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  • GPS  (22)
  • Adaptation
  • Climate change
  • Open Access
  • ddc:551
  • Springer Berlin Heidelberg  (43)
  • INGV  (13)
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  • 1
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    Von einem Traum getrieben (2021)
    Springer Nature | Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Dieses Open-Access-Buch beschreibt das Leben und die Leistungen des norwegischen Ingenieurs und Physikers Rolf Widerøe. Zu seinen vielen bahnbrechenden Leistungen auf dem Gebiet der Beschleunigerphysik gehören unter anderem das Betatron und der Linearbeschleuniger, deren Konzepte er in seiner 27-seitigen Doktorarbeit veröffentlichte. Das Betatron revolutionierte die Bereiche der Krebsbehandlung durch Strahlentherapie und durch nicht-desktruktive Tests. Krankenhäuser auf der ganzen Welt setzen Widerøes Maschine ein, und auch die heutigen modernen Geräte zur Strahlenbehandlung basieren auf seinen Erfindungen. Die jüngste Renaissance des Linearbeschleunigers sorgt für beispiellose Röntgenintensitäten bei Freien-Elektronen-Laser-Anlagen, die weltweit in Betrieb sind. Widerøes Geschichte enthält eine gehörige Portion Dramatik, insbesondere während des Zweiten Weltkriegs, als sowohl die Deutschen als auch die Alliierten um seine Mitarbeit buhlten. Der Physiker hatte führende Positionen in multinationalen Industriekonzernen inne und war einer der Berater beim Bau des weltgrößten Kernforschungszentrums CERN in der Schweiz. Er erwarb über 200 Patente, erhielt mehrere Ehrendoktorwürden und eine Reihe internationaler Auszeichnungen. Die Autorin, Journalistin und Produzentin von Fernsehdokumentationen, erzählt in diesem Werk eine fesselnde Wissenschaftsgeschichte. Während ihrer Recherche hatte sie in mehreren Ländern Zugang zu bisher verschlossenen Archiven erhalten, die eine Fülle von neuem Material und Erkenntnissen, insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit den Kriegsjahren, lieferten. Das E-Book dieses Werks ist als Open-Access-Veröffentlichung auf springer.com erhältlich. ; Dieses Open-Access-Buch beschreibt das Leben und die Leistungen des norwegischen Ingenieurs und Physikers Rolf Widerøe. Zu seinen vielen bahnbrechenden Leistungen auf dem Gebiet der Beschleunigerphysik gehören unter anderem das Betatron und der Linearbeschleuniger, deren Konzepte er in seiner 27-seitigen Doktorarbeit veröffentlichte. Das Betatron revolutionierte die Bereiche der Krebsbehandlung durch Strahlentherapie und durch nicht-desktruktive Tests. Krankenhäuser auf der ganzen Welt setzen Widerøes Maschine ein, und auch die heutigen modernen Geräte zur Strahlenbehandlung basieren auf seinen Erfindungen. Die jüngste Renaissance des Linearbeschleunigers sorgt für beispiellose Röntgenintensitäten bei Freien-Elektronen-Laser-Anlagen, die weltweit in Betrieb sind. Widerøes Geschichte enthält eine gehörige Portion Dramatik, insbesondere während des Zweiten Weltkriegs, als sowohl die Deutschen als auch die Alliierten um seine Mitarbeit buhlten. Der Physiker hatte führende Positionen in multinationalen Industriekonzernen inne und war einer der Berater beim Bau des weltgrößten Kernforschungszentrums CERN in der Schweiz. Er erwarb über 200 Patente, erhielt mehrere Ehrendoktorwürden und eine Reihe internationaler Auszeichnungen. Die Autorin, Journalistin und Produzentin von Fernsehdokumentationen, erzählt in diesem Werk eine fesselnde Wissenschaftsgeschichte. Während ihrer Recherche hatte sie in mehreren Ländern Zugang zu bisher verschlossenen Archiven erhalten, die eine Fülle von neuem Material und Erkenntnissen, insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit den Kriegsjahren, lieferten. Das E-Book dieses Werks ist als Open-Access-Veröffentlichung auf springer.com erhältlich. Die Autorin Aashild Sørheim ist Autorin, Wissenschaftsjournalistin und Produzentin. Sie arbeitete als Journalistin unter anderem für Aftenposten, Norwegens größte Tageszeitung, den Norwegischen Rundfunk NRK sowie diverse Forschungsinstitute. Sie ist Gründerin der „Nationalen Stiftung für die Verbreitung der Forschung“. Von 1985 bis 1990 war sie Leiterin der Informationsdienste des königlich-norwegischen Rates für wissenschaftliche und industrielle Forschung. Ihre TV-Dokumentation „Immer Brüder. Rolf und Viggo Widerøe" wurde 2016 ausgestrahlt.
    Keywords: Teilchenbeschleuniger ; Betatron ; Teilchenphysik ; Elementarteilchen ; Proton ; Beschleuniger ; CERN ; Synchrotron ; Resonanzbeschleuniger ; Open Access ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDX History of science ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHP Particle and high-energy physics
    Language: German
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  • 2
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    Die explorative Tympanoskopie mit Obliteration des runden/ovalen Fensters in der Behandlung des Hörsturzes (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-15
    Description: In diesem Open-Access-Buch unternimmt der Autor den Versuch, auf das Therapieverfahren der explorativen Tympanoskopie mit Obliteration des/r runden/ovalen Fensters mit autologem Bindegewebe näher einzugehen und es in seiner Wirkung mit den verschiedenen verfahren intratympanaler Steroidinjektionen zu vergleichen. Die im Fokus stehende Operationsmethode stellt eine Therapiemethode in der Behandlung akut eingetretener, hochgradiger, idiopathischer, sensorineuraler Schwerhörigkeiten (Hörstürzen) dar. Sie kann alternativ zu der sicher zur Zeit noch in überwiegender Zahl durchgeführten intratympanalen Kortikoidgaben vorgenommen werden. Die hier zusammengetragenen Ergebnisse inklusive der Hinzufügung von Resultaten eigener Studiengruppen, bei denen die explorative Tympanoskopie zum Einsatz kam, legen nahe, dass die beschriebene Operationsmethode erfolgreich als „Second-line-Verfahren“ in der Behandlung des ausgepröägten Hörsturzes eingesetzt werden kann. Die Frage, inwiefern sie auch im „First-line-Mode“ verwendbar ist, kann durch die vorhandenen Studien noch nicht beantwortet werden. Ihrer Klärung sollte aber, initiiert durch die vorgelegten Therapierergebnisse, in der Zukunft in weiteren, prospektiv angelegten und möglichst doppel verblendeten Untersuchungsreihen mit Einbeziehung von Kontrollgruppen angestrebt werden. ; In diesem Open-Access Buch unternimmt der Autor den Versuch, auf das Therapieverfahren der explorativen Tympanoskopie mit Obliteration des/r runden/ovalen Fenster näher einzugehen und es in seiner Wirkung mit den verschiedenen beschriebenen Verfahren intratympanaler Steroidinjektionen zu vergleichen. Die explorative Tympanoskopie mit Obliteration der runden, ggf. auch ovalen Fensternische mit autologem Bindegewebe stellt eine Therapiemethode in der Behandlung akut eingetretener, hochgradiger, idiopathischer Schallempfindungsschwerhörigkeiten (Hörstürzen) dar. Sie kann alternativ zu der sicher zur Zeit noch in überwiegender Zahl durchgeführten intratympanalen Kortikoidinstillationen vorgenommen werden. Die hier zusammengetragenen Ergebnisse inklusive der Hinzufügung von Resultaten eigener Studiengruppen, bei denen die explorative Tympanoskopie zum Einsatz kam, legen nahe, dass die beschriebene Operationsmethode erfolgreich als „Second-line-Verfahren“ in der Behandlung des ausgepröägten Hörsturzes eingesetzt werden kann. Die Frage, inwiefern sie auch im „First-line-Mode“ verwendbar ist, kann durch die vorhandenen Studien noch nicht beantwortet werden. Ihrer Klärung sollte aber, initiiert durch die vorgelegten Therapierergebnisse, in der Zukunft in weiteren, prospektiv angelegten und möglichst doppel verblendeten Untersuchungsreihen mit Einbeziehung von Kontrollgruppen angestrebt werden.
    Keywords: Open Access ; Tympanoskopie ; Hörsturz ; Hörverluste ; Hörminderung ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MJ Clinical & internal medicine::MJP Otorhinolaryngology (ENT)
    Language: German , English
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  • 3
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    Künstliche Intelligenz in der Forschung (2021)
    Springer Nature | Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Dieses Buch ist eine Open Access Publikation. Der lange gehegte Traum von künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) wird in unserer Alltagswelt zunehmend Realität. Damit verbinden sich hohe gesellschaftliche Erwartungen, aber auch Sorgen hinsichtlich einer schleichenden Entmündigung des Menschen. Am Beispiel des Forschungssektors lotet dieser Band die Optionen, Entwicklungschancen und Risiken von KI-Techniken für die Zukunft des wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisprozesses und der darauf beruhenden technischen Entwicklungen aus. Zu diesem Zweck wird zunächst der Stand der KI-Technik und ihrer Anwendungen dargestellt. Es folgen wissenschaftsphilosophische Untersuchungen zur Frage der Ersetzbarkeit des forschenden Menschen durch KI und zu erwartenden Veränderungen in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung. Weitere Abschnitte widmen sich den Folgen für die Arbeitswelt von Forschern/Forscherinnen sowie den durch KI erzeugten neuen Herausforderungen für die rechtliche Regulierung im Spannungsfeld von Wissenschaftsfreiheit und Datenschutz. Der Band schließt mit Empfehlungen für die verantwortlichen Akteure in Wissenschaft, Forschungspolitik und Gesellschaft aus interdisziplinärer Perspektive.
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Big Data ; Computerwissenschaften ; Wandel in Wissenschaft und Forschung ; Wissenschaftsgeschichte ; Wissenschaftsphilosophie ; Psychologie wissenschaftlicher Arbeit ; Organisationspsychologie ; Arbeitsgestaltung ; Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft ; Regulierung in Wissenschaft und Forschung ; Forschungsethik ; Technikfolgenabschätzung ; wissenschaftliche Politikberatung ; Open Access ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPQ Ethics & moral philosophy ; bic Book Industry Communication::U Computing & information technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTQ Ethics and moral philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence
    Language: German
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  • 4
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    Digitalisierung souverän gestalten (2021)
    Springer Nature | Springer Berlin Heidelberg
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Dieses Buch ist eine Open-Access-Publikation unter einer CC BY 4.0 Lizenz. Wie können wir die digitale Transformation in der Wirtschaft bewältigen und dabei die Souveränität von allen Beteiligten fördern? Dieser Frage widmet sich der Band des Instituts für Innovation und Technik (iit) zum gleichnamigen Symposium mit dem Titel „Digitalisierung souverän gestalten – Innovative Impulse im Maschinenbau“. Er enthält elf Beiträge von Expert:innen verschiedenster Disziplinen. Betrachtet werden darin Herausforderungen und Lösungsansätze für Unternehmen und ihre Beschäftigten, aber auch politische Akteure und Intermediäre wie etwa Verbände. Zu den Themen gehören beispielsweise Kompetenzen für digitalisierte Arbeitsplätze, maschinelles Lernen zur Programmierung von Werkzeugmaschinen, künstliche Intelligenz in der Produktentstehung, aber auch plattformbasierte Dienstleistungen oder Geschäftsmodelle im Werkzeugmaschinenbau. Darüber hinaus werden übergreifende juristische Fragen ebenso aufgegriffen wie Implikationen für den Standort Deutschland.
    Keywords: Mechanical Engineering ; Business and Management, general ; Industrial Organization ; Innovation and Technology Management ; Digitale Souveränität ; Werkzeugmaschinenbau ; Künstliche Intelligenz ; Geschäftsmodelle ; Maschinelles Lernen ; Mensch-Maschine-Interaktionen ; Arbeitsplatzgestaltung ; Open Access ; Business & Management ; Economics of industrial organisation ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGB Mechanical engineering ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCD Economics of industrial organization
    Language: German
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  • 5
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    Wirtschaft neu lehren (2021)
    Springer Nature | Springer Berlin Heidelberg
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    Publication Date: 2021-02-10
    Description: Dieser Open-Access-Sammelband vereint strukturierte Erfahrungsberichte und Reflexionen von Hochschullehrenden und Studierenden in der pluralen, sozioökonomischen Hochschulbildung. Neben der konkreten Inspiration, die diese Beiträge für andere Lehrende darstellen sollen, werden mit diesem Band erste Bausteine für eine plurale, sozioökonomische Hochschuldidaktik entwickelt. Sie verfolgt das Ziel, die Reflexion der gesellschaftlichen Bedingungen und die soziale Einbettung von ökonomischen Fragestellungen zum integralen Bestandteil eines jeden wirtschaftsbezogenen Studiums zu machen.
    Keywords: Organizational Studies, Economic Sociology ; Social Sciences, general ; Economic Sociology ; Sociology of Knowledge and Discourse ; Open Access ; Sozioökonomie ; Plurale Ökonomik ; Innovative Ansätze in der Wirtschaft ; Studium Wirtschaftssoziologie ; Politische Ökonomie ; Sociology: work & labour ; Society & Social Sciences ; Sociology ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBL Sociology: work & labour ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences
    Language: German
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  • 6
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    Die Zukunft zwischen Goethezeit und Realismus (2021)
    Springer Nature | Springer Berlin Heidelberg
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Dieses Open-Access-Buch geht der Zeitreflexion im Feld der Novellistik nach und ergründet Erzählstrategien und -logiken der literarischen Vertextung von ‚Zeit‘, ihre funktionale Einbindung wie auch ihre selbstreflexive und poetologische Gestaltung in Texten. Die Grundlage bildet ein fundiertes, semiotisches Analyseinstrumentarium. Berücksichtigt wird eine breite Textauswahl mit Werken unter anderem von Büchner, Eichendorff, Gutzkow, Hauff, Hebbel, Mundt, Stifter und Tieck. Den historischen Abschnitt zwischen Goethezeit und Realismus kennzeichnet ein Selbstverständnis als Zwischenphase, in der merklich etwas zu Ende geht, ohne dass bereits etwas Neues begonnen hätte. Verankert ist dieser Problemkomplex in einer epocheneigenen Reflexion von Zeit, deren Spezifik in der Verbreiterung des Zukunftshorizontes und dem Auseinanderklaffen von Zukunftsvorstellung und -realisierung liegt. Dabei stellt sich heraus: Die Zukunft als epistemischer Dreh- und Angelpunkt der Zwischenphase ist hochgradig relevant, flexibel und imponderabel. Der Autor: Stephan Brössel forscht und lehrt als Privatdozent und Akademischer Rat a. Z. am Germanistischen Institut der WWU Münster, Abteilung Neuere deutsche Literatur, Schwerpunkt: Literatur und Medien.
    Keywords: Nineteenth-Century Literature ; Literary Theory ; Literature, general ; Narrative Text and Prose ; Zeitkonzepte ; Literaturgeschichte ; Biedermeier ; Vormärz ; Selbstreflexion ; Novelle ; Open Access ; Literary studies: c 1800 to c 1900 ; Biography, Literature & Literary studies ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism::DSB Literary studies: general::DSBF Literary studies: c 1800 to c 1900 ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism::DSA Literary theory ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies
    Language: German
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  • 7
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    Internal Crowdsourcing in Companies (2021)
    Springer Nature | Springer Berlin Heidelberg
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    Publication Date: 2021-02-10
    Description: This open access book examines the implications of internal crowdsourcing (IC) in companies. Presenting an employee-oriented, cross-sector reference model for good IC practice, it discusses the core theoretical foundations, and offers guidelines for process-management and blueprints for the implementation of IC. Furthermore, it examines solutions for employee training and competence development based on crowdsourcing. As such, the book will appeal to scholars of management science, work studies, organizational and participation research and to readers interested in inclusive approaches for cooperative change management and the IT implications for IC platforms.
    Keywords: Human Resource Development ; Knowledge Management ; Business Process Management ; Business Information Systems ; Human Resource Management ; Management ; IT in Business ; Agile organisations ; Scrum for crowdsourcing ; Future of work ; Cultural change ; Employee participation and qualification ; Collective experience and knowledge ; Open Access ; Personnel & human resources management ; Business mathematics & systems ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJM Management & management techniques::KJMV Management of specific areas::KJMV2 Personnel & human resources management ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJM Management & management techniques::KJMV Management of specific areas::KJMV3 Knowledge management ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJQ Business mathematics & systems
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Measurement and Control of Charged Particle Beams (2021)
    Springer Nature | Springer Berlin Heidelberg
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: From the reviews: "This book is a very welcome and valuable addition to the accelerator literature. As noted by the authors, there is relatively little material in the book specifically for low-energy machines, but industrial users may still find it useful to read." Cern Courier ; The intent of this book is to bridge the link between experimental obser­ vations and theoretical principles in accelerator physics. The methods and concepts, taken primarily from high energy accelerators, have for the most part already been presented in internal reports and proceedings of accelera­ tor conferences, a portion of which has appeared in refereed journals. In this book we have tried to coherently organize this material so as to be useful to designers and operators in the commissioning and operation of particle accelerators. A point of emphasis has been to provide, wherever possible, experimental data to illustrate the particular concept under discussion. Of the data pre­ sented, most are collected from presently existing or past accelerators and we regret the problem of providing original data some of which appear in less accessible publications - for possible omissions we apologize. Regarding the uniformity of the text, particularly with respect to symbol definitions, we have taken the liberty to edit certain representations of the data while trying to maintain the essence of the presented observations. Throughout the text we have attempted to provide references which are readily available for the reader.; This reference and advanced textbook is the first comprehensive and systematic review of all methods used for the measurement, correction, and control of the beam dynamics of modern particle accelerators. Based on material presented in several lectures at the US Particle Accelerator School, the text is intended for graduate students starting research or work in the field of beam physics. Relativistic beams in linear accelerators and storage rings provide the focus. After a review of linear optics, the text addresses basic and advanced techniques for beam control, plus a variety of methods for the manipulation of particle-beam properties. In each case, specific procedures are illustrated by examples from operational accelerators. The book also treats special topics such as injection and extraction methods, beam cooling, spin transport, and polarization. Problems and solutions enhance the books usefulness in graduate courses.
    Keywords: Particle Acceleration and Detection, Beam Physics ; Measurement Science and Instrumentation ; Accelerator Physics ; CERN ; DESY ; Particle accelerator ; Storage ring ; control ; measurement ; Open Access ; Particle & high-energy physics ; Scientific standards, measurement etc ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHP Particle and high-energy physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDD Scientific standards, measurement etc
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies in Animal Production Systems, Preparedness, Response and Recovery (2021)
    Springer Nature | Springer Berlin Heidelberg
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This Open Access volume explains how major nuclear and radiological emergencies (NREs) can have implications at local, national and international level. The response to NREs requires a competent decision-making structure, clear communication and effective information exchange. National veterinary services have the responsibility to plan, design and manage animal production system in their countries. These activities cover animal health, animal movement control, production control and improvement, and control of the products of animal origin before their placement on the market. Release of radionuclides after NREs can cause substantial contamination in the animal production systems. Critical responsibility of veterinary authorities is therefore to prevent such contamination, establish early response mechanisms to mitigate the consequences and prevent placement of contaminated products of animal origin on the market for human consumption. This work summarizes the critical technical points for effective management of NREs for national veterinary services.
    Keywords: Veterinary Medicine/Veterinary Science ; Public Health ; Emergency Services ; Animal Ecology ; Nutrition ; Veterinary Science ; Ecology ; Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies ; Radiological Contamination ; Animal Production Systems ; Disaster Management ; Open Access ; Veterinary medicine ; Public health & preventive medicine ; Accident & emergency medicine ; Zoology & animal sciences ; Biochemistry ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MZ Veterinary medicine ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MB Medicine: general issues::MBN Public health and preventive medicine ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKP Accident and emergency medicine ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSV Zoology and animal sciences ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    AVENUE21. Politische und planerische Aspekte der automatisierten Mobilität (2021)
    Springer Nature | Springer Berlin Heidelberg
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: Gegenstand dieser Open Access Publikation sind die Auswirkungen automatisierter und vernetzter Fahrzeuge auf die Europäische Stadt sowie die Voraussetzungen, unter denen diese Technologie einen positiven Beitrag zur Stadtentwicklung leisten kann. Dabei vertreten die Autorinnen und Autoren zwei Thesen, die im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs bislang wenig Beachtung fanden: Automatisierte und vernetzte Fahrzeuge werden sich für lange Zeit nicht in allen Teilräumen der Stadt durchsetzen. Dies hat zur Folge, dass bislang angenommene Wirkungen - von der Verkehrssicherheit bis zur Verkehrsleistung sowie räumliche Effekte - neu bewertet werden müssen. Um einen positiven Beitrag dieser Technologie zur Mobilität der Zukunft sicherzustellen, müssen verkehrs- und siedlungspolitische Regulationen weiterentwickelt werden. Etablierte territoriale, institutionelle und organisatorische Grenzen sind zeitnah zu hinterfragen. Trotz oder wegen der bestehenden großen Unsicherheiten befinden wir uns am Beginn einer Phase des Gestaltens - in der Technologieentwicklung, aber eben auch in der Politik, Stadtplanung, Verwaltung und der Zivilgesellschaft.
    Keywords: Automotive Engineering ; Mechanical Engineering ; Autonomes Fahren ; Automatisiertes Fahren ; Automatisiertes und vernetztes Fahren ; Verkehrswende ; Stadtentwicklung ; Open Access ; Europäische Stadt ; Automotive technology & trades ; Automotive (motor mechanic) skills ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TR Transport technology and trades::TRC Automotive technology and trades ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGB Mechanical engineering
    Language: German
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  • 11
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    Italienisches, europäisches und internationales Immaterialgüterrecht (2021)
    Springer Nature | Springer Berlin Heidelberg
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    Publication Date: 2021-02-10
    Description: Dieser Open Access Band bietet sowohl deutsch- als auch italienischsprachige Beiträge zu wesentlichen Bereichen des gewerblichen Rechtsschutzes und des Urheberrechts aus der Sicht des deutschen, italienischen und österreichischen Rechts sowie zum TRIPS-Abkommen samt einem Blick auf das vorläufig in Kraft getretene Handelsabkommen zwischen Kanada und der Europäischen Union (CETA). Ein Schwerpunkt ist Schadenersatzansprüchen aus der Verletzung von Immaterialgüterrechten gewidmet, wobei die bei grenzüberschreitenden Sachverhalten auftretenden Fragen der internationalen Gerichtszuständigkeit und des Kollisionsrechts speziell behandelt werden. Darüber hinaus werden Bezüge zum italienischen Verfassungsrecht sowie zum europäischen Wettbewerbsrecht hergestellt und auch wirtschaftsstrafrechtliche Aspekte angesprochen. Schließlich wird ein Ausblick auf die zukünftige Entwicklung des internationalen Immaterialgüterrechts in der Europäischen Union gegeben. Ausgangspunkt für das Buch bildete der vom Internationalen Forum für Wirtschaftsrecht getragene 1. Bozner Wirtschaftsrechtstag, bei dem besonderes Augenmerk auf die Berührung des deutschsprachigen Rechts- und Wirtschaftsraumes mit dem italienischen gelegt wird.
    Keywords: IT Law, Media Law, Intellectual Property ; Private International Law, International & Foreign Law, Comparative Law ; International Economic Law, Trade Law ; European Economic Law ; Private International Law, International and Foreign Law, Comparative Law ; Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz ; Urheberrecht ; Rechtsvergleichung ; Schadensersatz wegen Verletzung von Immaterialgüterrechten ; Internationales Privat- und Prozessrecht ; Italienisches Verfassungsrecht ; Gerichtszuständigkeit ; CETA ; Internationales Immaterialgüterrecht ; Handelsabkommen ; TRIPS ; Wettbewerbsrecht ; Open Access ; Entertainment & media law ; International law ; Comparative law ; Public international law: economic & trade ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNJ Entertainment & media law ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LB International law ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LB International law::LBB Public international law::LBBM International economic & trade law
    Language: German , Italian
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  • 12
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    Comparison of ionospheric scintillation models with experimental data for satellite navigation applications (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-17
    Description: A comparison between two of the most used scintillation models and experimental data is presented. The experimental data have been derived from a GPS scintillation monitor developed at Cornell University and placed in Tucuman (Argentina), under the peak of the anomaly. The models used (GISM and WBMOD) have been run for the geophysical conditions corresponding to the measurements. The comparison is done by subdividing the information on the basis of an ionospheric grid of 5°×5° surface square boxes. The comparison has been performed for several local times, from 18 LT until 04 LT. Here, only a few cases of particular interest are shown. The goal is to understand if the models are able to forecast actual scintillation morphology (from the satellite navigation systems point of view) and if they could be used to yield an estimate of scintillation effects on satellite navigation systems.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: ionospheric scintillations ; scintillation models ; GPS ; SBAS ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    An Update GPS Velocity and Strain Rate Fields for the Iberian Region (2014)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-14
    Description: We present an up-to-date high resolution picture of the ongoing crustal deformation field of Iberian region, based on an extensive combination of permanent and non-permanent GPS observations carried out since 1999. We detected appreciable deformation along the NW and SE margins of the Iberian Peninsula and along the Gibraltar arc, while on the inner parts of the peninsula, the crustal deformation occurs locally at rate 〈 15 nanostrain/year.
    Description: Published
    Description: 369-372
    Description: 1T. Geodinamica e interno della Terra
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: GPS ; Strain-rate ; Plate motion ; Iberia ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 14
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    Lo studio delle deformazioni del suolo nell'area di Bojano nel periodo 2004-2006 (2008)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In questa nota sono riportati i risultati ottenuti da indagini geodetiche effettuate nell’area del Sannio-Matese nell’ambito di una Convenzione triennale perfezionata tra l’Assessorato ai Lavori Pubblici della Regione Molise e l’INGV-OV, rivolta all’individuazione di eventuali fenomeni deformativi del suolo in atto nel comune di Bojano (CB). Lo studio, condotto nel periodo 2004-2006, ha visto la progettazione di una rete geodetica nell’area del Comune di Bojano, avente come riferimento il Cs 104 della Linea 80 IGMI corrispondente al Cs LBO/AIGM in Carta, e la materializzazione di vertici GPS, caposaldi di livellazione e l’installazione di Dry Tilt. Le misure di livellazione sull’intera rete, relative al caposaldo di riferimento, hanno evidenziato un generale trend in subsidenza nel bacino di Bojano connesso, con buona probabilità, alle oscillazioni stagionali della falda. I risultati dellemisure sui vertici della rete GPS sono in buon accordo con quelli ottenuti dalle misure di livellazione, evidenziando un trend in subsidenza nella piana di Bojano e nell’area delle sorgenti del Biferno. Le stime dell’inclinazione del suolo ottenute attraverso l’applicazione della tecnica dei dry-tilt hanno delineato un quadro deformativo relativo alla zona cittadina di Bojano consistente in una inclinazione del suolo nel quadrante ENE.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-80
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: BOJANO ; RETE GEODETICA ; LIVELLAZIONE ; GPS ; DRY TILT ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 15
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    Monitoraggio geodetico delle deformazioni del suolo in area sismogenetica: la rete GPS dello Stretto di Messina (2007)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Il terremoto del 1908 che ha distrutto le città di Reggio Calabria e Messina costituisce il primo esempio in cui, attraverso l’utilizzo di dati geodetici, è stato possibile ricostruire il campo di deformazione verticale collegato al catastrofico evento. In questo lavoro vengono riassunti i principali risultati della ricerca incentrata sulla caratterizzazione cinematica dell’area dello Stretto di Messina e vengono presentati i primi risultati della rete misurata con modalità GPS nel corso del 2001 e del 2003 nella stessa area. Questi risultati confermano l’importanza dell’approfondimento delle attività di monitoraggio geodetico tra il complesso peloritano calabro e quello siciliano, anche allo scopo di chiarire le numerose ambiguità riscontrate, in questi anni, nella definizione delle strutture che hanno originato il terremoto del 1908.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-18
    Description: open
    Keywords: GPS ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics
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  • 16
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    Georeferenced cartography dataset of the La Fossa crater fumarolic field at Vulcano Island (Aeolian Archipelago, Italy): conversion and comparison of data from local to global positioning methods (2011)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The present study illustrates the procedures applied for the coordinate system conversion of the historical fumarole positions at La Fossa crater, to allow their comparison with newly acquired global positioning system (GPS) data. Due to the absence of ground control points in the field and on both the old Gauss Boaga and the new UTM WGS 1984 maps, we had to model the transformation errors between the two systems using differential GPS techniques. Once corrected, the maps show a residual Easting shifting, due to erroneous georeferencing of the original base maps; this is corrected by morphological comparative methods. The good correspondence between the corrected positions of the historical data and the results of the new GPS survey that was carried out in 2009 highlights the good quality of the old surveys, although they were carried out without the use of accurate topographical instruments.
    Description: Published
    Description: 297-303
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Geochemical data ; Volcano monitoring ; Volcanic risk ; Fumarole ; GPS ; Map ; Vulcano Island ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 17
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    Soluzioni indipendenti di reti GPS effettuate con vari programmi scientifici: l’importanza della divulgazione delle informazioni (2011)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Nel presente lavoro vengono descritte le potenzialità del compensatore GLOBK di proprietà del MIT nella combinazione e stabilizzazione di soluzioni derivanti da differenti standard di analisi dato di varie reti GPS. Le grandi prestazioni garantite da questo metodo di compensazione permettono di ottenere risultati di alta qualità e precisione pur disponendo di una potenza di calcolo limitata, caratteristica dei PC di nuova generazione e medio-basso profilo. Nel lavoro sono descritti i risultati delle compensazioni in termini di campi di velocità globali/regionali e serie temporali. Inoltre tutte le caratteristiche delle soluzioni finali quali: polo di rotazione, definizione dei sistemi di riferimento, ecc sono facilmente ottenibili.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-19
    Description: 1.9. Rete GPS nazionale
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: GPS ; Reti Permanenti ; Quasi Osservazioni ; Combinazione ; Compensazione ; Sistemi di Riferimento ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Measuring GNSS ionospheric total electron content at Concordia, and application to L-band radiometers (2013)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In the framework of the project BIS - Bipolar Ionospheric Scintillation and Total Electron Content Monitoring, the ISACCO-DMC0 and ISACCO-DMC1 permanent monitoring stations were installed in 2008. The principal scope of the stations is to measure the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) and to monitor the ionospheric scintillations, using high-sampling-frequency global positioning system (GPS) ionospheric scintillation and TEC monitor (GISTM) receivers. The disturbances that the ionosphere can induce on the electromagnetic signals emitted by the Global Navigation Satellite System constellations are due to the presence of electron density anomalies in the ionosphere, which are particularly frequent at high latitudes, where the upper atmosphere is highly sensitive to perturbations coming from outer space. With the development of present and future low-frequency space-borne microwave missions (e.g., Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity [SMOS], Aquarius, and Soil Moisture Active Passive missions), there is an increasing need to estimate the effects of the ionosphere on the propagation of electromagnetic waves that affects satellite measurements. As an example, how the TEC data collected at Concordia station are useful for the calibration of the European Space Agency SMOS data within the framework of an experiment promoted by the European Space Agency (known as DOMEX) will be discussed. The present report shows the ability of the GISTM station to monitor ionospheric scintillation and TEC, which indicates that only the use of continuous GPS measurements can provide accurate information on TEC variability, which is necessary for continuous calibration of satellite data.
    Description: Published
    Description: R0219
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Total electron content ; Antarctica ; GNSS ; GPS ; Faraday rotation ; Ionosphere ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.04. Plasma Physics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.04. Statistical analysis ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.02. Space weather
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  • 19
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    Continuous photometric observations at ENEA base in Lampedusa to estimate precipitable water (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Water vapour is a variable component of the atmosphere both in space and time. It is one of the most important components because of its effects in many fi elds: Meteorology, Climatology, Remote Sensing, Energy-Budget, Hydrology, etc. This work compares radiometric (sun photometer) readings, Global Positioning System (GPS) data and a meteorological model forecasted data. The aim is to understand if GPS measurements may help Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models. It is well known that GPS measurements are affected by the so-called tropospheric delay. Part of it, the so-called wet delay is related mainly to the amount of water vapour along the path of the GPS signal through the troposphere. Precise knowledge of the abundance of water vapour, in space and time, is important for NWP model because water vapour is the predecessor of precipitation. Despite the high variability of water vapour compared to other meteorological fi elds, like pressure and wind, water vapour observations are scarce, so that additional measurements of water vapour are expected to benefi t meteorology. A new sun photometer, which is part of the AERONET (AErosol and RObotic NETwork) program, has been installed at the ENEA (Ente per le Nuove tecnologie, l'Energia e l'Ambiente) base of Lampedusa Island. The sun photometer is quite close (less then 4 km) to an ASI (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana) GPS permanent receiver. A long record (summer period of the year 2000) of sun photometric measurements is available for the station at Lampedusa. We found that the GPS and sun photometric data are better correlated (std. dev. about 10 mm for the wet delay) than are the GPS measurements with the NWP model predictions. This is an indication that GPS delay data may contain information useful for weather prediction.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: water-vapour ; aerosols ; GPS ; sunphotometer ; NWP-model ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.08. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Testing of the transionospheric radiochannel using data from the global GPS network (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Using the international ground-based network of two-frequency receivers of the GPS navigation system provides a means of carrying out a global, continuous and fully-computerized monitoring of phase fluctuations of signals from satellite-borne radio engineering systems caused by the Earth's inhomogeneous and nonstationary ionosphere. We found that during major geomagnetic storms, the errors of determination of the range, frequency Doppler shift and angles of arrival of transionospheric radio signals exceeds that for magnetically quiet days by one order of magnitude as a minimum. This can be the cause of performance degradation of current satellite radio engineering navigation, communication and radar systems as well as superlong-baseline radio interferometry systems.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: total electron content ; GPS ; transionospheric radiochannel ; geomagnetic disturbances ; space weather ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 21
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    Theory of second order stationary random processes applied to GPS coordinate time-series (2019)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-12-05
    Description: The analysis of Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates time series is a valuable tool in quantifying crustal deformations. The longer continuous GPS time series allow estimation of nonlinear signatures. As a matter of fact, besides the linear and periodic behaviors, other relevant signals are present in such time series as the so-called transient deformations. They can be related to, e.g., slow slip events, which play a crucial role in studying fault mechanisms. To give reliable estimates of these signals, an appropriate and rigorous approach for defining the deterministic and the stochastic models of the data is needed. We prove that the theory of the second order stationary random process (SOSRP) can be used to describe the stochastic behavior of the daily GPS time series. In particular, the second order stationarity condition has to be verified for the daily GPS coordinate time series to be described as a SOSRP. This method has been already used for modeling the gravity field of the earth and in predicting/filtering problems, and this work shows that it can also be useful for characterizing the colored noise in the GPS time series.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 86
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: GPS ; time series ; Stationary stochastic process ; Auto-covariance function ; Power law spectrum ; 04.03. Geodesy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 22
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    A three-dimensional time-dependent algorithm for ionospheric imaging using GPS (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite receivers provide a world-wide network of phase and group delay measurements. The combination of two-frequency measurements can be used to derive the integral of the electron concentration along each satellite-to-receiver path, a parameter known as the Total Electron Content (TEC). At this stage these slant TEC data are diffi cult to interpret as they originate from a combination of a temporally changing ionosphere and spatially changing observation geometry. In this paper TEC data are inverted to evaluate the underlying distribution and time evolution of electron concentration. Accordingly, a new three-dimensional, time-dependent algorithm is presented here for imaging ionospheric electron concentration using GPS signals. The inversion results in a three-dimensional movie rather than a static image of the electron-concentration distribution. The technique is demonstrated using simulated ground-based GPS data from actual measurement geometry over Europe.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: ionosphere ; imaging ; GPS ; inversion ; tomography ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.05. Algorithms and implementation
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  • 23
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    Detection of meteorological inconsistencies by GPS (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: GPS observations, distances from satellites to receivers and meteorological conditions in neutral atmosphere are known to obey a constraint, which provides a residual or in other words a quality index. A method is discussed which provides a residual epoch by epoch in near real time. In general, distribution of residuals during several consecutive epochs belonging to the same satellites, allows estimates of a mean and a standard deviation of mean. Under normal meteorological conditions distribution of residuals appears to be consistent with zero mean as expected. However, consecutive residuals sometimes appear to have a mean different from zero by more than three standard deviations of mean. Such signifi cant consecutive epochs provide a warning of existing inconsistencies among GPS observations, distances from satellites to receivers as obtained by orbital information, meteorological conditions above receivers (as obtained by ground measurements or by extrapolation of meteorological analysis). A procedure has been set up which warns about these inconsistencies in near real time.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: GPS ; double difference ; zenith totaldelay ; residuals ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.08. Instruments and techniques ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.09. Instruments and techniques
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    Digital elevation models for landslide evolution monitoring: application on two areas located in the Reno River Valley (Italy) (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: GPS, digital photogrammetry and laser scanning techniques have been applied and compared in the frame of the studies of two complex landslides located in the Emilia-Romagna Region (Northern Italy). The three approaches, characterized by different accuracies, applicability and costs, have demonstrated to be efficient tools to define Digital Elevation Models computed in the same reference system and able to provide data on the landslide motion. The results described in the paper indicate the present low level of landslide activity in recent years. Reliability, costs and execution times of the applied surveying methods are shown and discussed in this paper.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Digital Elevation Model ; landslide ; GPS ; digital photogrammetry ; laser scanning ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.05. Downhole, radioactivity, remote sensing, and other methods ; 05. General::05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest::05.04.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 25
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    Modelling and management of a Mediterranean karstic coastal aquifer under the effects of seawater intrusion and climate change (2016)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The study and management of the groundwater resources of a large, deep, coastal, karstic aquifer represent a very complex hydrogeological problem. Here, this problem is successfully approached by using an equivalent porous continuous medium (EPCM) to represent a karstic Apulian aquifer (southern Italy). This aquifer, which is located on a peninsula and extends to hundreds of metres depth, is the sole local source of high-quality water resources. These resources are at risk due to overexploitation, climate change and seawater intrusion. The model was based on MODFLOW and SEAWAT codes. Piezometric and salinity variations from 1930 to 2060 were simulated under three past scenarios (up to 1999) and three future scenarios that consider climate change, different types of discharge, and changes in sea level and salinity. The model was validated using surveyed piezometric and salinity data. An evident piezometric drop was confirmed for the past period (until 1999); a similar dramatic drop appears to be likely in the future. The lateral intrusion and upconing effects of seawater intrusion were non-negligible in the past and will be considerable in the future. All phenomena considered here, including sea level and sea salinity, showed non-negligible effects on coastal groundwater.
    Description: Published
    Description: 115-128
    Description: 5A. Energia e georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: embargoed_20160501
    Keywords: Karstic coastal aquifer ; Numerical modelling ; Seawater intrusion ; Climate change ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.06. Water resources
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  • 26
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    GPS surveys in the foreland-foredeep tectonic system of Southeastern Sicily:first results (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The Hyblean plateau (Southeastern Sicily)is characterised by three main tectonic structural trends: the first, NNW-SSE striking,runs on the eastern most part of the plateau and is linked to the Hyblean-Maltese fault system; the second runs along the western part of the plateau with a NNE-SSW direction and is characterised by a sinistral strike slip motion,like the Scicli fault;the third ENE-WSW striking, characterises the northernmost part of the area,including the Scordia-Lentini graben.We analysed GPS data collected in a dense network located in the northern area of the Hyblean plateau during 1998 and 2000, between the towns of Catania and Syracuse. Data from Noto,Matera and Cagliari IGS stations,were included in the processing to connect this network to the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF).The comparison between 1998 and 2000 data sets shows an average northward motion of the GPS stations located south of the Gela-Catania foredeep.Site velocities decrease from south to north and show a weak internal deformation of the northernmost part of the Hyblean plateau.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: ground deformations ; GPS ; regional tectonics ; Hyblean plateau ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 27
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    GPS Zenith Total Delays and Precipitable Water in comparison with special meteorological observations in Verona (Italy)during MAP-SOP (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Continuous meteorological examination of the Pre-Alpine zones in Northern Italy (Po Valley)is important for determination of atmospheric water cycles connected with floods and rainfalls.During a special meteorological observing period (MAP-SOP),radiosounding and other measurements were made in the site of Verona (Italy). This paper deals with Zenith Total Delay (ZTD)and Precipitable Water (PW)comparisons obtained by GPS, radiosounding and other meteorological measurements.PW and ZTD from ground-based GPS data in comparisonwith classical techniques (e.g.,WVR,radiosounding)from recent literature present an accurate tool for use in meteorology applications (e.g.,assimilation in Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP)models on short-range precipitation forecasts).Comparison of such ZTD for MAP-SOP showed a standard deviation of 16.1 mm and PW comparison showed a standard deviation of 2.7 mm,confirming the accuracy of GPS measurements for meteorology applications.In addition,PW data and its time variation are also matched with time series of meteorological situations.Those results indicate that changes in PW values could be connected to changes in air masses,i.e.to passages of both cold and warm fronts.There is also a correlation between precipitation, forthcoming increase and the following decrease of PW.A good agreement between oscillation of PW and precipitation and strong cyclonic activities is found.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: precipitable water ; zenith total delay ; radiosounding ; GPS ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 28
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    Precise point positioning with GPS and Galileo broadcast ephemerides (2021)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-16
    Description: For more than 20 years, precise point positioning (PPP) has been a well-established technique for carrier phase-based navigation. Traditionally, it relies on precise orbit and clock products to achieve accuracies in the order of centimeters. With the modernization of legacy GNSS constellations and the introduction of new systems such as Galileo, a continued reduction in the signal-in-space range error (SISRE) can be observed. Supported by this fact, we analyze the feasibility and performance of PPP with broadcast ephemerides and observations of Galileo and GPS. Two different functional models for compensation of SISREs are assessed: process noise in the ambiguity states and the explicit estimation of a SISRE state for each channel. Tests performed with permanent reference stations show that the position can be estimated in kinematic conditions with an average three-dimensional (3D) root mean square (RMS) error of 29 cm for Galileo and 63 cm for GPS. Dual-constellation solutions can further improve the accuracy to 25 cm. Compared to standard algorithms without SISRE compensation, the proposed PPP approaches offer a 40% performance improvement for Galileo and 70% for GPS when working with broadcast ephemerides. An additional test with observations taken on a boat ride yielded 3D RMS accuracy of 39 cm for Galileo, 41 cm for GPS, and 27 cm for dual-constellation processing compared to a real-time kinematic reference solution. Compared to the use of process noise in the phase ambiguity estimation, the explicit estimation of SISRE states yields a slightly improved robustness and accuracy at the expense of increased algorithmic complexity. Overall, the test results demonstrate that the application of broadcast ephemerides in a PPP model is feasible with modern GNSS constellations and able to reach accuracies in the order of few decimeters when using proper SISRE compensation techniques.
    Description: Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR) (4202)
    Keywords: ddc:526 ; Precise point positioning ; GPS ; Galileo ; Broadcast ephemerides ; Signal-in-space range error
    Language: English
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    Age and origin of groundwater resources in the Ararat Valley, Armenia: a baseline study applying hydrogeochemistry and environmental tracers (2021)
    Schubert, Michael ; Michelsen, Nils ; Schmidt, Axel ; [et al.]
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-08
    Description: Within the Ararat Valley (Armenia), a continuously growing water demand (for irrigation and fish farming) and a simultaneous decline in groundwater recharge (due to climate change) result in increasing stress on the local groundwater resources. This detrimental development is reflected by groundwater-level drops and an associated reduction of the area with artesian conditions in the valley centre. This situation calls for increasing efforts aimed at more sustainable water resources management. The aim of this baseline study was the collection of data that allows for study on the origin and age distribution of the Ararat Valley groundwater based on environmental tracers, namely stable (δ〈sup〉2〈/sup〉H, δ〈sup〉18〈/sup〉O) and radioactive (〈sup〉35〈/sup〉S, 〈sup〉3〈/sup〉H) isotopes, as well as physical-chemical indicators. The results show that the Ararat Valley receives modern recharge, despite its (semi-)arid climate. While subannual groundwater residence times could be disproved (〈sup〉35〈/sup〉S), the detected 〈sup〉3〈/sup〉H pattern suggests groundwater ages of several decades, with the oldest waters being recharged around 60 years ago. The differing groundwater ages are reflected by varying scatter of stable isotope and hydrochemical signatures. The presence of young groundwater (i.e., younger that the 1970s), some containing nitrate, indicates groundwater vulnerability and underscores the importance of increased efforts to achieve sustainable management of this natural resource. Since stable isotope signatures indicate the recharge areas to be located in the mountains surrounding the valley, these efforts must not be limited to the central part of the valley where most of the abstraction wells are located.
    Description: Technische Universität Darmstadt (3139)
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; Groundwater residence time ; Tritium ; Radiosulphur ; Stable isotopes ; Armenia
    Language: English
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    Modellierung der küstennahen Grundwasserversalzung in Niedersachsen abgeleitet aus aeroelektromagnetischen Daten (2021)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-08
    Description: Die Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) führte in den Jahren 2000–2014 umfangreiche (etwa 5900 km2) aerogeophysikalische Erkundungen an der niedersächsischen Nordseeküste durch. Die Aeroelektromagnetik liefert Informationen über die elektrisch leitfähigen Strukturen im Erduntergrund und ermöglicht die Unterscheidung von Süß- und Salzwasser wie auch von Tonen und Sanden. Im Landesamt für Bergbau, Energie und Geologie (LBEG) sowie am Leibniz Institut für Angewandte Geophysik (LIAG) wurden diese Daten zur Kartierung der Tiefenlage der Süß‑/Salzwassergrenze genutzt. Dadurch ist unter anderem eine detaillierte Karte der Grundwasserversalzung innerhalb der küstennahen Aquifere entlang der niedersächsischen Nordseeküste im Maßstab 1:50.000 entstanden. Diese zeigt den aktuellen Stand der Grundwasserversalzung, abgeleitet aus den gewonnenen Elektromagnetik-Modellen. Die Modelle waren auch Grundlage für eine hydraulische Modellierung der Süßwasserlinse der Nordseeinsel Borkum. Darauf aufbauende Simulationen zeigen die Entwicklung der Grundwassersituation für den Zeitraum bis 2100.
    Description: Landesamt für Bergbau, Energie und Geologie (LBEG) (4273)
    Keywords: ddc:551.49 ; Grundwasserversalzung ; Modellierung ; Aeroelektromagnetik ; Klimawandel ; Süßwasserlinse ; Fresh-saline groundwater Interface ; Climate change ; Airborne electromagnetics ; Freshwater lenses
    Language: German
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    Can Tanzania’s adaptation measures prevent future maize yield decline? A simulation study from Singida region (2021)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-01
    Description: Cereal crop production in sub-Saharan Africa has not achieved the much-needed increase in yields to foster economic development and food security. Maize yields in the region’s semi-arid agroecosystems are constrained by highly variable rainfall, which may be worsened by climate change. Thus, the Tanzanian government has prioritized agriculture as an adaptation sector in its intended nationally determined contribution, and crop management adjustments as a key investment area in its Agricultural Sector Development Programme. In this study, we investigated how future changes in maize yields under different climate scenarios can be countered by regional adjusted crop management and cultivar adaptation strategies. A crop model was used to simulate maize yields in the Singida region of Tanzania for the baseline period 1980–2012 and under three future climate projections for 2020–2060 and 2061–2099. Adaptation strategies to improve yields were full irrigation, deficit irrigation, mulch and nitrogen addition and another cultivar. According to our model results, increase in temperature is the main driver of future maize yield decline. Increased respiration and phenological development were associated with lower maize yields of 16% in 2020–2060 and 20% in 2061–2099 compared to the 1980–2012 baseline. Surprisingly, none of the management strategies significantly improved yields; however, a different maize variety that was tested as an alternative coping strategy performed better. This study suggests that investment in accessibility of improved varieties and investigation of maize traits that have the potential to perform well in a warmer future are better suited for sustaining maize production in the semi-arid region than adjustments in crop management.
    Description: Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)
    Description: Universität Hohenheim (3153)
    Keywords: ddc:631 ; Maize ; Climate change ; Adaptation ; Model ; Tanzania ; NDC
    Language: English
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    Assessment of crop risk due to climate change in Sao Tome and Principe (2021)
    Costa Resende Ferreira, Nicole ; Martins, Minella ; da Silva Tavares, Priscila ; [et al.]
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-01
    Description: Sao Tome and Principe is a small insular country in the west coast of Central Africa. The small dimensions of the islands and the limited natural resources put these islands under highly vulnerable to climate change. To assess the possible future impacts and risks on their agricultural activities, the high-resolution 4-km downscaled climate change projections using Eta regional climate model are used. A crop risk index (CRI) is proposed to assess the risk of climate change on cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.), pepper (Piper nigrum L. and Piper guinesse L.), taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott), and maize (Zea mays L.). The index takes into account the vulnerability to climate conditions and the crop yield in the future, and it is classified into very-high, high, moderate, low, and very-low. The climate change projections indicate increase in the risk of taro crop, partly due to thermal stress and partly due to the susceptibility to the leaf blight crop disease in taro. The risk of production of the pepper crop is very-high, mainly due to water stress. In mountain regions, the greater risk is due to the thermal stress caused by low temperatures. The cocoa crop is at risk due to water stress, mainly in the northwestern part of the Sao Tome Island, where major local production occurs. The projection indicates increase of the area with very-high risk to maize crops due to the increase of thermal stress and susceptibility to rust. In addition, in parts of the coastal regions, the risk changed from very-low to high risk, due to the low productivity potential. In general, the risks of the four major crops of Sao Tome and Principe increase in the future climate conditions.
    Description: UNEP, FUNDEP, Sao Tome and Principe National Institute of Meteorology
    Description: CNPq
    Keywords: ddc:631 ; Crop risk index ; Climate change ; Small Islands Developing States ; Eta model ; Agriculture risk assessment
    Language: English
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    Climate change impacts on potential maize yields in Gambella Region, Ethiopia (2021)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-01
    Description: Changing climate conditions are supposed to have particularly strong impacts on agricultural production in the tropics with strong implications on food security. Ethiopia’s economy is profoundly dominated by agriculture, contributing to around 40% of the gross domestic product. Thereby, Ethiopia is one of the most vulnerable countries to the impact of climate change and has a wide gap in regional climate change impact studies. In this study, we systematically investigate climate change impacts on yields for the Gambella region in Ethiopia, exemplarily for maize. Here, we show how yields change until 2100 for RCPs 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 from a climate model ensemble under rainfed and irrigated conditions. While rainfed yields decrease by 15% and 14% respectively for RCPs 2.6 and 4.5, yields decrease by up to 32% under RCP 8.5. Except for RCP 8.5, yields are not further decreasing after 2040–2069. We found that temperature increase, changing soil water availability, and atmospheric CO2 concentration have different effects on the simulated yield potential. Our results demonstrate the dominance of heat response under future climate conditions in the tropical Gambella region, contributing to 85% of total yield changes. Accordingly, irrigation will lose effectiveness for increasing yield when temperature becomes the limiting factor. CO2, on the other hand, contributes positively to yield changes by 8.9% for RCP 8.5. For all scenarios, the growing period is shorted due to increasing temperature by up to 29 days for RCP 8.5. Our results suggest that new varieties with higher growing degree days are primarily required to the region for adapting to future climate conditions.
    Description: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (1024)
    Keywords: ddc:631 ; Climate change ; Agriculture ; Regional study ; Crop model
    Language: English
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    Current and future state of groundwater salinization of the northern Elbe-Weser region (2021)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-09
    Description: Salinization of the upper aquifer of the northern Elbe-Weser region almost extends to the surface. Chloride content exceeds 250 mg/l and the groundwater is therefore, according to the German Drinking Water Ordinance, not suitable as drinking water. The chloride content in the aquifer originates from early flooding with seawater which occurred during the Holocene sea level rise. Depth and extent of the salinization were mapped by airborne electromagnetic surveys and validated by groundwater analyses. In the transition zone between the marshlands and geest areas, the fresh-saline groundwater interface falls to a depth of 〉 −175 m NHN. Due to the extensive drainage of the marshlands, seepage of fresh groundwater is impeded. Instead, an upconing of the fresh-saline groundwater interface appears due to an upwardly directed hydraulic gradient. Due to climate change, chloride concentrations will increase along the coastlines. Further inland, a decrease of chloride content in near-surface groundwater will occur.
    Description: Interreg http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100013276
    Description: Landesamt für Bergbau, Energie und Geologie (LBEG) (4273)
    Keywords: ddc:551.49 ; Fresh-saline groundwater interface ; HEM ; Drainage ; Cl/Br ratio ; Climate change ; Süß‑/Salzwassergrenze ; HEM ; Cl/Br-Verhältnis ; Klimawandel
    Language: English
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    Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die zukünftige Grundwassernutzung – Betroffenheiten, Handlungsbedarfe und Lösungsansätze (2020)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-23
    Description: Die Ergebnisse regionaler Klimaprojektionen für Deutschland weisen auf eine Zunahme der mittleren Lufttemperatur und eine innerjährliche Verschiebung der Niederschläge – mit feuchteren Wintern und trockeneren Sommern – hin. Darüber hinaus werden sich regional die Häufigkeit, Intensität und Dauer von Hitzewellen, Trockenperioden und Starkregenereignissen weiter erhöhen. Durch diese Veränderungen wird sich auch der Jahresgang der Grundwasserneubildung ändern. Als Folge dessen können sich Änderungen bei den hohen, mittleren und tiefen Grundwasserständen, Grundwasserschwankungsbreiten und dem Grundwasserdargebot ergeben. Aber nicht nur die Ressource Grundwasser wird durch die Folgen des Klimawandels betroffen. Auch die gesamte Infrastruktur – von der Förderung bis zur Verteilungsleitung zum Kunden – kann beeinträchtigt werden. Neben den direkten Einflüssen sind auch indirekte Beeinflussungen durch Kaskadeneffekte – beispielsweise ausgehend vom Energiesektor – möglich. Darum gilt es integrative, ganzheitliche und systemische Lösungen zu erarbeiten, um die Funktionalität der kritischen Infrastruktur dauerhaft auch unter Berücksichtigung der Folgen des Klimawandels gewährleisten zu können.
    Description: Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht - Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung GmbH (HZG) (4216)
    Description: Climate change impacts on groundwater use—impacts and action needs
    Keywords: ddc:304.28 ; Klimawandel ; Wasserversorgung ; Kritische Infrastruktur ; Anpassung ; Climate change ; Impacts ; Water supply ; Critical infrastructure ; Adaptation
    Language: German
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    Climate change vulnerability, water resources and social implications in North Africa (2020)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: North Africa is considered a climate change hot spot. Existing studies either focus on the physical aspects of climate change or discuss the social ones. The present article aims to address this divide by assessing and comparing the climate change vulnerability of Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia and linking it to its social implications. The vulnerability assessment focuses on climate change exposure, water resources, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. The results suggest that all countries are exposed to strong temperature increases and a high drought risk under climate change. Algeria is most vulnerable to climate change, mainly due to the country’s high sensitivity. Across North Africa, the combination of climate change and strong population growth is very likely to further aggravate the already scarce water situation. The so-called Arab Spring has shown that social unrest is partly caused by unmet basic needs of the population for food and water. Thus, climate change may become an indirect driver of social instability in North Africa. To mitigate the impact of climate change, it is important to reduce economic and livelihood dependence on rain-fed agriculture, strengthen sustainable land use practices, and increase the adaptive capacity. Further, increased regional cooperation and sub-national vulnerability assessments are needed.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: National Geographic Society http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100006363
    Keywords: ddc:304.28 ; Climate change ; Vulnerability ; Resilience ; Water ; Conflict ; North Africa
    Language: English
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    Extending access to localizer performance with vertical guidance approaches by means of an SBAS to GBAS converter (2020)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Currently, many commercial airline aircraft cannot perform three-dimensionally guided approaches based on satellite-based augmentation systems. We propose a system to rebroadcast the correction and integrity data via a data link as provided by the ground-based augmentation system such that aircraft equipped with a GPS landing system (GLS) can use the wide-area corrections and perform localizer performance with vertical guidance (LPV) approaches while maintaining the same level of integrity. In consequence, the system loses some availability and the time to alert is slightly increased. We build a prototype system and present data collected for one week, confirming technical feasibility. There is a loss of 5.3 percent of availability during a 1-week data collection cycle in which we compared our system to standalone LPV service. We tested our prototype with two commercially available GLS receivers with positive results and successfully demonstrated the functionality with a conventional Airbus 319 equipped with a standard GLS receiver.
    Keywords: ddc:526 ; SBAS ; Satellite ; Navigation ; Augmentation ; Aviation ; GPS ; GNSS
    Language: English
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    Regional climate downscaling over Europe: perspectives from the EURO-CORDEX community (2020)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: The European CORDEX (EURO-CORDEX) initiative is a large voluntary effort that seeks to advance regional climate and Earth system science in Europe. As part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) - Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX), it shares the broader goals of providing a model evaluation and climate projection framework and improving communication with both the General Circulation Model (GCM) and climate data user communities. EURO-CORDEX oversees the design and coordination of ongoing ensembles of regional climate projections of unprecedented size and resolution (0.11° EUR-11 and 0.44° EUR-44 domains). Additionally, the inclusion of empirical-statistical downscaling allows investigation of much larger multi-model ensembles. These complementary approaches provide a foundation for scientific studies within the climate research community and others. The value of the EURO-CORDEX ensemble is shown via numerous peer-reviewed studies and its use in the development of climate services. Evaluations of the EUR-44 and EUR-11 ensembles also show the benefits of higher resolution. However, significant challenges remain. To further advance scientific understanding, two flagship pilot studies (FPS) were initiated. The first investigates local-regional phenomena at convection-permitting scales over central Europe and the Mediterranean in collaboration with the Med-CORDEX community. The second investigates the impacts of land cover changes on European climate across spatial and temporal scales. Over the coming years, the EURO-CORDEX community looks forward to closer collaboration with other communities, new advances, supporting international initiatives such as the IPCC reports, and continuing to provide the basis for research on regional climate impacts and adaptation in Europe.
    Keywords: ddc:551.6 ; EURO-CORDEX ; CORDEX ; Climate change ; Regional climate models ; Regional climate modelling
    Language: English
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    Late Oligocene—Early Miocene shortening in the Thrace Basin, northern Aegean (2021)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-20
    Description: Late Cenozoic was a period of large-scale extension in the Aegean. The extension is mainly recorded in the metamorphic core complexes with little data from the sedimentary sequences. The exception is the Thrace Basin in the northern Aegean, which has a continuous record of Middle Eocene to Oligocene marine sedimentation. In the Thrace Basin, the Late Oligocene–Early Miocene was characterized by north-northwest (N25°W) shortening leading to the termination of sedimentation and formation of large-scale folds. We studied the stratigraphy and structure of one of these folds, the Korudağ anticline. The Korudağ anticline has formed in the uppermost Eocene–Lower Oligocene siliciclastic turbidites with Early Oligocene (31.6 Ma zircon U–Pb age) acidic tuff beds. The turbidites are underlain by a thin sequence of Upper Eocene pelagic limestone. The Korudağ anticline is an east-northeast (N65°E) trending fault-propagation fold, 9 km wide and 22 km long and with a subhorizontal fold axis. It is asymmetric with shallowly-dipping northern and steeply-dipping southern limbs. Its geometry indicates about 1 km of shortening in a N25°W direction. The folded strata are unconformably overlain by Middle Miocene continental sandstones, which constrain the age of folding. The Korudağ anticline and other large folds in the Thrace Basin predate the inception of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) by at least 12 myr. The Late Oligocene–Early Miocene (28–17 Ma) shortening in the Thrace Basin and elsewhere in the Balkans forms an interlude between two extensional periods, and is probably linked to changes in the subduction dynamics along the Hellenic trench.
    Description: TÜBİTAK
    Description: İTÜ-BAP
    Description: TÜBA
    Description: Freie Universität Berlin (1008)
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; Thrace Basin ; Shortening ; Oligocene ; Miocene ; Aegean
    Language: English
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  • 40
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    The birth of the Alps: Ediacaran to Paleozoic accretionary processes and crustal growth along the northern Gondwana margin (2021)
    Siegesmund, S. ; Oriolo, S. ; Schulz, B. ; [et al.]
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-20
    Description: New whole-rock geochemical and coupled U–Pb and Lu–Hf LA-ICP-MS zircon data of metasedimentary rocks of the Austroalpine, South Alpine and Penninic basement domains are presented, to disentangle the pre-Variscan tectonic evolution of the proto-Alps. The studied units seem to record distinct stages of protracted Late Ediacaran to Carboniferous tectonosedimentary processes prior to the Variscan collision. In the case of Austroalpine and South Alpine units, nevertheless, no major differences in terms of provenance are observed, since most detrital zircon samples are characterized by a major Pan-African peak. Their detrital zircon spectra record a provenance from the northeastern Saharan Metacraton and the Sinai basement at the northern Arabian-Nubian Shield, being thus located along the eastern Early Paleozoic northern Gondwana margin, whereas sources located further west are inferred for the Penninic Unit, which might have been placed close to the Moldanubian Unit of the Bohemian Massif. In any case, it is thus clear that the Alpine basement remained in a close position to the Gondwana mainland at least during the Early Paleozoic. The Late Ediacaran to Silurian tectonic evolution, which includes Cadomian and Cenerian tectonometamorphic and magmatic processes, seem thus to record a continuum related to a retreating-mode accretionary orogen, with diachronous back-arc basin opening and possibly discrete compressional/transpressional pulses linked to changes in subduction zone dynamics. On the other hand, it is inferred that the Alpine basement essentially comprises Pan-African metasedimentary and subordinate metaigneous rocks, possibly with very few Early Neoproterozoic relics. This basement was significantly reworked during the protracted Paleozoic orogenic evolution, due to anatexis and/or assimilation by mantle-derived juvenile magmatism.
    Description: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (1018)
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; Alpine basement ; Cadomian orogeny ; Cenerian orogeny ; Retreating-mode accretionary orogen ; Sedimentary provenance ; Detrital zircons
    Language: English
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    Estimation of absolute GNSS satellite antenna group delay variations based on those of absolute receiver antenna group delays (2021)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-20
    Description: GNSS satellite and receiving antennas exhibit group delay variations (GDV), which affect code pseudorange measurements. Like antenna phase center variations, which affect phase measurements, they are frequency-dependent and vary with the direction of the transmitted and received signal. GNSS code observations contain the combined contributions of satellite and receiver antennas. If absolute GDV are available for the receiver antennas, absolute satellite GDV can be determined. In 2019, an extensive set of absolute receiver antenna GDV was published and, thus, it became feasible to estimate absolute satellite antenna GDV based on terrestrial observations. We used the absolute GDV of four selected receiver antenna types and observation data of globally distributed reference stations that employ these antenna types to determine absolute GDV for the GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou, and QZSS satellite antennas. Besides BeiDou-2 satellites whose GDV are known to reach up to 1.5 m peak-to-peak, the GPS satellites show the largest GDV at frequencies L1 and L5 with up to 0.3 and 0.4 m peak-to-peak, respectively. They also show the largest satellite-to-satellite variations within a constellation. The GDV of GLONASS-M satellites reach up to 25 cm at frequency G1; Galileo satellites exhibit the largest GDV at frequency E6 with up to 20 cm; BeiDou-3 satellites show the largest GDV of around 15 cm at frequencies B1-2 and B3. Frequencies L2 of GPS IIIA, E1 of Galileo FOC, and B2a/B2b of BeiDou-3 satellites are the least affected. Their variations are below 10 cm.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Technische Universität Dresden (1019)
    Keywords: ddc:526 ; Absolute group delay variations ; Code-minus-carrier combination ; GPS ; GLONASS ; Galileo ; BeiDou ; QZSS
    Language: English
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    Implications for sedimentary transport processes in southwestern Africa: a combined zircon morphology and age study including extensive geochronology databases (2021)
    Gärtner, Andreas ; Hofmann, Mandy ; Zieger, Johannes ; [et al.]
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-27
    Description: Extensive morphological and age studies on more than 4600 detrital zircon grains recovered from modern sands of Namibia reveal complex mechanisms of sediment transport. These data are further supplemented by a zircon age database containing more than 100,000 single grain analyses from the entire southern Africa and allow for hypothesising of a large Southern Namibian Sediment Vortex located between the Damara Orogen and the Orange River in southern Namibia. The results of this study also allow assuming a modified model of the Orange River sand highway, whose origin is likely located further south than previously expected. Moreover, studied samples from other parts of Namibia give first insights into sediment movements towards the interior of the continent and highlight the potential impact of very little spatial variations of erosion rates. Finally, this study points out the huge potential of detrital zircon morphology and large geo-databases as an easy-to-use additional tool for provenance analysis.
    Description: deutsche forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden (3507)
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; Namibia ; Zircon ; Mineral morphology ; Sediment transport ; Geochronology ; Database
    Language: English
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    New constraints on the exhumation history of the western Tauern Window (European Alps) from thermochronology, thermokinematic modeling, and topographic analysis (2021)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-27
    Description: The Brenner normal fault bounds the Tauern Window to the west and accommodated a significant portion of the orogen-parallel extension in the Eastern Alps. Here, we use zircon (U–Th)/He, apatite fission track, and apatite (U–Th)/He dating, thermokinematic modeling, and a topographic analysis to constrain the exhumation history of the western Tauern Window in the footwall of the Brenner fault. ZHe ages from an E–W profile (parallel to the slip direction of the fault) decrease westwards from ~ 11 to ~ 8 Ma and suggest a fault-slip rate of 3.9 ± 0.9 km/Myr, whereas AFT and AHe ages show no spatial trends. ZHe and AFT ages from an elevation profile indicate apparent exhumation rates of 1.1 ± 0.7 and 1.0 ± 1.3 km/Myr, respectively, whereas the AHe ages are again spatially invariant. Most of the thermochronological ages are well predicted by a thermokinematic model with a normal fault that slips at a rate of 4.2 km/Myr between ~ 19 and ~ 9 Ma and produces 35 ± 10 km of extension. The modeling reveals that the spatially invariant AHe ages are caused by heat advection due to faulting and posttectonic thermal relaxation. The enigmatic increase of K–Ar phengite and biotite ages towards the Brenner fault is caused by heat conduction from the hot footwall to the cooler hanging wall. Topographic profiles across an N–S valley in the fault footwall indicate 1000 ± 300 m of erosion after faulting ceased, which agrees with the results of our thermokinematic model. Valley incision explains why the Brenner fault is located on the western valley shoulder and not at the valley bottom. We conclude that the ability of thermokinematic models to quantify heat transfer by rock advection and conduction is crucial for interpreting cooling ages from extensional fault systems.
    Description: Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (1056)
    Description: https://github.com/jeanbraun
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; European Alps ; Tauern Window ; Thermochronology ; Thermokinematic modeling
    Language: English
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    Two-phase late Paleozoic magmatism (~ 313–312 and ~ 299–298 Ma) in the Lusatian Block and its relation to large scale NW striking fault zones: evidence from zircon U–Pb CA–ID–TIMS geochronology, bulk rock- and zircon chemistry (2021)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-21
    Description: Late Paleozoic (Variscan) magmatism is widespread in Central Europe. The Lusatian Block is located in the NE Bohemian Massif and it is part of the Saxothuringian Zone of the Variscan orogen. It is bordered by two major NW-trending shear zones, the Intra-Sudetic Fault Zone towards NE and the Elbe Fault Zone towards SW. The scarce Variscan igneous rocks of the Lusatian Block are situated close to these faults. We investigated 19 samples from Variscan plutonic and volcanic rocks of the Lusatian Block, considering all petrological varieties (biotite-bearing granites from the Koenigshain and Stolpen plutons, amphibole-bearing granites from three boreholes, several volcanic dykes, and two volcanites from the intramontane Weissig basin). We applied whole-rock geochemistry (18 samples) and zircon evaporation dating (19 samples). From the evaporation data, we selected six representative samples for additional zircon SHRIMP and CA–ID–TIMS dating. For the Koenigshain pluton, possible protoliths were identified using whole-rock Nd-isotopes, and zircon Hf- and O-isotopes. The new age data allow a subdivision of Variscan igneous rocks in the Lusatian Block into two distinct magmatic episodes. The spatial relation of the two age groups to either the Elbe Fault Zone (298–299 Ma) or the Intra-Sudetic Fault Zone (312–313 Ma) together with reports on the fault-bound character of the dated intrusions suggests an interpretation as two major post-collisional faulting episodes. This assumption of two distinct magmatic periods is confirmed by a compilation of recently published zircon U–Pb CA–ID–TIMS data on further Variscan igneous rocks from the Saxothuringian Zone. New geochemical data allow us to exclude a dominant sedimentary protolith for the Koenigshain pluton as supposed by previous investigations. This conclusion is mainly based on new O- and Hf-isotope data on zircon and the scarcity of inherited zircons. Instead, acid or intermediate igneous rocks are supposed as the main source for these I-type granitoids from the Koenigshain pluton.
    Description: Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg (3135)
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; Geochronology ; Zircon ; Variscan granites ; Lusatian block
    Language: English
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  • 45
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    Crop diversity effects on temporal agricultural production stability across European regions (2021)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-29
    Description: Stabilizing agricultural production is fundamental to food security. At the national level, increasing the effective diversity of cultivated crops has been found to increase temporal production stability, i.e., the year-to-year stability of total caloric production of all crops combined. Here, we specifically investigated these effects at the regional level for the European Union and tested the effect of crop diversity in relation to agricultural inputs, soil properties, climate instability, and time on caloric, protein, and fat stability, as we hypothesized that the effect of diversity is context dependent. We further investigated these relationships for specific countries. We found that greater crop diversity was consistently associated with an increase in production stability, particularly in regions with large areas equipped for irrigation and low soil type diversity. For instance, in Spain and Italy, crop diversity showed the strongest positive effect among all predictors, while on the European level, the stabilizing effect of nitrogen use was substantially higher. In Germany, the crop diversity-stability relationship was weak, suggesting that crops react similarly to climatic, economic, and political factors or are grown in the same periods. With this study, we substantiate previous findings that crop diversity stabilizes agricultural caloric production and extend these with regard to protein and fat. The results elucidate the key drivers that enhance production stability for different European countries and regions, which is of key importance for a comparably productive agricultural region like Europe.
    Description: Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001656
    Description: Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung GmbH - UFZ (4215)
    Keywords: ddc: ; Agroecology ; Climate change ; Resilience ; Sustainability
    Language: English
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  • 46
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    Geological development of the Limpopo Shelf (southern Mozambique) during the last sealevel cycle (2020)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-17
    Description: Paleo-shorelines on continental shelves give insights into the complex development of coastlines during sealevel cycles. This study investigates the geologic development of the Limpopo Shelf during the last sealevel cycle using multichannel seismic and acoustic datasets acquired on the shelf in front of the Limpopo River mouth. A detailed investigation of seismic facies, shelf bathymetry, and a correlation to sea level revealed the presence of numerous submerged shorelines on the shelf. These shorelines are characterized by distinct topographic ridges and are interpreted as coastal dune ridges that formed in periods of intermittent sealevel still-/slowstand during transgression. The shorelines are preserved due to periods of rapid sealevel rise (melt water pulses) that led to the overstepping of the dune ridges as well as due to early cementation of accumulated sediments that increased the erosive resistance of the ridges. The high along-shelf variability of the submerged dune ridges is interpreted as a result of pre-existing topography affecting shoreline positions during transgression. The pre-existing topography is controlled by the underlying sedimentary deposits that are linked to varying fluvial sediment input at different points on the shelf. The numerous prominent submerged dune ridges form barriers for the modern fluvial sediment from the Limpopo River and dam sediment on the inner shelf. They may also facilitate along-shelf current-induced sediment transport.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; Limpopo Shelf ; Geology
    Language: English
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  • 47
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    Slab break-offs in the Alpine subduction zone (2020)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-17
    Description: After the onset of plate collision in the Alps, at 32–34 Ma, the deep structure of the orogen is inferred to have changed dramatically: European plate break-offs in various places of the Alpine arc, as well as a possible reversal of subduction polarity in the eastern Alps have been proposed. We review different high-resolution tomographic studies of the upper mantle and combine shear- and body-wave models to assess the most reliable geometries of the slabs. Several hypotheses for the tectonic evolution are presented and tested against the tomographic model interpretations and constraints from geologic and geodetic observations. We favor the interpretation of a recent European slab break-off under the western Alps. In the eastern Alps, we review three published scenarios for the subduction structure and propose a fourth one to reconcile the results from tomography and geology. We suggest that the fast slab anomalies are mainly due to European subduction; Adriatic subduction plays no or only a minor role along the Tauern window sections, possibly increasing towards the Dinarides. The apparent northward dip of the slab under the eastern Alps may be caused by imaging a combination of Adriatic slab, from the Dinaric subduction system, and a deeper lying European one, as well as by an overturned, retreating European slab.
    Description: GRNE graduate school
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DE)
    Description: H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions ()
    Description: http://www.orfeus-eu.org/eida
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; Seismic tomography ; Subduction slabs ; Alpine subduction system ; Slab break-off ; Slab polarity reversal
    Language: English
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  • 48
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    Mesozoic deposits of SW Gondwana (Namibia): unravelling Gondwanan sedimentary dispersion drivers by detrital zircon (2020)
    Zieger, J. ; Harazim, S. ; Hofmann, M. ; [et al.]
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-17
    Description: The Namibian Mesozoic successions may be remnant of a high dynamic sedimentary system that is characterized by multiple stages of sediment accumulation and erosion with contemporaneous homogenization starting with the deposition of the Permo-Carboniferous Dwyka Group strata and continues at least until the Lower Cretaceous. The Lower Cretaceous sedimentary system is interpreted to have involved at least an area covering the whole SW Gondwana, documenting the sedimentary history during the evolution from an ice house environment to an arid desert. To test the sediment homogenization hypothesis, we applied a combination of isotopic and morphometric data on detrital zircon grains, as well as whole-rock geochemical data of selected Mesozoic sandstones from Namibia. As a base for the interpretation of the detrital zircon age data we compiled a zircon age dataset with c. 44,000 analyses for the southern African region. All samples reveal a major detrital pan-African zircon age peak of c. 0.5–0.7 Ga sourced from the pan-African magmatic events occurring around the Kalahari Craton margin. The lowermost Triassic is characterized by the occurrence of additional Mesoproterozoic and Paleoproterozoic age peaks of c. 1.0–1.2 Ga and 1.8–2.0 Ga with a majority of zircon grains showing angular shapes. The protosource of these grains is interpreted to possibly be the Namaqua Metamorphic Complex and other Paleoproterozoic structural units deformed in course of the Namaqua orogeny. In contrast, other samples show a prominent Permo-Triassic age peak and completely rounded zircon grains, putatively derived from within the Gondwanides volcanic arc. The disparity in the zircon age pattern may point towards a change in provenance and also a change in the whole system of zircon recycling during the Mesozoic southern Gondwana. The Lower Triassic Neu Loore fm. are constrained to more local bedrock sources and short zircon transport distance. In contrast, zircon grains of the Middle Triassic Omingonde, the Jurassic Etjo und the Cretaceous Twyfelfontein formations are an expression for a major recycling and sediment homogenization system. The system was facilitated by an interplay between fluvial and eolian sedimentary transport systems.
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; Zircon U–pb ; Mesozoic ; Gondwana ; Karoo ; Namibia
    Language: English
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  • 49
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    On the possibility of getting traceable time and frequency measurements via GNSS receivers (2020)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-16
    Description: The realization of Coordinated Universal Time, one of the tasks of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, relies on a network of international time links which currently is organized in a star-like scheme that links all contributing laboratories. GPS signal reception is the technique most widely employed by the laboratories. The PTB currently plays a unique role in the process due to its function as the central pivot in the time transfer between the participating laboratories. We discuss how the PTB meets its obligations to the international timekeeping community as well as to its users in Germany. In its role as an National Metrology Institute (NMI), PTB is entrusted with the realization and dissemination of legal time in Germany. The services were offered to the public support measurements and timing applications traceable to the national and international standards to be made in calibration laboratories and in many industrial sectors. We thus discuss the meaning and definition of traceability, how different GNSS systems can be used to establish traceability and their performance in doing so.
    Keywords: ddc:526 ; GNSS ; GPS ; Galileo ; Time and frequency metrology ; Traceability
    Language: English
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  • 50
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    Sentinel-6A precise orbit determination using a combined GPS/Galileo receiver (2021)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-22
    Description: The Sentinel-6 (or Jason-CS) altimetry mission provides a long-term extension of the Topex and Jason-1/2/3 missions for ocean surface topography monitoring. Analysis of altimeter data relies on highly-accurate knowledge of the orbital position and requires radial RMS orbit errors of less than 1.5 cm. For precise orbit determination (POD), the Sentinel-6A spacecraft is equipped with a dual-constellation GNSS receiver. We present the results of Sentinel-6A POD solutions for the first 6 months since launch and demonstrate a 1-cm consistency of ambiguity-fixed GPS-only and Galileo-only solutions with the dual-constellation product. A similar performance (1.3 cm 3D RMS) is achieved in the comparison of kinematic and reduced-dynamic orbits. While Galileo measurements exhibit 30–50% smaller RMS errors than those of GPS, the POD benefits most from the availability of an increased number of satellites in the combined dual-frequency solution. Considering obvious uncertainties in the pre-mission calibration of the GNSS receiver antenna, an independent inflight calibration of the phase centers for GPS and Galileo signal frequencies is required. As such, Galileo observations cannot provide independent scale information and the estimated orbital height is ultimately driven by the employed forces models and knowledge of the center-of-mass location within the spacecraft. Using satellite laser ranging (SLR) from selected high-performance stations, a better than 1 cm RMS consistency of SLR normal points with the GNSS-based orbits is obtained, which further improves to 6 mm RMS when adjusting site-specific corrections to station positions and ranging biases. For the radial orbit component, a bias of less than 1 mm is found from the SLR analysis relative to the mean height of 13 high-performance SLR stations. Overall, the reduced-dynamic orbit determination based on GPS and Galileo tracking is considered to readily meet the altimetry-related Sentinel-6 mission needs for RMS height errors of less than 1.5 cm.
    Description: Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR) (4202)
    Keywords: ddc:526 ; Sentinel-6 ; Jason-CS ; Single-receiver ambiguity fixing ; Precise orbit determination ; GPS ; Galileo ; SLR ; Altimetry
    Language: English
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  • 51
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    Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf das Grundwasser und die Wasserversorgung in Süddeutschland (2021)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-17
    Description: Für die öffentliche Trinkwasserversorgung in Süddeutschland wird größtenteils Grund- und Quellwasser genutzt. Der Kenntnis über die Entwicklung des Bodenwasserhaushalts und insbesondere der Grundwasserneubildung kommt somit eine große Bedeutung zu. Im Rahmen der Kooperation KLIWA (Klimaveränderung und Konsequenzen für die Wasserwirtschaft, www.kliwa.de) wurde die Entwicklung des Bodenwasserhaushaltes und der Grundwasserneubildung aus Niederschlag für den Zeitraum von 1951 bis 2019 für die Länder Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen und Rheinland-Pfalz mit dem Bodenwasserhaushaltmodell GWN-BW modelliert. Seit Ende der 1980er-Jahre zeigt sich ein Anstieg der mittleren jährlichen Temperatur in Süddeutschland. Die jährlichen Niederschlagssummen haben sich in der jüngeren Vergangenheit (seit 2003) reduziert und somit eine deutliche Verringerung der Grundwasserneubildung aus Niederschlag bewirkt. Gleichzeitig ist eine Zunahme des Trockenheitsindex (Anzahl an Tagen mit Füllung des Bodenwasserspeichers 〈 30 % der nutzbaren Feldkapazität) zu erkennen. Häufiger werdende und länger anhaltende Trockenperioden stellen auch die Wasserwirtschaft zunehmend vor Herausforderungen und bedürfen der frühzeitigen Entwicklung von Handlungsoptionen, z. B. auf der Basis des hier vorgestellten „Trockenwetterdargebots“, um Nutzungskonflikte zu entschärfen.
    Description: LUBW Landesanstalt für Umwelt Baden-Württemberg (5309)
    Keywords: ddc:551.49 ; Wasserversorgung ; Bodenwasserhaushalt ; Grundwasserneubildung ; Klimawandel ; Handlungsoption ; Anpassung ; Water supply ; Soil water balance ; Groundwater recharge ; Climate change ; Action recommendation ; Adaption
    Language: German
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  • 52
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    The Late Carboniferous deeply eroded Tharandt Forest caldera–Niederbobritzsch granite complex: a post-Variscan long-lived magmatic system in central Europe (2021)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-17
    Description: Samples and documentation of outcrops and drillings, facies analysis, whole rock geochemistry and radiometric ages have been employed to re-evaluate the Late Carboniferous Tharandt Forest caldera (TFC) and the co-genetic Niederbobritzsch granite (NBG) in the eastern Erzgebirge near Dresden, Germany. The c. 52 km2 TFC harbours strongly welded ignimbrites with a preserved minimum thickness of 550 m. Composition of initial fallout tephra at the base of the TFC fill, comprising lithics of rhyolitic and basic lava, and of silica-rich pyroclastic rocks, suggests a bimodal volcanic activity in the area prior to the climactic TFC eruption. The lower part of the TFC fill comprises quartz-poor ignimbrites, overlain by quartz-rich ignimbrites, apparently without a depositional break. Landslides originating from the collapse collar of the caldera plunged into the still hot TFC fill producing monolithic gneiss mesobreccia with clasts ≤ 1 m in a pyroclastic matrix. Aphanitic and porphyritic rhyolitic magma formed ring- and radial dykes, and subvolcanic bodies in the centre of TFC. Whole rock geochemical data indicate a high silica (most samples have 〉 73 wt% SiO2) rhyolitic composition of the TFC magma, and a similar granodiorite–granitic composition for the NBG. Based on drillings and caldera extent, a minimum volume of 22 km3 of TFC fill is preserved, the original fill is assumed at about 33 km3. This estimate translates into a denudation of at least c. 210 m during Late Paleozoic to pre-Cenomanian. Telescopic subsidence of the TFC took place in two, perhaps three stages. A possible TFC outflow facies has been completely eroded and distal TFC tuff has not been recognized in neighboring basins. New CA-ID-TIMS measurements on two TFC samples gave mean zircon ages of 313.4 ± 0.4 Ma and 311.9 ± 0.4 Ma; two samples from NBG resulted in 318.2 ± 0.5 Ma and 319.5 ± 0.4 Ma. In addition, for one sample of the ring dyke an age of ca. 314.5 ± 0.5 Ma has been obtained. These ages, together with field relations, allow for a model of a long-standing evolution of an upper crustal magmatic system (~ 5 Ma?), where pulses of magmatic injection and crustal doming alternate with magmatic quietness and erosion. Together with the Altenberg–Teplice Volcanic Complex, located some 10 km to the southeast, the TFC–NBG Complex represents an early post-Variscan magmatic activity in central Europe.
    Description: Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg (3135)
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; Single phase caldera evolution ; Caldera wall landslides ; Freiberg gneiss dome ; CA-ID-TIMS zircon dating
    Language: English
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  • 53
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    Local radon flux maxima in the quaternary sediments of Schleswig–Holstein (Germany) (2021)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-17
    Description: This paper presents radon flux profiles from four regions in Schleswig–Holstein (Northern Germany). Three of these regions are located over deep-rooted tectonic faults or salt diapirs and one is in an area without any tectonic or halokinetic activity, but with steep topography. Contrary to recently published studies on spatial patterns of soil radon gas concentration we measured flux of radon from soil into the atmosphere. All radon devices of each profile were deployed simultaneously to avoid inconsistencies due to strong diurnal variations of radon exhalation. To compare data from different seasons, values had to be normalized. Observed radon flux patterns are apparently related to the mineralogical composition of the Quaternary strata (particularly to the abundance of reddish granite and porphyry), and its grain size (with a flux maximum in well-sorted sand/silt). Minimum radon flux occurs above non-permeable, clay-rich soil layers. Small amounts of water content in the pore space increase radon flux, whereas excessive water content lessens it. Peak flux values, however, are observed over a deep-rooted fault system on the eastern side of Lake Plön, i.e., at the boundary of the Eastholstein Platform and the Eastholstein Trough. Furthermore, high radon flux values are observed in two regions associated with salt diapirism and near-surface halokinetic faults. These regions show frequent local radon flux maxima, which indicate that the uppermost strata above salt diapirs are very inhomogeneous. Deep-rooted increased permeability (effective radon flux depth) or just the boundaries between permeable and impermeable strata appear to concentrate radon flux. In summary, our radon flux profiles are in accordance with the published evidence of low radon concentrations in the “normal” soils of Schleswig–Holstein. However, very high values of radon flux are likely to occur at distinct locations near salt diapirism at depth, boundaries between permeable and impermeable strata, and finally at the tectonically active flanks of the North German Basin.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006360
    Description: Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz (1030)
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; Radon flux ; Local radon flux maxima ; Permeability ; Quaternary sediments ; Salt tectonics ; Schleswig–Holstein
    Language: English
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  • 54
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    Comparison of seasonal and longitudinal variation of daytime MSTID activity using GPS observation and GAIA simulations (2021)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-19
    Description: The total electron content (TEC) data derived from the GAIA (Ground-to-topside model of Atmosphere Ionosphere for Aeronomy) is used to study the seasonal and longitudinal variation of occurrence of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) during daytime (09:00–15:00 LT) for the year 2011 at eight locations in northern and southern hemispheres, and the results are compared with ground-based Global Positioning System (GPS)-TEC. To derive TEC variations caused by MSTIDs from the GAIA (GPS) data, we obtained detrended TEC by subtracting 2-h (1-h) running average from the TEC, and calculated standard deviation of the detrended TEC in 2 h (1 h). MSTID activity was defined as a ratio of the standard deviation to the averaged TEC. Both GAIA simulation and GPS observations data show that daytime MSTID activities in the northern and southern hemisphere (NH and SH) are higher in winter than in other seasons. From the GAIA simulation, the amplitude of the meridional wind variations, which could be representative of gravity waves (GWs), shows two peaks in winter and summer. The winter peak in the amplitude of the meridional wind variations coincides with the winter peak of the daytime MSTIDs, indicating that the high GW activity is responsible for the high MSTID activity. On the other hand, the MSTID activity does not increase in summer. This is because the GWs in the thermosphere propagate poleward in summer, and equatorward in winter, and the equatorward-propagating GWs cause large plasma density perturbations compared to the poleward-propagating GWs. Longitudinal variation of daytime MSTID activity in winter is seen in both hemispheres. The MSTID activity during winter in the NH is higher over Japan than USA, and the MSTID activity during winter in the SH is the highest in South America. In a nutshell, GAIA can successfully reproduce the seasonal and longitudinal variation of the daytime MSTIDs. This study confirms that GWs cause the daytime MSTIDs in GAIA and amplitude and propagation direction of the GWs control the noted seasonal variation. GW activities in the middle and lower atmosphere cause the longitudinal variation.
    Description: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKENHI (15H05815, 16H06286), Project for Solar-Terrestrial Environment Prediction (PSTEP) and Study of dynamical variation of particles and waves in the inner magnetosphere using ground-based network observation
    Description: Projekt DEAL
    Keywords: ddc:551.5 ; Daytime MSTIDs ; GAIA model ; GPS ; Gravity waves ; Meridional wind ; TEC
    Language: English
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  • 55
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    Integrated processing of ground- and space-based GPS observations: improving GPS satellite orbits observed with sparse ground networks (2020)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-14
    Description: The precise orbit determination (POD) of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) satellites and low Earth orbiters (LEOs) are usually performed independently. It is a potential way to improve the GNSS orbits by integrating LEOs onboard observations into the processing, especially for the developing GNSS, e.g., Galileo with a sparse sensor station network and Beidou with a regional distributed operating network. In recent years, few studies combined the processing of ground- and space-based GNSS observations. The integrated POD of GPS satellites and seven LEOs, including GRACE-A/B, OSTM/Jason-2, Jason-3 and, Swarm-A/B/C, is discussed in this study. GPS code and phase observations obtained by onboard GPS receivers of LEOs and ground-based receivers of the International GNSS Service (IGS) tracking network are used together in one least-squares adjustment. The POD solutions of the integrated processing with different subsets of LEOs and ground stations are analyzed in detail. The derived GPS satellite orbits are validated by comparing with the official IGS products and internal comparison based on the differences of overlapping orbits and satellite positions at the day-boundary epoch. The differences between the GPS satellite orbits derived based on a 26-station network and the official IGS products decrease from 37.5 to 23.9 mm (34% improvement) in 1D-mean RMS when adding seven LEOs. Both the number of the space-based observations and the LEO orbit geometry affect the GPS satellite orbits derived in the integrated processing. In this study, the latter one is proved to be more critical. By including three LEOs in three different orbital planes, the GPS satellite orbits improve more than from adding seven well-selected additional stations to the network. Experiments with a ten-station and regional network show an improvement of the GPS satellite orbits from about 25 cm to less than five centimeters in 1D-mean RMS after integrating the seven LEOs.
    Description: Chinese Government Scholarship http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010890
    Keywords: ddc:526 ; POD ; Integrated processing ; Sparse ground network ; GPS ; LEOs ; GRACE ; Jason ; Swarm
    Language: English
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  • 56
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    Four millennia of vegetation and environmental history above the Hyrcanian forest, northern Iran (2020)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: Past vegetation, fire, and climate dynamics, as well as human impact, have been reconstructed for the first time in the highlands of the Gilan province in the Alborz mountains (above the Hyrcanian forest) for the last 4,300 cal yrs bp. Multi-proxy analysis, including pollen, spores, non-pollen palynomorphs, charcoal, and geochemical analysis, has been applied to investigate the environmental changes at 2,280 m a.s.l., above the Hyrcanian forest. Dominant steppe vegetation occurred in the study area throughout the recorded period. The formation of the studied mire deposits, as well as vegetation composition, suggest a change to wetter climatic conditions after 4,300 until 1,700 cal yrs bp. Fires were frequent, which may imply long-lasting anthropogenic activities in the area. Less vegetation cover with a marked decrease of the Moisture Index (MI) suggests drier conditions between 1,700 and 1,000 cal yrs bp. A high proportion of Cichorioideae and Amaranthaceae, as well as the reduction of trees, in particular Fagus and Quercus, at lower elevations, indicate human activities such as intense livestock grazing and deforestation. Soil erosion as the result of less vegetation due to dry conditions and/or human activities can be reconstructed from a marked increase of Glomus spores and high values of K and Ti. Since 1,000 cal yrs bp, the increasing MI, as well as the rise of Poaceae and Cyperaceae together with forest recovery, suggest a change to wetter conditions. The occurrence of still frequent Cichorioideae and Plantago lanceolata along with Sordaria reflect continued intense grazing of livestock by humans.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DE)
    Description: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (1018)
    Keywords: ddc:561 ; Late Holocene ; Northern Iran ; Multi-proxy studies ; Hyrcanian mountain vegetation ; Climate change ; Human impact
    Language: English
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