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  • Other Sources  (705)
  • Taylor & Francis  (471)
  • Oxford Univ. Press  (229)
  • Public Library of Science (PLoS)
  • 1
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    Rheology of Solids and of the Earth (1989)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Oxford, Oxford Univ. Press, vol. 7, no. XVI:, pp. 227-235, (ISBN 3-342-00685-4)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Inelastic ; Textbook of geophysics ; Physical properties of rocks ; Laboratory measurements ; Textbook of physics
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    The Friction and Lubrication of Solids: Parts I and II (1964)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Oxford, Oxford Univ. Press, vol. 3, pp. 158, (ISBN 0-444-50968-2)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1964
    Keywords: Textbook of physics ; Friction ; Physical properties of rocks ; Fluids
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    Theory of Probability (1961)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Oxford, 3rd Edition, 459 pp., Oxford Univ. Press, vol. 46, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN: 0-387-30752-4)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1961
    Keywords: Textbook of mathematics ; Statistical investigations ; Error analysis ; Earthquake hazard
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 4
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    Renormalization Methods: A Guide for Beginners (2004)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  New York, 330 pp., Oxford Univ. Press, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 65-66, (ISBN 0-19-850694-5)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004
    Keywords: Textbook of physics ; critical ; phenomena, ; elementary ; particles, ; phase ; transitions, ; Ising
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 5
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    Engineering Rheology (2000)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  New York, 2nd ed. (1st in 1988), 559 pp., Oxford Univ. Press, vol. 52, no. ALEX(01)-FR-77-01, AFTAC Contract F08606-76-C-0025, pp. 95-104, (ISBN: 0-08-044051-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: Rheology ; Inelastic ; Textbook of engineering ; Textbook of geophysics
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 6
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    Modern Spatiotemporal Geostatistics (2000)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Cary, NC 27513; 304 pp., Oxford Univ. Press, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 632 pp., (ISBN 0-19-513895-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: Statistical investigations ; Textbook of geophysics ; Textbook of geology ; Textbook of informatics ; GIS ; Bayesian ; Maximum ; Entropy ; (Boundary Element Method)
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 7
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    Voodoo Science: The Road from Foolishness to Fraud (2000)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  New York, 230 pp., Oxford Univ. Press, vol. 15, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 585, (ISBN 0080424309)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: ethics ; moral ; misconduct ; objectivity ; ideology ; repeatability ; method
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 8
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    Fortran 90 Explained (1990)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Oxford, Oxford Univ. Press, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 65-66, (ISBN: 3-528-02574-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990
    Keywords: Textbook of informatics ; FTN90 ; software ; compiler
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 9
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    Lectures on Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (1998)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Dordrecht, Oxford Univ. Press, vol. 20, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 81-89, (ISBN 8189304143)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Fluids ; PAG
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 10
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    Key impacts of climate engineering on biodiversity and ecosystems, with priorities for future research (2016)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 13 (2-4). pp. 103-128.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-23
    Description: Climate change has significant implications for biodiversity and ecosystems. With slow progress towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions, climate engineering (or ‘geoengineering’) is receiving increasing attention for its potential to limit anthropogenic climate change and its damaging effects. Proposed techniques, such as ocean fertilization for carbon dioxide removal or stratospheric sulfate injections to reduce incoming solar radiation, would significantly alter atmospheric, terrestrial and marine environments, yet potential side-effects of their implementation for ecosystems and biodiversity have received little attention. A literature review was carried out to identify details of the potential ecological effects of climate engineering techniques. A group of biodiversity and environmental change researchers then employed a modified Delphi expert consultation technique to evaluate this evidence and prioritize the effects based on the relative importance of, and scientific understanding about, their biodiversity and ecosystem consequences. The key issues and knowledge gaps are used to shape a discussion of the biodiversity and ecosystem implications of climate engineering, including novel climatic conditions, alterations to marine systems and substantial terrestrial habitat change. This review highlights several current research priorities in which the climate engineering context is crucial to consider, as well as identifying some novel topics for ecological investigation.
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  • 11
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    A solid phase extraction based non-disruptive sampling technique to investigate the surface chemistry of macroalgae (2016)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Biofouling, 32 (2). pp. 145-153.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: The surface chemistry of aquatic organisms determines their biotic interactions. Metabolites in the spatially limited laminar boundary layer mediate processes, such as antifouling, allelopathy and chemical defense against herbivores. However, very few methods are available for the investigation of such surface metabolites. An approach is described in which surfaces are extracted by means of C18 solid phase material. By powdering wet algal surfaces with this material, organic compounds are adsorbed and can be easily recovered for subsequent liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) investigations. The method is robust, picks up metabolites of a broad polarity range and is easy to handle. It is more universal compared to established solvent dipping protocols and it does not cause damage to the test organisms. A protocol is introduced for the macroalgae Fucus vesiculosus, Caulerpa taxifolia and Gracilaria vermiculophylla, but it can be easily transferred to other aquatic organisms.
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  • 12
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    Predator and prey: the role of the round goby Neogobius melanostomus in the western Baltic (2017)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Marine Biology Research, 13 (2). pp. 188-197.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-02
    Description: Different studies on the position of the non-indigenous species Neogobius melanostomus within the coastal food web of the Pomeranian Bay (western Baltic) were performed, resulting in a quantitative and qualitative species list of prey organisms found in the stomachs of the invader and an estimation concerning the importance of round goby as prey for different resident predators. It seems that the colonization process is not fully completed yet, but the results reveal that the species is already established in the food web 16 years after the first observation within the study area. The results show that N. melanostomus feed upon a wide range of different resident organisms. While a direct predation effect on native fish species appears rather unlikely, indirect effects such as competition cannot yet be excluded. In addition, our results reveal an ontogenetic diet shift and that the round goby itself already serves as an important prey for piscivorous fish and seabirds. Finally, we formulate different hypotheses based on our results which will require further research.
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  • 13
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    Biological studies on the chokker squidloligo vulgaris reynaudii(Cephalopoda; Myopsida) on spawning grounds off the south-east coast of South Africa (1990)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  South African Journal of Marine Science, 9 (1). pp. 11-26.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-26
    Description: The biology of the chokker squid Loligo vulgaris reynaudii on inshore grounds in the South-East Cape was studied by examination of trends in jig catches, length frequency analyses, length/weight relationships, analyses of maturity stages and SCUBA diving transects in a spawning area. Commercial catches probably reflected the influx of squid into shallow waters to spawn. Modal length at spawning was between 265 and 305 mm mantle length (ML) in males and between 175 and 195 mm ML in females. There was no modal progression to indicate growth, nearly all squid were mature, a percentage of males were spent, the level of feeding on the grounds was very low, and mantle walls were thinner than those of squid offshore. These factors all indicate that the squid population inshore had reached the end of its life cycle and was in the spawning phase. The sex ratio was biased towards males, an indication either of differential inshore migration or of greater longevity in males than in females. The frequency of occurrence of trawled egg capsules was highest in summer and all eggs were between 18 and 25 m deep. The preferred substratum for spawning appeared to be low-relief reef interspersed with coarse sand, and the stalks of egg capsules were always embedded in the sand to form individual clusters, as in most other loliginids. No evidence was found of post-spawning mortality in the areas examined.
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  • 14
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    The scent of death: Chemosensory assessment of predation risk by prey animals (1998)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Écoscience, 5 (3). pp. 361-394.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-04-20
    Description: It is well documented that animals take risk of predation into account when making decisions about how to behave in particular situations, often trading-off risk against opportunities for mating or acquiring energy. Such an ability implies that animals have reliable information about the risk of predation at a given place and time. Chemosensory cues are an important source of such information. They reliably reveal the presence of predators (or their presence in the immediate past) and may also provide information on predator activity level and diet. In certain circumstances (e.g., in the dark, for animals in hiding) they may be the only cues available. Although a vast literature exists on the responses of prey to predator chemosensory cues (or odours), these studies are widely scattered, from marine biology to biological control, and not well known or appreciated by behavioural ecologists. In this paper, we provide an exhaustive review of this literature, primarily in tabular form. We highlight some of the more representative examples in the text, and discuss some ecological and evolutionary aspects of the use of chemosensory information for prey decision making. Curiously, only one example illustrates the ability of birds to detect predator odours and we have found no examples for terrestrial insects, suggesting a fruitful area for future study.
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  • 15
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    Subduction initiation and ophiolite crust: new insights from IODP drilling (2017)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  International Geology Review, 59 (11). pp. 1439-1450.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 352 recovered a high-fidelity record of volcanism related to subduction initiation in the Bonin fore-arc. Two sites (U1440 and U1441) located in deep water nearer to the trench recovered basalts and related rocks; two sites (U1439 and U1442) located in shallower water further from the trench recovered boninites and related rocks. Drilling in both areas ended in dolerites inferred to be sheeted intrusive rocks. The basalts apparently erupted immediately after subduction initiation and have compositions similar to those of the most depleted basalts generated by rapid sea-floor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, with little or no slab input. Subsequent melting to generate boninites involved more depleted mantle and hotter and deeper subducted components as subduction progressed and volcanism migrated away from the trench. This volcanic sequence is akin to that recorded by many ophiolites, supporting a direct link between subduction initiation, fore-arc spreading, and ophiolite genesis.
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  • 16
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    Sexual reproduction in four Caribbean commercial sponges. II. Oogenesis and transfer of bacterial symbionts (1991)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Invertebrate Reproduction & Development, 19 (1). pp. 13-24.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-01
    Description: Oogenesis in four commercial Caribbean sponge species, Hippospongia lachne, Spongia barbara, S. cheiris and S. graminea, was studied using light and transmission electron microscopy. Eggs and embryos develop asynchronously in localized endosomal nurseries of these viviparous and gonochoristic species. Statistical analyses of specific morphological characteristics of reproductive elements have unequivocally identified four specific stages in the process of oogenesis. Oogonia undergo mitotic division to produce primary oocytes. Meiotic division occurs producing secondary oocytes which are fertilized before zygotes undergo major growth by phagocytosis and the transfer of nutrients through cytoplasmic bridges. During cleavage of the zygote, umbilici form between embryos and nurse cell layers and these function in the transfer of symbiotic bacteria and other mesohyl substances from the maternal parent to the embryo. These symbionts were observed dispersed between blastomeres of all young and maturing embryos and between internal cells of cytodifferentiated parenchymella larvae. Extracellular transfer of symbiotic bacteria from maternal tissues to developing embryos has not been reported in any other viviparous invertebrate.
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  • 17
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    Distribution and morphological characters of immature Martialia hyadesi (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida) in New Zealand waters (1991)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 25 . pp. 275-282.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-22
    Description: Before 1985, Martialia hyadesi (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the Pacific Ocean was known only from the Eltanin Fracture Zone and Macquarie Island. A joint Japan‐New Zealand squid survey around New Zealand captured many immature ommastrephid squids. Gel electrophoresis confirmed the presence of immature M. hyadesi. Aspects of the external morphology are described. The distinctive tentacle club was evident in the smallest specimen examined, 19 mm dorsal mantle length (ML). Arm trabeculae were first evident in specimens of 40–50 mm ML. Immature squid were distributed around and southward of the Subtropical Convergence Zone. The presence of very small squid (〈 10 mm ML) indicated spawning on or near the Auckland Island Shelf.
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  • 18
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    Cephalopods eaten by wandering albatrosses (Diomedea exulansL.) breeding at six circumpolar localities (1992)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 22 (4). pp. 243-263.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-16
    Description: The beaks of 9,994 cephalopods of 61 species, obtained mainly from chick regurgitations of wandering albatrosses (Diomedea exulans L.) at Gough, Auckland, Antipodes, Prince Edward and Macquarie Islands and South Georgia, were used to specify and calculate the biomass of cephalopods consumed. Histioteuthidae were most important by numbers and biomass at Gough Island (in warmest seas), but Onycboteuthidae increasingly superseded them southwards; Kondakovia longimana formed 59 to 75% of biomass eaten at the three localities nearest the Antarctic Polar Front. Other important families were Octopoteuthidae, Cranchiidae, Architeuthidae (juveniles) and Ommastrephidae (South Georgia only). Most frequently eaten were Histioteuthis atlantica 13.7%, Galiteuthis glacialis 12.4%, H. eltaninae 12.0% and Kondakovia longimana 11.6%. Wandering albatrosses rearing chicks can forage at least to 3,000 km in a single foray, and may exploit an important food source about 1200 km from the nest (as in the probable commensalism of South Georgian birds with the Falkland Islands fishery). They feed, sometimes opportunistically, on cephalopods active or moribund at the surface, or discarded or lost by trawlers, cetaceans or seals. Vertically migrating cephalopods, especially bioluminescent species, are disproportionately frequent in their non-commensal diet, suggesting that they often feed at night.
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  • 19
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    Some foods of Buller's mollymawk Diomedea bulleri (1986)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 13 (2). pp. 169-174.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-22
    Description: Food samples from 27 Buller’s mollymawks Diomedea bulleri from the New Zealand region showed that cephalopods were, by frequency of occurrence and by mass, their preferred food. Fish, crustaceans, and tunicates, in decreasing order of importance, also were taken. Seventeen species of Cephalopoda were identified by their beaks, with 78.5% of individuals belonging to the Ommastrephidae (77% Nototodarus spp.) and 10% to the Histioteuthidae. The diet was compared with that of four other small species of Diomedea, and found to be similar to that of D. chrysostoma, D. irrorata, and D. cauta, but different from that of D. melanophris, whose preferred food is euphausiids. Squid-fishing operations around New Zealand may come into competition with Buller’s mollymawk.
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  • 20
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    Comparison of prey of the black Procellaria petrels of New Zealand (1976)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 10 (1). pp. 119-130.
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    Publication Date: 2020-06-22
    Description: Stomach contents of 68 black petrels, Procellaria parkinsoni, 12 Westland black petrels, P. westlandica, and 3 white‐chinned petrels, P. aequinoctialis, were compared. The main prey were Cephalopoda and fish, and these indicated predominantly nocturnal feeding with selection for bioluminescent forms. There is marked latitudinal variation in the Cephalopoda available to these petrels.
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  • 21
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    Big squid in big currents (1992)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  South African Journal of Marine Science, 12 (1). pp. 225-235.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-26
    Description: A link is proposed between the processes that led to the evolution of large species of squid and the highly variable, cyclic recruitment seen in squid fisheries. Maximum growth requires maximal feeding and minimal routine metabolism at optimum temperatures, which decrease as squid grow. Topographically induced upwelling zones, inshore of western boundary currents, provide productive environments with appropriate temperatures for all life stages. Most squid are small and live in the tropics or subtropics; locomotor constraints prevent them from swimming long distances. Long annual migrations to spawn upstream in current systems require short-lived squids to maximize rates of growth. Therefore, such systems provide the opportunity and a powerful selective advantage for large size and rapid growth. Increased fecundity and cannibalism provide additional directional selection for large individuals. Current systems show food production peaks (blooms); paralarval release must match these to increase survival. Because squid are semelparous, disruption of delicately balanced lifecycles by physical events can virtually annihilate stocks. Recovery probably requires that populations of large squid "re-evolve" from smaller, more-stable tropical populations of small squid. This recovery phase may extend the "down-side" of abundance cycles. Studies of squid/current systems have focused on western boundary currents, but the Illex complex also associates with eastern boundaries. Such populations are generally smaller than in larger systems, supporting the hypothesis, but more detailed comparisons are required.
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  • 22
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    The distribution and abundance of cephalopods on the continental slope of the eastern South Atlantic (1992)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  South African Journal of Marine Science, 12 (1). pp. 739-752.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-26
    Description: During a cruise in March 1988 dedicated to investigation of the marine resources of South Africa's continental slope, 62 species in 22 families of Cephalopoda were collected from the Cape Canyon and Cape Point Valley. Multivariate analysis revealed a clear distinction between cephalopods of the upper and lower continental slope in both benthic and epibenthic habitats. Todaropsis eblanae and Todarodes angolensis were indicator species for the upper slope benthic, from 300 to 500 m, but on the lower slope, in 700–900 m of water, they were replaced by Histioteuthis miranda and Opisthoteuthis agassizii. In the epibenthic, both upper and lower slopes were dominated by Abraliopsis gilchristi and Lycoteuthis ?diadema, but other species characteristic of the lower slope were the oceanic species Mastigoteuthis hjorti, Ctenopteryx sicula and Taonius sp. A. Cranchia scabra indicated the presence of oceanic water at stations 700–900 m deep. Other species of significance in the catches were Todarodes filippovae, Histioteuthis macrohista, Rossia enigmatica and Bathypolypus valdiviae. Species affinities indicate that the cephalopod fauna of the southern African continental slope includes the following zoogeographic components: southern African endemic, circum-Subantarctic species associated with Antarctic Intermediate Water, circum-global southern tropical/subtropical, tropical Indo-Pacific and cosmopolitan tropical/subtropical.
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  • 23
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    The importance of cephalopods as prey for hake and other groundfish in South African waters (1992)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  South African Journal of Marine Science, 12 (1). pp. 651-662.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-26
    Description: Literature on trophic relationships in the Benguela ecosystem has stressed the importance of cephalopods as prey of groundfish. The groundfish community of the shelf and upper slope of southern Africa is dominated by the Cape hakes, and the results presented (1984–1991) confirm that both species of hake are important predators of cephalopods, especially taking into consideration the abundance of hake in the ecosystem. However, geographic, seasonal and species variability are evident in the patterns observed. The main prey species are Sepia spp. (predominantly Sepia australis), Loligo vulgaris reynaudii, Todaropsis eblanae and Lycoteuthis ?diadema. The last-named is an important food organism for fish. Its systematic status needs revision, however. Qualitative results of studies of cephalopod predation are also provided for kingklip and monkfish.
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  • 24
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    Cephalopods and the Benguela ecosystem: trophic relationships and impact (1992)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  South African Journal of Marine Science, 12 (1). pp. 791-802.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-26
    Description: Cephalopods of importance in the Benguela ecosystem include Loligo vulgaris reynaudii, Todarodes angolensis, Todaropsis eblanae, Lycoteuthis ?diadema, Sepia australis, Octopus spp. (up to three species) and Argonauta spp., and possibly also Ocythoe tuberculata and Rossia enigmatica. Species which may prove important as a result of further research are Lolliguncula mercatoris, Ommastrephes bartramii, Todarodes filippovae, Histioteuthis miranda and Abraliopsis gilchristi. "Importance" is defined on the basis of "survey abundance" (including commercial fisheries) and their trophic links with other organisms. Use of the latter criterion indicates that Sepia australis, Todaropsis eblanae and Lycoteuthis ?diadema are sufficiently abundant to be exploited by fisheries. Unknown factors are dispersal, availability and market considerations. The only examples of cephalopods feeding on commercial species of fish are Loligo v. reynaudii feeding on anchovy Engraulis capensis and Cape hakes Merluccius capensis and/or M. paradoxus in the southern Benguela and Todarodes angolensis preying on Cape hake in the northern Benguela. Such feeding is opportunistic and is not believed to threaten the fish stocks. Predators of cephalopods are mostly opportunistic, switching to other prey when cephalopods are not available. There is no evidence that such predators pose a threat to the Loligo fisheries. The opportunistic nature of cephalopods as prey and predators makes quantification of predation (in both directions) difficult. Data for such quantification are, as yet, unavailable.
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  • 25
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    Cephalopods of the Benguela Current off Namibia: new additions and considerations on the genus Lycoteuthis (1993)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Journal of Natural History, 27 (1). pp. 15-46.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-21
    Description: The present study contributes new information on the cephalopods off Namibia, contains the first record of Ornithoteuthis volatilis (Sasaki, 1915) in the Atlantic, and adds records of six species in the Benguela Current and three species in Namibian waters. The presence of certain species seldom encountered in the Benguela Current has been confirmed. A compilation of the cephalopod fauna off Namibia had also been included, listing 65 species. Additional morphological data on Stoloteuthis leucoptera, Lycoteuthis lorigera, Architeuthis sp., Pholidoteuthis boschmai, Ornithoteuthis volatilis, Eledone nigra, and Graneledone sp. have been provided. The status of the genus Lycoteuthis has been reviewed in the light of the first collection of Lycoteuthis lorigera (Steenstrup, 1875) males in the Atlantic, and Lycoteuthis diadema (Chun, 1900) has been considered to be a synonym for Lycoteuthis lorigera
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  • 26
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    Abundance and distribution of rhynchoteuthion larvae ofIllex argentlnus(Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the south-western Atlantic (1992)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  South African Journal of Marine Science, 12 (1). pp. 927-941.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-26
    Description: The results of ichthyoplankton surveys carried out by the Instituto Nacional de Pesca (INAPE) in the Argentine–Uruguayan Common Fishing Zone (AUCFZ) in summer 1980 and the winters of 1980–1982 are presented. In addition, the results of joint research with INIDEP, the Argentine and Japan Fisheries Agency, on larvae, juveniles and adults of the short-finned squid Illex argentinus carried out in winter 1989 are given, as are data obtained during the joint sardine and anchovy recruitment project carried out by R.V. Meteor in November/December 1989. The short-finned squid Illex argentinus is the most important cephalopod resource of the area, and an extended fishery is carried out on the Patagonian shelf and in the proximity of the Falkland Islands. The fishing season in the AUCFZ, for pre-spawning and spawning animals, extends from early autumn to winter (March–August). Abundance of rhynchoteuthion larvae (417–485 larvae·10 m−2) was greatest in winter in surface temperatures of 12,1–16,9°C and surface salinities of 34,8 – 35,2 × 10−3. The distribution of the larvae is related to the western boundary of the Brazil Current and the convergence front.
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  • 27
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    Can the Loligosquid fishery be managed effectively? A synthesis of research on Loligo vulgaris reynaudii (1992)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  South African Journal of Marine Science, 12 (1). pp. 903-918.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-26
    Description: The question whether the chokka squid Loligo vulgaris reynaudii resource can be managed effectively is examined in the light of developments in the fishery and knowledge of the resource gathered in recent years. The history of the fishery since its inception in 1985, management controls and the current state of knowledge of stock identity, distribution, seasonality and abundance, life cycle and population dynamics are reviewed as a background to a discussion of management alternatives. Long-term measures, such as fleet limitation, seasonal closures and de facto closed areas and size limits, all appropriate in the early stages of a fishery when knowledge is limited, should be replaced by more-flexible alternatives as knowledge improves. Methods of stock assessment, stock-recruitment studies and further basic biological analyses are recognized as being crucial to improving management methods. An explanation embracing physical oceanographic features and plankton productivity in the vicinity of the spawning grounds is advanced for the mechanisms underlying hatchling survival. The possible contribution of trophic studies to squid management is recognized. Effective management of the chokka squid resource is concluded to be possible provided that the specific areas needing attention be addressed by means of goal-orientated research. Rational, but not necessarily optimal, management decisions can, however, be made even in the absence of stock-recruitment data, by the employment of common-sense measures which generally include some form of effort control.
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  • 28
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    Larval age, growth and mortality in the oceanic squid Sthenoteuthis pteropus (Cephalopoda, Ommastrephidae) from the eastern tropical Atlantic (1993)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Journal of Plankton Research, 15 (4). pp. 375-384.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-20
    Description: An investigation was carried out on larvae of the oceanic tropical squid Sthenoteuthis pteropus in the equatorial Atlantic (2°30′N–7°S;12°W –8°30′E) The age of the larvae was calculated from the statolith microstructure of 20 larvae; mortality was estimated from the size structure of 1128 larvae. The larval stage lasts 32–38 days. At ages ranging from 14 to 38 days. the daily relative growth rates of mantle length decrease from 7.5 to 2.8% day −1 and from 14–16 to 5.8% of body weight day −1 At age 12–24 days, mortality rates were estimated using both raw catch data and corrected data accounting for net avoidance. The mean value of raw mortality rates was 0.189, the corrected value was 0.158. During the proboscis division (transformation of the larva into juvenile) at age 25–35 days, a sharp decrease in larval growth rates and a simultaneous increase in mortality rates (raw 0.443, corrected 0.379) were observed.
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  • 29
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    Inhibitory potential of strepthonium A against Shiga toxin production in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strain EDL933 (2017)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Natural Product Research, 31 (23). 2818-2823 .
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The production of shiga toxin (Stx) is a critical step in the establishment and progress of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infections. The possible release of Stx from dead and dying bacteria, and the risk of resistance development have restricted the usage of antibiotics against EHEC. The chlorinated quaternary ammonium compound, strepthonium A, was isolated from the culture of Streptomyces sp. SBT345 that was cultivated from the Mediterranean sponge Agelas oroides. The structure was elucidated and confirmed by spectroscopic analyses including 1D and 2D NMR, ESI-HRMS, as well as ESI-HRMS2. Strepthonium A follows Lipinski's rule of five with respect to its molecular weight, CLogP values and the number of hydrogen acceptors and donors. Verotoxin ELISA assay demonstrated that Strepthonium A reduced the Stx production in EHEC strain EDL933 at 80 μM concentration without growth inhibition. This study demonstrates the potential of strepthonium A in restraining the production of Stx in EHEC infections.
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  • 30
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    Urbanization dynamics of Tehran city (1975–2015) using artificial neural networks (2017)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Journal of Maps, 13 (1). pp. 24-30.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Land-use dynamic is a major challenge for town and country planners especially in developing countries such as Iran. Iran has been under rapid urban expansion and population growth for past three decades which led to lack of resources, environmental deterioration and haphazard landscape development. In this paper, an attempt has been made to map the urbanization dynamics of Tehran in 40 years based on remote sensing imagery and by means of artificial neural networks. The presented scheme could be taken into consideration when planning initiatives aimed at surveying, monitoring, managing and sustainable development of the territory. Moreover, it can serve the experts in the fields of geography, urban studies and planning as a background for number of geographical analyses.
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  • 31
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    Morphological Features of Co-Rich Manganese Deposits and Their Relation to Seabed Slopes (2000)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 18 (1). pp. 43-76.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-09
    Description: The morphological features associated with Co-rich manganese deposits, the size variations of nodules, and the occurrence of different substrates have been analyzed, to evaluate the influence of various seabed slope angles on the distribution of these features. The coverage and size of the crusts depend on their surface morphology and seabed topography, resulting in cobble-type, lineated, or step-like outcrops. Small nodules (1–4 cm in diameter) dominate all seabed slopes, with a few locations having nodules ranging from 1 to 8 or 1 to 10 cm. Sediments invariably occur as substrates for nodules and as cover for crusts, their coverage being inversely proportional to that of the nodules and crust outcrops.
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  • 32
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    Recruitment, maturation, and spawning of Loligo forbesi Steenstrup (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) in Irish waters (1995)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 52 (1). pp. 127-137.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-29
    Description: A number of reproductive indices were compared with a subjective maturity scale for assessment of Loligo forbesi maturity. The ratio between nidamental gland length and mantle length corresponded well with female maturation, as did the ovary mass-soma mass and nidamental gland mass-soma mass ratios. For males, the ratio between spermatophoric complex mass and somatic mass was found to be the most suitable for maturity assessment. The timing of recruitment and maturation of L. forbesi in Irish waters was described from the size and maturity of squid in commercial landings in the south of Ireland during the years 1991–1993. Immature squid first appeared in commercial catches in July and August, and this represented the main period of recruitment. A second period of recruitment was apparent in December 1991, but was not identified in the 1992–1993 season. Mature females were present in the commercially exploited population between November and April, with a small number also found in the summer. The abundance of egg masses was used to indicate timing of spawning. Egg masses recovered from the Cork coast indicated that peak spawning occurred during the winter months, but continued on a small scale for much of the year.
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  • 33
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    Chitin and collagen as universal and alternative templates in biomineralization (2010)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  International Geology Review, 52 (7-8). pp. 661-699.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-12
    Description: Biomineralized structures and tissues are composites, containing a biologically produced organic matrix and nano- or microscale amorphous or crystalline minerals. Two main examples of organic matrices – the amino-polysaccharide chitin and the asymmetric protein collagen – are presented and discussed as the basic structural modules and organo-templates for calcium and silica biomineralization in nature. Both serve as templates, providing preferential sites for nucleation and controlling the location and orientation of mineral phases. Here, for the first time, chitin and collagen are analysed from evolutionary, structural, and functional points of view with respect to their templating properties in calcification and silicification phenomena, using both in vivo and in vitro data. It is proposed that these biopolymers be characterized as fundamental templates in biomineralization, inasmuch as they are very ancient from an evolutionary point of view, common to many species and biological systems with a global distribution. The two polymers also exhibit very similar hierarchical structural organizations, in spite of the possible alternatives they provide in chemical nature and origin. In addition, the phenomenon of multi-phase mineralization – where two minerals, amorphous and crystalline CaCO3, form from one biomolecule, chitin – is also described, analysed, and discussed for the first time.
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  • 34
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    Caught in the act: Anatomy of an ongoing benthic-planktonic transition in a marine protist (2017)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Journal of Plankton Research, 39 (3). pp. 436-449.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The transition from benthos to plankton requires multiple adaptations, yet so far it remains unclear how these are acquired in the course of the transition. To investigate this process, we analyzed the genetic diversity and distribution patterns of a group of foraminifera of the genus Bolivina with a tychopelagic mode of life (same species occurring both in benthos and plankton). We assembled a global sequence data set for this group from single-cell DNA extractions and occurrences in metabarcodes from pelagic environmental samples. The pelagic sequences all cluster within a single monophyletic clade within Bolivina. This clade harbors three distinct genetic lineages, which are associated with incipient morphological differentiation. All lineages occur in the plankton and benthos, but only one lineage exhibits no limit to offshore dispersal and has been shown to grow in the plankton. These observations indicate that the emergence of buoyancy regulation within the clade preceded the evolution of pelagic feeding and that the evolution of both traits was not channeled into a full transition into the plankton. We infer that in foraminifera, colonization of the planktonic niche may occur by sequential cooptation of independently acquired traits, with holoplanktonic species being recruited from tychopelagic ancestors
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  • 35
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    Computer-aided identification of coelacanths, Latimeria chalumnae, using scale patterns (2012)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Marine Biology Research, 8 (3). pp. 300-306.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-20
    Description: Despite coelacanths, Latimeria chalumnae, being listed as either endangered by CITES or critically endangered by the IUCN, their population size within South Africa is unknown and still needs to be estimated. Their conservation status unfortunately excludes the use of conventional tagging to mark individual animals for a possible mark–recapture experiment. This study shows that because coelacanths have a unique spot patterning it is possible to quickly and accurately identify specific individuals photographically using computer-aided identification software. Without any manual intervention by an operator, the software accurately identified between 56 and 92% of the individuals. Indentification success increased to 100% if the operator could also manually select from other potential matching photographs. It was also shown that fish exhibiting a yaw angle not exceeding 60° could be accurately identified in photographs, although the percentage of fish correctly identified without operator-intervention decreased rapidly with increasing yaw angle. Computer-aided identification should therefore facilitate future coelacanth research as it is both efficient and accurate while also reducing potential stress on the animals observed.
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  • 36
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    Side-Scan Sonar Characteristics and Manganese Nodule Abundance in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zones, NE Equatorial Pacific (2004)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 22 (1-2). pp. 103-114.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-20
    Description: The deep ocean floor between the Clarion and Clipperton fracture zones (NE equatorial Pacific) has the highest known manganese nodule abundance in the world oceans. A detailed analysis of MR1 (Mapping Researcher 1, 11–12 kHz) sonar images and free-fall grab data in the Korean manganese nodule field areas reveals a close relationship between side-scan sonar characteristics of the seafloor and manganese nodule abundance. Eight sonar facies are identified based on back-scattering intensity and distribution patterns. These sonar facies can be interpreted as (1) volcanic seamounts (facies I-1), (2) bounding faults of abyssal hills (facies I-2 and II-1), (3) lava flows or volcanoclastic mass-flow deposits around the volcanic seamounts (facies I-3 and II-2), (4) crests of abyssal hills (facies II-1), (5) abyssal troughs between abyssal hills (facies III-1), (6) relatively flat areas (facies II-3 and III-2). In the areas where facies II-1 (abyssal hill crests with thin sediment cover) and II-3 (relatively flat areas draped by thin sediments) are dominant, manganese nodules occur abundantly. In contrast, zones comprising facies III-1 (abyssal troughs with thick sediment cover) and III-2 (relatively flat areas covered by thick sediments) are characterized by low abundance of manganese nodules. This relationship between distribution of sonar facies and manganese nodule abundance implies that (1) the qualitative difference in acoustic reflectivity of long-range sidescan sonar with some ground truth data is useful for regional assessment of manganese nodule occurrence over wide areas in a reasonable time, and (2) seafloor topography and sediment thickness are important controlling factors for regional occurrences of manganese nodules.
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  • 37
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    Video observations on the habitat association of demersal nekton in the midshelf benthic environment off the Orange River, Namibia (2000)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  South African Journal of Marine Science, 22 (1). pp. 1-7.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-06
    Description: A semi-quantitative assessment is made of the animals observed in archived videotapes taken from the research submersible Jago, during diamond mining and exploratory surveys off the mouth of the Orange River on the west coast of southern Africa (28°15′S, 29°11′S) in November 1996. The seabed environment is described and nekton associations with substratum features are identified. The area is characterized by heterogeneity to its physical and biological struture. The variety of observed nekton is low, and communities are dominated by goby Sufflogobius bibarbatus, juvenile hake Merluccius spp. and cuttlefish Sepia spp. (on soft substrata), as well as false jacopever Sebastes capensis and kingklip Genypterus capensis (on rocky substrata).
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  • 38
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    An annotated list of deep-sea fishes collected in the northern Red Sea, Gulf of Aqaba (1993)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Israel Journal of Zoology, 39 (4). pp. 299-336.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-10
    Description: During the years 1989–1993 an intensive collection of fishes from the aphotic zone (below 150 m) of the northern part of the Gulf of Aqaba was conducted. This survey recorded 69 fish species, 8 elasmobranchs, and 61 teleosts, belonging to 45 families. Fifteen species are endemic to the Red Sea: Mustelus mosis, Narcine bentuviai, Rhinobatos punctifer, Ophichthus echeloides, Rhynchoconger sp., Physiculus marisrubri, Ostichthys hypsipterygion sufensis, Pterygotrigla sp., Uranoscopus marisrubri, Parascolopsis sp.1 and sp. 2, Atrobucca geniae, Chromis pelloura, Samariscus sp., Thamnaconus modestoides erythraeensis. Eleven species are new records for the Red Sea: Gymnothorax johnsoni, Rhynchoconger sp., Synodus doaki, Pterygotrigla sp., Chelidoperca pleurospilus, Carangoides equula, Parascolopsis sp. 1 and sp. 2, Bodianus leucostictus, Paracaesio sordidus, and Samariscus sp. Two species, Cociella crocodilo and Parascolopsis eriomma, are first substantiated records for the Red Sea. None of the species recorded in this list is considered conventional deep-sea fishes. The ichthyofauna of the aphotic zone of the Gulf of Aqaba is composed of species of shallower origin.
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  • 39
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    A new flow-through bioassay for testing low-emission antifouling coatings (2017)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Biofouling, 33 (8). pp. 613-623.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Current antifouling (AF) technologies are based on the continuous release of biocides into the water, and consequently discharge into the environment. Major efforts to develop more environmentally friendly coatings require efficient testing in laboratory assays, followed by field studies. Barnacles are important fouling organisms worldwide, increasing hydrodynamic drag on ships and damaging coatings on underwater surfaces, and thus are extensively used as models in AF research, mostly in static, laboratory-based systems. Reliable flow-through test assays for the screening of biocide-containing AF paints, however, are rare. Herein, a flow-through bioassay was developed to screen for diverse low-release biocide paints, and to evaluate their effects on pre- and post-settlement traits in barnacles. The assay distinguishes between the effects from direct surface contact and bulk-water effects, which are crucial when developing low-emission AF coatings. This flow-through bioassay adds a new tool for rapid laboratory-based first-stage screening of candidate compounds and novel AF formulations.
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  • 40
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    Trichocitrin, a new fusicoccane diterpene from the marine brown alga-endophytic fungusTrichoderma citrinoviridecf-27 (2016)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Natural Product Research, 30 (14). pp. 1605-1610.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: One new diterpene, trichocitrin (1), and four known secondary metabolites, nafuredin (2), 5-hydroxy-2,3-dimethyl-7-methoxychromone (3), 24-methylenecycloartanol (4) and citrostadienol (5), were isolated from the culture of marine brown alga-endophytic Trichoderma citrinoviride cf-27. Trichocitrin (1) represents the first Trichoderma-derived and furan-bearing fusicoccane diterpene, and its structure and relative configuration were identified by analysis of 1D/2D NMR and mass spectroscopic data. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited 8.0- and 9.5-mm inhibition zones, respectively, against Escherichia coli at 20 μg/disc and 54.1 and 36.7% growth inhibition, respectively, of Prorocentrum donghaiense at 80 μg/mL.
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  • 41
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    Poissons characoïdes de l'Amazonie péruvienne (1964)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Beitrage zur Neotropischen Fauna, 4 (1). pp. 1-44.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-09-07
    Description: Description of 64 species of fresh‐water Fishes of the suborder Characoidei (Cypriniformes), collected by Dr. K. H. Lüling during his 1959/60 Expedition in lower Ucayali and Iquitos regions. New forms for science (about 10 per cent of the collected species) are: a new genus, Oxybrycon, which seems to be close to Leptobrycon and Macropsobrycon; a Hemigrammus‐species and 2 Hyphessobrycon‐species; a Cheirodon (the genus was not signaled from Peruvian Amazon); and a Serrasalmus. Besides, 10 species seem to be new for the concerned territory, whereas 2 other forms have been described in former papers (see References). Some identification‐Keys are given, concerning Amazonian Triportheus and Schizodon, as well as concerning one Curimatus‐group of species. Finally a list of the characoid Fishes, known to occur in the Iquitos surroundings and in the lower Ucayali, is given.
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  • 42
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    Sulfoglycolipid from the marine brown alga Sargassum Hemiphyllum (2001)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, 3 (2). pp. 117-122.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-05
    Description: One kinds of glycolipid (SBI) have been isolated from the marine brown alga Sargassum hemiphyllum (Turn.) Ag. The structures of SBI have been determined as the sodium salt of 1-0-acyl-3-0-(6′-sulfo-α-D-quinovopyrannosyl) glycerol (acyl: tetradecanoyl, pentadecanoyl, 11-hexadecenoyl, hexadecanoyl, 10,13-octadecadienoyl, 9-octade cenoyl, 15-metylheptadecanoyl and 11-eicosenoyl 17:1.5:19:153:1:19:1:2) on the basis of chemical and spectral evidence and GC-MS analysis, respectively. Four constituents of the SBI were new compounds [the sodium salt of 1-0-(11″-hexadecenoyl)-3-0-(6′-sulfo-α-D-quinovopyrannosyl) glycerol, the sodium salt of 1-0-(10″,13″-octadecadienoyl)-3-0-(6′-sulfo-α-D-quinovopyrannosyl) glycerol, and the sodium salt of 1-0-(15″-metylhexadecenoyl)-3-0-(6′-sulfo-α-D-quinovopyrannosyl) glycerol, and the sodium salt of 1-0-(11″-eicosenoyl)-3-0-(6′-sulfo-α-D-quinovopyrannosyl) glycerol]. All compounds were isolated from marine brown alga for the first time.
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  • 43
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    Seasonal variations of the sea surface microlayer at the Boknis Eck Times Series Station (Baltic Sea) (2017)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Journal of Plankton Research, 39 (6). pp. 943-961.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The sea surface microlayer (SML) is the uppermost layer of the water column that links the ocean and atmosphere. It accumulates a variety of biogenic surface-active and buoyant substances, including gelatinous material, such as transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and Coomassie stainable particles (CSP), potentially affecting air–sea exchange processes. Here, we studied the influence of the annual cycle of phytoplankton production on organic matter (OM) accumulation in the SML relative to the subsurface water (SSW). Sampling was performed monthly from April 2012 to November 2013 at the Boknis Eck Time Series Station (Baltic Sea). For SML sampling, we used the Garrett screen, while SSW samples were collected by Niskin bottles at 1 m depth. Samples were analyzed for carbohydrates, amino acids, TEP, CSP, chlorophyll a (SSW only) and bacterial abundance. Our data showed that the SML reflected the SSW during most parts of the year, with changes mainly responding to bloom formation and decay. OM composition during phytoplankton blooms clearly differed from periods of higher bacterial abundance. Of all components investigated, only the enrichment of total carbohydrates in the SML was inversely related to the wind speed indicating that wind-driven mixing also affected the accumulation of OM in the SML during our study.
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  • 44
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    The Chiloé Mw 7.6 earthquake of 25 December 2016 in Southern Chile and its relation to the Mw 9.5 1960 Valdivia earthquake (2018)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Geophysical Journal International, 213 (1). pp. 210-221.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: On 25 December 2016, a Mw 7.6 earthquake broke a portion of the Southern Chilean subduction zone south of Chiloé Island, located in the central part of the Mw 9.5 1960 Valdivia earthquake. This region is characterized by repeated earthquakes in 1960 and historical times with very sparse interseismic activity due to the subduction of a young (~15 Ma), and therefore hot, oceanic plate. We estimate the co-seismic slip distribution based on a kinematic finite fault source model, and through joint inversion of teleseismic body waves and strong motion data. The coseismic slip model yields a total seismic moment of 3.94×1020 Nm that occurred over ~30 s, with the rupture propagating mainly downdip, reaching a peak-slip of ~4.2 m. Regional moment tensor inversion of stronger aftershocks reveals thrust type faulting at depths of the plate interface. The fore- and aftershock seismicity is mostly related to the subduction interface with sparse seismicity in the overriding crust. The 2016 Chiloé event broke a region with increased locking and most likely broke an asperity of the 1960 earthquake. The updip limit of the main event, aftershocks, foreshocks and interseismic activity are spatially similar, located ~15 km offshore and parallel to Chiloé Islands west coast. The coseismic slip model of the 2016 Chiloé earthquake suggests a peak slip of 4.2 m that locally exceeds the 3.38 m slip deficit that has accumulated since 1960. Therefore, the 2016 Chiloé earthquake possibly released strain that has built up prior to the 1960 Valdivia earthquake.
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  • 45
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    The French Global Geosciences Transect between Brabant and the Basque Provinces: A Complete Section of the Variscan Orogen of Western Europe (1999)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  International Geology Review, 41 (3). pp. 243-262.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-11-24
    Description: A new image of the French continental crust between Brabant (Belgium) and the Basque province of Spain is presented on the basis of considerable recent geological and geophysical information as well as the compilation and reInterprétation of previously available data. The resulting section, which shows the main basement structures to a depth of 45 km, also is the first nonspeculative image of the westernmost part of the Variscan orogen. The French Global Geoscience Transect reveals a complete picture of this orogen between its remnant root and the surface. The divergent thrusts are bounded on the north and in the south by the old Brabant and Ebro-Aquitaine cratons, respectively; these thrusts also involve two previous plate boundaries. The lower part of the orogen is limited by a layered lower crust, probably of Permian age. Near the surface the Hercynian orogen is buried—near the northern end of the transect by the Paris Basin, which can be considered an eastward extension of the English Channel, and in the south by the South Armorican continental margin, which makes a transition between the oceanic crust of the Bay of Biscay and the axis of the Variscan orogen. In this area, the deep Parentis graben is located at the site of pronounced crustal thinning, since only 7 km of Hercynian crust are now preserved.
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  • 46
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    Depositional setting, provenance, and tectonic-volcanic setting of Eocene–Recent deep-sea sediments of the oceanic Izu–Bonin forearc, northwest Pacific (IODP Expedition 352) (2018)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  International Geology Review, 60 (15). pp. 1816-1854.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: New biostratigraphical, geochemical, and magnetic evidence is synthesized with IODP Expedition 352 shipboard results to understand the sedimentary and tectono-magmatic development of the Izu–Bonin outer forearc region. The oceanic basement of the Izu–Bonin forearc was created by supra-subduction zone seafloor spreading during early Eocene (c. 50–51 Ma). Seafloor spreading created an irregular seafloor topography on which talus locally accumulated. Oxide-rich sediments accumulated above the igneous basement by mixing of hydrothermal and pelagic sediment. Basaltic volcanism was followed by a hiatus of up to 15 million years as a result of topographic isolation or sediment bypassing. Variably tuffaceous deep-sea sediments were deposited during Oligocene to early Miocene and from mid-Miocene to Pleistocene. The sediments ponded into extensional fault-controlled basins, whereas condensed sediments accumulated on a local basement high. Oligocene nannofossil ooze accumulated together with felsic tuff that was mainly derived from the nearby Izu–Bonin arc. Accumulation of radiolarian-bearing mud, silty clay, and hydrogenous metal oxides beneath the carbonate compensation depth (CCD) characterized the early Miocene, followed by middle Miocene–Pleistocene increased carbonate preservation, deepened CCD and tephra input from both the oceanic Izu–Bonin arc and the continental margin Honshu arc. The Izu–Bonin forearc basement formed in a near-equatorial setting, with late Mesozoic arc remnants to the west. Subduction-initiation magmatism is likely to have taken place near a pre-existing continent–oceanic crust boundary. The Izu–Bonin arc migrated northward and clockwise to collide with Honshu by early Miocene, strongly influencing regional sedimentation.
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  • 47
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    A new compound, jolynamine, from marine brown alga Jolyna laminarioides (2011)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Natural Product Research, 25 (9). pp. 898-904.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-24
    Description: A new compound, jolynamine (1), was isolated from the marine brown alga Jolyna laminarioides collected from the coast of Karachi, Pakistan. In addition, four known compounds, namely saringosterol (2), loliolide (3), methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate (4) and propyl-4-hydroxybenzoate (5), were isolated for the first time from the marine brown alga Iyengaria stellata, and two known compounds, namely 3,4,5-trimethylaniline (6) and harmine (7), were isolated for the first time from the marine brown alga Melanothamnus afaqhusainii. Compound 6 is synthetically known but was isolated for the first time from a natural source. The structures of these compounds were elucidated with the help of powerful spectroscopic techniques. Furthermore, the methanolic extracts of both algae showed anti-microbial activities against various bacteria and fungi.
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  • 48
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    Revision of the Ocinebrina aciculata species complex (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Muricidae) in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea (2018)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Journal of Molluscan Studies, 84 (1). pp. 19-29.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: We used a molecular phylogenetic approach to investigate species delimitation and diversification in the northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean musseldrills of the Ocinebrina aciculata complex, based on molecular data from topotypical material of many of the nominal taxa. The complex is shown to consist of at least five species: Ocinebrina aciculata (Lamarck, 1822) from the Atlantic and western Mediterranean; O. cf. corallina (Scacchi, 1836) from the central Mediterranean Sea; O. reinai Bonomolo & Crocetta, 2012 from the Tyrrhenian Sea; O. corallinoides Pallary, 1912 from the Gulf of Gabès; and O. aegeensis n. sp. currently known from the Aegean Sea only. The new species is differentiated from the other taxa by very subtle morphological diagnostic features, although it is clearly identified by genetic distance and apomorphic DNA-sequence characters. The identity of Murex corallinus Scacchi, 1836 (type species of Ocinebrina Jousseaume, 1880) could not be defined with certainty, pending genetic comparison of specimens of the â €? large Tyrrhenian morphotype' (corresponding to the neotype, but not assayed herein) with the assayed â €? small morphotype'.
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  • 49
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    Epidemiology of fish diseases in the Wadden Sea (1992)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 49 (2). pp. 199-208.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-19
    Description: In 1988 and 1989 the occurrence of external diseases in fish from the German part of the Wadden Sea was quantified. Thirty-two stations, located along seven transects including four estuaries, were sampled monthly or at 3-month intervals with shrimp trawlers: more than 124 000 fish were studied. Six percent of the seven dominant fish species of 〉 12 cm length were diseased. In fish species which complete their life cycle in the Wadden Sea (gobies, hooknose, eelpout, sea scorpion) the total disease incidence was below 0.4%. In whiting, plaice and sole it was between 0.5 and 2.5%, while 6–8% of smelt, cod, eel, dab and flounder suffered from external lesions. The incidence of most diseases increased with increasing fish length. Similar geographical patterns in prevalence were observed for: (1) two types of skeletal deformities, (2) lymphocystis in dab and flounder, (3) papillomatosis in smelt and dab and (4) several infectious ulcerative diseases. Most of these ulcerative diseases of cod and flounder occurred on central estuarine stations, suggesting an impact of the relatively low, but greatly variable salinity on disease development. Buccal granulomatosis of smelt and papillomatosis of eels showed the highest incidence in the Elbe estuary as the most heavily polluted region of the Wadden Sea. A causal relationship between disease development and pollution, however, is not yet clear and requires experimental evidence. The disease types found are ranked into three priority groups regarding their indicator value for a pollution monitoring on the basis of fish diseases. There is evidence that the total disease load of fish in the Wadden Sea is higher than in other shallow coastal regions outside the North Sea. Little is known of the effects of these diseases on single fish and fish populations. “Yellow pest” of cod, which was recorded for the first time during this survey, and which occurred with an incidence of up to 14% in single estuarine samples, causes the most serious lesions and is supposed to be lethal. In total, however, the effects of a number of pathogenic parasites on fish survival is considered to be more serious than that of deformities and infectious diseases.
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  • 50
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    The influence of temperature, sex and chela size in the foraging strategy of the shore crab,Carcinus maenas(L.) (1980)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Marine Behaviour and Physiology, 7 (1). pp. 15-24.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-18
    Description: Foraging rate was highly variable among shore crabs of the same size category and for individual crabs from day to day. Possible physiological reasons for this variability are discussed. Shore crab foraging rate, both in terms of mussels eaten per day and energy intake per day, was estimated to be higher at 17°C than at 10°C. The shape of diet curves and their mode for male shore crabs at 17°C closely resembled those for 10°C, indicating that the temperature increase had no effect on their previously demonstrated optimal foraging strategy. Female and certain male shore crabs showed a preference for prey smaller than for other equivalent sized males. These suboptimally feeding male and female crabs attained a relatively higher prédation rate (mussels day‐1), although their energy intake (KJ day‐1) remained lower than that of optimally feeding males. Preferred mussel size, number of mussels eaten per day and energy intake were strongly related to master chela height. The diet curves for female and suboptimally feeding male shore crabs could be explained by these crabs’ proportionately smaller master chelae.
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  • 51
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    Taxonomy, biology and phylogeny of Miraciidae (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) (1994)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Sarsia, 79 (3). pp. 207-283.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-19
    Description: The holoplanktonic family Miraciidae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) is revised and a key to the four monotypic genera presented. Amended diagnoses are given for Miracia Dana, Oculosetella Dahl and Macrosetella A. Scott, based on complete redescriptions of their respective type species M. efferata Dana, 1849, O. gracilis (Dana, 1849) and M. gracilis (Dana, 1847). A fourth genus Distioculus gen. nov. is proposed to accommodate Miracia minor T. Scott, 1894. The occurrence of two size-morphs of M. gracilis in the Red Sea is discussed, and reliable distribution records of the problematic O. gracilis are compiled. The first nauplius of M. gracilis is described in detail and changes in the structure of the antennule, P2 endopod and caudal ramus during copepodid development are illustrated. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Miracia is closest to the miraciid ancestor and placed Oculosetella-Macrosetella at the terminal branch of the cladogram. Various aspects of miraciid biology are reviewed, including reproduction, postembryonic development, vertical and geographical distribution, bioluminescence, photoreception and their association with filamentous Cyanobacteria (Trichodesmium).
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  • 52
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    Shear Strength of Artificially Cemented Sands (2009)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 27 (3). pp. 201-216.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-24
    Description: In this study, a series of drained triaxial tests were performed in order to examine the effect of cementation on the shear behavior of granular soil. It was observed that the brittle nature and dilative tendency of granular soil is dominant under a low confining stress level, while high confining stress results in a contractive behavior despite the strong cementation bond. Based on experimental results, an idealized concept is suggested to define the shear strength of cemented sand in three distinctive zones: the cementation control zone with a constant cohesion intercept at a low confining stress level, the transition zone in which the cohesion intercept is gradually reduced after a breaking point, and the stress control zone with almost zero cohesion intercept due to breakage of cementation bonds at a high confining stress level. It was shown that the sitting pressures during cementation have little effect on the strength parameters of cemented sand, while the increase of gypsum content and relative density, and the decrease of particle size, result in an increase of the cohesion intercept and the breaking point. In addition, the prediction equations for the shear strength and cohesion intercept in the cementation control zone and the transition zone are suggested from the analytical and experimental interpretation.
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  • 53
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    Robustness of random forests for regression (2012)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Journal of Nonparametric Statistics, 24 (4). pp. 993-1006.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Description: In this paper, we empirically investigate the robustness of random forests for regression problems. We also investigate the performance of six variations of the original random forest method, all aimed at improving robustness. These variations are based on three main ideas: (1) robustify the aggregation method, (2) robustify the splitting criterion and (3) taking a robust transformation of the response. More precisely, with the first idea, we use the median (or weighted median), instead of the mean, to combine the predictions from the individual trees. With the second idea, we use least-absolute deviations from the median, instead of least-squares, as splitting criterion. With the third idea, we build the trees using the ranks of the response instead of the original values. The competing methods are compared via a simulation study with artificial data using two different types of contaminations and also with 13 real data sets. Our results show that all three ideas improve the robustness of the original random forest algorithm. However, a robust aggregation of the individual trees is generally more profitable than a robust splitting criterion.
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  • 54
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    Metagenomic binning reveals versatile nutrient cycling and distinct adaptive features in alphaproteobacterial symbionts of marine sponges (2018)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 94 (6). fiy074.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: Marine sponges are early-branched metazoans known to harbor dense and diverse microbial communities. Yet the role of the so far uncultivable alphaproteobacterial lineages that populate these sessile invertebrates remains unclear. We applied a sequence composition-dependent binning approach to assemble one Rhodospirillaceae genome from the Spongia officinalis microbial metagenome and contrast its functional features with those of closely related sponge-associated and free-living genomes. Both symbiotic and free-living Rhodospirillaceae shared a suite of common features, possessing versatile carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus metabolisms. Symbiotic genomes could be distinguished from their free-living counterparts by the lack of chemotaxis and motility traits, enrichment of genes required for the uptake and utilization of organic sulfur compounds—particularly taurine—, higher diversity and abundance of ABC transporters, and a distinct repertoire of genes involved in natural product biosynthesis, plasmid stability, cell detoxification and oxidative stress remediation. These sessile symbionts may more effectively contribute to host fitness via nutrient exchange, and also host detoxification and chemical defense. Considering the worldwide occurrence and high diversity of sponge-associated Rhodospirillaceae verified here using a tailored in silico approach, we suggest that these organisms are not only relevant to holobiont homeostasis but also to nutrient cycling in benthic ecosystems.
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  • 55
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    Squid beaks regurgitated by greyheaded and yellownosed albatrosses,Diomedea chrysostoma and D. chlororhynchos at the Prince Edward Islands (1986)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Ostrich, 57 (4). pp. 203-206.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-15
    Description: Squid regurgitated by Greyheaded and Yellownosed Albatrosses at the Prince Edward Islands were predominantly two onychoteuthid species, Kondakovia longimana and Moroteuthis knipovitchi. Both squid are characteristic of cold, Antarctic waters and may have been caught south of the Antarctic Convergence, some 350 km to the south of the breeding station. Both albatross species regurgitated similar squid (by species and size), and these squid were similar to those found in previous studies of the diet of Wandering, Sooty and Lightmantled Sooty Albatrosses at the Prince Edward Islands
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  • 56
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    Ecosystem considerations of the KwaZulu-Natal sardine run (2010)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  African Journal of Marine Science, 32 (2). pp. 413-421.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-14
    Description: The annual winter sardine run along the South African east coast impacts the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) coastal system in a variety of ways. These include ecological impacts, such as enrichment of a largely oligotrophic environment, competition between migrant sardine Sardinops sagax, other migrant and resident small pelagic fish species, and interactions with predators, as well as the socio-economic impacts of the sardine run on the local people. Enrichment of KZN coastal waters with organic nitrogen contained within the sardine is compared with alternative sources of nitrogen such as upwelling, river, sewage and stormwater runoff, and groundwater discharge. The sardine run appears to contribute most nitrogen to this system—96 000 t compared to 500–3 300 t for each of the other significant sources at trophic level 2, although upwelling estimates are extremely wide. Nonetheless, the majority of surviving sardine, their young and predators return southwards, suggesting that the nett export of nitrogen to KZN waters during the run is likely to be of a similar order of magnitude as that from other sources. Further, whereas the sardine supply of nitrogen is exclusively during winter, the bulk of the riverine input is in summer, thus ensuring that nitrogen supply in the region is maintained at fairly constant levels throughout the year. Competition for food between small pelagic fish is minimised by resource partitioning, but further dietary data are needed for resident species. Although interactions between sardine and top predators must exist, further studies are needed to confirm links between top predator life cycles and the sardine run. The estimated value of sardine as a tourist spectacle is compared to that from a seasonal beach-seine or boat-based purse-seine fishery for this species. Whereas the estimated value of the sardine as a tourist attraction appears substantially higher than could be derived from catching them, the small-scale beach-seine fishery itself draws tourists and also provides limited, seasonal employment opportunities.
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  • 57
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    Radiolarians from the surface sediment in Lindåspollene, Western Norway (1973)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Sarsia, 53 (1). pp. 71-75.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-28
    Description: Sixtytwo species of radiolarians have been found in surface sediment in Lindåspollene. Some of these are common in deep-sea sediments from tropical and subtropical latitudes. These warm-water radiolarians are believed to have been introduced during a warm, postglacial period.
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  • 58
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    PTP1B: a simple enzyme for a complex world (2013)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 48 (5). pp. 430-445.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-29
    Description: Our understanding of the fundamental regulatory roles that tyrosine phosphatases play within cells has advanced significantly in the last two decades. Out-dated ideas that tyrosine phosphatases acts solely as the “off” switch counterbalancing the action of tyrosine kinases has proved to be flawed. PTP1B is the most characterized of all the tyrosine phosphatases and it acts as a critical negative and positive regulator of numerous signaling cascades. PTP1B’s direct regulation of the insulin and the leptin receptors makes it an ideal therapeutic target for type II diabetes and obesity. Moreover, the last decade has also seen several reports establishing PTP1B as key player in cancer serving as both tumor suppressor and tumor promoter depending on the cellular context. Despite many key advances in these fields one largely ignored area is what role PTP1B may play in the modulation of immune signaling. The important recognition that PTP1B is a major negative regulator of Janus kinase – signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling throughout evolution places it as a key link between metabolic diseases and inflammation, as well as a unique regulator between immune response and cancer. This review looks at the emergence of PTP1B through evolution, and then explore at the cell and systemic levels how it is controlled physiologically. The second half of the review will focus on the role(s) PTP1B can play in disease and in particular its involvement in metabolic syndromes and cancer. Finally we will briefly examine several novel directions in the development of PTP1B pharmacological inhibitors.
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  • 59
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    Sexual reproduction in four Caribbean commercial sponges. I. Reproductive cycles and spermatogenesis (1991)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Invertebrate Reproduction & Development, 19 (1). pp. 1-11.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-01
    Description: Sexual reproductive cycles of a Florida, U.S.A., population of four Caribbean commercial sponge species, Hippospongia lachne, Spongia barbara, S. cheiris and S. graminea, were determined by analysis of tissue samples collected over a three-year period. Spermatogenesis in these species was studied using light and transmission electron microscopy. The production of male gametes occurs in cysts within the endosomal tissue of mature specimens. Reproductive elements within an individual cyst develop synchronously while development between cysts is asynchronous. All available evidence suggests that these species are dioecious. Spermatogonia differentiate directly from choanocytes in situ. All cells of the chamber lose their collars and flagella and undergo mitosis to produce primary spermatocytes, each possessing a single flagellum. The ratio of nucleus to cell diameter in these cells is almost double that of choanocytes. Circumstantial evidence suggests that primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis to produce four spermatids, but confirmational chromatid linkage figures are still lacking. The mature spermatozoa lack both intermediate segments and acrosomes. Male gametes displayed a bright yellow-white autofluorescence when excited with blue light (460–485 nm).
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  • 60
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    Influence of positional accuracy, sample size and scale on modelling species distributions: a review (2012)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 26 (11). pp. 2083-2095.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-28
    Description: Species distribution models (SDMs) are an important tool in biogeography and ecology and are widely used for both fundamental and applied research purposes. SDMs require spatially explicit information about species occurrence and environmental covariates to produce a set of rules that identify and scale the environmental space where the species was observed and that can further be used to predict the suitability of a site for the species. More spatially accurate data are increasingly available, and the number of publications on the influence of spatial inaccuracies on the performance of modelling procedures is growing exponentially. Three main sources of uncertainty are associated with the three elements of a predictive function: the dependent variable, the explanatory variables and the algorithm or function used to relate these two variables. In this study, we review how spatial uncertainties influence model accuracy and we propose some methodological issues in the application of SDMs with regard to the modelling of fundamental and realized niches of species. We distinguish two cases suitable for different types of spatial data accuracy. For modelling the realized distribution of a species, particularly for management and conservation purposes, we suggest using only accurate species occurrence data and large sample sizes. Appropriate data filtering and examination of the spatial autocorrelation in predictors should be a routine procedure to minimize the possible influence of positional uncertainty in species occurrence data. However, if the data are sparse, models of the potential distribution of species can be created using a relatively small sample size, and this can provide a generalized indication of the main regional drivers of the distribution patterns. By this means, field surveys can be targeted to discover unknown populations and species in poorly surveyed regions in order to improve the robustness of the data for later modelling of the realized distributions. Based on this review, we conclude that (1) with data that are currently available, studies performed at a resolution of 1–100 km2 are useful for hypothesizing about the environmental conditions that limit the distribution of a species and (2) incorporating coarse resolution species occurrence data in a model, despite an increase in sample size, lowers model performance.
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  • 61
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    Re-examination of growth estimates in oceanic squids: the case of Kondakovia longimana (Onychoteuthidae) (1991)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 48 . pp. 195-200.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-29
    Description: Earlier work by the second author on the growth of oceanic squids, based on sizefrequency distributions of beaks sampled from sperm whale stomachs and on structural marks on those beaks, showed that these squids apparently had growth rates far in excess of those reported for the fastest-growing fishes, e.g. bluefin tuna. The application of recently developed methods for analysis of length-frequency distributions to some of these earlier data, and new approaches for assessing and comparing the growth performance offish and aquatic invertebrates, suggest the need for a downward revision of these high growth estimates. This is illustrated here with data on Kondakovia longimana (Cephalopoda, Onychoteuthidae) sampled off Durban and Donkergat, South Africa, in the early to mid-1960s.
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  • 62
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    Food of squidLoligo vulgaris reynaudii(Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) on their spawning grounds off the Eastern Cape, South Africa (1991)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  South African Journal of Marine Science, 10 (1). pp. 193-201.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-26
    Description: Squid on their spawning grounds feed mainly at night when they are more dispersed. In all, 28,5 per cent of squid sampled at night had food in their stomachs, whereas only 6,7 per cent of those collected by day had food. Most stomachs contained only a single prey species (90,8% of those analysed). Teleosts dominated the prey of squid collected at night (58%M), followed by crustaceans (25%), polychaetes (9%) and cephalopods (3%). By day the prey was dominated by cephalopods (61%), followed by teleosts (20%), crustaceans (14%) and polychaetes (2%). Bregmaceros sp. was the most frequently identified teleost, Loligo vulgaris reynaudii (cannibalism) the dominant cephalopod, ?Betaeus sp. (Alpheidae; pieces of coral were also found) the commonest crustacean and Nereis sp. the commonest polychaete. There were seasonal differences in the diet too: squid caught during summer seemed to have similar proportions of the four main prey components. Also, the incidence of feeding was higher than in winter. There were, however, no significant differences in stomach mass expressed as a percentage of body mass between day and night nor between season nor between sexes. The average stomach mass of all samples was 0,6 per cent of body mass, less than on the feeding grounds, where it is generally about 2 per cent.
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  • 63
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    Abundance and distribution of rhynchoteuthion larvae ofIllex argentlnus(Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the south-western Atlantic (1992)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  South African Journal of Marine Science, 12 (1). pp. 927-941.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-26
    Description: The results of ichthyoplankton surveys carried out by the Instituto Nacional de Pesca (INAPE) in the Argentine–Uruguayan Common Fishing Zone (AUCFZ) in summer 1980 and the winters of 1980–1982 are presented. In addition, the results of joint research with INIDEP, the Argentine and Japan Fisheries Agency, on larvae, juveniles and adults of the short-finned squid Illex argentinus carried out in winter 1989 are given, as are data obtained during the joint sardine and anchovy recruitment project carried out by R.V. Meteor in November/December 1989. The short-finned squid Illex argentinus is the most important cephalopod resource of the area, and an extended fishery is carried out on the Patagonian shelf and in the proximity of the Falkland Islands. The fishing season in the AUCFZ, for pre-spawning and spawning animals, extends from early autumn to winter (March–August). Abundance of rhynchoteuthion larvae (417–485 larvae·10 m−2) was greatest in winter in surface temperatures of 12,1–16,9°C and surface salinities of 34,8 – 35,2 × 10−3. The distribution of the larvae is related to the western boundary of the Brazil Current and the convergence front.
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  • 64
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    Densities of Antarctic Seabirds at Sea and the Presence of the Krill Euphausia superba (1985)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  The Auk, 102 (3). pp. 540-549.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-13
    Description: The antarctic krill Euphausia superba forms abundant, well-organized schools in the waters off the Antarctic Peninsula. Mean avian density is 2.6 times greater in waters where krill schools are present than in waters without krill schools. Seabird density is a good predictor of the presence of krill. Seabird density did not correlate with krill density or krill school depth. Disoriented krill routinely were observed swimming near the surface above submerged schools, providing potential prey for surface-feeding birds. Responses of seabird species to the distribution of krill schools varied. The small to medium-size procellariiform species were the best indicators of krill schools; large procellariiforms and coastal species were poor indicators. Pygoscelis penguins occurred at high densities only in the presence of krill schools. These responses are consistent with the constraints imposed by the metabolic requirements and reproductive strategies of each of these groups. Krill schools were detected near the sea surface throughout the day. Correlations between seabird density and the presence of krill during daylight hours suggest that diurnal foraging is important to the seabirds of this region.
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  • 65
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    Biological and chemical diversity in Antarctica: from new species to new natural products (2016)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Biodiversity, 17 (1-2). pp. 5-11.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-31
    Description: Antarctica is a still unexplored area in many respects, among which biological diversity and, even more so, chemical diversity are important challenges. Over recent years, our research group has been studying marine benthic ecosystems in different Antarctic areas. These studies yielded several interesting discoveries, including species new to science, as well as new natural products never seen before. Overall, we have been trying to unravel the complex network of interactions that exist between marine benthic organisms in these cold and hardly accessible ecosystems. We present here an overview of our recent results regarding the biological and the chemical diversity of these organisms. In fact, these ecosystems are as complex as many other marine environments on the planet, and indeed, many questions remain yet to be answered.
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    The missing half of the subduction factory: shipboard results from the Izu rear arc, IODP Expedition 350 (2017)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  International Geology Review, 59 (13). pp. 1677-1708.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: IODP Expedition 350 was the first to be drilled in the rear part of the Izu-Bonin, although several sites had been drilled in the arc axis to fore-arc region; the scientific objective was to understand the evolution of the Izu rear arc, by drilling a deep-water volcaniclastic section with a long temporal record (Site U1437). The Izu rear arc is dominated by a series of basaltic to dacitic seamount chains up to ~100-km long roughly perpendicular to the arc front. Dredge samples from these are geochemically distinct from arc front rocks, and drilling was undertaken to understand this arc asymmetry. Site U1437 lies in an ~20-km-wide basin between two rear arc seamount chains, ~90-km west of the arc front, and was drilled to 1804 m below the sea floor (mbsf) with excellent recovery. We expected to drill a volcaniclastic apron, but the section is much more mud-rich than expected (~60%), and the remaining fraction of the section is much finer-grained than predicted from its position within the Izu arc, composed half of ashes/tuffs, and half of lapilli tuffs of fine grain size (clasts 〈3 cm). Volcanic blocks (〉6.4 cm) are only sparsely scattered through the lowermost 25% of the section, and only one igneous unit was encountered, a rhyolite peperite intrusion at ~1390 mbsf. The lowest biostratigaphic datum is at 867 mbsf (~6.5 Ma), the lowest palaeomagnetic datum is at ~1300 mbsf (~9 Ma), and the rhyolite peperite at ~1390 mbsf has yielded a U–Pb zircon concordia intercept age of (13.6 + 1.6/−1.7) Ma. Both arc front and rear arc sources contributed to the fine-grained (distal) tephras of the upper 1320 m, but the coarse-grained (proximal) volcaniclastics in the lowest 25% of the section are geochemically similar to the arc front, suggesting arc asymmetry is not recorded in rocks older than ~13 Ma.
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    Population-Size and Breeding Success of Emperor Penguins Aptenodytes forsteriat Auster and Taylor Glacier Colonies, Mawson Coast, Antarctica (1992)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Emu, 92 (2). pp. 65-71.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-31
    Description: The population size and breeding success of Emperor Penguins Aptenodytes forsteri at the Auster and Taylor Glacier colonies were estimated during the 1988 breeding season. At Auster a total of 10 963 pairs produced about 6350 fledglings for a breeding success of 58%. At Taylor Glacier about 2900 pairs raised 1774 fledglings for a breeding success of 61%. Fledglings left Taylor Glacier over a period of 33 days at a mean mass of 10.56 kg.
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  • 68
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    Modelling the selective effects of fishing on reproductive potential and population structure of squid (1994)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 51 (3). pp. 299-313.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-29
    Description: Artificial selection processes associated with harvesting may operate over relatively short time scales in short-lived semelparous species. The ommastrephid squid Illex argentinus on the Patagonian Shelf is the target of a major fishery. Recent work has provided new information on the biological characteristics of squid in this fishery. That information has been utilized in the development of a model of the cohort dynamics and some of the within-seasons selective effects considered. The model results are consistent with earlier data from the shelf fisheries, supporting suggestions that the males nature and migrate earlier towards the spawning grounds than the females. Earlier maturation results in a smaller mean size in the spawning stock, while later maturation results in greater exposure to the fishery and a reduced numbers of individuals surviving to spawn. Under the current fishing regime greater egg production and a larger spermatophoric complex mass for the whole cohort is achieved by relatively late maturation. In general, however, the earlier maturation occurs, the earlier is the peak in total egg production. The within-season pattern of effort expenditure in the fishery can affect not only yield from the fishery but also the reproductive potential of the spawning stock. The management policy adopted for this fishery is likely to be conservative in terms of maintenance of a spawning stock, however, the potential for selective effects is larger and this may affect both yield and reproductive potential. The results are discussed in relation to short- and long-term effects in the fishery and the implications for future research requirements.
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  • 69
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    Sexual maturation in squid: quantum or continuum? (1995)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  South African Journal of Marine Science, 15 (1). pp. 207-223.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-26
    Description: A model is presented which tests the representation of the maturity process in terms of gonadosomatic indices (GSI) in chokka squid Loligo vulgaris reynaudii. It assumes that the true maturation process is reflected by the results of histological investigation, which cannot be used in large-scale ecological work in the field. However, the maturity scales used in ecological studies define some morphological categories which can be linked directly to microscopic development. Therefore, the overlap of GSI ranges for each morphological maturity category may be used to judge how well the GSIs represent the histological stages. Results have shown that the overlap is large and that GSI cannot be recommended as adequately reflecting the maturation process in squid. A morphological scale of maturity with possible broad applications in exploited families of squid is proposed as a better representation of the maturation process than GSI.
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  • 70
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    Descriptions of the paralarvae of two loliginid squids in southern African waters (1995)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  South African Journal of Marine Science, 15 (1). pp. 1-7.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-26
    Description: Morphological differences between paralarvae of two loliginid squid species common in southern African waters (Loligo vulgaris reynaudii and Lolliguncula mercatoris) are described. The differences are: Loligo — "cheek patches" consisting of four dark chromatophores, nine large dark dorsal chromatophores on the mantle, tentacular clubs broad and much wider than tentacle stalks, proximal row of three club suckers with others tetraserial, suckers large enough to appear crowded on the club surface; Lolliguncula — "cheek patches" with three dark chromatophores, two pairs of" large, dark dorsal chromatophores on the mantle, tentacular clubs narrow, proximal club suckers arranged in three pairs, suckers small, not particularly crowded. Relationships with other myopsids are briefly discussed.
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  • 71
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    Challenges and strategies for the visual exploration of complex environmental data (2017)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  International Journal of Digital Earth, 10 (10). pp. 1070-1076.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: In this opinion paper, we, a group of scientists from environmental-, geo-, ocean- and information science, argue visual data exploration should become a common analytics approach in Earth system science due to its potential for analysis and interpretation of large and complex spatio-temporal data. We discuss the challenges that appear such as synthesis of heterogeneous data from various sources, reducing the amount of information and facilitating multidisciplinary, collaborative research. We argue that to fully exploit the potential of visual data exploration, several bottlenecks and challenges have to be addressed: providing an efficient data management and an integrated modular workflow, developing and applying suitable visual exploration concepts and methods with the help of effective and tailored tools as well as generating and raising the awareness of visual data exploration and education. We are convinced visual data exploration is worth the effort since it significantly facilitates insight into environmental data and derivation of knowledge from it.
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    Rediscovery of Cereopsis studeri Koch, 1891, a forgotten Mediterranean soft coral species, and its inclusion in the genus Nidalia Gray, 1835 (Octocorallia, Alcyonacea, Nidaliidae) (2012)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Marine Biology Research, 8 (7). pp. 594-604.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-20
    Description: Cereopsis studeri was described by G. von Koch in 1891 with material from Naples. However, it was subsequently synonymized, erroneously identified, and overlooked in subsequent soft coral literature of the twentieth century. After the original description, this species was not recorded or correctly described for 120 years. The study of newly collected material from the North Western Mediterranean permits the re-description of this forgotten species and its assignation to the genus Nidalia in the family Nidaliidae. The main features of Nidalia studeri com. nov. are: colony torch-like, a capitulum light orange in colour, not laterally flattened, dome-shaped and not distinctly projecting beyond the stalk, introvert with sclerites transversally placed in two longitudinal rows per interseptal space, anthocodial crown with 28–38 sclerite rows, points separated from polyps distally, formed by 6–9 pairs of sclerites, and the presence of intermediate points (secondary points) between principal (interseptal) ones. Nidalia studeri is here compared with its closest congeners, especially with the Indonesian species N. simpsoni, species from the West Indian Region N. dissidens, N.occidentalis, N. deichmannae, and the recently described Nidalia aurantia from the Mid-Atlantic Ocean. This is the first time that the genus Nidalia and the family Nidaliidae have been reported with certainty for the Mediterranean Sea.
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    Statolith microstructure and age of early life stages of planktonic squids Galiteuthis phyllura and Belonella borealis (Oegopsida, Cranchiidae) from the northern North Pacific (1996)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Journal of Plankton Research, 18 (1). pp. 123-132.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-20
    Description: Statolith morphology and microstructure were studied in two common species of panktonic cranchiid squids, Belonella borealis [four juveniles with mantle length (ML) 375–450 mm] and Galiteuthis phyllura (13 paralarvae and juveniles, ML 9–235mm), caught near the bottom and in pelagic layers over the continental slope of Siberia in the northwest Bering Sea. The total number of growth increments within the statoliths ranged from 277 to 294 in B.borealis and from 10 to 209 in G.phyllura. Assuming that these increments were produced daily, both species grow rapidly in length (daily growth rate = 1.13mm day−1 during the first 8–10 months of their juvenile phase in the mesopelagic layers, prior to migration into deeper waters for maturation.
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  • 74
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    Histological investigation of organisms with hard skeletons: a case study of siliceous sponges (2003)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Biotechnic & Histochemistry, 78 (3-4). pp. 191-199.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-27
    Description: Siliceous and calcareous sponges commonly are treated with acid to remove the spicules prior to embedding and cutting for histological investigations. Histology of spiculated sponge tissue represents a challenging problem in sponge histotechnology. Furthermore, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), a key method for studying sponge-associated microbes, is not possible after acid treatment. For a broad range of siliceous sponge species, we developed and evaluated methods for embedding in paraffin, methylmethacrylate resins, LR White resin and cryomatrix. Different methods for cutting tissue blocks as well as mounting and staining sections also were tested. Our aim was to enable histological investigations and FISH without prior removal of the spicules. To obtain an overview of tissue and skeleton arrangement, we recommend embedding tissue blocks with LR White resin combined with en bloc staining techniques for large specimens with thick and numerous spicules, but paraffin embedding and subsequent staining for whole small specimens. For FISH on siliceous sponges, we recommend Histocryl embedding if the spicule content is high, but paraffin embedding if it is low. Classical histological techniques are used for detailed tissue examinations.
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    A review: carbon dioxide capture: biomass-derived-biochar and its applications (2013)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 34 (7). pp. 974-984.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-09-25
    Description: The changes in global temperatures as a result of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions has suggested that cumulative CO2 emissions will continue to increase over time. Many countries are looking for ways to reduce or alter the amount of CO2 harming our environment; therefore, this review is a compilation of CO2 adsorption on biomass-derived-biochar (BDB). This suggests that effective measures to mitigate the risk of dangerous climate change will need to limit cumulative emissions of CO2. Further, if cumulative CO2 emissions overshoot acceptable limits, it will become necessary to remove CO2 from the air, that is, the so-called “negative emissions.” In this review, we discuss the definitions and classes of technologies for capturing CO2 from the air and the application of biochar in the improvement of soil fertility. We also discuss the economic tradeoff between biochar and bio-oil, agricultural nutrient leaching, the novel magnetic property of biochar and its durability.
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    Cadmium in Zinc Deposits: Economic Geology of a Polluting Element (2000)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  International Geology Review, 42 . pp. 445-469.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-09-29
    Description: The chief host of cadmium in zinc deposits is sphalerite, the cadmium content of which depends on the type of deposit. Sphalerite from Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits has high cadmium concentrations whereas sphalerite from exhalative deposits has low cadmium concentrations. The Cd content of sphalerite depends on the Cd/Zn ratio, ligand activities, and temperature of the ore-forming fluids. The combined effect of variation of temperature, pH, total activity of reduced sulfur, and activity of Cl- cannot by itself account for either Cd depletion (exhalative deposits) or Cd enrichment (MVT deposits). Variations in the Cd/Zn ratio of the fluid have a significant effect in determining that of sphalerite. Basinal brines, which can considered to be the recent equivalents of MVT fluids, have high Cd/Zn ratios, and active exhalative systems are characterized by low Cd/Zn ratios. Probably the differences in sphalerite composition between the different deposit types are less a function of temperature and ligand activities than Cd/Zn ratio of the ore-forming fluids. In the hydrothermal environment, the Cd/Zn ratio is generally not high enough to allow crystallization of cadmium sulfides (greenockite or hawleyite). The abundance of greenockite in the supergene alteration zone of hydrothermal zinc deposits can be explained on the basis of Zn scavenging by crystallizing smithsonite.
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    Resolving the fine-scale velocity structure of continental hyperextension at the Deep Galicia Margin using full-waveform inversion (2018)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Geophysical Journal International, 212 (1). pp. 244-263.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: Continental hyperextension during magma-poor rifting at the Deep Galicia Margin is characterised by a complex pattern of faulting, thin continental fault blocks, and the serpentinisation, with local exhumation, of mantle peridotites along the S-reflector, interpreted as a detachment surface. In order to understand fully the evolution of these features, it is important to image seismically the structure and to model the velocity structure to the greatest resolution possible. Travel-time tomography models have revealed the long-wavelength velocity structure of this hyperextended domain, but are often insufficient to match accurately the short-wavelength structure observed in reflection seismic imaging. Here we demonstrate the application of two-dimensional (2D) time-domain acoustic full-waveform inversion to deep water seismic data collected at the Deep Galicia Margin, in order to attain a high resolution velocity model of continental hyperextension. We have used several quality assurance procedures to assess the velocity model, including comparison of the observed and modelled waveforms, checkerboard tests, testing of parameter and inversion strategy, and comparison with the migrated reflection image. Our final model exhibits an increase in the resolution of subsurface velocities, with particular improvement observed in the westernmost continental fault blocks, with a clear rotation of the velocity field to match steeply dipping reflectors. Across the S-reflector there is a sharpening in the velocity contrast, with lower velocities beneath S indicative of preferential mantle serpentinisation. This study supports the hypothesis that normal faulting acts to hydrate the upper mantle peridotite, observed as a systematic decrease in seismic velocities, consistent with increased serpentinisation. Our results confirm the feasibility of applying the full-waveform inversion method to sparse, deep water crustal datasets.
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    Origin and Evolution of Silicic Magmas in Oceanic Arcs; an in situ Study from St Lucia, Lesser Antilles (2017)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Journal of Petrology, 58 (7). pp. 1279-1318.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Processes linked with the genesis, evolution and emplacement of silicic complexes in arcs are still poorly constrained. Of particular interest are the depth of magma production, the relative contribution of crystal fractionation versus crustal partial melting and the timescales involved. The Soufrière Volcanic Complex (SVC) on St Lucia is one of the largest silicic centres in the Lesser Antilles arc. Here we present the results of a detailed mineralogical study, including in situ Sr isotopes in plagioclase and in situ δ18O in dated zircons, of both SVC and Pre-SVC volcanic rocks to place constraints on the processes intrinsic to the development and evolution of the silicic complex. These data suggest that the production of silicic magma in the SVC occurs in two stages. The first stage involves differentiation of mafic magma by crustal assimilation and mineral fractionation in the middle–lower crust of the arc to produce magmas with intermediate compositions. These intermediate magmas are water-rich (∼7 wt %) and have high 87Sr/86Sr, Ba, Sr and La/Sm (∼5) compared with Pre-SVC lavas. Near-constant trace element and isotopic compositions throughout the SVC lifespan indicate that the same process was persistent over the last 600 kyr. In the second stage, the intermediate magmas are transferred to a shallower and more differentiated chamber (∼6 km depth). During ascent, any crystals or xenocrysts residual from stage one in the deeper chamber become fully resorbed and the magma crystallizes calcic amphibole microphenocrysts, followed by anorthite-rich plagioclase close to or at the water saturation depth. During mixing upon recharge within the shallow chamber, anorthite-rich plagioclase from the recharging magma is partially resorbed; so are the crystals in equilibrium with the resident differentiated magma. The recharge event probably causes chamber-wide convection. Mixing is thought to trigger eruption of the silicic complex magmas.
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    Three new compounds from the marine-derived fungusTrichoderma atrovirideG20-12 (2012)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, 14 (7). pp. 647-651.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-24
    Description: Three new compounds, 4′-(4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)methyl-phenol (1), (3′-hydroxybutan-2′-yl)5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylate (2), and atroviridetide (3), have been isolated from the marine-derived fungus Trichoderma atroviride G 20-12. Their structures were determined on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic methods.
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    Do hexactinellids structure antarctic sponge associations? (1992)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Ophelia, 36 (2). pp. 111-118.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-01
    Description: This paper presents an idea on the possible structuring effect of hex actinellids on Antarctic sponge associations. To this end, information derived from underwater photography performed on the eastern Weddell Sea shelf is reported and original trawl data are presented. Underwater photography shows the existence of different sponge associations; species poor associations are connected to soft bottom, species rich associations exist on substrates characterized by bryozoan debris and especially sponge spicule mats. The trawl. catches show differences in the population structure of a hexactinellid sponge, Rassella racovitzae Topsent at two stations, distinguishable from each other by substrate structure. On average small and therefore probably young specimens were found on bryozoan debris, while a population with larger and probably older specimens was found on solid hexactinellid spicule mats. These observations form the basis for the hypothesis that hexactinellid sponges are a major biological structuring agent for Antarctic sponge associations; they colonize soft substrate and bryozoan debris dominated areas and subsequently change the quality of the substrate by spicule deposition. The ensuing spicule mats are a suitable settling ground for a large number of demosponge species dependent on hard substrates. Mass occurrences of hexactinellids are also found in areas other than Antarctica. The phenomenon recognized in the Weddell Sea probably occurs more widely spread.
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    A method for the detection of clouds using AVHRR infrared observations (1992)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  International Journal of Remote Sensing, 13 (10). pp. 1829-1841.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-09
    Description: A method is proposed for cloud detection over sea using a single infrared channel of a high spatial resolution satellite radiometer. The method combines a spatial coherence test and an absolute threshold test for the temperature field. The threshold for the second test is automatically determined by a histogram analysis of data which were preselected by the coherence test. The coherence test used differs from the classical standard deviation test in the way of the test value computation: the weight of the pixel to be investigated is increased. A simulation shows that under conditions of low cloud cover this makes the proposed coherence test more sensitive than the standard deviation test. When applied to real data the test was also found to be very sensitive compared with visible and IR threshold tests. Cloud cover obtained by the whole method is finally compared with that resulting from the visible and IR histogram analysis procedure of Phulpin et al. This comparison indicates a high reliability of the proposed method.
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    Gammarid amphipods and littorinid snails have significant but different effects on algal succession in littoral fringe tidepools (1993)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Ophelia, 38 (2). pp. 69-88.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-22
    Description: Tests on the effects of two herbivore groups (littorinid snails and gammarid amphipods), on algal succession in high intertidal tidepools dominated by Fucus distichus showed that the grazer groups exert different grazing pressures on the algae. The differences can be related to the feeding morphologies ofthe two grazer guilds. The scraping, microphagous littorinid snails prevent the establishment of both micro- and rnacroalgae at the microscopic level. The biting, macrophagous gammarid amphipods are ineffective at grazing microalgae and prostrate macroalgae from the substratum, but exert a considerable influence on the erect macroalgae which escape littorinid grazing. Despite differences in feeding mechanisms, the magnitude of the effect of the two grazer groups on the canopy cover of macroalgae is similar.
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  • 83
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    Bias-corrected random forests in regression (2012)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Journal of Applied Statistics, 39 (1). pp. 151-160.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-13
    Description: It is well known that random forests reduce the variance of the regression predictors compared to a single tree, while leaving the bias unchanged. In many situations, the dominating component in the risk turns out to be the squared bias, which leads to the necessity of bias correction. In this paper, random forests are used to estimate the regression function. Five different methods for estimating bias are proposed and discussed. Simulated and real data are used to study the performance of these methods. Our proposed methods are significantly effective in reducing bias in regression context.
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  • 84
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    Determination of Soil Parameters to Analyze Mechanical Behavior Using Lade's Double-Surface Work-Hardening Model (2016)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 34 (5). pp. 465-473.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: In this study, Lade's double-surface work-hardening constitutive model was adopted which uses the elasto-plasticity model as a basic conceptual framework. The model can analyze work hardening and work softening of nonlinear stress-strain behavior, and is regarded as superior to other elasto-plasticity constitutive models in terms of estimation. In the double-surface work-hardening constitutive model, 14 soil parameters are needed to estimate soil behaviors. To determine them, laboratory tests—isotropical consolidation test and conventional compression test—were conducted. Determining of soil parameters is highly complicated and time-consuming; randomness cannot be ruled out in determining parameters that are sensitive to stress-strain estimation, and error may occur. For this reason, a linear and nonlinear regression analysis was used to determine soil parameters. In estimation of undrained behavior, the estimated stress-strain behavior based on the two constitutive models largely overlapped with the test results. However, in estimating drained behavior, the outcome of the two models and the test results were mostly the same, but between the two models, the double-surface work-hardening constitutive model had a sharper slope in initial stress state, and a smaller maximum deviatoric stress.
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    Reproductive biology of the shore crabCarcinus maenas(Decapoda, Portunidae): a macroscopic and histological view (2012)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Invertebrate Reproduction & Development, 56 (2). pp. 144-156.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-11
    Description: A histological study of the reproductive cycle of male and female shore crabs, Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus), was performed monthly on the South West coast of Ireland (from December 2006 to July 2008). The calculated sex ratio deviated from equality, 1:0.53, revealing a strong male bias. A system was devised, based on screening of tissue sections, to describe and stage gametogenic development. Histological examinations revealed that ovarian development occurred biannually, with a primary winter cycle in which the larger crabs reproduced and a secondary summer cycle, when smaller crabs reproduced. An association was observed where more of the larger specimens were caught in the summer months and the smaller specimens in the winter months, which inversely correlated with the segregated breeding cycles. There was strong evidence that mature male crabs could potentially copulate year round since all mature specimens, collected throughout the year, contained viable spermatozoa. Developmental stages of oogenesis and spermatogenesis were described to develop a practical gonadal index for this portunid crab, providing information on the biology of this species, which will be of benefit for fisheries management.
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    Water-body preferences of dominant calanoid copepod species in the Angola-Benguela frontal zone (2005)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  African Journal of Marine Science, 27 (3). pp. 597-608.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-11
    Description: The distribution of five dominant calanoid copepods was related to different water masses in the Angola-Benguela Front system. Five water bodies were identified by principal component analysis, on the basis of abiotic parameter such as temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, silicate, nitrate and nitrite. These parameters were reduced to single factors and arranged along two principal component axes. The copepod species incuded females and copepodites C5 of Calanoides carinatus and females of Metridia lucens, Centropages brachiatus, Nannocalanus minor and Aetideopsis carinata. The water bodies identified in the frontal system were related to currents, upwelling processes, an oxygen minimum layer and biological modification. The different copepod species, as well as the two ontogenetic stages of C. carinatus, showed clear preference for specific water bodies, and their behavioural and physiological adaptations to the environment are discussed.
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  • 87
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    Force chain buckling, unjamming transitions and shear banding in dense granular assemblies (2007)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Philosophical Magazine, 87 (32). pp. 4987-5016.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-11
    Description: Force chain buckling, leading to unjamming and shear banding, is examined quantitatively via a discrete element analysis of a two-dimensional, densely-packed, cohesionless granular assembly subject to quasistatic, boundary-driven biaxial compression. A range of properties associated with the confined buckling of force chains has been established, including: degree of buckling, buckling modes, spatial and strain evolution distributions, and relative contributions to non-affine deformation, dilatation and decrease in macroscopic shear strength and potential energy. Consecutive cycles of unjamming–jamming events, akin to slip–stick events arising in other granular systems, characterize the strain-softening regime and the shear band evolution. Peaks in the dissipation rate, kinetic energy and local non-affine strain are strongly correlated: the largest peaks coincide with each unjamming event that is evident in the concurrent drops in the macroscopic shear stress and potential energy. Unjamming nucleates from the buckling of a few force chains within a small region inside the band. A specific mode of force chain buckling, prevalent in and confined to the shear band, leads to above-average levels of local non-affine strain and release of potential energy during unjamming. Ongoing studies of this and other buckling modes from a structural stability standpoint serve as the basis for the formulation of internal variables and associated evolution laws, central to the development of thermomicromechanical constitutive theory for granular materials.
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  • 88
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    Coordination in a diphyid siphonophore (1983)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Marine Behaviour and Physiology, 9 (2). pp. 139-170.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-22
    Description: The behaviour of Chelophyes has been analysed from the point of view of coordination between stem and nectophores, and an electron microscope study of the effectors and conducting elements has been carried out. Coordination between the stem and anterior nectophore involves two pathways, one epithelial and the other nervous. The nervous link consists of a bundle of small neurites and a single giant axon. There is some evidence that this mediates rapid escape behaviour. After the nerves have been cut, coordination is maintained via the epithelial route. Impulses can jump from epithelial cells into nerves but the transmission process is unclear. Neuro‐epithelial transmission involves conventional synapses. As in physonectid siphonophores, the stem has two nervous systems each with its own giant fibre, and a slow system, the endodermal epithelium. In the nectophore, marginal nerve centres generate a swimming rhythm. Conduction in the subumbrellar muscle is myoid. The exumbrellar epithelium and the subumbrellar endoderm are conducting tissues. Histological study reveals synapses in the predicted locations and gives details of myo‐epithelial organization and nervous layout. Novel histological features include elements resembling steroid‐secreting cells, which ensheath nerves and are innervated by them, and innervated giant non‐nervous cells lying between the nerve ring and the hydroecium. The subumbrellar muscle cells are shown to have sarcolemmal invaginations reminiscent of the f‐tubule system of vertebrate muscle.
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  • 89
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    Crab walking of quadruped robots with a locked joint failure (2003)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Advanced Robotics, 17 (9). pp. 863-878.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-14
    Description: Fault tolerance is an important aspect in the development of control systems for multi-legged robots since a failure in a leg may lead to a severe loss of static stability of a gait. In this paper, an algorithm for tolerating a locked joint failure is described in gait planning for a quadruped robot with crab walking. A locked joint failure is one for which a joint cannot move and is locked in place. If a failed joint is locked, the workspace of the resulting leg is constrained, but legged robots have fault tolerance capability to continue walking maintaining static stability. A strategy for fault-tolerant gaits is described and, especially, a periodic gait is presented for crab walking of a quadruped. The leg sequence and the formula of the stride length are analytically driven based on gait study and robot kinematics. The adjustment procedure from a normal gait to the proposed fault-tolerant crab gait is shown to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed scheme.
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  • 90
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    Modelling torque generation by the mero-carpopodite joint of the american lobster and the snow crab (2004)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 37 (4). pp. 235-251.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-08
    Description: The torque generated by a rotating joint comprises the useful force exerted by the joint on the external environment, and both the magnitude and distribution of torque through the step cycle during walking are important variables in understanding the mechanics of walking. The mechanics of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) and snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) during walking were modelled to examine the relative roles of flexor versus extensor apodeme–muscle complexes, investigate which legs of these decapods likely contribute the greatest to locomotion, determine scaling effects of torque generation, and assess the relative roles of various model variables on torque production. Force generated along the length of the apodeme by the muscle was modelled based on apodeme surface area, muscle stress, and muscle fibre pinnation angle. Torque was then calculated from this estimated force and the corresponding moment arm. The flexor apodeme–muscle complex is calculated to generate consistently greater forces than the extensor, and generally this results in flexor torque being larger than extensor, though the snow crab does illustrate the opposite in two of its legs. This greater torque generation in flexion suggests that, in addition to the pushing of the trailing legs, the pulling action of the leading legs may play a significant role, at least during lateral walking. Leg 4 of both species appears to generate greater torques and thus provide the greatest forces for locomotion. Torque generation as a function of body size shows a second order response due to the increase in apodeme surface area. The pinnation angle of the muscle fibre is found to be insignificant in force generation, apodeme surface area (representing muscle cross sectional area) likely plays the most influential role in total force production, and moment arm controls the distribution of this force through the step cycle. Muscle stress remain a largely unknown quantity however, and may significantly affect both magnitude and distribution through step cycle of forces, and thus torque. Despite the uncertainty associated with the muscle stress parameter, the modelled results fit well with previously published force measurements.
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  • 91
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    Genetic diversity and evolution in eukaryotic phytoplankton: revelations from population genetic studies (2017)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Journal of Plankton Research, 39 (2). pp. 165-179.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Eukaryotic phytoplankton exhibit an enormous species richness, displaying a range of phylogenetic, morphological and physiological diversity. Yet, until recently, very little was known about the diversity, genetic variation and evolutionary processes within species and populations. An approach to explore this diversity and to understand evolution of phytoplankton is to use population genetics as a conceptual framework and methodology. Here, we discuss the patterns, processes and questions that population genetic studies have revealed in eukaryotic phytoplankton. First, we describe the main biological processes generating genetic variation. We specifically discuss the importance of life-cycle complexity for genetic and phenotypic diversity and consider how such diversity can be maintained during blooms when rapid asexual proliferation dominates. Next, we explore how genetic diversity is partitioned over time and space, with a focus on the processes shaping this structure, in particular selection and genetic exchange. Our aim is also to show how population genetics can be used to make inferences about realized dispersal and sexual recombination, as these processes are so difficult to study directly. Finally, we highlight important open questions and suggest promising avenues for future studies that will be made possible by new sequencing technologies
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  • 92
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    Spatial prediction of demersal fish diversity in the Baltic Sea: comparison of machine learning and regression-based techniques (2017)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 74 (1). pp. 102-111.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Marine spatial planning (MSP) is considered a valuable tool in the ecosystem-based management of marine areas. Predictive modelling may be applied in the MSP framework to obtain spatially explicit information about biodiversity patterns. The growing number of statistical approaches used for this purpose implies the urgent need for comparisons between different predictive techniques. In this study, we evaluated the performance of selected machine learning and regression-based methods that were applied for modelling fish community indices. We hypothesized that habitat features can influence fish assemblage and investigated the effect of environmental gradients on demersal fish diversity (species richness and Shannon–Weaver Index). We used fish data from the Baltic International Trawl Surveys (2001–2014) and maps of six potential predictors: bottom salinity, depth, seabed slope, growth season bottom temperature, seabed sediments and annual mean bottom current velocity. We compared the performance of six alternative modelling approaches: generalized linear models, generalized additive models, multivariate adaptive regression splines, support vector machines, boosted regression trees and random forests. We applied repeated 10-fold cross-validation, using accuracy as the measure of model quality. Finally, we selected random forest as the best performing algorithm and implemented it for the spatial prediction of fish diversity from the Baltic Proper to the Kattegat. To obtain information on the data reliability and confidence of the developed models, which are essential for MSP, we estimated the uncertainty of predictions with standard deviation of predictions obtained from all the trees in the ensemble random forest method. We showed how state-of-the-art predictive techniques, based on easily available data and simple Geographic Information System tools, can be used to obtain reliable spatial information about fish diversity. Our comparative work highlighted the potential of machine learning method to reduce prediction error in modelling of demersal fish diversity in the framework of MSP.
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  • 93
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    Components of body pattern displays in the octopus Eledone cirrhosa (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) (1981)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Marine Behaviour and Physiology, 8 (2). pp. 135-148.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-14
    Description: The major light and dark components of body displays are described and classified for the octopus Eledone cirrhosa (Lamarck) under aquarium conditions. Comparisons are made with Octopus vulgaris and Eledone moschata. Upon the basic similarity of white display components in the three species is superimposed a trend of modification. Dark components are less various in Eledone cirrhosa and although the chromatophores are organised with leucophores into chromatic units these are not clearly limited morphologically by “grooves”. The mottle patterns of Eledone seem to be arranged along the longitudinal and latitudinal (radial) axes of the animal, the grade of mottle does not respond to grade of background contrast.
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  • 94
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    Distribution and re-description ofAbraliopsis lineataGoodrich, 1896 (Cephalopoda: Enoploteuthidae) from the Arabian Sea (1991)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Journal of Natural History, 25 (5). pp. 1121-1133.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-21
    Description: The enoploteuthid cephalopod Abraliopsis lineata is re-described and its generic position discussed. Specimens for the present study were captured during the Indian Ocean Expedition of RV Meteor in 1987, where the species occurred in considerable numbers. The geographical distribution of A. lineata is described and discussed. The detailed analysis of the photophore pattern of the present specimens differs from the original description. The diagnostic features in the male, especially the structure of the hectocotylus which separates A. lineata easily from the members of the subgenus Pfefferiteuthis, are outlined. The morphological differences which separate A. lineata from A. gilchristi, the only other member of the subgenus Micrabralia, are summarized.
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  • 95
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    PREY OF NORTHERN ROCKHOPPER PENGUINS AT GOUGH ISLAND, SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN (1988)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Ostrich, 59 (4). pp. 162-165.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-15
    Description: The diet of Northern Rockhopper Penguins Eudyptes chrysocome moseleyi breeding on Gough Island, south Atlantic Ocean was studied, during November 1984, 1985 and 1986 by stomach content analysis. Rockhopper Penguins fed chiefly on the euphausiids Thysanoessa gregaria, Euphausia lucens and E. similis. Fish and squid were of minor importance by mass but constituted the largest individual prey items.
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  • 96
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    Comparative analysis of the diets of smaller odontocete cetaceans along the coast of southern Africa (1992)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  South African Journal of Marine Science, 12 (1). pp. 843-861.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-26
    Description: The diets of 20 species of smaller Odontoceti were investigated. The material was collected along the southern African coast between 1966 and 1990 and included 158 strandings, 29 animals killed incidentally and 49 animals caught under permit. In total, 57 species in 34 families of fish and 89 species in 24 families of cephalopods were identified from remains in the 236 stomachs investigated. Most Odontoceti fed on commercially unexploited cephalopods and fish, or on fish below commercially utilized sizes. However, the average sizes of anchovy and pilchard eaten by Delphinus delphis and Lagenorhynchus obscurus were larger than the sizes most frequently taken commercially. The species composition of the prey items reflected the onshore-offshore distribution (and possibly the foraging depths) of different Odontoceti. Tursiops truncatus and Cephalorhynchus heavisidii were closest to shore and D. delphis and L. obscurus over the continental shelf. The rest were distributed around the shelf-edge and just off the edge. A comparison of the stomach contents of stranded and non-stranded D. delphis, L. obscurus and C. heavisidii demonstrated that results from stranded animals are biased.
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  • 97
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    The Mozambique Ridge: a document of massive multistage magmatism (2017)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Geophysical Journal International, 208 (1). pp. 449-467.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The Mozambique Ridge, a prominent basement high in the southwestern Indian Ocean, consists of four major geomorphological segments associated with numerous phases of volcanic activity in the Lower Cretaceous. The nature and origin of the Mozambique Ridge have been intensely debated with one hypothesis suggesting a Large Igneous Province origin. High-resolution seismic reflection data reveal a large number of extrusion centres with a random distribution throughout the southern Mozambique Ridge and the nearby Transkei Rise. Intrabasement reflections emerge from the extrusion centres and are interpreted to represent massive lava flow sequences. Such lava flow sequences are characteristic of eruptions leading to the formation of continental and oceanic flood basalt provinces, hence supporting a Large Igneous Province origin of the Mozambique Ridge. We observe evidence for widespread post-sedimentary magmatic activity that we correlate with a southward propagation of the East African Rift System. Based on our volumetric analysis of the southern Mozambique Ridge we infer a rapid sequential emplacement between ∼131 and ∼125 Ma, which is similar to the short formation periods of other Large Igneous Provinces like the Agulhas Plateau.
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  • 98
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    Marine Birds Feed at Gray Whale Mud Plumes in the Bering Sea (1990)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  The Auk, 107 (4). pp. 678-688.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-13
    Description: Gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) feeding in the northern Bering Sea produce prey-rich mud plumes that provide ephemeral foraging opportunities for seabirds. Approximately 67% of all gray whales were attended by birds. In four whale-associating bird species (Northern Fulmar, Fulmarus glacialis; Red Phalarope, Phalaropus fulicaria; Black-legged Kitti-wake, Rissa tridactyla; and Thick-billed Murre, Uria lomvia), from 17 to 87% of all individuals that we observed on the water or foraging were in the whales' mud plumes. The combined density of these same four species was strongly correlated with whale density over a broad range of spatial scales. The whale-associating seabirds exhibited species-specific patterns of foraging behavior at plumes, including differences in mean group size, mean residence time, and patterns of movement between plumes. Birds tended to form larger groups and to form more mixed-species flocks in association with whales. The association of marine birds with gray whales in the Bering Sea provides a model system for examining seabird interactions at fine-scale oceanographic patches and demonstrates the importance of these patches in shaping patterns of seabird distribution and behavior.
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  • 99
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    Aspects of natural foraging bySepietta oweniana(Mollusca, Cephalopoda) (1985)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Ophelia, 24 (1). pp. 65-74.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-15
    Description: The feeding biology of the nectobenthic, sepiolid squid, Sepietta oweniana is treated based on behavioural observations in aquaria and stomach content analyses on 859 trawl caught squid. Juvenile squid in aquaria catch free-swimming prey, preferably the mysid Praunus flexuosus, day and night using the bottom only for shorter resting periods. Adult squid forage from dusk till dawn from positions close to the bottom and spend the day buried in the bottom. Praunus flexuosus is preferred as prey in comparison with demersal and benthic crustaceans as Palaemon elegans and Crangon crangon. Stomach analyses show that in daytime catches, only 16% of all analyzed specimens had stomach contents. Low frequencies were consistent throughout most sampled months in 1979 and 1982. Of the specimens with stomach contents most (50–100%) contained fragments of the euphausiid Meganyctiphanes norvegica. Specimens with remains of decapod shrimps were found in late spring and early summer. It is concluded that S. oweniana feeds in the hyperbenthic habitat at very low light intensities mostly on Meganyctiphanes norvegica in northern waters. A tentative ecological trade off explanation for this apparently inefficient feeding pattern is briefly discussed.
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  • 100
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    Effects of temperature on total phenolic compounds inCystoseira amentacea(C. Agardh) Bory (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) from southern Mediterranean Sea (2016)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 150 (1). pp. 152-160.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: The aim of this study was to test the effects of temperature on phenolic content of the brown seaweed Cystoseira amentacea. Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites involved in different protection mechanisms as, for example, against grazers, epiphytes and UV radiation. Seasonal variations of phenolic content in C. amentacea were analysed and laboratory experiments, in which C. amentacea was exposed to an increase of temperature (25°C and 30°C), were performed. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined colorimetrically with the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. In C. amentacea, a seasonal pattern in TPC was observed, with a maximum value in winter-spring. C. amentacea responded significantly to the temperature treatments with a consistent decrease in TPC after 48 h.
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