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  • 04.08. Volcanology  (34)
  • E62
  • Textbook of mathematics
  • Frontiers Media S.A.  (23)
  • Wiley  (8)
  • Wiley Agu  (5)
  • Berlin: Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (DIW)
  • 1
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    A review of the tectonic, volcanological and hazard history of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy) (2024)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Vulcano is one of the seven volcanic islands composing the Aeolian Islands archipelago (Southern Italy), which also includes three other active volcanoes. The island was orig-inally a stratovolcano like Stromboli; afterwards, its shape turned towards a complex structure composed of several volcanic landforms of different sizes. This is due to the great variability of the tectonic and volcanic phenomena, presently showing a volcano made by two calderas, a lava dome complex and two small active cones. The largest of them is the tuff cone of La Fossa, hosted in the middle of a 3- km-wide caldera struc-ture (La Fossa caldera), whose borders are visible on the southern and western sides of the island. Its last eruption occurred in 1888–1890. At present, Vulcano is charac-terized by weak shallow seismicity and intense fumarolic activity mainly concentrated within the crater of the La Fossa cone and along its rims during a recent unrest phase started in 2021, and measured with a multiparametric monitoring network.
    Description: Published
    Description: 471-487
    Description: OSV4: Preparazione alle crisi vulcaniche
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Aeolian Islands, Vulcano ; multihazard ; plumbing system ; unrest ; volcanic history ; stratigraphy ; tectonics ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 2
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    On the external forcing of global eruptive activity in the past 300 years (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-25
    Description: The decryption of the temporal sequence of volcanic eruptions is a key step in better anticipating future events. Volcanic activity is the result of a complex interaction between internal and external processes, with time scales spanning multiple orders of magnitude. We review periodicities that have been detected or correlated with volcanic eruptions/phenomena and interpreted as resulting from external forces. Taking a global perspective and longer time scales than a few years, we approach this interaction by analyzing three time series using singular spectral analysis: the global number of volcanic eruptions (NVE) between 1700 and 2022, the number of sunspots (ISSN), a proxy for solar activity, the polar motion (PM) and length of day (lod), two proxies for gravitational force. Several pseudo-periodicities are common to NVE and ISSN, in addition to the 11-year Schwabe cycle that has been reported in previous work, but NVE shares even more periodicities with PM. These quasi-periodic components range from ~5 to ~130 years. We interpret our analytical results in light of the Laplace's paradigm and propose that, similarly to the movement of Earth's rotation axis, global eruptive activity is modulated by commensurable orbital moments of the Jovian planets, whose influence is also detected in solar activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1254855
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: worldwide volcanic eruptions, polar motion, sunspot number, planetary orbital moments, Laplace theory, external forcing ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 05.07. Space and Planetary sciences
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    Fluid Accumulation Zone by Seismic Attributes and Amplitude Versus Offset Analysis at Solfatara Volcano, Campi Flegrei, Italy (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-22
    Description: The imaging of volcanic systems is a challenging topic that attracts the scientific community’s attention. The characterization of structures and rock properties by means of seismic active methods is becoming fundamental for providing ultra-high-resolution images of the structures of interest. The Solfatara Volcano is a quiescent volcano in the Campi Flegrei resurgent nested caldera that is continuously under investigation and monitoring for its shallow activity, such as fumaroles. The purpose of this work is to characterize the fluid accumulation zone in the first 150 m depth in the middle of the crater, using several post-stack seismic attributes and Amplitude Versus Offset (AVO) analysis to characterize the contact between the CO2 and condensed water in the shallower accumulation zone. The two 400 m-long profiles to which we refer in this work have been acquired during the active Repeated InduCed Earthquakes and Noise experiment. The profiles were deployed along with the NNE-SSW and WNW-ESE directions across the whole surface of the crater including the main surface anomalies of the fumaroles, in the eastern area, and the mud-pool of Fangaia, located in the western area. The seismic pre-processing, pre-stack processing, and post-stack analysis previously applied on the NNE-SSW profile are here performed for the first time on the WNW-ESE profile, while partial-stack AVO analysis is performed for both profiles. The post-stack attributes including time gain, envelope, energy, and root mean square have been computed and extracted for determining the maximum and minimum values of amplitude zones on the migrated post-stack seismic profiles. Such anomalies are provided by complex and geometrical attributes embedding information on faults and chaotic zones. The AVO technique has also been used as a direct gas indicator to enhance fluid discrimination and identification. Finally, the analysis of the profile, seismic attributes, and near-surface structural interpretation related to the Solfatara Volcano has been incorporated into the proposed analysis. The multi-2D image depicts fluids trapped in the Solfatara Volcano at depths ranging from 10 to 50 m below the crater’s surface, as well as their migration paths up to 150 m deep: this evidenced contact between the fluids has been probably due to the solfataric alteration of the minerals, caused by the arising plume and the abovecondensed water which decreases the permeability of the rocks and forms an argillic phase working as cap-rock and trapping the gases. The application of the AVO analysis, coupled with the seismic attribute’s investigation, provides a very detailed multi-2D image of the shallower Solfatara Volcano, which outperforms in terms of accuracy the ones obtained with different tools in previous works, and that evidences the presence and the position of the liquid and the gases in the north-east area of the Solfatara Volcano.
    Description: Published
    Description: 866534
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.02. Exploration geophysics ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Near Real-Time Petrologic Monitoring on Volcanic Glass to Infer Magmatic Processes During the February–April 2021 Paroxysms of the South-East Crater, Etna (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-16
    Description: The South-East crater of Etna (SEC) is the most active summit crater over the last 20 years, producing lava fountains in 2000, 2007-08, and 2011-14. It has been monitored by the INGV Etna Observatory by instrumental networks, field surveys and petrologic monitoring. The syn-eruptive petrologic monitoring comprises sample collections, archiving, sample preparation, analyses of glass compositions using SEM-EDS and data interpretation. This procedure is generally carried out within 24 hours from the moment the sample was emplaced, to detect possible changes of magma composition episode by episode, as well as over a longer period. This paper presents the variation of volcanic glass compositions during the paroxysmal activity of the SEC, which began in December 2020 and climaxed with 17 episodes from 16 February to 1 April 2021. We infer pre-eruptive magmatic processes (e.g., fractional crystallization and mixing) based on temporal trends of some key compositional parameters (i.e. CaO/Al2O3; FeOtot/MgO). Correlation between magma dynamics and volcanological characteristics of the paroxysms requires future studies.
    Description: IMPACT PROJECT (INGV Department strategic Projects–2019) WP1, Task 3-Dynamics of magmatic processes. Italian Civil Protection Department (DPC)
    Description: Published
    Description: 828026
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Etna summit eruptions, lava fountains, petrologic monitoring, glass compositions, mixing, fractional crystallization ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Editorial: Basaltic volcanism: From magmatic processes to eruptive styles (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-16
    Description: None
    Description: Published
    Description: 982459
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: basaltic volcanism, magmatic processes, eruptive styles, real-time monitoring, volcanic hazards ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Buoyancy Versus Local Stress Field Control on the Velocity of Magma Propagation: Insight From Analog and Numerical Modelling (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-06
    Description: Magmatic dykes interact with heterogeneous crustal stress. As a result, their propagation towards the surface can be tortuous and their propagation velocity may vary. While the deflection of dykes in response to the local stress field has been addressed by several studies, less has been done about the effect on their propagation velocity. Understanding under which conditions an intrusion may accelerate or decelerate due to crustal stress heterogeneities has obvious important implications in terms of forecasting the timing of the onset of the eruption. Here we analyse the velocity of fluid-filled crack propagation in a gelatin block characterized by a heterogenous stress field considering the case study of a load applied at the surface. We find that a crack deflected towards the load and its underlying compressive stress field is decelerated. By comparing experimental results with numerical solutions, we evidence the potential complementary role played by stress field variations and changes in trajectory orientation, controling the buoyancy, on the velocity of magma propagation. We also show that the energy release estimated along the crack path by simplified numerical models appears to be a good proxy for the velocity. We conclude that numerical models allowing for magma path estimations could also be used to infer magma velocity variations. In addition, 1D numerical models solving for the fluid flow along a prescribed path, provide velocity variation as a function of the surrounding stress field and the magma driving pressure.
    Description: Published
    Description: 838318
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: magma propagation, analog experiments, numerical modelling, volcanic hazard, hydraulic fracture ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    The Stability and Collapse of Lava Domes: Insight From Photogrammetry and Slope Stability Models Applied to Sinabung Volcano (Indonesia) (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-06
    Description: Lava domes form by the effusive eruption of high-viscosity lava and are inherently unstable and prone to collapse, representing a significant volcanic hazard. Many processes contribute to instability in lava domes and can generally be grouped into two categories: active and passive. Active collapses are driven directly by lava effusion. In contrast, passive collapses are not correlated with effusion rate, and thus represent a hazard that is more difficult to assess and forecast. We demonstrate a new workflow for assessing and forecasting passive dome collapse by examining a case study at Sinabung Volcano (North Sumatra, Indonesia). We captured visual images from the ground in 2014 and from unoccupied aerial systems (UAS) in 2018 and used structure-from-motion photogrammetry to generate digital elevation models (DEMs) of Sinabung’s evolving lava dome. By comparing our DEMs to a pre-eruption DEM, we estimate volume changes associated with the eruption. As of June 2018, the total erupted volume since the eruption began is 162 × 10^6 m3. Between 2014 and 2018, 10 × 10^6 m3 of material collapsed from the lava flow due to passive processes. We evaluate lava dome stability using the Scoops3D numerical model and the DEMs. We assess the passive collapse hazard and analyze the effect of lava material properties on dome stability. Scoops3D is able to hindcast the location and volume of passive collapses at Sinabung that occurred during 2014 and 2015, and we use the same material properties to demonstrate that significant portions of the erupted lava potentially remain unstable and prone to collapse as of late 2018, despite a pause in effusive activity earlier that year. This workflow offers a means of quantitatively assessing passive collapse hazards at active or recently active volcanoes.
    Description: NSF EAR Postdoctoral Fellowship Award #1725768 NSF EAR Award #1654588
    Description: Published
    Description: 813813
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: lava domes ; lava dome collapse ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    The Submarine Boundaries of Mount Etna’s Unstable Southeastern Flank (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-07
    Description: Coastal and ocean island volcanoes are renowned for having unstable flanks. This can lead to flank deformation on a variety of temporal and spatial scales ranging from slow creep to catastrophic sector collapse. A large section of these unstable flanks is often below sea level, where information on the volcano-tectonic structure and ground deformation is limited. Consequently, kinematic models that attempt to explain measured ground deformation onshore associated with flank instability are poorly constrained in the offshore area. Here, we attempt to determine the locations and the morpho-tectonic structures of the boundaries of the submerged unstable southeastern flank of Mount Etna (Italy). The integration of new marine data (bathymetry, microbathymetry, offshore seismicity, reflection seismic lines) and published marine data (bathymetry, seafloor geodesy, reflection seismic lines) allows identifying the lineament north of Catania Canyon as the southern lateral boundary with a high level of confidence. The northern and the distal (seaward) boundaries are less clear because no microbathymetric or seafloor geodetic data are available. Hypotheses for their locations are presented. Geophysical imaging suggests that the offshore Timpe Fault System is a shallow second-order structure that likely results from extensional deformation within the moving flank. Evidence for active uplift and compression upslope of the amphitheater-shaped depression from seismic data along with subsidence of the onshore Giarre Wedge block observed in ground deformation data leads us to propose that this block is a rotational slump, which moves on top of the large-scale instability. The new shoreline-crossing structural assessment may now inform and improve kinematic models.
    Description: Published
    Description: 810790
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: seafloor ; fault ; flank dynamics ; hydroacoustic ; geodesy ; seismic profiles ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.02. Exploration geophysics ; 05.02. Data dissemination
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    A message from the ‘underground forge of the gods’: history and current eruptions at Mt Etna (2022)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-11
    Description: Mt Etna has made headlines over the last weeks and months with spectacular eruptions, some of them highly explosive. This type of paroxysmal eruptive behaviour is characteristic of Etna’s activity over the past few decades and so it is no surprise that Etna is among the most active volcanoes worldwide. Etna is well-known for its extraordinary geology and due to its repeated eruptive activity it provides a continuous supply of new scientific opportunities to understand the inner workings of large basaltic volcanic systems. In addition to its scientific value, Etna is also a world famous tourist attraction and has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2013 for its geological and cultural value and not least for its fine agricultural products. Etna’s status as an iconic volcano is not a recent phenomenon; in fact, Etna has been a literary fixture for at least 3000 years, giving rise to many ancient myths and legends that mark it as a special place, deserving of human respect. From the ancient eruptions to the latest events in February–April 2021, people try to explain and understand the processes that occur within and beneath the volcano. In this article, we briefly summarize the recent eruptive activity of Etna as well as the ancient myths and legends that surround this volcano, from the underground forge of Hephaestus to the adventures of Odysseus, all the way to the benefits and dangers the volcano provides to those living on its flanks today.
    Description: Published
    Description: 141-149
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Etna, mythology, 2021 paroxysms, economy ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Editorial: Seismicity in Volcanic Areas (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: Editorial article
    Description: Seismic activity (e.g., earthquakes, tremors) beneath volcanic areas is primarily caused by the dynamic interaction of molten rock and hydrothermal fluids with the solid host rock, by fracturing and fragmentation of the magma itself, and by tectonic processes interacting with the volcano. In addition, near-surface phenomena such as explosions and rockfalls at a volcanic edifice also produce seismic events. At volcano observatories globally, the real-time monitoring of the spatial and temporal patterns of seismic events is an essential geophysical tool to quantify the state of unrest, and forecast eruptions successfully. Seismic waveforms, earthquake catalogues and earthquake ray-path properties commonly supplement this tool to model the complex processes responsible for the earthquakes quantitatively, and to image subsurface magmatic and tectonic structures. Independent constraints provided by other disciplines such as geodesy and structural geology also significantly help scientists to understand the volcanic processes. Recent advances in earthquake recording technology, computing power and algorithms in artificial intelligence, allow processing and interpretation of large and complex multi-parametric datasets and scenarios.
    Description: Published
    Description: 829460
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: earthquake swarms ; volcanic areas ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
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    The Influence of Particle Concentration on the Formation of Settling-Driven Gravitational Instabilities at the Base of Volcanic Clouds (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: Settling-driven gravitational instabilities observed at the base of volcanic ash clouds have the potential to play a substantial role in volcanic ash sedimentation. They originate from a narrow, gravitationally unstable region called a Particle Boundary Layer (PBL) that forms at the lower cloud-atmosphere interface and generates downward-moving ash fingers that enhance the ash sedimentation rate. We use scaled laboratory experiments in combination with particle imaging and Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) techniques to investigate the effect of particle concentration on PBL and finger formation. Results show that, as particles settle across an initial density interface and are incorporated within the dense underlying fluid, the PBL grows below the interface as a narrow region of small excess density. This detaches upon reaching a critical thickness, that scales with (Formula presented.), where (Formula presented.) is the kinematic viscosity and (Formula presented.) is the reduced gravity of the PBL, leading to the formation of fingers. During this process, the fluid above and below the interface remains poorly mixed, with only small quantities of the upper fluid phase being injected through fingers. In addition, our measurements confirm previous findings over a wider set of initial conditions that show that both the number of fingers and their velocity increase with particle concentration. We also quantify how the vertical particle mass flux below the particle suspension evolves with time and with the particle concentration. Finally, we identify a dimensionless number that depends on the measurable cloud mass-loading and thickness, which can be used to assess the potential for settling-driven gravitational instabilities to form. Our results suggest that fingers from volcanic clouds characterised by high ash concentrations not only are more likely to develop, but they are also expected to form more quickly and propagate at higher velocities than fingers associated with ash-poor clouds.
    Description: Published
    Description: 640090
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: PLIF ; analogue experiments ; ash concentration ; settling-driven gravitational instabilities ; tephra sedimentation ; volcanic ash clouds ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
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    Tidal Modulation of Hydrothermal Tremor: Examples From Ischia and Campi Flegrei Volcanoes, Italy (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-08
    Description: Volcano dynamics results from an interplay between internal and external processes spanning different time scales. Unravelling how such processes interact may provide key insights into the mechanisms that may lead to the destabilization of the volcanoes and eruption, a critical information to forecast hazards. Studies dealing with tidal influence on volcanoes fall within this context, yet the cause-effect relationship between tides and eruptions is still poorly understood. In the present study, we investigate the tidal influence on two nearby volcanoes, Ischia and Campi Flegrei (Italy), characterized by intense hydrothermal activity. We analyze the seismic tremor of hydrothermal origin recorded by four seismic stations between January and June 2020 by using Singular Spectrum Analysis. We detect up to five long term tidal periodicities ranging from ∼5 to ∼29 days. The results indicate that the seismic tremor is modulated by Earth tides at both volcanoes. In addition, differences in phase and amplitude modulation between the response of both hydrothermal systems to tidal forcing reveal specific features related to the tremor source and to properties of the surrounding medium. These phenomena indicate an interplay between solid Earth and the dynamics of these two volcanoes. Similar approaches on hydrothermal systems at volcanoes would contribute to better characterize the hydrothermal circulation and their evolving conditions that may represent a precursor of a new phase of activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 775269
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Campi Flegrei ; Ischia ; seismic tremor ; hydrothermal activity ; tidal modulation ; SSA ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
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    Editorial: Volcanic Islands—A Challenge for Volcanology (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-16
    Description: Most volcanoes on the Earth rise from the bottom of seas and oceans. Most of them do not reach the surface of sea and remain hidden to all conventional observations from surface and space. Only some of them rise above the sea level, forming islands and passing from submarine to subaerial volcanism. Volcanic islands develop in virtually all the geodynamic contexts on Earth, from mid-ocean ridges (Iceland), to intraplate (Hawaii), to volcanic arcs (Aeolian Islands). All the liquid-descent evolutive degrees of magma are finally represented, from primitive compositions up to strongly evolved rhyolite, trachyte and phonolite lavas. So, the eruptive styles of these volcanoes range consequently from mild effusions to plinian eruptions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 954902
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: volcanoes ; seafloor ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.04. Geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 14
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    Multi-parametric study of an eruptive phase comprising unrest, major explosions, crater failure, pyroclastic density currents and lava flows: Stromboli volcano, 1 December 2020–30 June 2021 (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-22
    Description: Open conduit volcanoes like Stromboli can display elusive changes in activity before major eruptive events. Starting on December 2020, Stromboli volcano displayed an increasing eruptive activity, that on 19 May 2021 led to a crater-rim collapse, with pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) that spread along the barren NWflank, entered the sea and ran across it for more than 1 km. This episode was followed by lava flow output from the crater rim lasting a few hours, followed by another phase of lava flow in June 2021. These episodes are potentially very dangerous on island volcanoes since a landslide of hot material that turns into a pyroclastic density current and spreads on the sea surface can threaten mariners and coastal communities, as happened at Stromboli on 3 July and 28 August 2019. In addition, on entering the sea, if their volume is large enough, landslides may trigger tsunamis, as occurred at Stromboli on 30 December 2002. In this paper, we present an integration of multidisciplinary monitoring data, including thermal and visible camera images, ground deformation data gathered from GNSS, tilt, strainmeter and GBInSAR, seismicity, SO2 plume and CO2 ground fluxes and thermal data from the ground and satellite imagery, together with petrological analyses of the erupted products compared with samples from previous similar events. We aim at characterizing the preparatory phase of the volcano that began on December 2020 and led to the May–June 2021 eruptive activity, distinguishing this small intrusion of magma from the much greater 2019 eruptive phase, which was fed by gas-rich magma responsible for the paroxysmal explosive and effusive phases of July–August 2019. These complex eruption scenarios have important implications for hazard assessment and the lessons learned at Stromboli volcano may prove useful for other open conduit active basaltic volcanoes.
    Description: This research was funded by the Project FIRSTForecastIng eRuptive activity at Stromboli volcano: Timing, eruptive style, size, intensity, and duration, INGV-Progetto Strategico Dipartimento Vulcani 2019 (Delibera n. 144/2020). This research was funded by the “Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri–Dipartimento della Protezione Civile,” through the UniFi-DPC 2019-2021 agreement (Scientific Responsibility: N.C.).
    Description: Published
    Description: 899635
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Stromboli volcano ; multi-disciplinary monitoring data ; crater-rim collapse ; pyroclastic density current ; hazard assessment ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
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    On the Link Between Global Volcanic Activity and Global Mean Sea Level (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-27
    Description: Studying a large number of volcanic eruptions is a way to decipher general characteristics related to volcano dynamics but also on external forcing influencing it, such as solid Earth and ocean tides. Many studies have tackled this tidal influence on the onset of volcanic eruptions and more generally, on volcanic activity. However, the interplay between this quasi-permanent forcing and volcanic systems is still poorly understood. With the present study, we propose to consider a global viewpoint to address this interaction. We analyzed the number of monthly volcanic eruptions and the global mean sea level between 1880 and 2009 using the Singular Spectrum Analysis time-series analysis technique to evaluate the existence of common periodicities. We found multi-decadal components of similar periodicities present in both time-series which we link to those already recognized in the polar motion. Its multi-decadal variations result in a mass reorganization in the oceans whose associated stress changes may impact processes generating volcanic eruptions worldwide. Our results show the influence of global processes on volcanic activity and open many questions to further investigate these multi-scale interactions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 845511
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: external forcing ; volcanic activity ; global mean sea level ; solid Earth and ocean tides ; eruption triggering ; interaction external/internal processes ; singular spectrum analysis ; polar motion ; 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 16
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    Volcanic and Seismic Source Modeling: An Open Tool for Geodetic Data Modeling (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-08
    Description: Volcanic and Seismic source Modeling (VSM) is an open-source Python tool to model ground deformation. VSM allows the user to choose one or more deformation sources of various shapes as a forward model among sphere, spheroid, ellipsoid, rectangular dislocation, and sill. It supports multiple datasets from most satellite and terrestrial geodetic techniques: Interferometric SAR, GNSS, leveling, Electronic Distance Measurements, tiltmeters, and strainmeters. Two sampling algorithms are available: one is a global optimization algorithm based on the Voronoi cells and yields the best-fitting solution and the second follows a probabilistic approach to parameters estimation based on the Bayes theorem and the Markov chain Monte Carlo method. VSM can be executed as Python script, in Jupyter Notebook environments, or by its Graphical User Interface. Its broad applications range from high-level research to teaching, from single studies to near real-time hazard estimates. Potential users range from early-career scientists to experts. It is freely available on GitHub (https://github.com/EliTras/VSM) and is accompanied by step-by-step documentation in Jupyter Notebooks. This study presents the functionalities of VSM and test cases to describe its use and comparisons among possible settings.
    Description: This work was jointly supported by the “Research Lifecycle Management technologies for Earth Science Communities and Copernicus users in EOSC” Reliance project funded by the European Commission’s H2020 2021-2022 (Grant Agreement no. 101017501); Pianeta Dinamico—Working Earth project (2020-2030) funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research (Decree no. 1118 04/12/2019); and “Linking Surface Observables to sub-Volcanic Plumbing-System: A Multidisciplinary Approach for Eruption Forecasting at Campi Flegrei Caldera (Italy)” LOVE-CF (2020-2023) project funded by INGV (Internal Register no. 1865 17/07/2020).
    Description: Published
    Description: 917222
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: analytical model ; geodetic data ; natural hazards ; open science ; inverse theory ; InSAR ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.03. Geodesy ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 17
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    Editorial: External forcing on volcanoes and volcanic processes: Observations, analysis and implications (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-09
    Description: Volcanoes are complex systems that evolve in space and time as a result of their internal dynamics. These internal dynamics span both long and short time scales, reflecting the different steps for the magma to form, accumulate and evolve before being eventually erupted. All of these stages may be influenced by processes external to the volcano, although most of the evidence that has been gathered on this has considered influences on the magmatic fluids stored at crustal depths, or emerging at surface. External forcing acts either through the stress or gravitational fields that may accelerate or slow down the transfer of magma towards the surface. Changing tectonic stresses and Earth tides may induce changes in the dynamical state of volcanoes, ultimately providing the triggers that may lead to eruption. Water, which is ubiquitous on Earth, and present in its different fluid and solid envelopes, appears to play a key role, acting on volcanic systems from pore- to global-scale in various ways (hydrological modulation, ice cap loading), due to its physico-chemical properties. This Research Topic brings together contributions, which provide new constraints and lines of evidence on the nature and variety of external processes influencing activity at quiet, restless and erupting volcanoes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 999214
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: external forcing ; modulation of volcanic processes ; eruption triggering ; periodic variations and behaviors ; short and long time scales ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 18
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    The heterogeneity of the Mexican lithospheric mantle: Clues from noble gas and CO2 isotopes in fluid inclusions (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-15
    Description: The abundance of mantle-derived rocks and lavas, in combination with its tectonic evolution, render Mexico a perfect laboratory to investigate the chemical and the isotopic heterogeneity of the lithospheric mantle. New data on the composition of noble gases and CO2 in Mexican mantle xenoliths and lavas is reported. Our samples consist of six ultramafic nodules from the Durango Volcanic Field (DVF) and the San Quintin Volcanic Field (SQVF), monogenetic complexes belonging to the Mexican Basin and Range province; and four lavas from the Sierra Chichinautzin (SCN), a Quaternary monogenetic volcanic field located in the Mexican volcanic arc. Ne and Ar isotopes in fluid inclusions reveal mixing between atmospheric and MORB-like fluids (e.g., 40Ar/36Ar 〈 1,200). DVF and SQVF nodules record low 40Ar/36Ar and 4He/20Ne that confirm the existence of recycled atmospheric-derived noble gases in the local mantle. The averages of the Rc/Ra ratios (3He/4He corrected for atmospheric contamination) measured in Mexican localities are within the MORB-like range: DVF= 8.39 ± 0.24 Ra, SQVF = 7.43 ± 0.19 Ra and SCN lavas = 7.15 ± 0.33 Ra (1σ). With the aim of assessing the isotopic variability of the Mexican lithospheric mantle, the above results were compared with similar data previously obtained from ultramafic nodules found in the Ventura Espiritu Santo Volcanic Field (VESVF), another Quaternary monogenetic volcanic complex belonging the Basin and Range. The higher 3He/4He ratios in DVF relative to those reported for the VESVF and the SQVF are explained as reflecting different ages of mantle refertilization, triggered by the retreating of the Farallon slab (~40 Ma ago) and associated delamination slab processes. We propose that the DVF mantle was refertilized more recently (〈10 Ma ago) than the mantle beneath the SQVF and VESVF (~40–20 Ma ago). On the other hand, He-Ne- Ar compositions of SCN olivines share similarities with VESVF xenoliths,suggesting a relatively homogeneous lithospheric mantle in central Mexico. Finally, DVF and the SCN samples exhibit δ13C values within the MORB range (comparable to other values previously reported in fluid inclusions and fumaroles from Popocatépetl, Colima—Ceboruco volcanoes). While we explain the MORB-like carbon signatures of the DVF samples as the result of the above-mentioned refertilization process, the SCN signatures likely reflect either (i) trapping of isotopically fractionated CO2 derived from magmatic degassing or (ii) a mantle source unaffected by subduction-related crustal carbon recycling.
    Description: Published
    Description: 973645
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Basin and Range province ; Trans-mexican Volcanic Belt ; Mexican mantle xenoliths ; arc lavas ; fluid inclusions ; noble gas isotopes ; CO2 isotopes ; carbon recycling ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 19
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    Radon Activity in Volcanic Gases of Mt. Etna by Passive Dosimetry (2021)
    Wiley Agu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-07
    Description: Radon (222Rn) activity in air was measured for about 6 months at the summit of Mt. Etna Central Crater (Sicily) by integrative radon dosimetry at two different heights above ground level (5 cm and 1 m). This technique for air radon monitoring proved operational in the harsh volcanic environment of Mt. Etna summit with a 94% recovery rate of dosimeters. In the southeast sector exposed to the main gas plume, mean radon activity in free air (height 1 m) is significantly higher than the local background and the ground level activity (height 5 cm). The results strongly suggest that the plume is enriched in radon by ≈550 Bq/m3, which has never been evidenced before. Radon activities also reflect soil degassing occurring in the proximity of the crater, with increased ground level activities in zones of enhanced soil fracturing and degassing. Radon measurements also revealed a hot spot in front of the Voragine vent with extraordinary high levels of air activities (26 kBq/m3 at ground level and 8 kBq/m3 in free air). The temporal variation of radon activity was investigated by replacing a few stations half way through the exposure period. The only significant increase was associated with the site located under the main gas plume and correlated with eruptive unrest within the crater. Finally, air radon levels higher than the recommended threshold of 300 Bq/m3 were detected in several zones on the rim and could generate a nonnegligible radiologic dose for workers on the volcano.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2019JB019149
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 20
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    Combined Seismic and Geodetic Analysis Before, During, and After the 2018 Mount Etna Eruption (2021)
    Wiley Agu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-05
    Description: In December 2018, Etna volcano experienced one of the largest episodes of unrest since the installation of geophysical monitoring networks in 1970. The unrest culminated in a short eruption with a small volume of lava erupted, a significant seismic crisis and deformation of the entire volcanic edifice of magnitude never recorded before at Mount Etna. Here we describe the evolution of the 2018 eruptive cycle from the analysis of seismic and geodetic data collected in the months preceding, during, and following the intrusion. We model the space‐time evolution of high‐rate deformation data starting from the active source previously identified from deformation data and the propagation of seismicity in a 3‐D velocity model. The intrusion model suggests emplacement of two dikes: a smaller dike located beneath the eruptive fissure and a second, deeper dike between 1 and 5 kmbelow sea level that opened ~2 m. The rise and eruption of magma from the shallower dike did not interrupt the pressurization of a long‐lasting deeper reservoir (~6 km) that induced continuous inflation and intense deformation of the eastern flank. Shortly after the intrusion, on 26 December 2018, aML4.8 earthquake occurred near Pisano, destroying buildings and roads in two villages. We propose a time‐dependent intrusion model that supports the hypothesis of the inflation inducing flank deformation and that this process has been active since September 2018.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2020GC009218
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 2018 Mount Etna Eruption, time‐dependent intrusion model, modelling of high‐rate deformations ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.03. Geodesy ; 04.06. Seismology
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  • 21
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    Modeling Tsunamis Generated by Submarine Landslides at Stromboli Volcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy): A Numerical Benchmark Study (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
    Description: We present a benchmark study aimed at identifying the most effective modeling approach for tsunami generation, propagation, and hazard in an active volcanic context, such as the island of Stromboli (Italy). We take as a reference scenario the 2002 landslide-generated tsunami event at Stromboli simulated to assess the relative sensitivity of numerical predictions to the landslide and the wave models, with our analysis limited to the submarine landslide case. Two numerical codes, at different levels of approximation, have been compared in this study: the NHWAVE three-dimensional non-hydrostaticmodel in sigma-coordinates and theMultilayer-HySEA model. In particular, different instances of Multilayer-HySEA with one or more vertical discretization layers, in hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic formulation and with different landslide models have been tested. Model results have been compared for the maximum runup along the shores of Stromboli village, and the waveform sampled at four proximal sites (two of them corresponding to the locations of the monitoring gauges, offshore the Sciara del Fuoco). Both rigid and deformable (granular) submarine landslide models, with volumes ranging from 7 to 25 million of cubic meters, have been used to trigger the water waves, with different physical descriptions of the mass movement. Close to the source, the maximum surface elevation and the resulting runup at the Stromboli village shores obtainedwith hydrostatic and non-hydrostaticmodels are similar. However, hydrostatic models overestimate (with respect to non-hydrostatic ones) the amplitude of the initial positive wave crest, whose height increases with the distance. Moreover, as expected, results indicate significant differences between the waveforms produced by the different models at proximal locations. The accuratemodeling of near-field waveforms is particularly critical at Stromboli in the perspective of using the installed proximal sea-level gauges, together with numerical simulations, to characterize tsunami source in an early-warning system. We show that the use of non-hydrostatic models, coupled with a multilayer approach, allows a better description of the waveforms. However, the source description remains the most sensitive (and uncertain) aspect of the modeling. We finally show that non-hydrostatic models, such as Multilayer-HySEA, solved on accelerated GPU architectures, exhibit the optimal trade-off between accuracy and computational requirements, at least for the envisaged problem size and for what concerns the proximal wave field of tsunamis generated by volcano landslides. Their application and future developments are opening new avenues to tsunami early warning at Stromboli.
    Description: Published
    Description: 628652
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: landslide ; tsunami ; volcano ; Stromboli ; numerical simulation ; benchmark ; hazard assessment ; 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 22
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    Application of Subspace-Based Detection Algorithm to Infrasound Signals in Volcanic Areas (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-23
    Description: Infrasonic signals investigation plays a fundamental role for both volcano monitoring purpose and the study of the explosion dynamics. Proper and reliable detection of weak signals is a critical issue in active volcano monitoring. In particular, in volcanic acoustics, it has direct consequences in pinpointing the real number of generated events (amplitude transients), especially when they exhibit low amplitude, are close in time to each other, and/or multiple sources exist. To accomplish this task, several algorithms have been proposed in literature; in particular, to overcome limitations of classical approaches such as short-time average/long-time average and cross-correlation detector, in this paper a subspace-based detection technique has been implemented. Results obtained by applying subspace detector on real infrasound data highlight that this method allows sensitive detection of lower energy events. This method is based on a projection of a sliding window of signal buffer onto a signal subspace that spans a collection of reference signals, representing similar waveforms from a particular infrasound source. A critical point is related to subspace design. Here, an empirical procedure has been applied to build the signal subspace from a set of reference waveforms (templates). In addition, in order to determine detectors parameters, such as subspace dimension and detection threshold, even in presence of overlapped noise such as infrasonic tremor, a statistical analysis of noise has been carried out. Finally, the subspace detector reliability and performance, have been assessed by performing a comparison among subspace approach, cross correlation detector and short-time average/long-time average detector. The obtained confusion matrix and extrapolated performance indices have demonstrated the potentiality, the advantages and drawbacks of the subspace method in tracking volcanic activity producing infrasound events. This method revealed to be a good compromise in detecting low-energy and very close in time events recorded during Strombolian activity
    Description: Published
    Description: 579923
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: infrasound signal ; trigger algorithm ; infrasound volcano monitoring ; strombolian activity ; etna volcano ; infrasonic tremor ; subspace detector ; infrasound events ; solid earth ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 23
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    The Seismicity of Ischia Island, Italy: An Integrated Earthquake Catalogue From 8th Century BC to 2019 and Its Statistical Properties (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-01
    Description: Ischia is a densely inhabited and touristic volcanic island located in the northern sector of the Gulf of Naples (Italy). In 2017, the Mw 3.9 Casamicciola earthquake occurred after more than one century of seismic quiescence characterized only by minor seismicity, which followed a century with three destructive earthquakes (in 1828, 1881, and 1883). These events, despite their moderate magnitude (Mw 〈 5.5), lead to dreadful effects on buildings and population. However, an integrated catalogue systematically covering historical and instrumental seismicity of Ischia has been still lacking since many years. Here, we review and systematically re-analyse all the available data on the historical and instrumental seismicity, to build an integrated earthquake catalogue for Ischia with a robust characterization of existing uncertainties. Supported by new or updated macroseismic datasets, we significantly enriched existing catalogues, as the Italian Parametric Earthquake Catalogue (CPTI15) that, with this analysis, passed from 12 to 57 earthquakes with macroseismic parametrization. We also extended back by 6 years the coverage of the instrumental catalogue, homogenizing the estimated seismic parameters. The obtained catalogue will not only represent a solid base for future local hazard quantifications, but also it provides the unique opportunity of characterizing the evolution of the Ischia seismicity over centuries. To this end, we analyse the spatial, temporal, and magnitude distributions of Ischia seismicity, revealing for example that, also in the present long-lasting period of volcanic quiescence, is significantly non-stationary and characterized by a b-value larger than 1.
    Description: This work benefited of the agreement between Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia and the Italian Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri, Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC).
    Description: Published
    Description: 629736
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: 4IT. Banche dati
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Ischia island ; Volcano seismicity ; Seismic catalogue ; Completeness analysis ; Ensemble modelling ; Frequency size distribution ; Poisson process ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 05.02. Data dissemination ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest
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  • 24
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    Gas Emissions From the Western Aleutians Volcanic Arc (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-06
    Description: The Aleutian Arc is remote and highly active volcanically. Its 4,000 km extent from mainland Alaska to Russia’s Kamchatka peninsula hosts over 140 volcanic centers of which about 50 have erupted in historic times. We present data of volcanic gas samples and gas emission measurements obtained during an expedition to the western-most segment of the arc in September 2015 in order to extend the sparse knowledge on volatile emissions from this remote but volcanically active region. Some of the volcanoes investigated here have not been sampled for gases before this writing. Our data show that all volcanoes host high-temperature magmatic-hydrothermal systems and have gas discharges typical of volcanoes in oceanic arcs. Based on helium isotopes, the western Aleutian Arc segment has minimal volatile contributions from the overriding crust. Volcanic CO2 fluxes from this arc segment are small, compared to the emissions from volcanoes on the Alaska Peninsula and mainland Alaska. The comparatively low CO2 emissions may be related to the lower sediment flux delivered to the trench in this part of the arc.
    Description: Published
    Description: 786021
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Aleutians ; volcano ; gas ; volatiles ; geochemistry ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.01. Earth Interior
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  • 25
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    Campi Flegrei, Vesuvius and Ischia Seismicity in the Context of the Neapolitan Volcanic Area (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-06
    Description: Studying seismicity in a volcanic environment provides important information on the state of activity of volcanoes. The seismicity of the Neapolitan volcanoes, Campi Flegrei, Vesuvius, and Ischia, shows distinctive characteristics for each volcano, coveringwide range of patterns and types. In this study we relocated some significant volcano- tectonic earthquake swarms that occurred in Campi Flegrei and Vesuvius. Moreover, we compared the earthquake occurrence evolution, the magnitude and the seismic energy release of the three volcanoes. Also, we considered the results of seismic analysis in the light of geochemical and ground deformation data that contribute to defining the state of activity of volcanoes. In Campi Flegrei, which is experiencing a long term unrest, we identified a seismogenic structure at shallow depth in Pisciarelli zone that has been activated repeatedly. The increasing seismicity accompanies an escalation of the hydrothermal activity and a ground uplift phase. At Vesuvius a very shallow seismicity is recorded, which in recent years has shown an increase in terms of the number of events per year. Earthquakes are usually located right beneath the crater axis. They are concentrated in a volume affected by the hydrothermal system. Finally, Ischia generally shows a low level of seismicity, however, in Casamicciola area events with a moderate magnitude can occur and these are potentially capable of causing severe damage to the town and population, due to their small hypocentral depth (typically 〈 2.5 km). After the seismic crisis of August 21, 2017 (mainshock magnitude M 4), the seismicity returned to a low level in terms of occurrence rate and magnitude of earthquakes. The seismicity of these three different volcanic areas shows some common aspects that highlight a relevant role of hydrothermal processes in the seismogenesis of volcanic areas. However, while the main swarms in Campi Flegrei and most of the Vesuvian earthquakes are distributed along conduit-like structures, the seismicity of Ischia is mainly located along faults. Furthermore, the temporal evolution of seismicity in Neapolitan volcanic area suggests a concomitant increase in the occurrence of earthquakes both in Campi Flegrei and Vesuvius in recent years.
    Description: Published
    Description: 662113
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 26
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    Upward Magma Migration within the Multi-level Plumbing System of the Changbaishan Volcano (China/North Korea) Revealed by the Modeling of 2018-2020 SAR Data (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-02
    Description: Changbaishan volcano (China/North Korea border) consists of a cone with a summit caldera and last erupted in 1903. An unrest episode occurred between 2002 and 2006, followed by subsidence. The volcano was responsible for the largest eruption of the last Millennium in 946 CE and it is characterized by a multi-level plumbing system. Here, we analyze the Changbaishan 2018-2020 deformations by using remote sensing data, detecting an up to 20 mm/yr, NW-SE elongated nearly-uplift of its southeastern flank and a -20 mm/yr nearly-subsidence of the southwestern flank. Modeling results show that three active sources are responsible for the observed ground velocities: a deep tabular deflating source, a shallower inflating NW-SE elongated spheroid source, and a NW-SE striking dip-slip fault. The depth and geometry of the inferred sources are consistent with independent petrological and geophysical data. Our results reveal an upward magma migration from 14 km to 7.7 km. The modeling of the leveling data of the 2002-2005 uplift and 2009-2011 subsidence depicts sources consistent with the 2018-2020 active system retrieved. The past unrest is related to pressurization of the upper portion of the spheroid magma chamber, whereas the subsidence is due to crystallization of its floor, this latter reactivated in 2018-2020. Therefore, Changbaishan is affected by an active magma recharge controlled by a NW-SE trending fault system. Satellite data analysis is a key tool to unravel the magma dynamics at poorly monitored and crossborder volcanoes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 741287
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: active magma recharge ; Plumbing system ; Deformation modelling ; Changbaishan volcano ; InSAR ; 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 27
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    Tales From Three 18th Century Eruptions to Understand Past and Present Behaviour of Etna (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-23
    Description: The structure of an active volcano is highly dependent on the interplay between the geodynamic context, the tectonic assessment as well as the magmatic processes in the plumbing system. This complex scenario, widely explored at Etna during the last 40 years, is nevertheless incomplete for the recent historical activity. In 1763 two eruptions occurred along the west flank of the volcano. There, an eruption started on 6th February and formed the scoria cone of Mt. Nuovo and a roughly 4-km-long lava flow field. Another small scoria cone, known as Mt. Mezza Luna, is not dated in historical sources. It is located just 1 km eastward of Mt. Nuovo and produced a 700mlong flow field. We focused on the activity of Mts. Nuovo and Mezza Luna for several reasons. First, the old geological maps and volcanological catalogues indicate that Mt. Mezza Luna and Mt. Nuovo cones were formed during the same eruption, while historical sources described Mt. Nuovo’s activity as producing a single scoria cone and do not give information about the formation of Mt. Mezza Luna. Second, petrologic studies highlight that the products of Mt. Mezza Luna are similar to the sub-aphyric Etna basalts; they preserve a composition relatively close to Etna primitive magma which were also erupted in 1763, during La Montagnola flank eruption, which took place along the South Rift of the volcano. Third, the two scoria cones built up along the so-called West Rift of Etna, which represents one of the main magma-ascent zones of the volcano. We applied a multidisciplinary approach that could prove useful for other volcanoes whose past activity is still to be reconstructed. Critical reviews of historical records, new field surveys, petrochemical analyses and petrologic modelling of the Mts. Nuovo and Mezza Luna eruptions have been integrated with literature data. The results allowed improving the stratigraphic record of historical eruptions reported in the Mount Etna Geological map, modelling the sub-volcanic magmatic processes responsible for magma differentiation, and evidencing recurrent mechanisms of magma transfer at Etna. Indeed, the intrusion of a deep primitive magma along the South Rift is often associated with the activation of other rift zones that erupt residual magma stored in the shallow plumbing system.
    Description: This study has been funded by the EC FP7 Mediterranean Supersite Volcanoes project (ECGA 308665) of the European Commission
    Description: Published
    Description: 774361
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Etna volcano, historical activity, historical geological maps, stratigraphic sequence, deep magma composition, volcano rift zones ; 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 28
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    Integrated on‐land‐offshore stratigraphy of the Campi Flegrei caldera: new insights into the volcano‐tectonic evolution in the last 15 kyr (2021)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-22
    Description: Silicic calderas are volcanic systems whose unrest evolution is more unpredictable than other volcano types because they often do not culminate in an eruption. Their complex structure strongly influences the post-collapse volcano-tectonic evolution, usually coupling volcanism and ground deformation. Among such volcanoes, the Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy) is one of the most studied. Significant long- and short-term ground deformations characterize this restless volcano. Several studies performed on the marinecontinental succession exposed in the central sector of the Campi Flegrei caldera provided a reconstruction of ground deformation during the last 15 kyr. However, considering that over one-third of the caldera is presently submerged beneath the Pozzuoli Gulf, a comprehensive stratigraphic on-land-offshore framework is still lacking. This study aims at reconstructing the offshore succession through analysis of high-resolution single and multichannel reflection seismic profiles and correlates the resulting seismic stratigraphic framework with the stratigraphy reconstructed on-land. Results provide new clues on the causative relations between the intra-caldera marine and volcaniclastic sedimentation and the alternating phases of marine transgressions and regressions originated by the interplay between ground deformation and sea-level rise. The volcano-tectonic reconstruction, provided in this work, connects the major caldera floor movements to the large Plinian eruptions of Pomici Principali (12 ka) and Agnano Monte Spina (4.55 ka), with the onset of the first post-caldera doming at ~10.5 ka. We emphasize that ground deformation is usually coupled with volcanic activity, which shows a self-similar pattern, regardless of its scale. Thus, characterizing the long-term deformation history becomes of particular interest and relevance for hazard assessment and definition of future unrest scenarios.
    Description: Published
    Description: 855-882
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: offshore stratigraphy ; seismic units ; La Starza succession ; volcanism, ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
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  • 29
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    Effusion Rate Evolution During Small‐Volume Basaltic Eruptions: Insights From Numerical Modeling (2020)
    Wiley Agu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-16
    Description: The temporal evolution of effusion rate is the main controlling factor of lava spreading and emplacement conditions. Therefore, it represents the most relevant parameter for characterizing the dynamics of effusive eruptions and thus for assessing the volcanic hazard associated with this type of volcanism. Since the effusion rate curves can provide important insights into the properties of the magma feeding system, several efforts have been performed for their classification and interpretation. Here, a recently published numerical model is employed for studying the effects of magma source and feeding dike properties on the main characteristics (e.g., duration, erupted mass, and effusion rate trend) of small‐volume effusive eruptions, in the absence of syn‐eruptive magma injection from deeper storages. We show that the total erupted mass is mainly controlled by magma reservoir conditions (i.e., dimensions and overpressure) prior to the eruption, whereas conduit processes along with reservoir properties can significantly affect mean effusion rate, and thus, they dramatically influence eruption duration. Simulations reproduce a wide variety of effusion rate trends, whose occurrence is controlled by the complex competition between conduit enlargement and overpressure decrease due to magma withdrawal. These effusion rate curves were classified in four groups, which were associated with the different types described in the literature. Results agree with the traditional explanation of effusion rate curves and provide new insights for interpreting them, highlighting the importance of magma reservoir size, initial overpressure, and initial width of the feeding dike in controlling the nature of the resulting effusion rate curve.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2019JB01930
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: effusive eruption ; basaltic eruptions ; numerical modeling ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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    Tree‐Branching‐Based Enhancement of Kinetic Energy Models for Reproducing Channelization Processes of Pyroclastic Density Currents (2020)
    Wiley Agu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-16
    Description: Kinetic energy models, also called kinetic models, are simple tools able to provide a fast estimate of the inundation area of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). They are based on the calculation of the PDC front kinetic energy as a function of the distance from a source point. On a three‐dimensional topography, the PDC runout distance is estimated by comparing the flow kinetic energy with the potential energy associated with the topographic obstacles encountered by the PDC. Since kinetic models do not consider the occurrence of channelization processes, the modeled inundation areas can be significantly different from those observed in real deposits. To address this point, we present a new strategy that allows improving kinetic models by considering flow channelization processes, and consists in the inclusion of secondary source points in the expected channelization zones, adopting a tree branch‐like structure. This strategy is based on the redistribution of a key physical variable, such as the flow energy or mass depending on the considered kinetic model, and requires the adoption of appropriate equations for setting the characteristics of the secondary sources. Two models were modified by applying this strategy: the energy cone and the box model. We tested these branching models by comparing their results with those derived from their traditional formulations and from a two‐dimensional depth‐averaged model, considering two specific volcanoes (Chaitén and Citlaltépetl). Thereby, we show the capability of this strategy of improving the accuracy of kinetic models and considering flow channelization processes without including additional, unconstrained input parameters.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2019JB019271
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Pyroclastic Density Currents ; Numerical Modeling ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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    Quantifying the Uncertainty of a Coupled Plume and Tephra Dispersal Model: PLUME‐MOM/HYSPLIT Simulations Applied to Andean Volcanoes (2020)
    Wiley Agu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-16
    Description: Numerical modeling of tephra dispersal and deposition is essential for evaluation of volcanic hazards. Many models consider reasonable physical approximations in order to reduce computational times, but this may introduce a certain degree of uncertainty in the simulation outputs. The important step of uncertainty quantification is dealt in this paper with respect to a coupled version of a plume model (PLUME‐MoM) and a tephra dispersal model (HYSPLIT). The performances of this model are evaluated through simulations of four past eruptions of different magnitudes and styles from three Andean volcanoes, and the uncertainty is quantified by evaluating the differences between modeled and observed data of plume height (at different time steps above the vent) as well as mass loading and grain size at given stratigraphic sections. Different meteorological data sets were also tested and had a sensible influence on the model outputs. Other results highlight that the model tends to underestimate plume heights while overestimating mass loading values, especially for higher‐magnitude eruptions. Moreover, the advective part of HYSPLIT seems to work more efficiently than the diffusive part. Finally, though the coupled PLUME‐MoM/HYSPLIT model generally is less efficient in reproducing deposit grain sizes, we propose that it may be used for hazard map production for higher‐magnitude eruptions (sub‐Plinian or Plinian) for what concern mass loading.
    Description: This research was financed by the French government IDEX‐ISITE initiative 16‐IDEX‐0001 (CAP 20‐25), the Institute de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) in the context of the Laboratoire Mixte International “Séismes et Volcans dans les Andes du Nord” (SVAN), and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Tellus programme.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2019JB018390
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Tephra deposit ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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    On the Propagation Path of Magma‐Filled Dikes and Hydrofractures: The Competition Between External Stress, Internal Pressure, and Crack Length (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-09
    Description: Mixed‐mode fluid‐filled cracks represent a common means of fluid transport within the Earth's crust. They often show complex propagation paths which may be due to interaction with crustal heterogeneities or heterogeneous crustal stress. Previous experimental and numerical studies focus on the interplay between fluid over-pressure and external stress but neglect the effect of other crack parameters. In this study, we address the role of crack length on the propagation paths in the presence of an external heterogeneous stress field. We make use of numerical simulations of magmatic dike and hydrofracture propagation, carried out using a two‐dimensional boundary element model, and analogue experiments of air‐filled crack propagation into a transparent gelatin block. We use a 3‐D finite element model to compute the stress field acting within the gelatin block and perform a quantitative comparison between 2‐D numerical simulations and experiments. We show that, given the same ratio between external stress and fluid pressure, longer fluid‐filled cracks are less sensitive to the background stress, and we quantify this effect on fluid‐filled crack paths. Combining the magnitude of the external stress, the fluid pressure, and the crack length, we define a new parameter, which characterizes two end member scenarios for the propagation path of a fluid‐filled fracture. Our results have important implications for volcanological studies which aim to address the problem of complex trajectories of magmatic dikes (i.e., to forecast scenarios of new vents opening at volcanoes) but also have implications for studies that address the growth and propagation of natural and induced hydrofractures.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2064–2081
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Magmatic dykes ; hydrofractures ; Numerical symulations ; Analogue experiments ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 05.05. Mathematical geophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 33
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    Development and decline of the ancient Harbor of Neapolis (2018)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-14
    Description: Archaeological exavations,undertaken since 2004 for the construction of the new Naples subway
    Description: Published
    Description: 542-557
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: A.D.79 eruption ; compositional data analysis ; geoarchaeology ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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    Radon Tells Unexpected Tales of Mount Etna’s Unrest (2018)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-26
    Description: Some researchers view radon emissions as a precursor to earthquakes, especially those of high magnitude [e.g., Wang et al., 2014; Lombardi and Voltattorni, 2010], but the debate in the scientific community about the applicability of the gas to surveillance systems remains open. Yet radon “works” at Italy’s Mount Etna, one of the world’s most active volcanoes, although not specifically as a precursor to earthquakes. In a broader sense, this naturally radioactive gas from the decay of uranium in the soil, which has been analyzed at Etna in the past few years, acts as a tracer of eruptive activity and also, in some cases, of seismic–tectonic phenomena. To deepen the understanding of tectonic and eruptive phenomena at Etna, scientists analyzed radon escaping from the ground and compared those data with measurements gathered continuously by instrumental networks on the volcano. Here Etna is a boon to scientists—it’s traced by roads, making it easy to access for scientific observation. Dense monitoring networks, managed by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Catania–Osservatorio Etneo (INGV-OE), have been continuously observing the volcano for more than 40 years. This continuous dense monitoring made the volcano the perfect open-air laboratory for deciphering how eruptive activity may influence radon emissions.
    Description: This work was supported by the Mediterranean Supersite Volcanoes (MED-SUV) project, which has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development, and demonstration under grant agreement 308665.
    Description: Published
    Description: 7
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Radon ; seismic activity ; Etna ; volcanic activity ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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    Numerical and Analytical Methods for Scientists and Engineers Using Mathematica (2003)
    Wiley
    In:  Hoboken, NJ, 633 pp., Wiley, vol. 16B, no. 2, pp. 125-169, (ISBN 0-471-26610-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Textbook of mathematics ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Modelling ; software ; manual ; computer ; algebra ; symbolic ; mathematics
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
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    Applied Regression Analysis (1981)
    Wiley
    In:  New York, 2nd Edition, 709 pp., Wiley, vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 2-203, (ISBN: 3-7643-7143-9)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Correlation ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; fit ; Textbook of mathematics
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
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