen {Geologie} ; Plutonismus {Geologie} ; Norwegen ; Bjerkreim 〈Region〉 ; Proterozoikum ; Norit ; Magnetische Suszeptibilität ; Paläomagnetismus
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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    Crystal distribution patterns and their anisotropy behaviour in igneous rocks: towards an automated quantification, first results (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Since approximately two decades fractal geometry offers tools for the quantification of rock fabrics, and new methods are currently under development to investigate the inhomogeneity of crystal distributions, grain- and phase-boundary patterns as well as their anisotropy behaviour (Kruhl et al. 2004). These methods are now adapted for automated processing and suitable to quantify the inhomogeneity and anisotropy of rock fabrics from macro to microscale. Applications for quantifying inhomogeneity are mainly based on the box-counting and map-counting (Peternell 2002) methods, for anisotropy behaviour mainly based on modified Cantor-dust methods and provide fractal dimensions, fractal-dimension isolines and azimuthal anisotropies of fractal dimension (AAD, Volland & Kruhl 2004). For instance, the results provide information about the local variations of fabric patterns and their prefer orientation behaviour at macro and microscale.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 120 ; VKA 200 ; VAE 140 ; Methodik {Strukturgeologie} ; Gefügekunde der Gesteine ; Gesteinsdeformation {Strukturgeologie} ; Magmatisches Gestein ; Gefüge 〈Gesteinskunde〉 ; Fraktalgeometrie ; Anisotropie
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 125
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    Kinematics and deformation structures in a crustal-scale shear zone on Kea (W. Cyclades, Greece) (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: It is generally agreed upon that the exhumation of metamorphic rocks in the Aegean is caused by post orogenic extension in the late Oligocene to early Miocene. This extension is in principle largely accommodated by low-angle crustal detachment faulting possibly resulting in the formation of metamorphic core complexes (MCC). Here, we present data from recent structural investigations on the island of Kea in the W. Cyclades, Greece. Our work focussed in the north of the island. Of the ca. 270m total structural thickness that was mapped, the entire section of rocks are highly strained. Exhumation during progressive deformation is recorded by the transition from ductile to brittle/ductile to brittle conditions. The regional characteristics and types of deformation structures vary depending on the protolith and the intensity of strain...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 860 ; VAE 400 ; VAE 140 ; VEF 300 ; VKB 292 ; VKB 270 ; Festlandkerne {Geologie} ; Tektogenese {Geologie} ; Gesteinsdeformation {Strukturgeologie} ; Griechenland und griechische Inseln {Geologie} ; Metamorphe Komplexe, übriges Europa {Petrologie} ; Produkte mechanischer Deformation {Petrologie} ; Kea ; Scherzone ; Deformation 〈Geologie〉
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 126
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    Neotectonics in the Swiss Alps—A late Alpine to postglacially active fault at the Gemmi Pass (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The area of the central and western Swiss Alps reveals not only the highest uplift rates of Switzerland (1.5mma−1 near Brig, Schlatter & Marti 2002), but also shows a strong concentration of earthquakes (e.g. Deichmann et al. 2004). This raised the question, whether the region hosts any linear topographic expressions that can be attributed to motion along potentially seismogenic faults. The area was therefore chosen for the investigation of postglacially active lineaments. Firstly, aerial photographs from the entire area were searched for linear features, which could be of gravitational or tectonic origin. Subsequently, selected lineaments were visited in the field to study their origin. We found scarce but positive evidence for neotectonic fault movements. One particular lineament that exhibited the most promising exposures was investigated in greater detail. This lineament is a prominent NW–SE striking fault located at the Gemmi Pass, runs perpendicularly to the regional fold axes and cuts through the Helvetic nappe stack. The position and orientation of the fault discounts gravitational reactivation. A close examination of the fault rocks reveals a long term evolution of this fault starting already at a late stage of Alpine nappe emplacement and related deformation.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 150 ; VAE 400 ; VEB 168 ; Strukturelle Erscheinungen {Strukturgeologie} ; Tektogenese {Geologie} ; Schweizer Alpen {Geologie} ; Schweizer Alpen ; Gemmi ; Neotektonik ; Störung 〈Geologie〉
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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  • 127
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    Scherzonen- und Schuppenbildung am Kontakt von im Bereich der Engelhörner, Berner Oberland (Schweiz) (2010)
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Das Untersuchungsgebiet umfasst den Nordrand des Aarmassivs, die autochthone und paraautochthone sedimentäre Bedeckung des Aarmassivs, den ultrahelvetischen Wildflysch und den Südrand der Wildhorndecke. Das Aarmassiv besteht aus dem Innertkirchener Granit und Granitgneis und den sogenannten Mischgneisen. Lokal sind präalpine mylonitische Scherzonen ausgebildet. Die sedimentäre Bedeckung des Aarmassivs beginnt mit einem geringmächtigen permotriassischen Aufarbeitungshorizont des kristallinen Untergrundes aus Quarz-Glimmerschiefern, Arkosen und Konglomeraten. Darüber folgt die mehrere hundert Meter mächtige mesozoische Abfolge. Im Arbeitsgebiet tritt an der Basis der massige, hell bis rötlichgelb verwitternde Rötidolomit hervor. Im Hangenden liegen die kalkigen Schichten des Doggers sowie das Argovien. Darüber folgen die mächtigen Kalkserien des Malms (Quintner Kalk) und der unteren Kreide (Oehrlikalk), welche die Steilwände der Engelhörner aufbauen. In den parautochthonen Schuppen auf der Nordseite der Engelhörner beginnt die Abfolge erst mit dem unteren Malm. Als jüngste Einheit treten dort allerdings auch Tertiäre Schichten auf, welche überwiegend aus kalkhaltigen Sandsteinen, Brekzien und Tonschiefern bestehen. Als nur wenige Meter mächtiger dunkler bis schwarzer, glimmerführender Tonschiefer ist der allochthone ultrahelvetische Wildflysch zwischen den parautochthonen Schuppen und der Wildhorndecke eingeklemmt. Die Wildhorndecke wird im Arbeitsgebiet von den Einheiten des Doggers aufgebaut. Die Zuordnung des Doggers zur Wildhorndecke ist allerdings nicht immer eindeutig. Westlich des Arbeitsgebietes in der Umgebung von Grindelwald werden Einheiten des Doggers z.T. auch dem Ultarhelvetikum zugerechnet (Günzler-Seiffert & Wyss 1938).Die lithologische Kartierung, aber auch die Zuordnung der Lithologien zu den tektonischen Einheiten basiert im Wesentlichen auf den ausgezeichneten Vorarbeiten (z.B. Arbenz & Müller 1920; Günzler-Seiffert & Wyss 1938; Müller 1938; Büchi 1980). Ziel unserer Untersuchungen ist es, die Kinematik sowie die relative zeitliche Abfolge der einzelnen Groß- und Kleinstrukturen genauer zu bestimmen und die strukturelle Gliederung des Arbeitsgebietes mit den von Burkhard (1988) definierten Deformationsphasen zu korrelieren...
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; VAE 811 ; VAE 400 ; VAE 150 ; VAE 140 ; VEB 168 ; Alpidische Orogene {Geologie} ; Tektogenese {Geologie} ; Strukturelle Erscheinungen {Strukturgeologie} ; Gesteinsdeformation {Strukturgeologie} ; Schweizer Alpen {Geologie} ; Aarmassiv ; Ultrahelvetikum ; Scherzone ; Tektogenese ; Deformation 〈Geologie〉
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
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