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  • Articles  (146)
  • geostatistics  (109)
  • Lepidoptera
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  • Springer  (146)
  • Geosciences  (137)
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (9)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial variability and interpolation of daily precipitation amount (1992)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 209-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: geostatistics ; precipitation ; water balance models ; semivariogram ; kriging ; spatial variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Daily precipitation amounts show spatial variation over sub-continential regions. Point measurements, representative for regions of land, have to be interpolated towards unobserved locations. In this study four days in 1984 were selected to investigate the spatial variability of daily precipitation amount in North-western Europe in relation to the meteorological conditions. Data were interpolated using Kriging. Crossvalidation was used to compare interpolated values with measured values. Large differences in the spatial structure of daily precipitation amount are obsered as a result of different meterological conditions. Stratification of the study area into a coastal, a mountainous and an interior stratum proved to be successful, reducing the Mean Squared Error of Prediction with up to 55%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581451
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial variability and interpolation of daily precipitation amount (1992)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 304-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: geostatistics ; precipitation ; water balance models ; semivariogram ; kriging ; spatial variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Daily precipitation amounts show spatial variation over sub-continential regions. Point measurements, represntative for regions of land, have to be interpolated towards unobserved locations. In this study four days in 1984 were selected to investigate the spatial variability of daily precipitation amount in north-western Europe in relation to the meteorological conditions. Data were interpolated using kriging. Crossvalidation was used to compare interpolated values with measured values. Large differences in the spatial structure of daily precipitation amount are observed as a result of different meteorological conditions. Stratification of the study area into a coast, a mountain and an interior stratum proved to be successful, reducing the Mean Squared Error of Prediction with up to 55%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581623
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of freshwater diatoms as quantitative indicators of past climatic change in the Yukon and Northwest Territories, Canada (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 13 (1995), S. 21-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; temperature ; climatic change ; paleoclimate proxies ; canonical correspondence analysis ; weighted-averaging ; Yukon ; Northwest Territories
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We identified, enumerated, and interpreted the diatom assemblages preserved in the surface sediments of 59 lakes located between Whitehorse in the Yukon and Tuktoyaktuk in the Northwest Territories (Canada). The lakes are distributed along a latitudinal gradient that includes several ecoclimatic zones. It also spans large gradients in limnological variables. Thus, the study lakes are ideal for environmental calibration of modern diatom assemblages. Canonical correspondence analysis, with forward selection and Monte Carlo permutation tests, showed that maximum lake depth and summer surface-water temperature were the two environmental variables that accounted for most of the variance in the diatom data. The concentrations of sodium and calcium were also important explanatory variables. Using weighted-averaging regression and calibration techniques, we developed a predictive statistical model to infer lake surface-water temperature, and we evaluated the feasibility of using diatoms as paleoclimate proxies. This model may be used to derive paleotemperature inferences from fossil diatom assemblages at appropriate sites in the western Canadian Arctic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00678109
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diatom transfer-functions for quantifying past air temperature, pH and total organic carbon concentration from lakes in northern Sweden (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 24 (2000), S. 109-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; climate change ; temperature ; pH ; transfer functions ; lake sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The relationships between diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) in surface sediments of lakes and summer air temperature, pH and total organic carbon concentration (TOC) were explored along a steep climatic gradient in northern Sweden to provide a tool to infer past climate conditions from sediment cores. The study sites are in an area with low human impact and range from boreal forest to alpine tundra. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) constrained to mean July air temperature and pH clearly showed that diatom community composition was different between lakes situated in conifer-, mountain birch- and alpine-vegetation zones. As a consequence, diatoms and multivariate ordination methods can be used to infer past changes in treeline position and dominant forest type. Quantitative inference models were developed to estimate mean July air temperature, pH and TOC from sedimentary diatom assemblages using weighted averaging (WA) and weighted averaging partial least squares (WA-PLS) regression. Relationships between diatoms and mean July air temperature were independent of lake-water pH, TOC, alkalinity and maximum depth. The results demonstrated that diatoms in lake sediments can provide useful and independent quantitative information for estimating past changes in mean July air temperature (R2 jack = 0.62, RMSEP = 0.86 °C; R2 and root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) based on jack-knifing), pH (R2 jack = 0.61, RMSEP = 0.30) and TOC (R2 jack = 0.49, RMSEP = 1.33 mg l-1). The paper focuses mainly on the relationship between diatom community composition and mean July air temperature, but the relationships to pH and TOC are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008128014721
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sedimentation patterns of diatoms in Lake Holzmaar, Germany - (on the transfer of climate signals to biogenic silica oxygen isotope proxies) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 21 (1999), S. 437-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; temperature ; sediment traps ; seasonal succession ; resuspension ; Lake Holzmaar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The seasonal sedimentation pattern of diatom valves in Lake Holzmaar was investigated during 1995 by deploying sediment traps at three different lake depths. According to the sedimentation pattern, the major reproduction zone of diatoms was restricted to the upper 6 m of the water body. The population growth started late in April and blooms of Cyclotella cf. comensis Grun., which dominates the plankton diatoms, and Fragilaria crotonensis Kitton were collected in traps during June and September, and July, respectively. During summer, the seasonal sedimentation pattern of each taxon, as collected in the upper traps, was reflected in the concentrations in the lowest trap. However, in May and from September onwards, the community composition in the lowest trap and augmented trapping rates suggest both sediment focusing and resuspension of bottom sediments. The temperature signals as recorded by δ18O values of diatom valves should, therefore, reflect integrated temperatures between 0 and 6 m depth. However, temperatures during summer and autumn are expected to be accentuated in the sedimentary record since the isotopic signal is weighted by both the number and the weight-mass of the valves. During summer, the transfer of these signals by the sedimenting diatoms retains the information pattern recorded, while in spring and autumn/winter additional influxes caused by resuspension may somewhat alter those temperature informations. The proxy signals finally stored in the sediments, may, therefore, not precisely represent the successive temperatures currently recorded during 1995 within mid-lake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008022532458
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The environmental history of a mountain lake (Lago Paione Superiore, Central Alps, Italy) for the last c. 100 years: a multidisciplinary, palaeolimnological study (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 15 (1996), S. 245-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: palaeolimnology ; acidification ; diatoms ; chrysophytes ; pigments ; chironomids ; temperature ; Alps ; Italy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A palaeoecological study of an oligotrophic alpine lake, Paione Superiore (Italy), provided a record of historical changes in water quality. Historical trends in lake acidification were reconstructed by means of calibration and regression equations from diatoms, chrysophycean scales and pigment ratios. The historical pH was inferred by using two different diatom calibration data sets, one specific to the alpine region. These pH trends, together with the record of sedimentary carbonaceous particles and chironomid remains, indicate a recent acidification of this low alkalinity lake. Concentration of total organic matter, organic carbon, nitrogen, biogenic silica (BSiO2), chlorophyll derivatives (CD), fucoxanthin, diatom cell concentration and number of chironomid head capsules increased during the last 2–3 decades. When expressed as accumulation rates, most of these parameters tended to decrease from the past century to c. 1950, then all except P increased to the present day. A marked increase in sedimentary nitrogen may be related to atmospheric pollution and to the general increases in output of N in Europe. High C/N ratios indicate a prevailing allochthonous source of organic matter. Finally, the increase in measured air temperature from the mid-1800's appeared to be related to lake water pH before industrialization: cold periods generally led to lower pH and vice-versa. The more recent phenomenon of anthropogenic acidification has apparently decoupled this climatic-water chemistry relationship.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213044
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the geologic structure of the Explora Escarpment (Weddell Sea, Antarctica) revealed by satellite and Shipboard data evaluation (1994)
    Springer
    Marine geophysical researches 16 (1994), S. 325-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Keywords: Bathymetry ; gravity ; magnetics ; satellite data ; Gondwana breakup ; geostatistics ; geophysical inverse theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Bathymetric, gravity, and magnetic data from Antarctic expeditions with RV POLARSTERN and satellite altimeter data from the Geosat Geodetic Mission are analysed using methods from geostatistics and geophysical inverse theory. The Explora Escarpment represents the edge between the Antarctic Continental Shelf and the Weddell Abyssal Plain. It is an important link in the reconstruction of Gondwana breakup, but a feature as large as the 2000 m deep Wegener Canyon was only discovered in 1984, when extensive bathymetric, gravimetric, and magnetic surveys with RV POLARSTERN began. Geostatistics, the theory of regionalized variables, is applied to integrate dense surveys of Wegener Canyon and sparse observations in adjacent areas into maps with full coverage of the 230 km by 330 km area at 10°–20° W/70°–72° S. The resultant highresolution bathymetric and gravity maps reveal detailed structures of the Explora Escarpment. Using geophysical inversion, the gravity terrain effect is calculated. Satellite data are used for their better coverage, but have much lower resolution. Nevertheless, the structures of Wegener Canyon and other more prominent features appear with surprisingly good correlation also in the Geosat altimeter data. While it was initially supposed that Wegener Canyon is purely an erosional structure, the magnetic map now provides evidence of the ‘canyon's’ tectonic origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01203971
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The dependence of transport properties ofin situ rocks on pore fluid composition and temperature (1996)
    Springer
    Surveys in geophysics 17 (1996), S. 289-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0956
    Keywords: Effective properties ; pore fluids ; cracked rock ; permeability ; stress ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fluids saturating cracked rocks within the crust can vary widely in composition and physical properties, which depend greatly on pressure and temperature. External non-hydrostatic stress applied to a cracked medium may result in a significant change of crack volume (and hence, for the undrained regime, pore-fluid pressure) due to the processes of crack closure (opening), and thus lead to a drastic change of the overall physical parameters of a rock. The purpose of the study is to estimate theoretically, using the effective-medium theory, the macroscopic seismic and transport parameters (such as permeability) of cracked rocks (granites) saturated with hydrocarbon gases, oils, brines and water. Variations of crack geometry and fluid parameters in the closed system (at constant fluid mass) under uniaxial compression are considered as well. The results show that composition of a saturating fluid as well as fluid temperature greatly influence the effective permeability and shear velocities of a rock mass, while thermal conductivity is not so sensitive to variations of fluid parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01904045
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of climatic change through harmonic analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 9 (1994), S. 5-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Fourier transform ; maximum entropy spectral analysis ; precipitation ; temperature ; climatic change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In the present work, a precipitation and temperature series from Barcelona (Spain) are analysed in order to detect the possible existence of climatic changes or cycles. The analysis is carried out both from the temporal and spectral standpoints. The techniques used range from the classical periodogram and Blackman-Tukey method through to the Maximum Entropy method. The results do not show the existence of climatic cycles, though they do show a clear tendency toward increased precipitation and decreased temperature, since the last years of series.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00662588
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrothermal studies in a new diamond anvil cell up to 10 GPa and from −190°C to 1200°C (1993)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 141 (1993), S. 487-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Pressure ; temperature ; hydrothermal ; H2O ; equation of state ; diamond anvil cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The new hydrothermal diamond anvil cell (HDAC) has been designed for optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction at pressures up to 10 GPa and temperatures between −190°C and 1200°C. Laser light reffected from the top and bottom anvil faces and the top and bottom solid sample faces produce interference fringes that provide a very sensitive means of monitoring the volume of sample chamber and for observing volume and refractive index changes in solid samples due to transitions and reactions. Synchrotron radiation has been used to make X-ray diffraction patterns of samples under hydrothermal conditions. Individual heaters and individual thermocouples provide temperature control with an accuracy of ±0.5°C. Liquid nitrogen directly introduced into the HDAC has been used to reduce the sample temperature to −190°C. The α-β phase boundary of quartz has been used to calculate the transition pressures from measured transition temperatures. With this method we have redetermined 5 isochores of H2O up to 850°C and 1.2 GPa at which the solution rate of the quartz became so rapid that the quartz dissolved completely before the α-β transition could be observed. When silica solutions were cooled, opal spherules and rods formed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00998341
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