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  • pharmacokinetics  (2,066)
  • Ultrastructure  (1,615)
  • Caesium
  • Springer  (3,643)
  • MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute  (41)
  • Annual Reviews  (1)
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  • 1
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Development of strategies to assist the movement of poorly permeable molecules across biological barriers has long been the goal of drug delivery science. In the last three decades, there has been an exponential increase in advanced drug delivery systems that aim to address this issue. However, most proprietary delivery technologies that have progressed to clinical development are based on permeation enhancers (PEs) that have a history of safe use in man. This Special Issue entitled “Transmucosal Absorption Enhancers in the Drug Delivery Field” aims to present the current state-of-the-art in the application of PEs to improve drug absorption. Emphasis is placed on identification of novel permeation enhancers, mechanisms of barrier alteration, physicochemical properties of PEs that contribute to optimal enhancement action, new delivery models to assess PEs, studies assessing safety of PEs, approaches to assist translation of PEs into effective oral, nasal, ocular and vaginal dosage forms and combining PEs with other delivery strategies.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RM1-950 ; chitosan ; intestinal epithelial cells ; ocular delivery ; amphiphilic polymers ; cornea ; tight junction modulator ; cyclodextrin ; permeability ; gemini surfactant ; transferrin ; compound 48/80 ; epithelial permeability ; cervicovaginal tumors ; nanoparticles ; confocal laser scanning microscopy ; safety ; formulation ; salcaprozate sodium ; intestinal absorption ; FITC-dextran ; curcumin ; block copolymers ; nasal vaccination ; whole leaf ; brush border ; ocular drug delivery ; vaccine adjuvant ; nanoparticle ; nasal delivery ; efflux ; permeation enhancers ; absorption enhancers ; nose to brain delivery ; small intestine ; epithelium ; CNS disorders ; absorption modifying excipients ; insulin ; absorption enhancer ; gel ; intestinal delivery ; thermogel system ; Caco-2 ; biocompatibility studies ; absorption enhancement ; man ; PN159 ; poorly absorbed drug ; tryptophan ; tight junction ; oral macromolecule delivery ; penetration enhancer ; intestinal permeation enhancers ; nanocrystals ; simvastatin ; nanomedicine ; enterocyte ; N-dodecyl-?-D-maltoside (DDM) ; cell-penetrating peptide ; quaternization ; KLAL ; nasal ; nasal permeability ; transmucosal drug delivery ; Caco-2 cells ; mast cell activator ; penetration enhancers ; drug delivery ; nose-to-brain ; bioenhancer ; polymeric micelles ; mucoadhesion ; cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) ; simulated intestinal fluid ; vaginal delivery ; nasal formulation ; pharmacokinetic interaction ; sodium caprate ; clinical trial ; transmucosal permeation ; drug absorption enhancer ; sugar-based surfactants ; nanocapsules ; imatinib ; teriparatide ; osteoporosis ; hydrophobization ; F-actin ; combined microsphere ; transepithelial electrical resistance ; oral delivery ; ocular conditions ; metabolism ; antimicrobial peptide ; permeation enhancer ; drug administration ; antiepileptic drug ; amino acid ; in vivo studies ; sodium cholate (NaC) ; epithelial transport ; preclinical ; nose to brain transport ; pharmacokinetics ; chitosan derivatives ; ophthalmology ; tight junctions ; sheep ; cationic functionalization ; GLP-1 ; pulmonary ; and liposome ; cytochrome P450 ; claudin ; P-glycoprotein ; in situ hydrogel ; mucoadhesiveness ; PTH 1-34 ; Aloe vera ; oral peptides ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: Model-informed precision dosing (MIPD) is an advanced quantitative approach focusing on individualized treatment optimization. MIPD integrates mathematical models of drugs and diseases combined with individual patient characteristics (e.g., genotype, anthropometric factors, and organ function). MIPD has been highlighted as a useful tool for drug dosage selection in both the drug development process and clinical practice and it is a rapidly growing discipline that is supported by the main drug regulatory agencies. Despite the potential benefits of this methodology toward personalized medicine, its application is still limited. The Special Issue presented here includes several PKPD and PBPK models focused on improving the current state of art regarding the PK behaviour of different drugs with the aim of improving the efficacy/safety balance of these treatments and their clinical outcome; the Special Issue is intended to be of particular interest for clinical pharmacologists, pharmacometricians, and specific clinicians who routinely use the considered drugs.
    Keywords: model-informed precision dosing (MIPD) ; efficacy PKPD indexes ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamics ; PKPD modeling and simulation ; dosing algorithms ; nomograms ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KND Manufacturing industries::KNDP Pharmaceutical industries
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  • 3
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Nowadays, diet-related non-communicable diseases and their complications are one of the most important public health problems worldwide. Food supplements and functional foods are considered food products which contribute to the achievement of optimal nutritional well-being, health status, and quality of life through reducing the risk of diseases and promoting the appropriate function of human organs and systems. Nowadays, the assessment of these functional foods and the study of their implications in nutrition and health are important challenges in societies of developed countries where consumers increasingly demand foods with added value beyond the provision of nutrients and the satisfaction of appetite. In this reprint, the characterization of the nutritional composition and phytochemicals of functional foods and food supplements as well as the evaluation of their potential health benefits in different disorders and diseases through clinical trials or preliminary studies are addressed.
    Keywords: food supplement ; folic acid ; pregnancy ; food safety ; health claims ; nutrition ; Amazonian fruits ; composition ; metabolic effects ; royal jelly ; acetylcholine ; fatty acid ; ophthalmology ; dry eye ; magnesium ; pharmacy ; food supplements ; drugstore ; functional foods ; healthy eating ; credibility ; extrinsic attributes ; conjoint analysis ; Mediterranean diet ; phytonutrients ; dietary recommendations ; healthy diet ; polyphenols ; flavonoids ; carotenoids ; organosulfur ; caffeine ; antidiabetic activity ; antioxidant activity ; inhibition of α-glucosidase ; inhibition of α-amylase ; inhibition of collagenase ; kombucha ; bacteria ; yeast ; metagenome ; metabolome ; tea polyphenols ; antioxidants ; Glossogyne tenuifolia ; exercise ; forelimb grip strength ; lactate ; ammonia ; creatine kinase ; medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) ; obesity ; energy expenditure ; diet-derived fat ; postprandial resting metabolism ; sedentary ; octanoic acid ; decanoic acid ; creatine ; magnetic resonance spectroscopy ; cost-effectiveness ; brain ; muscle ; healthcare ; anthocyanins ; organosulfur compounds ; tannins ; phenolic acids ; Persea americana ; non-alcoholic liver disease ; liver enzymes ; inflammation ; oxidative stress ; novel foods ; novel ingredients ; extracts ; risk assessment ; dietary supplements ; HPLC ; food authenticity ; neural tube defects ; food ; food analysis ; food ingredients ; infant formula ; kynurenic acid ; (poly)phenol-based supplement ; pharmacokinetics ; urinary excretion ; bioavailability ; inter-individual variability ; non-invasive brain stimulation ; TMS ; a-tDCS ; indicaxanthin ; brain food ; cortical excitability ; homeostatic plasticity ; trans-resveratrol ; regulation ; labels ; nutrition claims ; high-performance thin-layer chromatography ; HPTLC ; glutamine ; intestinal stem cells ; crypt ; proliferation ; burns ; micronutrient ; health claim ; labeling ; European legislation ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCC Cultural studies::JBCC4 Cultural studies: food and society
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  • 4
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: This Special Issue is a collection of research topics on developing analytical and bioanalytical methods for isolation, identification, and determination of substances in biomedical and pharmaceutical matrices. Special attention is given to advancements in sample preparation, separation techniques and novel detection methods of small molecules, peptides, and monoclonal antibodies. The presented analytical methods exhibit several applications, including pharmacokinetic studies, therapeutic drug monitoring, microdialysis, toxicology, disease screening or drug stability study. Two comprehensive review articles were also presented on applying capillary electrophoresis to analyze bioactive compounds in herbal matrices.
    Keywords: CNS ; sulfasalazine ; brain to plasma ratio ; LC-ESI-TOF-MS ; rituximab ; quadripolar mass spectrometer ; albumin depletion ; pharmacokinetics ; orbitrap mass spectrometer ; IgG-immunocapture ; bubble-generating magnetic liposomes ; bionic membrane ; permeable compounds ; herbal medicines ; LC–MS ; capillary electrophoresis ; herbal ; raw material ; tea ; polyphenols ; flavonoids ; amino acids ; coumarins ; alkaloids ; chlorambucil and valproic acid ; HPLC-UV and GC-MS methods ; optimization and validation ; determination in plasma ; combined anticancer therapy ; herbal drugs ; medicinal plants ; quality control ; quantitative analysis ; pharmaceutical analysis ; 4-acetamidobenzoic acid ; validation ; pharmacokinetic ; pigs ; LC-MS/MS ; iron determination ; spectrophotometry ; flow analysis ; direct injection detector ; multi-pumping flow system ; medical errors ; hospital workflow ; patient safety ; Raman spectroscopy ; IV drugs ; piperacillin ; tazobactam ; non-invasively ; vildagliptin ; remogliflozin ; ratio derivative spectrophotometry ; determination ; formulation ; ecofriendly ; confidence interval ; stability ; retrospective analysis ; sample size ; regulatory bioanalysis ; bioanalytical method validation ; heparin ; metal–organic framework ; zeolite imidazolate framework-8 ; kinetic ; thermodynamic ; Oncheong-eum ; traditional herbal prescription ; method development ; method validation ; high-performance liquid chromatography ; thalassemia ; human hemoglobin ; wooden-tip electrospray ionization ; multiply charged ions ; mass spectrometry ; multiply charged ion ; GC–MS ; analytical QbD ; genotoxic impurity ; alkyl halide ; (Q)SAR ; analytical method development ; tyrosine kinase inhibitor ; liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry ; active metabolite ; therapeutic drug monitoring ; chronic lymphocytic leukemia ; assay error equation ; oral anticancer drug ; IWR-1-endo ; Wnt signaling inhibitor ; solid-phase extraction ; cerebral microdialysis ; bioanalysis ; Tafamidis ; polymorphs ; crystal structure ; powder diffraction ; thermal stability ; blood collection tubes ; citrate anticoagulant ; direct spectrometric determination ; quality control method ; anticoagulant concentration ; draw volume ; anticoagulant volume ; magnesium contamination ; potassium contamination ; Agrimonia pilosa ; apigenin-7-O-glucuronide ; cream ; HPLC-DAD ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry
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  • 5
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-05-06
    Description: The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) can be broadly divided into several regions: the stomach, the small intestine (which is subdivided to duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), and the colon. The conditions and environment in each of these segments, and even within the segment, are dependent on many factors, e.g., the surrounding pH, fluid composition, transporters expression, metabolic enzymes activity, tight junction resistance, different morphology along the GIT, variable intestinal mucosal cell differentiation, changes in drug concentration (in cases of carrier-mediated transport), thickness and types of mucus, and resident microflora. Each of these variables, alone or in combination with others, can fundamentally alter the solubility/dissolution, the intestinal permeability, and the overall absorption of various drugs. This is the underlying mechanistic basis of regional-dependent intestinal drug absorption, which has led to many attempts to deliver drugs to specific regions throughout the GIT, aiming to optimize drug absorption, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and/or pharmacodynamics. In the book "Regional Intestinal Drug Absorption: Biopharmaceutics and Drug Formulation" we aim to highlight the current progress and to provide an overview of the latest developments in the field of regional-dependent intestinal drug absorption and delivery, as well as pointing out the unmet needs of the field.
    Keywords: bioequivalence ; Biopharmaceutics Classification System ; in vitro ; dissolution test ; pravastatin ; oral absorption ; in silico modeling ; GastroPlus ; Phoenix WinNonlin ; pharmacokinetics ; clinical studies ; ibuprofen ; manometry ; gastrointestinal ; mechanistic modeling ; PBPK ; PBBM ; disintegration ; dissolution ; enteric-coated ; ICH ; quality control ; regional intestinal permeability ; permeation enhancers ; absorption-modifying excipients ; oral peptide delivery ; intestinal perfusion ; pharmaceutical development ; controlled release drug product ; biopharmaceutics classification system ; drug solubility ; drug permeability ; location-dependent absorption ; segregated flow intestinal model (SFM) ; traditional model (TM) ; route-dependent intestinal metabolism ; first-pass effect ; drug-drug interactions ; DDI ; in vitro in vivo extrapolations ; IVIVE ; zero-order absorption ; first-order absorption ; combined zero- and first-order absorption ; transit compartment absorption model ; in situ perfusion ; microdevices ; shape ; mucoadhesion ; colon absorption ; nutrient digestion ; nutrient absorption ; gastrointestinal hormone ; postprandial glycaemia ; energy intake ; region of the gut ; obesity ; type 2 diabetes ; Franz–PAMPA ; BCS drugs ; biomimetic membrane ; Franz cell ; passive drug transport ; BCS class IV drugs ; segmental-dependent intestinal permeability ; intestinal absorption ; oral drug delivery ; biopharmaceutics ; physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling ; furosemide ; intestinal permeability ; human colon carcinoma cell layer (Caco-2) ; hierarchical support vector regression (HSVR) ; drug absorption ; drug solubility/dissolution ; regional/segmental-dependent permeability and absorption ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KND Manufacturing industries::KNDP Pharmaceutical industries
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: This book is a compendium of scientific articles submitted to a Special Issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences, fostered by MDPI and curated by Dr. Annamaria Sandomenico and Dr. Menotti Ruvo from the Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging of the National Research Council. All articles underwent a rigorous peer review and were selected to highlight the properties that make monoclonal antibodies and their functional fragments some of the most useful and versatile assets in therapy and diagnosis.
    Keywords: porcine deltacoronavirus ; nucleocapsid ; monoclonal antibodies ; neurodegenerative disorders ; affibody molecules ; blood–brain barrier ; receptor-mediated transcytosis ; transferrin receptor ; AL amyloidosis ; CD38 ; anti-CD38 MoAb ; Daratumumab ; Isatuximab ; myeloma ; BCMA ; bispecific T-cell engager ; antibody-drug conjugates ; chimeric antigen receptor T-cells ; belantamab mafodotin ; idecabtagene vicleucel ; JNJ-68284528 ; Mabs ; Antibody-Drug Conjugate ; cancer therapy ; drug targeting ; payload ; cross-linking ; antibody fragment ; Fab ; scFv ; E. coli ; YKL-40 ; CHI3L1 ; monoclonal antibody ; phage display ; lung metastasis ; prostate-specific membrane antigen ; in vivo imaging ; prostate cancer ; glutamate carboxypeptidase II ; NAALADase ; immunization ; antibody ; protocol ; guinea pig ; cDNA ; chimeric antigen receptor (CAR T) ; universal CAR T ; modular CAR T ; universal immune receptor ; CAR adaptor ; adoptive immunotherapy ; split CAR ; bispecific ; polyspecificity ; pharmacokinetics ; solubility ; aggregation ; viscosity ; developability ; stability ; affinity ; specificity ; protein engineering ; self-association ; non-specific binding ; immunogenicity ; antibody fragments ; single chain ; amyloid ; oligomer ; neurotoxicity ; NUsc1 ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 7
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: Derivatization is one of the most widely used sample pretreatment techniques in Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Analysis. Reagent-based or reagent-less schemes offer improved detectability of target compounds, modification of the chromatographic properties and/or the stabilization of sensitive compounds until analysis. Either coupled with separation techniques or as a “stand alone” analytical procedure, derivatization offers endless possibilities in all aspects of analytical applications.
    Keywords: tyrosine kinase inhibitors ; chloranilic acid ; charge-transfer reaction ; 96-microwell spectrophotometric assay ; high-throughput pharmaceutical analysis ; biogenic amines ; Lycium barbarum L. ; HPLC ; derivatization ; amino acids ; esterification ; GC–MS ; pentafluoropropionic anhydride ; stability ; toluene ; pigment ; linseed oil ; derivatisation ; quantification ; P/S ratio ; A/P ratio ; ∑D ; GC-MS ; ureide ; BSTFA ; creatine ; creatinine ; silylation ; TMS ; validation ; low-molecular-weight thiols ; human serum albumin ; α-lipoic acid ; blood plasma ; monobromobimane ; reduction ; sodium borohydride ; high-performance liquid chromatography ; fluorescence detection ; taurine ; glutamine ; clams ; high-resolution mass spectrometry ; nerve agents ; methylation ; chemical warfare agents ; sarin ; Novichoks ; 2-naphthalenethiol ; sulforaphane ; HPLC-UV/Vis ; pharmacokinetics ; acetonitrile-related adducts ; acetylenic lipids ; double and triple bond localization ; in-source derivatization ; mass spectrometry ; acetazolamide ; carbonic anhydrase ; enhancement ; inhibition ; pentafluorobenzyl bromide ; chiral metabolomics ; rice water ; d-amino acids ; enantiomer separation ; dimethyl labeling ; homocysteine thiolactone ; homocysteine ; zone fluidics ; o-phthalaldehyde ; fluorosurfactant-modified gold nanoparticles ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry
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  • 8
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The year 2019 has been prolific in terms of new evidence regarding the effects of coffee and caffeine consumption on diverse aspects of human functioning. This book collects 20 high-quality manuscripts published in Nutrients that include original investigation or systematic review studies of the effects of caffeine intake on human performance and health. The diversity of the articles published in this Special Issue highlights the extent of the effects of coffee and caffeine on human functioning, while underpinning the positive nature of most of these effects. This book will help with understanding why the natural sources of caffeine are so widely present in the nutrition behaviors of modern society.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; TX341-641 ; NAT ; n/a ; supplementation ; EEG–EMG coherence ; muscle function ; tea ; fatigue ; ergogenic ; adrenal gland ; skeletal muscle ; xanthine oxidase ; placebo ; CMJ ; efficiency ; colorectal cancer ; rat ; pregnancy ; coffee/caffeine ; Wingate ; 1RM test ; supplement ; actigraphy ; athletic ; systematic review and meta-analysis ; women ; consumption motives ; resistance training ; cancer prevention ; sport supplement ; exercise ; DOMS ; placebo effect ; sprint performance ; power ; behavior ; belief ; health ; perceptions ; exercise performance ; ergogenic aid ; electromyography ; ergogenic effect ; corticosterone ; metabolome ; mood state ; muscle contraction ; strength ; energy drink ; repetition ; responders ; perception ; anaerobic ; CYP450 ; puberty ; energy drinks ; isokinetic testing ; individual responses ; phenotyping ; nutrition ; time under tension ; menstrual cycle ; exercise training ; RPE ; ergogenic substances ; upper limb ; elite athlete ; recovery ; speed ; epidemiology ; caffeine ; sex-difference ; bench press ; pharmacokinetics ; sport performance ; ergogenic aids ; expectancy ; consumer ; football ; newborn ; velocity ; metabolites ; performance ; coffee ; prospective studies ; resistance exercise ; sport ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The amide bond represents a privileged motif in chemistry. The recent years have witnessed an explosion of interest in the development of new chemical transformations of amides. These developments cover an impressive range of catalytic N–C bond activation in electrophilic, Lewis acid, radical, and nucleophilic reaction pathways, among other transformations. Equally relevant are structural and theoretical studies that provide the basis for chemoselective manipulation of amidic resonance. This monograph on amide bonds offers a broad survey of recent advances in activation of amides and addresses various approaches in the field.
    Keywords: QD1-999 ; Q1-390 ; QD450-801 ; N-heterocyclic carbene ; non planar amide ; ruthenium (Ru) ; physical organic chemistry ; gemcitabine prodrug ; pyramidal amides ; bridged sultams ; catalysis ; dipeptides ; N-(1-naphthyl)acetamide ; C-N ? bond cleavage ; steric effects ; peptide bond cleavage ; transition-metal-free ; palladium ; N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) ; addition reaction ; C–O activation ; rhodium ; metal complexes ; carbanions ; thioamidation ; amide bond ; intramolecular catalysis ; antiviral activity ; additivity principle ; pre-catalysts ; C–N bond cleavage ; bridged lactams ; C–H acidity ; arynes ; twisted amides ; organic synthesis ; amination ; Suzuki-Miyaura ; tert-butyl ; cyclopentadienyl complexes ; C-S formation ; enzymes ; DFT study ; sulfonamide bond ; N ; HERON reaction ; primaquine ; entropy ; amide activation ; amidation ; synthesis ; amide hydrolysis ; carbonylicity ; amide bond activation ; amide bond resonance ; aminosulfonylation ; molecular dynamics ; model compound ; in situ ; amide ; homogeneous catalysis ; heterocycles ; anomeric effect ; multi-component coupling reaction ; kinetic ; excited state ; C–H bond cleavage ; palladium catalysis ; amides ; thiourea ; formylation ; alkynes ; cis/trans isomerization ; amide C–N bond activation ; intein ; C-H functionalization ; succindiamide ; amide bonds ; crown ether ; aminoacylation ; directing groups ; cytostatic activity ; reaction thermodynamics ; acyl transfer ; transition metals ; N-dimethylformamide ; DMAc ; acylative cross-coupling ; C-H/C-N activation ; nickel catalysis ; antibacterial screening ; sodium ; aryl thioamides ; Winkler-Dunitz parameters ; catalyst ; N-dimethylacetamide ; base-catalyed hydrolysis ; nitrogen heterocycles ; cross-coupling ; insertion ; amidicity ; nitro-aci tautomerism ; activation ; carbonylation ; transamidation ; amine ; distortion ; Pd-catalysis ; rotational barrier energy ; hypersensitivity ; N–C activation ; metabolic stability ; [2+2+2] annulation ; twisted amide ; protease ; cyanation ; amide resonance ; trialkylborane ; catalysts ; biofilm eradication ; pharmacokinetics ; pancreatic cancer cells ; DMF ; aryl esters ; Michael acceptor ; fumardiamide ; water solvation ; ester bond activation ; cyclization ; nuclear magnetic resonance ; secondary amides ; reaction mechanism ; density functional theory ; density-functional theory ; amino acid transporters ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry
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  • 10
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: This book covers the most recent research trends and applications of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry. The included topics range from the adulteration of dietary supplements, to the determination of drugs in biological samples with the aim to investigate their pharmacokinetic properties.
    Keywords: growth hormone ; long-acting Fc-fusion recombinant human growth hormone ; method validation ; cell-based bioassay ; reporter gene assay ; pharmacokinetics ; tissue distribution ; alnustone ; rats ; LC-MS/MS ; inflammatory bowel disease ; fixed-dose combination ; biomimetic chromatography ; thiopurine immunosuppressants ; folic acid ; doxorubicin ; hernandezine ; pharmacokinetic study ; drug–drug interaction ; gardneramine ; monoterpenoid indole alkaloid ; memantine ; rimantadine ; amantadine ; zone fluidics ; o-phthalaldehyde ; derivatization ; stopped-flow ; quality control ; anwuligan ; rat ; optode ; polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride ; lactone-rhodamine B ; contact-lens detergent ; dietary supplement ; adulteration ; low-field NMR ; multivariate analysis ; steroids ; Partial Least Squares regression ; in vitro permeability ; predictive model ; ketamine ; norketamine ; high throughput bar adsorptive microextraction ; LVI-GC-MS(SIM) ; urine ; baricitinib ; UPLC-MS/MS ; irbersartan ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 11
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Drug metabolism/pharmacokinetics and drug interaction studies have been extensively carried out in order to secure the druggability and safety of new chemical entities throughout the development of new drugs. Recently, drug metabolism and transport by phase II drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters, respectively, as well as phase I drug metabolizing enzymes, have been studied. A combination of biochemical advances in the function and regulation of drug metabolizing enzymes and automated analytical technologies are revolutionizing drug metabolism research. There are also potential drug–drug interactions with co-administered drugs due to inhibition and/or induction of drug metabolic enzymes and drug transporters. In addition, drug interaction studies have been actively performed to develop substrate cocktails that do not interfere with each other and a simultaneous analytical method of substrate drugs and their metabolites using a tandem mass spectrometer. This Special Issue has the aim of highlighting current progress in drug metabolism/pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and bioanalysis.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RM1-950 ; human liver microsomes ; alcohol addiction ; UGT ; ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography ; adalimumab ; procainamide ; LC-MS/MS ; DA-9805 ; paeonol ; LC-QTOF-MS/MS ; YRA-1909 ; chlorogenic acid ; immunoprecipitation ; Eurycoma longifolia ; CYP ; caffeic acid ; rat ; pharmaceutical excipient ; Korean red ginseng extract ; Stauntonia hexaphylla leaf extract ; bioanalysis ; HPLC-MS/MS ; B6 ; eurycomanone ; bioavailability ; drying technology ; GB3 ; diclofenac ; 129-Glatm1Kul/J ; aglycone ; caffeic acid O-glucuronides ; organic anion transporting polypeptide ; protein precipitation ; metabolic stability ; Fabry disease ; biopharmaceuticals ; imperatorin ; neochlorogenic acid ; gastric ulcer ; saikosaponin a ; hair ; anthraquinone ; acetyl tributyl citrate ; pharmacokinetics ; brain distribution ; mematine ; ethyl glucuronide ; pharmacokinetic ; loxoprofen ; liquid chromatography-quadrupole TOF MS ; glucuronidation ; esomeprazole ; metformin ; cytochrome P450 ; glycoside ; AUDIT score ; protein stability ; efficacy ; LC-HR/MS ; cryptochlorogenic acid ; aceclofenac ; drug interaction ; liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry ; Osthenol ; plasma ; N-acetylprocainamide ; diabetes ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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  • 12
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: This Special Issue published one editorial, eight articles and four reviews from approximately one hundred authors. It aimed to provide cutting-edge research on pre-clinical development and the clinical translation of radiopharmaceuticals within the molecular imaging community. The Special Issue covered radioligand development, existing radiotracer optimization, imaging agent evaluation in animal models, the clinical production of radiopharmaceuticals, and investigative research on the use of molecular imaging probes in human subjects. We appreciate all the authors’ significant contributions to this Special Issue and hope the readers will enjoy the content.
    Keywords: nanoparticle ; multimodal imaging ; photoacoustic ; heterobivalent peptide ; Alzheimer’s disease ; amyloid-beta ; animal model ; astrocyte ; blood–brain barrier ; imaging ; metabolism ; microglia ; neuroinflammation ; neurotransmitter receptors ; positron emission tomography ; synaptic density ; vascular imaging ; FDG ; PET/CT ; microvasculature imaging ; ABC-transporter ; drug-induced liver injury ; hepatotoxicity ; organic anion-transporting polypeptide ; pharmacokinetics ; liver function ; SLC-transporter ; V/Q PET/CT ; [68Ga]Ga-MAA ; 68Ga-labelled carbon nanoparticles ; glioblastoma ; fluorescence guided surgery ; 5-ALA ; fluorescein ; NIR-AZA ; magnetic resonance imaging ; high resolution ; hybrid imaging ; psychiatric disorders ; extracellular vesicles (EVs) ; umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (UCMSC) ; diabetes ; I-124 ; positron emission tomography (PET) ; intravenous (I.V.) administration ; intra-arterial (I.A.) administration ; biodistribution ; fluorine-18 ; PET ; oxime ; PSMA ; lipophilicity ; radiometals ; copper-61 ; liquid targets ; post-processing ; [61Cu]Cu-DOTA-NOC ; [61Cu]Cu-DOTA-TOC ; [61Cu]Cu-DOTA-TATE ; FAP ; 99mTc-FAP inhibitor ; 99mTc-labeled iFAP ; tumor microenvironment ; SPECT ; GluN1/2B receptors ; NMDA ; [3H]ifenprodil ; σ1 and σ2 receptors ; receptor occupancy ; PET imaging ; drug development ; neurodegenerative diseases ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 13
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: This reprint covers a wide range of topics including, but not limited to, new analytical and bioanalytical methods relevant to the separation, identification, and determination of substances in pharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics, nanobiotechnology, clinical chemistry, and related disciplines; methods for the identification of bioactive compounds in functional foods and medicinal plants; applications of chromatography and allied techniques in biomedical sciences.
    Keywords: wild rice ; antioxidant ; macroporous resins ; LC-MS/MS ; phenolics ; procyanidins ; osimertinib ; UPLC-TOF-MS ; rat ; pharmacokinetics ; carbonyl derivatization ; phenylhydrazine ; phenylenediamine ; hydroxylamine ; water analysis ; lipoxidation ; lisdexamfetamine dimesylate ; impurities ; structural elucidation ; forced degradation ; HPLC validation ; chemical constituent profiles of Sinisan ; chinese medicine processing ; chinese medicinal formula compatibility ; Dendropanax morbifera leaf ; xanthine oxidase ; hyperuricemia ; HPLC ; advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) ; Nε-(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML) ; Nε-(carboxyethyl) lysine (CEL) ; antler velvet processing ; UPLC-MS/MS ; Cinnamomum yabunikkei leaf ; elastase ; Citrus junos Seib ex TANAKA ; rhKGF-1 ; rhKGF-2 ; bioactivity ; cell-based bioassay ; method validation ; CYP450 enzyme ; cocktail probe drug ; RT-PCR ; galangin ; affecting factors ; amadori compound ; furosine ; Maillard reaction ; velvet antler processing ; Brazilian green propolis ; phenolic acids ; UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS ; quantitation ; methodological verification ; Glycyrrhizae Radix extract ; glycyrrhizin ; isoliquiritigenin ; liquiritigenin ; liquiritin ; LC–MS/MS analysis ; desoxo-narchinol A ; Nardostachys jatamansi ; bioavailability ; silybin ; silymarin product ; comparative pharmacokinetics ; ginsenosides ; red ginseng extract ; human ; acanthus ilicifolius herb ; phenylethanoid glycosides ; C.tricuspidata Bureau ; tyrosinase ; dialyzable leukocyte extract ; Transferon® ; complex mixture of peptides ; quality specifications ; biological potency ; development and validation ; Dioscorea nipponica Makino ; steroidal saponin ; HPLC-UV ; UPLC-QTOF/MS ; validation ; osteosarcoma ; apoptosis ; epinastine ; comparison ; SH-1242 ; 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(5-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-yl)ethanone ; HPLC-MS/MS ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry
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  • 14
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-31
    Description: This book serves to highlight the pharmacokinetics/drug–drug interactions and mechanistic understanding in relation to the drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters.This book presents a series of drug metabolism and transport mechanisms that govern the pharmacokinetic features of therapeutic drugs as well as natural herbal medicines. It also covers the pharmacokinetic interactions caused by inhibiting or inducing the metabolic or transport activities under disease states or the coadministration of potential inhibitors. It also deals with microenvironmental pharmacokinetic profiles as well as population pharmacokinetics, which gives new insights regarding the pharmacokinetic features with regard to drug metabolism and transporters.
    Keywords: tofacitinib ; dose-dependent pharmacokinetics ; hepatic and intestinal first-pass effect ; rats ; catalposide ; in vitro human metabolism ; UDP-glucuronosyltransferase ; sulfotransferase ; carboxylesterase ; celecoxib ; drug–drug interaction ; fluorescence ; HPLC ; metabolism ; repaglinide ; HSG4112 ; anti-obesity agent ; stereoselectivity ; pharmacokinetics ; compound K ; protopanaxadiol (PPD) ; biliary excretion ; intestinal metabolism ; Carthamus tinctorius extract ; notoginseng total saponins ; comparative pharmacokinetic study ; large volume direct injection ; compatibility mechanism ; mertansine ; human hepatocytes ; cytochrome P450 ; UDP-glucuronosyltransferases ; sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors ; DWP16001 ; kidney distribution ; inhibition mode ; diabetes ; transporter-enzyme interplay ; influx transporter ; efflux transporter ; physiologically based pharmacokinetic model ; cytochrome P450 enzymes ; tiropramide ; healthy Korean subjects ; modeling ; population pharmacokinetic ; quercetin ; breast cancer resistance protein ; inhibitor ; prazosin ; sulfasalazine ; kinetic analysis ; food–drug interactions ; Caco-2 ; EpiIntestinal ; first-pass ; P-gp ; BCRP ; drug transporter ; CYP3A4 ; oral availability ; automatization ; drug absorption ; drug dosing ; head-and-neck cancer ; real-time measurements ; taxanes ; tissue engineering ; UHPLC-MS/MS ; metformin ; verapamil ; drug interaction ; organic cation transporter 2 ; renal excretion ; acute renal failure ; gentamicin ; cisplatin ; hepatic CYP3A1(23) ; creatinine clearance ; renal clearance ; nonrenal clearance ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KN Industry and industrial studies::KND Manufacturing industries
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  • 15
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Sprouted grains are food ingredients widely appreciated for their improved nutritional, functional, organoleptic, and textural properties compared with non-germinated grains. In recent years, sprouting has been explored as a promising green food engineering strategy to improve the nutritional value of grains and the formation of secondary metabolites with potential application in the functional food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic markets. However, little attention has been paid to the impact of sprouting on the chemical composition, safety aspects, and technofunctional and chemopreventive properties of sprouted seeds and their derived flours and byproducts. The six articles included in this Special Issue present insightful findings on the most recent advances regarding new applications of sprouted seeds or products derived thereof, evaluations of the nutritional value and phytochemical composition of sprouts during production or storage, and explorations of their microbiological, bioactive, and technofunctional properties.
    Keywords: biochemical characteristic ; enzymatic browning ; inhibitory profile ; lentil ; sprouts ; polyphenol oxidase ; purification ; germinated oat ; avenanthramides ; colorectal cancer ; chemoprevention ; bran ; cell walls ; sprouting ; dough rheology ; bread-making ; microstructure ; barley ; germination ; flour ; RSM ; nutritional properties ; bioactive compounds ; quality ; melatonin ; bioavailability ; lentil sprouts ; phenolic compounds ; antioxidant status ; pharmacokinetics ; food safety ; legumes ; microbial contamination ; protein ; mineral ; seed germination ; nutritional value ; phytochemicals ; bioactivity ; health ; technological properties ; food development ; functional foods ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 16
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: This reprint is an excellent collection of articles that deal with difficult-to-treat infections in the ICU environment. Multiresistant bacteria and fungi create severe treatment problems to the physician charged with their care. We hope that this book will help everyday dilemmas and add useful information on difficult topics.
    Keywords: Acinetobacter ; pandrug-resistant ; antimicrobial combinations ; synergy ; renal replacement therapy ; Monte Carlo simulation ; antibiotics ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamics ; microbiome ; probiotics ; intensive care unit ; dysbiosis ; ventilator-associated pneumonia ; extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ; ECMO ; critical illness ; antibiotic choices ; HAP ; VAP ; colonization ; antibiotic pressure ; bloodstream infection ; bacteraemia ; sepsis ; septic shock ; empirical ; probabilistic antibiotics ; source control ; de-escalation ; ICU ; intensive care ; antimicrobial stewardship ; COVID-19 ; procalcitonin ; C-reactive protein ; presepsin ; infection ; biomarker ; guided antimicrobial therapy ; APACHE II score ; bacteremia ; broth microdilution ; colistin ; colistin-resistant ; Gram-negative ; mortality ; SOFA score ; candidemia ; incidence ; epidemiology ; Candida species ; non-albicans Candida species ; fluconazole resistance ; critically ill ; beta-lactam antibiotics ; Acinetobacter baumannii ; antibiotic optimisation ; antibiotic stewardship (AMS) ; aspiration pneumonia ; hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) ; multidrug-resistance (MDR) ; non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) ; polymicrobial ; pneumonia resolution ; ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) ; carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAb) ; infection control ; antimicrobial agents ; carbapenems ; antibiotic resistance ; clinical pharmacy services ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; salvage treatment ; double carbapenem ; newer β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitors ; cefiderocol ; eravacycline ; SARS-CoV-2 infection ; mechanical ventilation ; risk factors ; blood stream infection ; defined daily dose ; antibiotics utilization ; empiric ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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  • 17
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-24
    Description: The book broadly deals with therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and various relevant topics, including different antibody formats such as Antibody–Drug Conjugates (ADC), bispecifics, nanoparticle-based mAbs and HER2+ cancers, immune checkpoint inhibitors and other closely related topics. Each paper was written by leading active research groups in their fields both from academia and industry. The book should be of interest to those scientists and researchers who develop or use biologics, biotherapeutics, biosimilars and biobetters in cancer treatment.
    Keywords: monoclonal antibody ; NSCLC ; immunotherapy ; ELISA ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacogenetics ; anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies ; anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody ; B cell ; immune checkpoint blockade ; immune-related adverse events (irAEs) ; myasthenia gravis (MG) ; non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) ; nivolumab ; programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) ; T cell ; tetraspanins ; cancer ; Tspan8 ; radioimmunotherapy ; immune-checkpoint inhibitors ; LDH ; biomarkers ; Ang-2 ; antiangiogenic therapy ; in vivo imaging ; radio- and chemotherapy ; VEGF-A ; cancer therapy ; neovascularization ; angiogenesis ; tumor microenvironment ; colorectal cancer ; antibody ; NK cells ; ADCC ; CD133 ; prominin-1 ; gold nanoparticles ; antibody-drug conjugates ; cell penetrating peptide ; HIV-1 TAT ; active-targeting ; targeted delivery ; trastuzumab ; MMAE ; valine-citrulline ; affibody ; drug conjugates ; hepatic uptake ; DM1 ; dermatooncology ; immune checkpoints ; monoclonal antibodies ; passive immunotherapy ; canine B-cell lymphoma ; DLA-DR ; HLA-DR ; antibody-drug conjugate ; ADC ; methotrexate ; tumor immunity ; combination therapy ; multiple myeloma (MM) ; monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) ; antibody products ; B cell maturation antigens (BCMAs) ; bispecific T cell engagers (BiTEs®) ; checkpoint inhibitors 1 ; protein structure 2 ; pharmacokinetics 3 ; drug optimization 4 ; HER2-positive breast cancer ; metastatic disease ; neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy ; targeted therapy ; acute myeloid leukemia ; CD123 ; IL3RA ; kinesin spindle protein inhibitor ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KND Manufacturing industries::KNDP Pharmaceutical industries
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  • 18
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-11-17
    Description: Caffeine is present in coffee and many other beverages and is the most widely used central nervous system stimulant. Coffee drinking or caffeine supplementation may have a role in preventing cardiometabolic and endocrine disease, neuroinflammation, cancer, and even all-cause mortality. Other aspects are either less known or controversial, including the effects on the brain–gut axis, neurodevelopment, behavior, pain, muscle–skeletal health, skin or sexual function. Studies focusing on special populations (neonates, children, adolescents, athletes, elderly, pregnant and nonpregnant women), or interactions with other drugs and foods, are relatively scarce but of obvious interest. Other compounds present in coffee and other caffeinated food stuffs may affect caffeine´s physiological effects with a tremendous impact on health. This Special Issue, which contains twenty-one manuscripts, has focused on some of these varied topics, providing further evidence of the multiple health benefits that coffee/caffeine intake may exert in humans, at least in specific populations (with a particular genetic profile or suffering from specific diseases). However, the specific effects in the different organs and systems, as well as the mechanisms involved are not yet clear. Furthermore, within the current context aiming to sustainable development, the coffee plant Coffee sp. and its so-far relatively neglected by-products are expected to become soon a source of ingredients for new functional foods whose properties will need to be precisely determined. We hope the readers of this Special Issue will find inspiration for new studies on the topic.
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; energy drink ; exercise ; elite athlete ; performance ; football ; RPE ; DOMS ; sport performance ; supplementation ; ergogenic aids ; consumer ; behavior ; perception ; coffee ; health ; consumption motives ; coffee/caffeine ; systematic review and meta-analysis ; prospective studies ; epidemiology ; cancer prevention ; colorectal cancer ; individual responses ; responders ; exercise performance ; caffeine ; tea ; energy drinks ; pregnancy ; newborn ; ergogenic aid ; resistance training ; isokinetic testing ; adrenal gland ; corticosterone ; puberty ; rat ; sex-difference ; fatigue ; mood state ; supplement ; resistance exercise ; speed ; repetition ; n/a ; metabolome ; skeletal muscle ; muscle contraction ; ergogenic effect ; bench press ; upper limb ; ergogenic substances ; time under tension ; 1RM test ; metabolites ; phenotyping ; CYP450 ; NAT ; xanthine oxidase ; actigraphy ; athletic ; anaerobic ; CMJ ; nutrition ; sport supplement ; Wingate ; electromyography ; efficiency ; sport ; expectancy ; belief ; perceptions ; placebo effect ; recovery ; strength ; power ; sprint performance ; menstrual cycle ; placebo ; ergogenic ; EEG–EMG coherence ; women ; exercise training ; velocity ; muscle function ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFC Cultural studies::JFCV Food & society
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  • 19
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-24
    Description: The book deals with therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) broadly, and relevant topics such as challenges and opportunities, next-generation antibody products, Antibody-Drug-Conjugates (ADC), bispecifics, glycosylation, and T-cell engagers are covered. Each topic has been written by leading groups around the world and the book should be of interest to researchers from both academia and industry.
    Keywords: therapeutic antibody ; stability ; aggregation ; manufacture challenges ; formulation ; antibodies ; site-specific conjugation ; bioconjugates ; ADC ; antibody-drug conjugates ; payloads ; linkers ; nucleic acids ; ADME ; developability ; glycosylation ; post-translational modifications ; pharmacokinetics ; effector functions ; antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity ; complement-dependent cytotoxicity ; immunogenicity ; pharmacodynamics ; glycoengineering ; type III secretion system ; prophylaxis ; antibacterials ; antibiotics ; HIV/AIDS ; co-formulation ; high concentration ; analytical characterization ; antibody (s) ; T-cell engagers ; bispecific antibodies ; immunotherapy ; oncology ; antibody engineering ; immunological synapse ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KND Manufacturing industries::KNDP Pharmaceutical industries
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  • 20
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This Special Issue provides an update on the state of the art and current trends in polymeric drug delivery systems specifically designed for improving drug bioavailability. The multiple contributions received further strengthen the role of polymers in modern drug delivery and targeting, illustrating the different approaches possible and unveiling what the future may bring.
    Keywords: Histoplasma capsulatum ; PLGA ; Itraconazole ; macrophage ; functionalized nanoparticle ; F4/80 receptor ; rutin ; nanocrystals ; anti-inflammatory ; hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin ; nanoparticles ; budesonide ; chitosan ; colon delivery ; eudragit ; pellets ; ferrisilicate ; PEG ; insulin ; encapsulation ; diabetic mellitus ; polypeptides ; drug delivery ; doxorubicin ; cancer ; topology of poly-l-cystein ; antimicrobial ; antifouling ; pH sensitivity ; zwitterionic polymers ; gamma radiation ; copolyester ; SPION ; cysteine ; bioconjugation ; and enzymatic release ; polymeric nanoparticles ; drug delivery and targeting ; ocular posterior segment ; oxidative stress ; retinal degeneration ; nerve growth factor ; peanut agglutinin ; zebrafish ; molecular dynamics simulation ; interaction energy ; hydrogen bonding ; solid dispersion ; hot melt extrusion ; amorphous formulation ; tacrolimus ; sucrose acetate isobutyrate ; amorphous solid dispersion ; dissolution ; stability ; pharmacokinetics ; phytomedicine ; nanosponges ; lactoferrin ; bioavailability ; MDA-MB-231 cells ; caspase-3 ; cyclin-D1 ; dendrimers ; Janus nanoparticles ; biocompatibility ; nanoformulation ; pharmaceuticals ; 3D printing ; hybrid scaffold ; polycaprolactone ; vancomycin ; mesenchymal stem cells ; tissue engineering ; drug delivery systems (DDSs) ; osteomyelitis ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
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  • 21
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: Advanced Blood-Brain Barrier Drug Delivery is a reprint with a summary editorial, followed by 16 chapters that cover five areas of brain drug delivery, including receptor-mediated transport (RMT), carrier-mediated transport (CMT), active efflux transport (AET), Trojan horse lipid nanoparticles (LNP), and in vivo methods for measurement of drug transport across the blood–brain barrier (BBB).
    Keywords: blood–brain barrier (BBB) ; brain drug delivery ; prodrugs ; solute carriers (SLCs) ; lysosomal storage disease ; neuronopathic mucopolysaccharidosis ; blood–brain barrier ; neurodegeneration ; enzyme replacement therapy ; receptor-mediated transcytosis ; transferrin receptor ; insulin receptor ; endothelium ; receptor-mediated transport ; carrier-mediated transport ; genetic engineering ; IgG fusion proteins ; nanoparticles ; liposomes ; TrkB ; agonist antibody ; variable new antigen receptor (VNAR) ; neuroprotection ; transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) ; blood-brain barrier (BBB) ; 6-OHDA ; Parkinson’s disease ; bispecific antibody ; alpha-synuclein (αSYN) ; Parkinson’s disease (PD) ; immunotherapy ; monoclonal antibody ; transferrin receptor (TfR) ; receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) ; single domains antibody ; IGF1R ; neurotensin ; protein-based therapy ; lysosomal storage disorders ; fusion proteins ; Alzheimer’s disease ; neurotrophic factors ; decoy receptors ; ATP-binding cassette transporters ; drug delivery ; ischemic stroke ; SLC transporters ; lipid nanoparticle ; ssPalm ; mRNA transfection ; hCMEC/D3 cells ; cell toxicity ; SWATH-MS ; translation ; chaperonin-containing TCP-1 ; proton-coupled organic cation antiporter ; photo-affinity labeling ; proteomics ; SWATH-MS (sequential window acquisition of all theoretical-mass spectra) ; pharmacokinetics ; compartmental models ; physiologically based PK models ; blood-brain barrier ; antibody ; cavernous sinus ; BBB–peptide shuttle ; brain delivery ; solute carrier (SLC) transporters ; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) ; NSC-34 cell lines ; taurine transporter (Taut) ; large amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) ; monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) ; organic cation transporters (OCTNs) ; choline transporter-like protein-1 (CTL1) ; TNF-α inhibitor ; molecular Trojan horse ; endosomal ; liposome ; nanoparticle ; targeting ; transferrin ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MM Other branches of medicine::MMG Pharmacology
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  • 22
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-08-12
    Description: This colligated Special Issue of Pharmaceutics on Precision Medicine: Applied Concepts of Pharmacogenomics in Patients with Various Diseases and Polypharmacy offers to the reader a series of articles that describe the concept of Precision Medicine, discuss its implementation process and limitations, demonstrate its value by illustrating some clinical cases, and open the door to new and more sophisticated techniques and applications.
    Keywords: fibromyalgia (FM) ; myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) ; microRNA ; miRNome ; pharmacogenomics ; pharmacoepigenomics ; SM2miR ; Pharmaco-miR ; repoDB ; ME/CFS Common Data Elements (CDEs) ; dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase ; DPYD ; 5-fluorouracil ; fluoropyrimidine ; therapeutic drug monitoring ; orthotopic liver transplant ; busulfan ; glutathione S-transferase ; genetic polymorphism ; limited sampling strategy ; pharmacokinetics ; clinical pharmacogenetics ; pharmacogenetic testing ; adverse drug reactions ; genotype ; phenotype ; pharmacogene ; barriers to pharmacogenetics implementation ; Sub-Saharan Africa ; chronic low back pain (cLBP) ; genetics ; personalized treatment ; polymorphism ; CYP450 ; tacrolimus ; CYP3A5 ; liver transplant ; pharmacogenomic ; minority ; data collection ; drug ; biomarker ; pharmacogenetics ; pharmacogenetic test ; personalized medicine ; gene expression ; infliximab ; adalimumab ; ulcerative colitis ; Crohn disease ; inflammatory bowel disease ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MJ Clinical & internal medicine
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  • 23
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Throughout most of history, medicinal plants and their active metabolites have represented a valuable source of compounds used to prevent and to cure several diseases. Interest in natural compounds is still high as they represent a source of novel biologically/pharmacologically active compounds. Due to their high structural diversity and complexity, they are interesting structural scaffolds that can offer promising candidates for the study of new drugs, functional foods, and food additives.Plant extracts are a highly complex mixture of compounds and qualitative and quantitative analyses are necessary to ensure their quality. Furthermore, greener methods of extraction and analysis are needed today.This book is based on articles submitted for publication in the Special Issue entitled “Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Bioactive Natural Products” that collected original research and reviews on these topics.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; Scorzonera ; capsaicinoids ; artificial neural network ; cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury ; antioxidant activity ; quality evaluation ; chemometrics ; secondary metabolites ; identification ; antioxidant capacity ; Moroccan region ; volatile compounds ; HPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS ; quantitative analysis ; amino acids content ; HPLC-ELSD ; antioxidant ; autophagy ; quantification ; sugars ; 1-triacontanol ; hemp seed oil ; Alzheimer’s disease ; macrodiolides ; extraction ; recycling preparative high performance liquid chromatography ; HPLC methods ; GC-MS ; Myristica fragrans ; Rossa da inverno sel. Rojo Duro onion cultivar ; fruit powders ; decursin ; food traceability ; ionic liquids ; separation optimisation ; Spondias spp. ; C-glycosylflavone ; wine ; UPLC-MS ; scutellarein ; saffron ; carotenoids ; red cabbage ; hydrodistillation ; Ginkgo biloba Extract (GBE) ; gas chromatography ; organic acids ; olive leaves ; crocins ; CBD oil ; Bolbostemma paniculatum ; UPLC-ESI-MS/MS ; geographical origin ; HPLC ; traditional Chinese medicine decoction ; liquid chromatography ; bioactive natural compounds ; Podospermum ; metabolic profiling ; SPME-GC/MS ; LTQ-Orbitrap ; oral administration ; UPLC ; bioactive compounds ; Erigeron breviscapus extract ; terrain conditions ; nutmeg ; antibacterial activity ; method validation ; ShenFu prescription decoction ; chili ; decursinol angelate ; statistical evaluations ; stereoselective and simultaneous analysis ; curcuminoids ; Talaromyces pinophilus ; talarodiolide ; HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS ; Olea europaea L. ; triterpenes ; chromatogram-bioactivity correlation ; essential oil ; stability ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Iris lactea Pall. var. chinensis (Fisch.) Koidz. ; endothelial function ; anthocyanins ; HPLC analysis ; liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry ; nodakenin ; turmerone ; UHPLC-MS/MS ; Quercus acuta leaf ; Curcuma longa ; UHPLC analysis ; ginseng berry extract ; geographical variation ; qualitative analysis ; Sorbus ; free radical-scavenging ; ginsenosides ; flavonoids ; biostimulant ; GC/MS ; terpenes ; aleuritolic acid ; phenolic compounds ; apoptosis ; response surface methodology ; phenolic acids ; pharmacokinetics ; mass spectrometry ; scutellarin ; multivariate statistical analysis ; phenolics ; MODDE experimental design ; proanthocyanidins ; UFLC-QQQ-MS ; rice ; cannabidiol ; odor-activity values ; UPLC-QTOF-MS ; turmeric ; decursinol ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 24
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Lipid-based nanosystems, including solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), cationic lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and liposomes, have been extensively studied to improve drug delivery through different administration routes. The main advantages linked to these systems are the ability to protect, transport, and control the release of lipophilic and hydrophilic molecules (either small molecular weight or macromolecules); the use of generally recognized as safe (GRAS) excipients that minimize the toxicity of the formulations; and the possibility to modulate pharmacokinetics and enable the site-specific delivery of encapsulated payloads. In addition, the versatility of lipid-based nanosystems has been further demonstrated through the delivery of vaccines, protection of cosmetic actives, or improvement in the moisturizing properties of cosmetic formulations. Currently, lipid-based nanosystems are well established, and there are already different commercially approved formulations for different human disorders. This success has actually paved the way to diversifying the pipeline of development, upon addressing unmet medical needs for several indications, such as cancer; neurological disorders; and autoimmune, genetic, and infectious diseases. This Special Issue aims to update readers on the latest research on lipid-based nanosystems, both at the preclinical and clinical levels.
    Keywords: design of experiment ; porcine mucous membrane ; ophthalmic tissues ; permeation ; nanostructured lipid carriers ; gentiopicroside ; phospholipid complex ; self-nanoemulsion drug delivery system ; oral bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics ; antioxidants ; marine bio-waste ; bioactive compounds ; neurodegenerative diseases ; NLC ; solid lipid nanoparticles ; SLN ; intranasal administration ; nose-to-brain ; exosome ; drug loading ; exosomal delivery ; large-scale production ; lipid nanoparticles ; mucoadhesion ; ocular bioavailability ; surface modification ; liposomes ; baricitinib ; JAK-inhibitor ; transepidermal delivery ; skin permeation ; lipid NPs ; breast cancer ; siRNA delivery ; gene silencing ; personalized therapy ; bimatoprost ; central composite design ; glaucoma ; HET-CAM test ; solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) ; perillyl acid ; biodistribution ; empty lipid nanoparticles ; reactogenicity ; xenobiotics ; ionizable lipids ; isoniazid ; in vivo pharmacokinetics ; drug release profile ; histopathological toxicity ; mannosylation ; nanocarriers ; Chagas disease ; Trypanosoma cruzi ; in vivo assays ; quality by design ; plumbagin ; diabetes ; in vitro ; niosomes ; levosulpiride ; antidepressant ; acute toxicity ; in vivo imaging ; bioavailability ; cisplatin ; co-encapsulation ; mifepristone ; synergism ; gefitinib ; lipid ; surfactant ; stability ; breast cancer cell ; MTT assay ; anticancer ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 25
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: The use of lipid-based nanosystems, including lipid nanoparticles (solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC)), nanoemulsions, and liposomes, among others, is widespread. Several researchers have described the advantages of different applications of these nanosystems. For instance, they can increase the targeting and bioavailability of drugs, improving therapeutic effects. Their use in the cosmetic field is also promising, owing to their moisturizing properties and ability to protect labile cosmetic actives. Thus, it is surprising that only a few lipid-based nanosystems have reached the market. This can be explained by the strict regulatory requirements of medicines and the occurrence of unexpected in vivo failure, which highlights the need to conduct more preclinical studies.Current research is focused on testing the in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo efficacy of lipid-based nanosystems to predict their clinical performance. However, there is a lack of method validation, which compromises the comparison between different studies.This book brings together the latest research and reviews that report on in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo preclinical studies using lipid-based nanosystems. Readers can find up-to-date information on the most common experiments performed to predict the clinical behavior of lipid-based nanosystems. A series of 15 research articles and a review are presented, with authors from 15 different countries, which demonstrates the universality of the investigations that have been carried out in this area.
    Keywords: nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) ; formulation optimization ; rivastigmine ; quality by design (QbD) ; nasal route ; nose-to-brain ; N-alkylisatin ; liposome ; urokinase plasminogen activator ; PAI-2 ; SerpinB2 ; breast cancer ; liposomes ; target delivery nanosystem ; FZD10 protein ; colon cancer therapy ; supersaturation ; silica-lipid hybrid ; spray drying ; lipolysis ; lipid-based formulation ; fenofibrate ; mesoporous silica ; oral drug delivery ; hyaluronic acid ; drug release ; light activation ; stability ; mobility ; biocorona ; dissolution enhancement ; phospholipids ; solid dosage forms ; porous microparticles ; nanoemulsion(s) ; phase-behavior ; DoE ; D-optimal design ; vegetable oils ; non-ionic surfactants ; efavirenz ; flaxseed oil ; nanostructured lipid carriers ; nanocarrier ; docohexaenoic acid ; neuroprotection ; neuroinflammation ; fluconazole ; Box‒Behnken design ; nanotransfersome ; ulcer index ; zone of inhibition ; rheological behavior ; ex vivo permeation ; nanomedicine ; cancer ; doxorubicin ; melanoma ; drug delivery ; ultrasound contrast agents ; phospholipid coating ; ligand distribution ; cholesterol ; acoustic response ; microbubble ; lipid phase ; dialysis ; ammonia ; intoxication ; cyanocobalamin ; vitamin B12 ; atopic dermatitis ; psoriasis ; transferosomes ; lipid vesicles ; skin topical delivery ; oligonucleotide ; self-emulsifying drug delivery systems ; hydrophobic ion pairing ; intestinal permeation enhancers ; Caco-2 monolayer ; clarithromycin ; solid lipid nanoparticles ; optimization ; permeation ; pharmacokinetics ; follicular targeting ; dexamethasone ; alopecia areata ; lipomers ; lipid polymer hybrid nanocapsules ; biodistribution ; skin ; ethyl cellulose ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 26
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-11-30
    Description: Research in ophthalmic drug delivery has developed significant advances in the few last years, and efforts have been made to develop more effective topical formulations to increase drug bioavailability, efficiency, and safety. Drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye remains a great challenge in the pharmaceutical industry due to the complexity and particularity of the eye's anatomy and physiology. Some advances have been made with the purpose of maintaining constant drug levels in the site of action. The anatomical ocular barriers have a great impact on drug pharmacokinetics and, subsequently, on the pharmacological effect.Despite the increasing interest in efficiently reaching the posterior segment of the eye with reduced adverse effects, there is still a need to expand the knowledge of ocular pharmacokinetics that allow the development of safer and more innovative drug delivery systems. These novel approaches may greatly improve the lives of patients with ocular pathologies.
    Keywords: ocular ; drug delivery ; pharmacokinetics ; tissue isolation ; rat ; eye ; drug concentration ; method ; pigment ; melanin ; aniridia ; ataluren ; ophthalmic solution ; rare disease ; stability ; tacrolimus ; hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin ; topical ophthalmic administration ; eye drops ; uveitis ; PET/CT imaging ; ocular implants ; electrospinning technique ; glaucoma ; sustained drug release ; poly ε-caprolactone ; electrospun fibers ; permeability ; retina ; retinal pigment epithelium ; Ussing chamber ; intravitreal half-life ; posterior capsule opacification ; pathophysiology ; wound healing ; lens epithelial cells ; intraocular lenses ; experimental models ; clinical studies ; gold nanoparticles ; anterior chamber ; distribution ; intracameral injection ; trabecular meshwork ; hyaluronic acid ; liposomes ; intravitreal ; ocular drug delivery ; retinal explants ; amantadine ; blood–retinal barrier ; retinal disease ; NMDA receptor ; inner BRB ; retinal capitally endothelial cells ; outer BRB ; retinal pigment epithelial cells ; transporter ; rivoceranib ; drug repositioning ; microsphere ; subfoveal choroidal neovascularization ; macular degeneration ; endotoxin-induced uveitis ; interleukins ; immunosuppressants ; physicochemical stability ; container-content interaction ; leachable compound ; nanoparticles ; PLGA ; lactoferrin ; nanoprecipitation ; protein nanocarriers ; keratoconus ; corneal ecstatic disorder ; posterior capsular opacification ; intraocular lens ; surface modification ; photothermal therapy ; photodynamic therapy ; micro-pattern ; anti-biofouling ; ocular hypertension ; prostaglandin analogues ; aqueous solubility ; chemical stability ; intraocular pressure ; cystinosis ; ophthalmic administration ; cysteamine ; compounded formulation ; PET ; nanocrystals ; conjunctivitis ; besifloxacin ; Povacoat® ; fluoroquinolones ; acanthamoeba keratitis ; controlled drug delivery ; contact lens ; miltefosine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KND Manufacturing industries::KNDP Pharmaceutical industries
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  • 27
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-11-30
    Description: In this Special Issue, our aim was to collect studies on clinical pharmacology and pharmacy of antimicrobial agents from both human and veterinary medicine as the complex problem of AMR requires actions taken within the One Health approach that involve both fields. Studies covered here are about new or optimized usage of already authorized antimicrobials, as well as discoveries about new agents, new combinations of drugs, and drug repositioning. Pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and toxicological aspects of individual and combinational drug use are areas covered in this Special Issue.
    Keywords: antibiotic combination ; minimum inhibitory concentration ; Monte Carlo ; synergistic effect ; antibiotics ; combination therapy ; multi-drug resistant infection ; meta-analysis ; pan-genome ; Campylobacter ureolyticus ; UDP-3-O-acyl-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase ; LpxC ; campylobacteriosis ; self-medication ; students ; habits ; cystic fibrosis ; P. aeruginosa ; transporters ; Escherichia coli ; suture ; antimicrobial ; pharmacodynamics ; triclosan ; surgical site infection ; time-kill ; contact killing ; translational modelling ; antifungals ; adverse drug reaction (ADR) ; drug-drug interaction (DDI) ; polypharmacy ; multimorbidity ; intensive care patients ; traumatology ; elderly patients ; organ failure ; multi-organ failure ; drug safety ; patient safety ; nonlinear mixed-effects modeling ; glomerular filtration rate ; dosing regimen ; oxacillin ; Monte Carlo simulations ; adsorption ; desorption ; doxycycline ; pH dependence ; small ruminant feed ; heterocyclic compounds ; phenolic compounds ; pyran ; food microbiology ; microbial pathogen ; serum/plasma concentrations ; interstitial concentrations ; tissue concentrations ; pharmacokinetics ; macrolide antibiotics ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MM Other branches of medicine::MMG Pharmacology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This book entitled “Cocoa, Chocolate, and Human Health” presents the most recent findings about cocoa and health in 14 peer-reviewed chapters including nine original contributions and five reviews from cocoa experts around the world. Bioavailability and metabolism of the main cocoa polyphenols, i.e., the flavanols like epicatechin, are presented including metabolites like valerolactones that are formed by the gut microbiome. Many studies, including intervention studies or epidemiological observations, do not focus on single compounds, but on cocoa as a whole. This proves the effectiveness of cocoa as a functional food. A positive influence of cocoa on hearing problems, exercise performance, and metabolic syndrome is discussed with mixed results; the results about exercise performance are contradictive. Evidence shows that cocoa flavanols may modulate some risk factors related to metabolic syndrome such as hypertension and disorders in glucose and lipid metabolism. However, several cardiometabolic parameters in type 2 diabetics were not affected by a flavanol-rich cocoa powder as simultaneous treatment with pharmaceuticals might have negated the effect of cocoa. The putative health-promoting components of cocoa are altered during processing like fermentation, drying, and roasting of cocoa beans. Chocolate, the most popular cocoa product, shows remarkable losses in polyphenols and vitamin E during 18 months of storage.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; TX341-641 ; n/a ; lipids ; theobromine ; colonic bacteria ; ?-glucosidase inhibition ; cacao ; tinnitus ; antioxidant capacity ; metabolomics ; methylxanthines ; lipid status ; physical exercise ; skeletal muscle ; functional volatile compounds ; soluble cocoa products ; blood pressure ; flavanols ; functional food ; classification ; monitoring ; cocoa ; yeast ; quality ; flavanols bioavailability ; fermentation ; cocoa processing ; hearing loss ; Italian chocolate ; chocolate ; (?)-catechin ; extraction and characterization methods ; heath potentials ; CREB ; inflammation ; flavanol-rich cocoa ; behavior ; (?)-epicatechin ; BDNF ; plasma appearance ; flavan-3-ol stereoisomers ; fermentation-related enzymes ; angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity ; type 2 diabetes ; CaMKII ; exercise performance ; anti-inflammatory properties ; (+)-catechin ; bioactive compounds ; chiral separation ; plasma ; oxidative stress ; antidiabetic capacity ; polyphenols ; oligopeptides ; urine ; protein–phenol interactions ; postprandial ; working memory ; procyanidins ; simulated gastrointestinal digestion ; cocoa-based ingredients ; one-compartment model ; cocoa beans ; athlete ; biomarkers ; polyphenol ; metabolic syndrome ; nutrition ; bioavailability ; roasting ; glucose metabolism ; cohort study ; plasma nutrikinetics ; pharmacokinetics ; human ; cocoa proteins ; metabolites ; cocoa by-product ; meal ; bioactive peptides ; performance ; liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QToF-MS) ; starter culture ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-06-24
    Description: Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) cause a drug to affect other drugs, leading to reduced drug efficacy or increased toxicity of the affected drug. Some well-known interactions are known to be the cause of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) that are life threatening to the patient. Traditionally, DDI have been evaluated around the selective action of drugs on specific CYP enzymes. The interaction of drugs with CYP remains very important in drug interactions but, recently, other important mechanisms have also been studied as contributing to drug interaction including transport- or UDP-glucuronyltransferase as a Phase II reaction-mediated DDI. In addition, novel mechanisms of regulating DDIs can also be suggested. In the case of the substance targeted for interaction, not only the DDIs but also the herb–drug or food–drug interactions have been reported to be clinically relevant in terms of adverse side effects. Reporting examples of drug interactions on a marketed drug or studies on new mechanisms will be very helpful for preventing the side effects of the patient taking these drugs. This Special Issue aims to highlight current progress in understanding both the clinical and nonclinical interactions of commercial drugs and the elucidation of the mechanisms of drug interactions.
    Keywords: tadalafil ; ticagrelor ; drug-drug interaction ; pharmacokinetics ; plasma concentration ; CYP3A4 ; Loxoprofen ; CYP3A ; Dexamethasone ; Ketoconazole ; CYP2D6 ; O-desmethyltramadol ; physiologically-based pharmacokinetics ; tramadol ; (‒)-sophoranone ; CYP2C9 ; potent inhibition ; in vitro ; in vivo ; drug interaction ; low permeability ; high plasma protein binding ; biflavonoid ; cytochrome P450 ; drug interactions ; selamariscina A ; uridine 5′-diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase ; tissue-specific ; systemic exposure ; P-glycoprotein (P-gp) ; organic anion transporting polypeptide 1A2 (OATP1A2) ; Rumex acetosa ; fexofenadine ; chronic kidney disease ; drug–drug interactions ; polypharmacy ; adverse drug reactions ; Lexicomp ; subset analysis ; signal detection algorithms ; spontaneous reporting systems ; mechanism-based inhibition ; competitive inhibition ; non-competitive inhibition ; substrate ; inhibitor ; cytochromes P450 ; OATP1B1 ; OATP1B3 ; tyrosine kinase inhibitors ; drug-drug interactions ; migraine ; lasmiditan ; gepants ; monoclonal antibodies ; CYP1A1 ; CYP1A2 ; drug–drug interaction ; expression ; metabolism ; regulation ; drug transporter ; ubiquitination ; ixazomib ; DDI ; computational prediction ; in silico ; QSAR ; drug metabolism ; ADME ; CYP ; metabolic DDI ; P450 ; 1A2 ; 2B6 ; 2C19 ; 2C8 ; 2C9 ; 2D6 ; 3A4 ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Carotenoids are a group of natural pigments, consisting of more than 750 compounds. They are mostly yellow, orange, or red in color, due to the system of conjugated double bonds. This structural element is also responsible for the good antioxidant properties of many carotenoids. Carotenoids have shown numerous biological activities (not only as provitamin A), e.g., preventive properties of fruits and vegetables. As lipophilic compounds, their uptake and storage in the body are dependent on various conditions. In vitro and in vivo data showed stimulating and inhibitory effects of matrix compounds on bioaccessibility and bioavailability of carotenoids.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; singlet-triplet annihilation ; silicon carotenoids ; dye-sensitized solar cells ; spent coffee grounds ; astaxanthin ; antioxidant antagonism ; carotenoid and chlorophyll derivatives ; fluorocarotenoids ; RNS ; feed processing ; ?-carotene ; iodocarotenoids ; hydrophilic ; selenium carotenoids ; free radical kinetics ; mechanisms ; stability ; free radicals ; antioxidant ; soil amendment ; pressurized fluid extraction ; extraction ; metal ions ; lutein ; lettuce ; lycopene ; antioxidant synergism ; iron carotenoids ; ROS ; solubility ; flavonoids ; bromocarotenoids ; sulfur carotenoids ; marine carotenoids ; cationic lipid ; carotenoids ; antioxidants ; nelfinavir ; fruit ; SK-Hep-1 ; carotenoid ; storage ; vegetables ; ethanol ; exon skipping ; inflammation ; xanthophylls ; Duchenne muscular dystrophy ; pharmacokinetics ; carrots ; chlorocarotenoids ; chelating compound ; cardiovascular disease ; ageing ; accelerated solvent extraction ; nitrogen carotenoids ; VEGF ; chlorophyll ; liquid chromatography ; antiradical ; PEG conjugates ; injection solvent ; cycloaddition ; HIV ; esterification ; antisense oligonucleotide ; B16F10 ; interaction ; cancer chemoprevention ; antireductant ; PC-3 ; oxidative stress ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-08-12
    Description: This book collects contributions published in the Special Issue “From a Molecule to a Drug: Chemical Features Enhancing Pharmacological Potential” and dealing with successful stories of drug improvement or design using classic protocols, quantum mechanical mechanistic investigation, or hybrid approaches such as QM/MM or QM/ML (machine learning). In the last two decades, computer-aided modeling has strongly supported scientists’ intuition to design functional molecules. High-throughput screening protocols, mainly based on classical mechanics’ atomistic potentials, are largely employed in biology and medicinal chemistry studies with the aim of simulating drug-likeness and bioactivity in terms of efficient binding to the target receptors. The advantages of this approach are quick outcomes, the possibility of repurposing commercially available drugs, consolidated protocols, and the availability of large databases. On the other hand, these studies do not intrinsically provide reactivity information, which requires quantum mechanical methodologies that are only applicable to significantly smaller and simplified systems at present. These latter studies focus on the drug itself, considering the chemical properties related to its structural features and motifs. Overall, such simulations provide necessary insights for a better understanding of the chemistry principles that rule the diseases at the molecular level, as well as possible mechanisms for restoring the physiological equilibrium.
    Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 ; benzoic acid derivatives ; gallic acid ; molecular docking ; reactivity parameters ; selenoxide elimination ; one-pot ; imine-enamine ; reaction mechanism ; DFT calculations ; selenium ; anti-inflammatory drugs ; QSAR ; pain management ; cyclooxygenase ; multitarget drug ; cannabinoid ; neuropathic pain ; clopidogrel ; NMR study ; oxone ; peroxymonosulfate ; sodium halide ; thienopyridine ; drug discovery ; precision medicine ; pharmacodynamics ; pharmacokinetics ; coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19 ; 3-chymotrypsin-like protease ; pyrimidonic pharmaceuticals ; molecular dynamics simulations ; binding free energy ; β-carrageenan ; antioxidant activity ; Box-Behken ; extraction ; Eucheuma gelatinae ; physic-chemistry ; rheology ; quercetin ; quercetin 3-O-glucuronide ; cisplatin ; nephrotoxicity ; cytoprotection ; lithium therapy ; neurocytology ; toxicology ; neuroprotection ; chemoinformatics ; big data ; methadone hydrochloride ; pharmaceutical solutions ; drug compounding ; high performance liquid chromatography ; stability study ; microbiology ; fucoidan ; alginate ; L-selectin ; E-selectin ; MCP-1 ; ICAM-1 ; THP-1 macrophage ; monocyte migration ; protein binding ; breast milk ; M/P ratio ; statistical modeling ; molecular descriptors ; chromatographic descriptors ; affinity chromatography ; anti-ACE ; anti-DPP-IV ; gastrointestinal digestion ; in silico ; molecular dynamics ; paramyosin ; seafood ; target fishing ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MM Other branches of medicine::MMG Pharmacology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-09-11
    Keywords: drug design and discovery ; drug&ndash ; protein interactions ; drug response ; drug solubility ; antimicrobial drugs ; antiviral drugs ; antibiotics ; anticancer drugs ; cancer prevention ; molecular modeling ; molecular mechanisms ; crystallography ; preclinical study ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamics ; pharmacognosy ; nuclear receptors ; receptor agonist and antagonist ; activity profiling, markers and diagnostics ; drug carriers ; dosage form ; nanoparticles ; dissolution testing ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MB Medicine: general issues::MBG Medical equipment & techniques
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: Novel Anticancer Strategies reviews important findings and updates within the cancer therapy field, of great interest to those in academic research studying the development and validation of novel anticancer approaches. The Editor invited preeminent specialists to contribute to original and review articles devoted to key areas of major progress and expectations. Key features: Nanoparticle-based drug delivery in cancer therapy; Extracellular vesicles for anticancer drug delivery; Peptide-based drug conjugates; Cancer stem cells as a valuable target to eradicate tumor relapse; Spheroids in preclinical model for cancer research; and cancer immunotherapy.
    Keywords: tumor-homing extracellular vesicles ; pH-sensitive extracellular vesicles ; doxorubicin ; tumor therapy ; pancreatic cancer ; targeted tumor therapy ; homing peptide ; antitumor peptide conjugates ; daunomycin ; oxime linkage ; combinatorial immunotherapy ; cytotoxics ; biomarkers ; precision medicine ; immunotherapy ; anti-PD-L1 ; ionizing irradiation ; pharmacokinetics ; tumor-immune interaction ; global sensitivity ; immuno-oncology ; mathematical modeling ; glycol chitosan nanoparticle ; high-intensity focused ultrasound ; deep tumor penetration ; dense ECM ; cancer treatment ; prostate cancer ; gastrin-releasing peptide receptor ; RM26 ; albumin-binding domain ; targeted therapy ; gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRPR) antagonist ; cervical cancer ; tetraarsenic hexoxide ; patient-derived xenograft ; autophagy ; cisplatin ; fenbendazole ; micelle solubilization ; Soluplus® polymeric micelles ; toxicity test ; sonoporation ; microbubbles ; ultrasound ; intracellular signaling ; phosphorylation ; ultrasound contrast agents ; drug delivery ; cellular stress ; tumour microenvironment ; cancer stem cells ; extracellular vesicles ; drug delivery systems ; liposomes ; immunoliposomes ; antisense oligonucleotides ; 3D cultures ; tumor microenvironment ; tumor spheroids ; efficacy analysis ; drug resistance ; cancer therapy ; glioblastoma ; receptor tyrosine kinases ; epidermal growth factor receptor ; small molecule inhibitors ; nanoformulations ; breast cancer ; micelles ; dendrimers ; anticancer drugs ; platinum drug ; methotrexate ; lung metastasis ; liver metastasis ; cancer treatments and progression biomarkers ; mesoporous silica nanoparticles ; controlled release ; anticancer natural prodrugs ; natural products ; cancer targeting ; nanoformulations/nanomedicine applications ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MJ Clinical & internal medicine::MJC Diseases & disorders::MJCL Oncology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-31
    Description: Recently, microfluidic, nanofluidic and lab-on-a-chip devices have gained particular attention in biomedical applications. Due to their advantages, such as miniaturization, versatility, ease of use, cost-effectiveness, and the potential to replace animal models for drug development and testing, these devices hold tremendous potential to revolutionize the research of more effective treatments for several diseases that threaten human life. With integrated biosensors, these devices allow the development and design of micro- and nanoparticles to be studied in detail, modelling human physiology, investigating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying disease formation and progression, and gaining insights into the performance and long-term effects of responsive drug delivery nanocarriers. This Special Issue gathered research papers, and review articles focusing on novel microfluidic, nanofluidic and lab-on-a-chip devices for biomedical applications, addressing all steps related to fabrication, biosensor integration and development, characterization, numerical simulations and validation of the devices, optimization and, the translation of these devices from research labs to industry settings.
    Keywords: protein biomarker ; microarray ; microfluidic cassette ; multiplex measurement ; immunoassay ; point-of-care testing ; microfluidic device ; small intestine ; ex vivo ; histology ; embedded resin ; sectioning ; peptide biosensor ; lab-on-a-chip ; label-free detection ; peptide aptamers ; protein biomarkers ; microfluidic biochip ; troponin T ; computational simulations ; drug discovery ; organ-on-a-chip ; microfluidic devices ; preclinical models ; numerical simulations ; automation ; non-enzymatic ; DNA amplification ; L-DNA ; microfluidic ; fluorescence ; paper microfluidics ; sweat ; sensing ; hydrogels ; lactate ; osmotic pumping ; evaporation ; capillary ; wicking ; biochemical assay ; microfluidics ; cell trap ; RBC ; evolutionary algorithm ; generative design ; artificial intelligence ; organ-on-chip ; liver-on-chip ; liver disease ; multi-level microfluidic device ; live cell imaging ; long-term microscopy imaging ; focus drifting ; immersion oil viscosity ; bacterial population dynamics ; single-cell studies ; E. coli ; mother machine ; computational fluid dynamics ; cancer-on-chip ; xenograft ; colorectal cancer ; pharmacodynamics ; pharmacokinetics ; drug efficacy ; oxaliplatin ; microfabrication ; microphysiological system ; biophysical stimuli ; biochemical stimuli ; in vitro cell culture ; cortical neurons ; hippocampal neurons ; electrical stimulation ; Micro-Electrode Arrays ; engineered neuronal networks ; polydimethylsiloxane ; microchannels ; in vivo micro bioreactor ; additive manufacturing ; poly-(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate ; biocompatibility ; COVID-19 ; diagnosis ; image analysis ; PCR ; SARS-CoV-2 ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-07-06
    Description: Since first receiving approval in 1986, antibody-based therapeutics have been the most successful modality for the treatment of various diseases. This Special Issue of IJMS, “Recent Advances in Antibody Therapeutics”, presents leading-edge articles and reviews for discovery, development, and clinical applications of therapeutic antibodies, covering antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), GPCR-targeting antibodies, a functional antibody screening, bioassay of bispecific antibodies, antibody applications for cardiovascular diseases, antibody delivery to CNS, etc. The excellent studies in this Special Issue would valuable insight for scientists and clinicians in the field of therapeutic antibodies
    Keywords: interleukin 33 ; ST2 receptor ; scFv ; C2_2E12 ; bladder cancer ; antibodies ; immune checkpoint inhibitors ; antibody-drug conjugates ; sacituzumab govitecan ; enfortumab vedotin ; erdafitinib ; cost-effectiveness ; G protein-coupled receptor ; membrane protein ; antigen ; therapeutic antibody ; anti-angiogenesis ; delta-like ligand ; irinotecan ; paclitaxel ; VEGF ; SARS-CoV-2 ; spike protein ; receptor-binding domain ; phage display ; monoclonal antibody ; cytomegalovirus ; peptide/major histocompatibility complex class I complex ; T-cell-receptor-like antibody ; affinity maturation ; yeast surface display ; combinatorial antibody library ; agonist antibody ; cell fate ; bispecific antibodies ; bioassays ; mechanisms of action ; binding assays ; potency assays ; atherosclerosis ; inflammation ; antibody therapy ; blood–brain barrier ; antibody ; pharmacokinetics ; disposition ; biochemical and physicochemical properties ; Fc binding ; receptor-mediated transcytosis ; brain shuttle ; molecular Trojan horse ; transferrin ; anti-cancer antibody ; antibody engineering ; biophysical properties ; computational methods ; research cell bank ; antibody therapeutics ; recombinant antibodies ; intracellular antibodies ; single-chain antibody fragment ; nanobody ; Human papillomaviruses ; HPV oncoproteins ; HPV-associated cancer ; HPV cancer therapy ; asthma ; refractory asthma ; biomarker ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-10-25
    Description: Functional nutrition is deeply connected with healthy lifestyle and sustainable food production, due to its positive health benefits and the use of economically underexplored and natural raw materials. Expectedly, it appeals to large number of interested consumers while becoming lucrative segment of the food industry with a fast-growing market fueled by new sociodemographic trends. Accordingly, functional juices and beverages made of indigenous fruits are interesting niche for various food market stakeholders. Here, biologically active compounds (BACs) and probiotics that have positive health effects in functional foods (juices) are mostly thermolabile. This is especially important for industry that still employs classical heat treatments (e.g., pasteurization), while being concerned with degradation of food quality in the final products. To prevent this, focus is on designing economic and ecological technologies that are able to preserve nutritional and sensory quality while maintaining microbiological stability in products. Such approaches are based on low-energy consumption and low-impact processing, e.g. “hurdle technology” that combines advanced and conventional methods (e.g., high-power ultrasound, pulse electric field). Food design is another important focus point for consumers’ sensory appeal and economic success of foods. Hence, technologies as 3D food printing can be particularly useful for manufacturing. Based on the above, presented topics are relevant to sustainable functional food production, functional fruit juices, BACs, “hurdle technology,” advanced food processing, 3D food printing, and authentic fruits.
    Keywords: dehydration ; conserving vegetables ; improving shelf-life ; rehydrated pepper ; histological preparation ; green practices ; meat analogue ; liquid additives ; soy protein isolate ; lecithin ; emulsion ; functional fruit juice ; hurdle technology ; non-thermal processing ; preservation ; quality ; probiotic ; fruit by-products ; lulo bagasse powder ; fiber ; antioxidant properties ; carotenoids ; cocoa shell ; high voltage electrical discharge ; tannin ; dietary fiber ; water binding capacity ; grindability ; traditional ; slow ; pressure and microwave cooking ; polyphenols ; antioxidant activity ; faba bean ; lentil ; pea ; probiotic safety ; toxicity ; pathogenicity ; functional food industry ; pharmacological interactions ; functional fruit juices ; mushroom ; vitamin D ; reducing capacity ; glycation ; Lactuca sativa ; metabolomics ; antioxidants ; eustress ; total soluble solids ; particle size distribution ; total anthocyanin content ; antioxidant capacity ; non-dairy beverages ; pulses ; chickpea ; lupin ; flow behavior ; animal and plant proteins ; computer vision system ; nutritional value ; texture ; water activity ; viscosity ; microstructure ; heavy metals ; amino acids ; pesticide ; fruit wastes ; vegetable wastes ; drying ; extraction ; intensification technologies ; phenolic acids ; food processing ; minimally processed foods ; UHLPC-MS/MS ; sous-vide cooking ; vegetables ; seafood ; cephalopods ; safety ; nutritive quality ; beetroot ; convective drying ; infrared drying ; purée ; Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy ; confocal scanning microscopy ; fruit juice ; interaction ; drug ; phytochemical ; pharmacokinetics ; ginger ; pineapple ; turmeric ; juice mix ; physicochemical properties ; microbiological quality ; sensory attributes ; Diospyros kaki ; post-harvest losses ; dehydrated persimmon ; thin-layer modeling ; drying rate ; old apple cultivar ; biologically active compounds ; functional food ; agriculture ; extensive farming ; bisphosphonates ; SERMs ; food ; supplements ; bioavailability ; meal ; coffee ; juice ; mineral water ; edible mushroom ; nutrition ; phenolic compounds ; vacuum ; poria cubes ; optimization ; stage drying ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-10-25
    Description: In this Topical Collection, ten articles (one review and nine research articles) are published in a time span of 2021–2022. All articles are written by experts in the field of Separation Techniques who were invited to contribute to the presentation of the current status in separation science. The authors were invited to answer the questions: What is the state-of-the-art in Separation Sciences? What advances have been reported recently? Last but not least, what are the future perspectives? The Editor and authors hope that the readers will find valuable information in the topic.
    Keywords: protein-based chiral stationary phase ; alpha 1-acid glycoprotein ; chiral recognition mechanism ; molecular docking ; proteomics ; high-performance liquid chromatography ; mass spectrometry ; gout ; uric acid ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; HPLC-MS/MS ; pharmacokinetics ; wine-processed ; hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography ; chromatography ; oligopeptides ; acetyl hexapeptide-8 ; acetyl hexapeptide-3 ; Argireline ; cosmetics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; virus particles ; air filtering ; aerosols ; probability distributions ; rotational particle separator ; air separation ; steam methane reforming ; water gas shift ; alternative fluids ; gas turbine ; Senecio anteuphorbium ; response factors ; true quantitation ; allelopathy ; herbicide ; chlorpropham ; potato ; μQuEChERS/UHPLC-PDA ; validation ; cooking ; methyl nicotinate ; methyl salicylate ; ethyl salicylate ; 2-hydroxyethyl salicylate ; pain relief spray ; Tulasnellaceae sp. ; Gymnadenia orchidis ; mdium-pressure liquid chromatography ; reversed-phase liquid chromatography ; ergosterol ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: There have been recent significant improvements in the short-term survival of solid organ transplantation patients due to advances in immunosuppression and transplant techniques. However, long-term graft survival has still lagged behind other outcomes and has now become one of the main problems in solid organ transplantation.For this Special Issue, we invited researchers and clinicians to submit studies on solid organ transplantation. These have provided us with additional knowledge and skills that will ultimately help us to improve outcomes after solid organ transplantation.
    Keywords: living donation ; nephrectomy ; hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy ; body composition ; complications ; simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation ; immunosuppression ; graft order ; sequence ; outcome ; survival ; kidney transplantation ; hydrogen ; diarrhea ; small intestinal bacterial overgrowth ; sickle cell disease ; sickle cell ; transplantation ; outcomes ; big data ; tacrolimus ; metabolism ; C/D ratio ; cholesterol ; dyslipidemia ; LDL-C ; liver transplantation ; hematuria ; chronic kidney disease ; tocilizumab ; clazakizumab ; desensitization ; anti-HLA alloantibody ; post traumatic growth ; psychiatric morbidity ; network analysis ; ESAS ; MINI ; CPC ; DCPR ; distress ; demoralization ; alexithymia ; anxiety ; antibody-mediated rejection ; recurrent primary disease ; renal transplantation ; pancreas transplantation ; cold ischemia time ; delayed graft function ; Eurotransplant Senior Program ; end-stage renal disease ; intensive care unit ; bioimpedance analysis ; drug dosing ; lean body mass index ; pharmacokinetics ; tacrolimus C/D ratio ; mineral bone disorder ; parathyroidectomy ; parathyroid hormone ; osteoporosis ; bone fractures ; Contrast-enhanced ultrasound ; kidney perfusion ; kidney function ; kidney donation ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MM Other branches of medicine::MMG Pharmacology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Canada continues to have a rich history of ground-breaking research in drug delivery within academic institutions, pharmaceutical industry and the biotechnology community.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RM1-950 ; encapsulation ; biodistribution ; pharmaceutics ; targeted therapies ; gambogic acid ; GE11 peptide ; formulation and dosage form development ; transient modulation ; ROESY NMR spectroscopy ; bioaccessibility ; polymeric micelle ; pharmacological Inhibitors of HIF-1 and STAT3 ; nanoparticles ; Vitamin D ; drug discovery ; EGFR-targeted therapy ; translational research ; clinical trials ; doxorubicin ; dissolution ; drug development ; permeation enhancers ; Canada ; plant ; primary central nervous system lymphomas ; photostabilizers ; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma ; mouse models ; drug delivery systems ; melphalan ; hypoxia-induced chemoresistance ; skin ; virus ; circadian clock ; child friendly formulation ; adenanthin ; co-delivery ; canola oil deodorizer distillate ; Metaplex ; innovation ; controlled drug delivery ; nifedipine ; radiolabeling ; amphotericin B ; biological barriers ; blood-brain barrier (BBB) ; biologicals ; lipid nanoparticles ; oral formulation ; phytosterols ; medical devices ; chronotherapy ; oral ; cationic gemini surfactant ; route of administration ; drug delivery ; intra-arterial chemotherapy ; developing world ; sustained delivery ; water miscible solvents ; combination therapy ; antibodies ; throughput ; magnetic fields ; liposomes ; medulloblastoma ; drug-resistant melanoma ; rosmarinic acid ; topical formulation ; TNO gastrointestinal model ; gastrointestinal simulator ; malignant gliomas ; transdermal drug delivery ; oral delivery ; precision medicine ; 3D spheroid ; flavonoids ; staurosporine ; DOX-Vit D ; loading gradients ; bacteriophage ; phospholipid complex ; triggered drug release ; HIF-1 ; phage display ; pharmacokinetics ; emulsion ; quercetin ; cisplatin ; parasitic infections ; remote loading ; HAV6 cadherin peptide ; blood-brain barrier ; inclusion complex ; tocopherols ; STAT3 ; ultrasound ; liposome ; fungal infections ; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ; MG63 ; model orange juice ; radiation ; cancer ; mefloquine ; small molecules ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-09-11
    Description: It has been known that cellular glutathione content and its speciation play a role, among others, in redox homeostasis, cell cycle control, immunological defense, and pathological abnormalities. Furthermore, it plays a significant role in the biotransformation of drugs and other endogenous or exogenous electrophilic species. Most of these cellular functions are related to the thiol function of the cysteine moiety.This reprint presents the publications that appeared in the Special Issue of Molecules, “Glutathione: Chemistry and Biochemistry.” The first three contributions review the present-day knowledge of the GSH/GSSG system and the most important GSH-related proteins involved in regulating various cellular events. The subsequent four contributions present selected interventions that modulate the GSSG/2GSH system. One of the contributions to this session describes a new HPLC method to quantify the reduced and oxidized glutathione levels. The third session involves three contributions demonstrating the role of GSH in the metabolism of different candidate and clinically used anticancer drugs. One of the contributions, a theoretical work, provides helpful information for developing GSH analogs with high ACE inhibitor activity.By purpose and content, this Special Issue is addressed to the vast number of life science researchers (academic and industrial) and medical professionals who are interested in or already engaged in research that involves glutathione.
    Keywords: cyclophosphamide ; autoimmune diseases ; glutathione ; glutathione-S-transferase ; polymorphism ; glutaredoxin ; iron-sulfur cluster ; iron ; S-glutathionylation ; S-nitrosylation ; GSH ; nitrosoglutathione ; redox-regulation ; polymerized whey protein ; physicochemical properties ; pharmacokinetics ; toxicity ; chalcone ; cysteine ; thiols ; Michael addition ; diastereoselective addition ; reactive oxygen species ; oxidative stress ; nanotoxicity ; cell injury ; fluorescence probes ; brain ; liquid chromatography ; diode array detector ; anticancer drugs ; mechanisms of glutathione conjugation reaction ; detoxification ; bioactivation ; sulodexide ; endothelial cells ; ischemia ; apoptosis ; GSSG ; GCLc ; GSS ; redox potential ; supramolecular arrangement ; M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p) ; DFT ; molecular docking ; angiotensin-converting enzyme ; cell ; redox homeostasis ; glutathionylation ; glutathione system ; glutathione enzyme ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-09-11
    Keywords: iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles ; silica coating ; magnetic hyperthermia ; cancer cells ; alamar blue ; neutral red ; A549 ; A35 ; BJ ; ultrasmall magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles ; inflammatory pain ; analgesia ; pro-inflammatory cytokines ; neurotoxicity ; long-term potentiation ; solid lipid nanoparticles ; magnetic nanoparticles ; magnetic solid lipid nanoparticles ; cancer theranostics ; MRI-contrast agents ; pulsed laser ablation in liquids ; multimodal imaging ; MRI ; CT ; photothermal therapy ; iron-gold nanoparticles ; pharmacokinetics ; magnetic targeting ; micro-systems ; nano-systems ; drug delivery ; nanoparticles ; microparticles ; targeted delivery ; magnetic guidance ; theranostics ; imaging ; AC biosuceptometry ; cirrhosis-associated rat hepatocarcinogenesis ; nanotechnology ; magnetoresponsive nanocomposite ; functional coating ; particle targeting ; particle aggregation ; stent targeting ; nanomedicine ; MRI technology ; patient-centred healthcare ; iron oxide nanoparticles ; paramagnetic salinomycin complexes ; bacterial ghosts ; gadolinium ; manganese ; lectin ; PLGA ; ConA ; magnetic polymer nanoparticles ; MPQ ; allografts ; photodynamic therapy ; IR775 ; image-guided therapy ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Annual Review of Marine Science 9 (2017): 173-203, doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060733.
    Description: The events that followed the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami on March 11, 2011, included the loss of power and overheating at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plants, which led to extensive releases of radioactive gases, volatiles, and liquids, particularly to the coastal ocean. The fate of these radionuclides depends in large part on their oceanic geochemistry, physical processes, and biological uptake. Whereas radioactivity on land can be resampled and its distribution mapped, releases to the marine environment are harder to characterize owing to variability in ocean currents and the general challenges of sampling at sea. Five years later, it is appropriate to review what happened in terms of the sources, transport, and fate of these radionuclides in the ocean. In addition to the oceanic behavior of these contaminants, this review considers the potential health effects and societal impacts.
    Description: K.B. was supported in part by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the Deerbrook Charitable Trust. P.M. was supported in part by the Generalitat de Catalunya through MERS (grant 2014 SGR 1356), the European Commission 7th Framework COMET-FRAME project (grant agreement 604974), and the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain (project CTM2011-15152-E). S.C. was supported in part by the French program Investissement d'Avenir run by the National Research Agency (AMORAD project, grant ANR-11-RSNR-0002). D.O. was supported in part by the Center for Environmental Radioactivity (NFR Centers of Excellence grant 223268/F50). J.N.S. was supported in part by the Marine Environmental Observation, Prediction, and Response Network.
    Keywords: Cesium ; Caesium ; North Pacific ; Radioactivity ; Japan
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Cambial activity ; Frost hardiness ; Phenology ; Salix ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of cells in the cambial region of Salix dasyclados Wim. (clone 78056) was studied during the development of winter hardiness and the onset of cambial activity in spring. Plants were grown at relative growth rates (RG) of 8% and 12% respectively, resulting in different nitrogen content in the stems. Frost hardiness of the plants was estimated by standardized freezing tests. Plants with a higher nitrogen status ceased growth later and started re-growth earlier in spring than plants with lower nitrogen content. Differences in ability to withstand low temperatures during autumn and spring were found between plants grown in the two nutrient treatments. During the development of frost hardiness in the autumn, the number of meristematic cells in the cambial region decreased. The cessation of meristematic activity was accompanied by cell wall thickening and ultrastructural changes in the cells. Frost hardiness increased from the ability to survive -6° C in October to survival of -80° C at the beginning of December. From November to February the cambial region comprised a layer of 2–3 thick-walled cells with conspicuous ultrastructural features. Starch accumulated in plastids in September, decreased during November to March and then increased again in accordance with changes of frost hardiness. Onset of cambial activity began between the end of March and the beginning of April, as shown by increased vacuolization of meristematic cells and mitotic activity. By April, the starch content had increased and lipolysis was observed. Frost hardiness had decreased, and plants with low and high nitrogen content were able to survive -15° C and -10° C, respectively. After budburst, all axillary shoot parts were damaged at temperatures below-3° C.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Conifer ; Fluoride ; Nitrogen ; Sulphur dioxide ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of SO2, aqueous fluoride (NaF) and a solution of nitrogen compounds (NH4NO3) on the visible symptoms, pollutant accumulation and ultrastructure of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] seedlings were studied in an open-air experiment lasting for 3 consecutive years. Visible injury symptoms were most pronounced in combination exposures and whenever F was applied. Visible symptoms correlated well with needle pollutant concentrations. Exposure to NaF increased needle F contents particularly when F was applied with SO2 or NH4NO3. This suggests that a reduction in N or SO2 emissions, in F polluted areas, could improve the condition of conifers via decreased accumulation of phytotoxic F in the needles. Norway spruce needles accumulated 2–10 times as much S and F as those of Scots pine. Microscopic observations showed various changes in the needle mesophyll cell ultrastructure. In both species, exposure to SO2 increased significantly the amount of cytoplasmic vacuoles, suggesting detoxification of excess sulphate or low pH. F treatments resulted in a significant enlargement of plastoglobuli in Scots pine and a darkening of plastoglobuli in Norway spruce. All exposures enhanced the accumulation of lipid bodies. An increased portion of translucent plastoglobuli was most pronounced in N treatments. Many of the ultrastructural changes and visible symptoms appeared only as number of years exposed increased, indicating that long-term experiments are needed. Both visible symptoms and ultrastructural changes pointed to the more pronounced sensitivity of Norway spruce compared to Scots pine. Ultrastructural results mostly supported earlier qualitative observations of F, N and SO2 effects on needle mesophyll cell ultrastructure. However, no reduction of thylakoids in SO2 containing exposure or curling of thylakoids in F exposure could be detected in the present study.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Nuclear crystalloid inclusions ; Olea europaea ; Cytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Glycoprotein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The nuclei of mesophyll cells of olive trees contain numerous sizeable crystalloid inclusions. Cytochemical examination using epoxy resin-embedded, semithin-sectioned tissue indicated the presence of proteins and oligoor polysaccharides in these inclusions. Their electron microscopical analysis revealed a crystalline substructure consisting of intersected subunits of high order. The spacing of the lattice fibrils and the angles of intersection were determined and used to establish a model of the unit cell of crystallization. It is suggested that the nuclear crystalloids of olive trees consist of glycoprotein molecules. They differ from the intranuclear crystalloids observed in other species predominantly in the high density of their subunit arrangement.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Air pollutants ; Chloroplasts ; Fluoride ; Olive tree leaves ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Leaves of olive trees growing in the vicinity of the Aluminium Factory of Greece were ultrastructurally investigated in order to determine any malformations caused by environmental air pollutants, especially hydrogen fluoride, in comparison with control samples and normal seasonal senescence. Estimation of some elements accumulated by these leaves showed that they contained high amounts of F and Al attributable to the operation of the nearby factory. The most seriously effected cell components were found to be the mesophyll chloroplasts that show a dilation of the intrathylakoid space, increase of the number of plastoglobuli, discoloration of plastoglobuli, accumulation of large starch grains and an overall disorganized appearance of the organelle. The nuclear crystalloid inclusions have unusual shapes, while the vacuoles contain a fibrillar/granular material that increases their electron density. It is concluded that the ultrastructural malformations are caused by a combination of environmental stresses and air pollutants.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Gills ; Epithelial cells ; Polychaeta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of gill epidermal cells of Diopatra neapolitana and their relationship with blood spaces are described. The existence of a basal infolding complex, related to the blood spaces, is also reported. A possible involvement of these cells in osmoregulation and ion interchange, apart from their well-known role in respiration, is suggested.
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  • 48
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    Sexual plant reproduction 1 (1988), S. 208-216 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Megagametophyte ; Synergids ; Brassica campestris ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In Brassica campestris, both synergids of the ovule degenerate before the arrival of the pollen tube. Synergid degeneration does not depend on pollination. At the non-degenerated stage, the synergids are completely filled with a complexly organized cytoplasm containing numerous mitochondria with many cristae, a large number of dictyosomes with many associated vesicles, and a very extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum. The degenerative changes that occur in the cytoplasm of the synergids are characterized by a loss of visibility of the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and the simultaneous formation of dense deposits on the surrounding membranes of the mitochondria. Locally, the plasma membranes of the synergids disappear, and some ground plasma of the synergids penetrates into the space between the plasma membranes of the egg cell and the central cell.
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  • 49
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    Sexual plant reproduction 10 (1997), S. 368-373 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Egg-cell isolation (angiosperm) ; Micromanipulation ; Plumbagozeylanica ; Viable egg ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A protocol for isolating viable eggs in Plumbago zeylanica by mechanical dissection is reported. The optimum solution for isolation was 0.8 M mannitol + 10 mM MOPS + 10 mM CaCl2, (pH 4.5–5.0) with an osmolality of 860–940 mmol/kg. Eggs retain their viability for at least 24 h. Isolated eggs were true protoplasts without cell walls and could tolerate osmolality of 437 mmol/kg to 965 mmol/kg. Observation of the isolated eggs using transmission electron microscopy indicated that they were well preserved and reflected the ultrastructure of physiologically active cells, displaying features similar to those of in vivo egg cells. Notable differences include the absence of a filiform apparatus and the accumulation of dense particles in the plastids, which was most conspicuous in egg cells that were damaged during isolation.
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  • 50
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    Sexual plant reproduction 11 (1998), S. 121-130 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Egg cell ; Parthenogenesis ; Synergid ; Ultrastructure ; Wheat ; Zygote
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The ultrastructure of the egg apparatus of the sexual (aestivum)-Salmon line (aS) and the isogenic but alloplasmic (kotschyi)-Salmon line (kS) of the Salmon system of wheat was studied by transmission electron microscopy 3 days before and during anthesis. Additionally, the zygotic stage of aS, 17 h after pollination, was included. Metabolic activity of egg cells from the sexual line aS was low 3 days before anthesis and increased dramatically after pollination and fertilization. This timing of increased activity was evident because of changes occurring in the egg cell nucleus and nucleolus, polysomes, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, and the completion of the cell wall around the zygote. In contrast to the sexual line, the egg cell of the parthenogenetic line showed high activity 3 days before anthesis. The metabolic and ultrastructural characters observed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the kS line 3 days before and during anthesis corresponded with those of the isogenic sexual line aS during anthesis and 17 h after pollination, respectively. High metabolic activity observed in the persistent synergid of kS may be connected with the occurrence of additional embryos in seeds (twins) of this line.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Abies ; Egg cell ; Plastid inheritance ; RFLP ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The ultrastructure of egg cells in Abies alba was examined to elucidate the lack of maternal inheritance of plastids. Before fertilization, maternal plastids are absent in the perinuclar zone containing mainly mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. During egg cell development the maternal plastids are transformed into large inclusions which are situated mostly towards the periphery of the egg cell, and finally disintegrate. As a consequence, they do not participate in zygote formation. RFLP analysis of cpDNA of parental trees and their F1 interspecific hybrids (A. alba×A. numidica, A. alba×A. nordmanniana, A. nordmanniana×A. Alba) using HindIII and BamHI showed a paternal mode of cpDNA inheritance. Paternal inheritance has also been found with PCR/RFLP analysis of cpDNA from parental trees and their hybrids (A. alba×A. pinsapo, A. pinsapo×A. alba, A. pinsapo×A. numidica) using ApaI and HaeIII digests, as well as in the crosses of A. cephalonica×A. nordmanniana, A. nordmanniana×A. cephalonica, A. cephalonica×A. numidica using TagI digests.
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  • 52
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    Sexual plant reproduction 12 (1999), S. 99-109 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Arabidopsis thaliana ; Megasporogenesis ; Meiosis ; Ultrastructure ; Cellular polarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  In this study, megasporogenesis of the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana was investigated by electron microscopy for the first time. The data described here could constitute a reference for future investigations of Arabidopsis mutants. During the beginning of meiosis the megaspore mother cell shows a polarity created by unequal distribution of organelles in the cytoplasm. Plastids accumulate in the chalazal region and long parallel saccules of endoplasmic reticulum, small vacuoles and some dictyosomes are found in the micropylar region. Plasmodesmata are abundant in the chalazal cell wall. The nucleus is almost centrally localized and contains a prominent excentric nucleolus and numerous typical synaptonemal complexes. After the second division of meiosis the four megaspores are separated by thin cell walls crossed by numerous plasmodesmata and do not show significant cellular organization. The young functional megaspore is characterized by a large nucleus and a large granular nucleolus. The cytoplasm is very electron dense due to the abundance of free ribosomes and contains the following randomly distributed organelles: mitochondria, a few short saccules of endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes and undifferentiated plastids. However, there is no apparent polarity, except for the distribution of some small vacuoles which are more abundant in the micropylar region of the cell. The degenerating megaspores are extremely electron dense and do not show any substructure.
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  • 53
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    Sexual plant reproduction 2 (1989), S. 154-166 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Helianthus annuus ; Unfertilized ovule culture ; Parthenogenesis ; Ultrastructure ; Proembryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Electron microscope studies have been conducted on the parthenogenesis induced by in vitro culture of unfertilized ovules of sunflower (Helianthus annuus). In comparison with the state of the egg prior to inoculation, some eggs 5 days after culture show striking ultrastructural changes, which include, among others, nuclear migration, an increase in the number and activity of the organelles, a loss of polarity and wall formation at the chalazal end of the cell. Most of these changes are similar to those that occur normally in the zygote, indicating that parthenogenic development has been triggered in these eggs. Such eggs have been termed activated and are presumed to be capable of undergoing parthenogenesis. The parthenogenic proembryos which result share some features in common with zygotic proembryos. In addition, some parthenogenic proembryos exhibit unique properties not found in zygotic proembryos. These include embryos that consist of two parts differing markedly in density, an inversion of polarity, the frequent occurrence of autophagic vacuoles, the thickening of cell walls, a centripetal growth mode of wall formation, the appearance of an incomplete cell wall, free nuclear division, amitosis and degeneration. We believe that these ultrastructural peculiarities are the effects of in vitro culture.
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  • 54
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    Sexual plant reproduction 2 (1989), S. 193-198 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Polymorphism ; Ultrastructure ; Pollen grains ; Canna indica L ; Tannin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Our investigations on Canna indica L. indicate that the pollen of this species is polymorphic: there are two types of pollen — a larger type and a comparatively smaller type. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the presence of small vacuoles containing tannic substances in the generative cell (GC) of the larger grains: the GC of the mature grain contained a higher quantity of tannins than the GC of the immature grain. Mitochondria, lipid bodies, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and microtubular bundles were present in the cytoplasm of the GC. Numerous mitochondria, lipid bodies and plastids were also present in the vegetative cell (VC), with the mitochondria clustered around the vegetative nucleus. The plastids were observed to be associated with the RER cisterns. During the maturation process, the number of starch grains contained in the plastids decreased.
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  • 55
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    Sexual plant reproduction 4 (1991), S. 28-35 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Tapetal cells ; Brassica oleracea L ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the secretory, binucleate tapetum of Brassica oleracea in the micro spore mother cell (MMC) stage through to the mature pollen stage is reported. The tapetal cells differentiate as highly specialized cells whose development is involved in lipid accumulation in their final stage. They start breaking down just before anther dehiscence. Nuclei with dispersed chromatin, large nucleoli and many ribosomes in the cytoplasm characterize the tapetal cells. The wall-bearing tapetum phase ends at the tetrade stage. The dissolution of tapetal walls begins from the inner tangential wall oriented towards the loculus and proceeds gradually along the radial walls to the outer tangential one. The plasmodesmata transversing the radial walls between tapetal cells persist until the mature microspore, long after loss of the inner tangential wall. After wall dissolution, the tapetal protoplasts retain their integrity and position within the anther locule. The tapetal cell membrane is in direct contact with the exine of the microspores/pollen grains and forms tubular evaginations that increase its surface area and appear to be involved in the translocation of solutes from the tapetal cells to the microspores/ pollen grains. The tapetal cells exhibit a polarity expressed by spatial differentiation in the radial direction.
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    Sexual plant reproduction 4 (1991), S. 176-181 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Pollen ; Brassica napus ; Mitoses ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Brassica napus pollen development during the formation of the generative cell and sperm cells is analysed with light and electron microscopy. The generative cell is formed as a small lenticular cell attached to the intine, as a result of the unequal first mitosis. After detaching itself from the intine, the generative cell becomes spherical, and its wall morphology changes. Simultaneously, the vegetative nucleus enlarges, becomes euchromatic and forms a large nucleolus. In addition, the cytoplasm of the vegetative cell develops a complex ultrastructure that is characterized by an extensive RER organized in stacks, numerous dictyosomes and Golgi vesicles and a large quantity of lipid bodies. Microbodies, which are present at the mature stage, are not yet formed. The generative cell undergoes an equal division which results in two spindle-shaped sperm cells. This cell division occurs through the concerted action of cell constriction and cell plate formation. The two sperm cells remain enveloped within one continuous vegetative plasma membrane. One sperm cell becomes anchored onto the vegetative nucleus by a long extension enclosed within a deep invagination of the vegetative nucleus. Plastid inheritance appears to be strictly maternal since the sperm cells do not contain plastids; plastids are excluded from the generative cell even in the first mitosis.
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    Sexual plant reproduction 4 (1991), S. 226-234 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Male germ unit ; Sperm cells ; Isolation ; Pollen tubes ; Brassica napus ; Pollen-tube inner plasma membrane ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Sperm cells of pollen tubes grown both in vivo and in vitro form a male germ unit. Extensions from both sperm cells of each pollen tube are closely associated with the tube nucleus. A high yield (2.7 × 104. 20 mg−1 pollen grains germinated) of intact sperm cells was obtained following release by osmotic shock from pollen tubes grown in vitro. Structural integrity of isolated sperm was maintained by isolation at low temperature in an osmotically balanced medium. At 4° C many isolated sperm pairs were still enclosed within the pollentube inner plasma membrane. Sperm cells not enclosed within this membrane no longer remained connected as a pair. During isolation vesicles formed on the sperm cell surface from disruption of the fibrillar components bridging the periplasmic space. Both in the pollen tube and after isolation the sperm nucleus is in close association with at least one region of the sperm plasma membrane. Sperm isolated at room temperature showed the presence of nucleopores, and nuclei were euchromatic, instead of heterochromatic as in intact sperm in the pollen tube.
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    Sexual plant reproduction 5 (1992), S. 27-33 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Isolated generative cells ; Ultrastructure ; Microtubule ; Immunofluorescence microscopy ; Allemanda neriifolia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of isolated generative cells ofAllemanda neriifolia at interphase and prophase was studied. The microtubule organization of the isolated cells was also investigated by immunofluorescence microscopy with a monoclonal anti-α-tubulin. After the generative cells had been isolated from the growing pollen tubes by osmotic shock, most of the cells were at prophase and only a few were at interphase. The interphase cell is spindle shaped and contains an ellipsoidal nucleus. In addition to the usual organelles, the cytoplasm of the interphase cell contains numerous vesicles (each measuring 40–50 nm in diameter) and two sets of longitudinally oriented microtubule bundles — one in the cortical region and the other near the nucleus. Most of the prophase cells are spherical in shape. Based on the ultrastructure and the pattern of microtubule cytoskeleton organization three types of prophase cells can be recognized. (1) Early prophase cell, which contains the usual organelles, numerous vesicles, and a spherical nucleus with condensed chromosomes. Longitudinally oriented microtubule bundles can no longer be seen present in the early prophase cell. A new type of structure resembling a microtubule aggregate appears in the cytoplasm. (2) Mid prophase cell, which has a spherical nucleus containing chromosomes that appear more condensed than those seen in the early prophase cell. In addition to containing the usual organelles, the cytoplasm of this cell contains numerous apparently randomly oriented microtubules. Few vesicles are seen and microtubule aggregates are no longer present. (3) Late prophase cell, typified by the lack of a nuclear envelope. Consequently, the chromosomes become randomly scattered in the cytoplasm. Microtubules are still present and some become closely associated with the chromosomes. The changes in the ultrastructure and in the pattern of microtubule organization in the interphase and prophase cells are discussed in relation to the method of isolation of the generative cells.
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    Sexual plant reproduction 5 (1992), S. 131-137 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Pollen grain ; Generative cell ; Formation and detachment ; Ultrastructure ; Polystachia pubescens ; Orchidaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The formation and nature of the generative cell wall and the detachment mode of the generative cell from the intine in Polystachia pubescens were observed by LM and TEM. Vesicles evenly positioned within the phragmoplast fuse to form a cell plate that divides the microspore into the generative and vegetative cell. This cell plate consists of callose. Before the generative cell leaves the intine, however, the callose is completely resorbed and is not replaced by any other substance. The generative cell becomes detached from the intine by moving towards the centre of the pollen grain. A constriction formed thereby gives the generative cell a bulb-like appearance and leads ultimately to the generative cell being pinched off. Plasma-filled vesicles originating from the generative cell remain between the intine and the plasma membrane of the vegetative cell.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Wheat pollen ; Chemical hybridizing agents ; Male sterility ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Phenylcinnoline carboxylate compounds SC-1058 and SC-1271 cause complete male sterility in wheat when applied at suitable dosages at the pre-meiotic stage of anther development. Anthers from treated and untreated plants were compared using light and electron microscopy from the pre-meiotic stage through the formation of nearly mature pollen. Overall anther development is gradually slowed in treated plants and pollen development is generally arrested in the late prevacuolate or early vacuolate microspore stage, although the first pollen mitosis does sometimes occur. The sporopollenin-containing exine walls are thinner, and show abnormally developed foot and tectum layers with sparse connecting baculi. Microspore cytoplasm degenerates and the cells eventually collapse. At the early, prevacuolate, free microspore stage treated tapetal cells hypertrophy, expanding into the locule. They contain abnormally large vacuoles that appear to form from the fusion of secretory vesicles, and some vacuoles contain electrondense deposits. The sporopollenin-containing orbicular wall and Ubisch bodies are retarded in their development and are structurally deformed. Acetolysis of whole anthers and of thick sections shows that the sporopollen-in-containing structures of treated materials are greatly reduced in thickness and are less rigid than in the control. We conclude that application of these compounds causes interference with the secretory function of tapetal cells which supplies sporopollenin cell-wall polymers to the exine of the microspores and to the tapetal orbicular wall and associated Ubisch bodies. Interference with the tapetal secretion of other nutrients required for microspore development is strongly suggested.
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    Sexual plant reproduction 6 (1993), S. 191-198 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Micropyle ; Transfer cells ; Ultrastructure ; Nucellus ; Poaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Several kinds of outgrowth from the grass ovule are known. Attention is focused here on one outgrowth that occurs within or around the micropyle and is of nucellar origin. Grass species in which it is currently known to occur are listed and examples of variants briefly described. Attention is concentrated upon Pennisetum, where the cell structure is described in detail with a series of electron photomicrographs. The tissue representing an aggregation of these transfer cells is newly named with the term ‘embellum’, and its significance for pollen tube growth is considered.
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    Sexual plant reproduction 8 (1995), S. 197-204 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Apomixis ; Apospory ; Aposporous initial ; Aposporous embryo sac ; Ultrastructure ; Panicum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nucellar ultrastructure of apomictic Panicum maximum was analyzed during the meiocytic stage and during aposporous embryo sac formation. At pachytene the megameiocyte shows a random cell organelle distribution and sometimes only an incomplete micropylar callose wall. The chalazal nucellar cells are meristematic until the tetrad stage. They can turn into initial cells of aposporous embryo sacs. The aposporous initials can be recognized by their increased cell size, large nucleus, and the presence of many vesicles. The cell wall is thin with few plasmodesmata. If only a sexual embryo sac is formed, the nucellar cells retain their meristematic character. The aposporous initial cell is somewhat comparable to a vacuolated functional megaspore. It shows large vacuoles around the central nucleus and is surrounded by a thick cell wall without plasmodesmata. In the mature aposporous embryo sac the structure of the cells of the egg apparatus is similar to each other. In the chalazal part of the egg apparatus the cell walls are thin and do not hamper the transfer of sperm cells. Structural and functional aspects of nucellar cell differentiation and aposporous and sexual embryo sac development are discussed.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Somatic embryogenesis ; Ultrastructure ; Pennisetum ; Poaceae ; Morphometrics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Ultrastructural changes during zygotic and somatic embryogenesis in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.) were quantified using morphometric techniques. The total area per cell profile and the cell volume percentage of the whole cell, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi bodies, mitochondria, nuclei, lipids, plastids, starch grains and vacuoles were measured and comparisons made between three zygotic and three somatic embryo developmental stages. All measurements were taken from scutellar or scutellar-derived cells. Zygotic embryogenesis was characterized by increases in cell size, lipids, plastids, starch, Golgi bodies, mitochondria and ER. Somatic embryogenesis was characterized by two phases of cell development: (1) the dedifferentiation of scutellar cells involving a reduction in cell and vacuole size and an increase in cell activity during somatic proembryoid formation and (2) the development of somatic embryos in which most cell organelle quantities returned to values found in late coleoptile or mature predesiccation zygotic stages. In summary, although their developmental pathways differed, the scutella of somatic embryos displayed cellular variations which were within the ranges observed for later stages of zygotic embryogenesis.
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  • 64
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    Mycorrhiza 10 (2000), S. 15-21 
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Anthoceros punctatus ; Arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Bryophytes ; Glomus ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Glomus claroideum (Schenck & Smith emend. Walker & Vestberg) were investigated for ability to form arbuscular mycorrhiza-like symbioses with the hornwort Anthoceros punctatus (L.). Spores were transferred to a cellulose acetate filter on water agar and a small portion of an Anthoceros thallus was placed directly upon the spores. Light-microscope observations 20 days after inoculation revealed branched hyphae growing within the thallus. After 45 days, arbuscules and vesicles were studied by light- and electron-microscopy. After 60 days in water agar culture, the colonised Anthoceros thalli were transferred to a low-nutrient medium agar. Hyphae spread in the agar and newly formed spores were observed 5 weeks after the transfer. After 4 months, about 1000 spores were formed in each Petri dish. This is the first report of an experimentally established arbuscular mycorrhiza-like symbiosis between an identified fungus belonging to the Glomales and a bryophyte.
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  • 65
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    Journal of mathematical biology 20 (1984), S. 95-102 
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; generalized inverse Gaussian distribution ; recirculatory model ; renewal theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Based on a stochastic pharmacokinetical model (which mirrors topological properties of the circulatory system) it is shown by reinterpreting results of Wise (1974) that if the transit times of circulating drug molecules have a generalized inverse Gaussian distribution the corresponding residence times are gamma distributed. The condition that the probability of elimination of a drug molecule in a single circulatory passage is sufficiently small appears to be valid for most drugs. Thus theoretical evidence is given for fitting blood concentration-time curves following bolus injection of a single dose by power functions of time.
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  • 66
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    Journal of comparative physiology 186 (2000), S. 347-357 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Crustacean ; Sensorimotor ; Ultrastructure ; Multilamellar sheath ; Myelinated axons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Speed of nerve impulse conduction is greatly increased by myelin, a multi-layered membranous sheath surrounding axons. Myelinated axons are ubiquitous among the vertebrates, but relatively rare among invertebrates. Electron microscopy of calanoid copepods using rapid cryofixation techniques revealed the widespread presence of myelinated axons. Myelin sheaths of up to 60 layers were found around both sensory and motor axons of the first antenna and interneurons of the ventral nerve cord. Except at nodes, individual lamellae appeared to be continuous and circular, without seams, as opposed to the spiral structure of vertebrate and annelid myelin. The highly organized myelin was characterized by the complete exclusion of cytoplasm from the intracellular spaces of the cell generating it. In regions of compaction, extracytoplasmic space was also eliminated. Focal or fenestration nodes, rather than circumferential ones, were locally common. Myelin lamellae terminated in stepwise fashion at these nodes, appearing to fuse with the axolemma or adjacent myelin lamellae. As with vertebrate myelin, copepod sheaths are designed to minimize both resistive and capacitive current flow through the internodal membrane, greatly speeding nerve impulse conduction. Copepod myelin differs from that of any other group described, while sharing features of every group.
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  • 67
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    Planta 133 (1976), S. 15-19 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Tropaeolum, Embryogenesis ; Differentiation ; Plastids ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Embryogeny in the nasturtium is characterized by the development of a large, tripartite suspensor and storing cotyledons. A light and electron microscopic study revealed an early diversification of the plastids in the various regions of the suspensor and the embryo proper. Amyloplasts are found in the developing cotyledons of the heart-like embryo, while chloroplasts occur within the meristematic part of the embryo and the adjacent portion of the suspensor. The cells between the meristem and the storing cotyledons display undifferentiated leukoplasts, whereas leukoplasts with an electron-dense matrix occur in the basal cell mass of the embryo-suspensor. Etioplasts develop in several cells of the placental haustorium of the suspensor. The carpel haustorium shows rather undifferentiated leukoplasts, which are transformed into electron-dense plastids during autolysis of the suspensor. This early plastidal differentiation in discussed with respect to its control and functional significance.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Festuca ; Frost damage ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tillers of Festuca arundinacea Schreb. were subjected to-8°C in a bath of methylated spirits for three-quarters of an hour. They were thawed at room temperature and some material taken from the shoot apical meristem and leaf blade for electron microscopy. Similar material was taken from control plants for electron microscopy. Nine tillers subjected to-8°C and thawed subsequently failed to regrow. Nine control tillers regrew. All the treated meristem cells and about half the treated leaf mesophyll cells were extensively altered. Their nuclei were contracted, organelles were swollen or partly disrupted, plasmalemma and nuclear membranes were broken or absent and vacuoles were sometimes disrupted. Strongly osmiophilic material accumulated in the vicinity of membranes. About half the leaf mesophyll cells differed from the control mesophyll cells only in having more spherosomes and narrower thylakoids. Parallels with other ultrastructural studies of stress damage and the indications the results give of possible primary damaging events are discussed.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Endosperm ; Galactomannan ; Secretion ; Ultrastructure ; Trigonella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mode of deposition (secretion) of galactomannan in the cells of the seed endosperm ofTrigonella foenum-graecum has been studied by electron microscopy. In cells which are just beginning to secrete galactomannan there are stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The intracisternal space (containing the enchylema) of the rough ER then swells, becomes vacuolated and forms a voluminous network, with “pockets” of cytoplasm entrapped within poculiform rough ER. The enchylema contains material which reacts with periodate-thiocarbohydrazidesilver proteinate in a very similar manner to the galactomannan already deposited in the cell wall. It appears that the galactomannan is formed in the intracisternal space of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and then expelled outside the plasmalemma. This mode of deposition contrasts with that of other plant cell wall polysaccharides whose secretion is mediated by Golgi vesicles.
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  • 70
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    Planta 188 (1992), S. 403-413 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cyanobacterium ; Gunnera ; Infection process ; Nostoc ; Symbiosis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The symbiosis between Gunnera and Nostoc was reconstituted using G. chilensis Lam. and G. manicata Linden, respectively, and three different Nostoc strains. Six stages characterised by specific modifications in both the cyanobiont and the host were recognised during the infection process. Mucilage-secreting stem glands developed on the Gunnera stems independent of the presence of cyanobacteria (Stage I). Soon after addition of the Nostoc isolates to the plant apices, an abundant differentiation of motile hormogonia commenced. The cyanobacteria accumulated in the mucilage on the surface of the gland (Stage II), and the hormogonia then proceeded into the stem tissue through intercellular channels (Stage III). At the channel bases, Nostoc was detected between the cell walls of small, densely cytoplasmic Gunnera cells and also in elaborate folds of these (Stage IV). The Gunnera cell walls subsequently dissolved adjacent to the cyanobacteria and Nostoc entered the host cells (Stage V). Once the intracellular association was formed, a high proportion of the vegetative Nostoc cells differentiated into heterocysts (Stage VI). Nostoc changed from being rich in inclusions (particularly cyanophycin) while on the gland surface into a comparatively “non-storing” form during penetration and the early intracellular stages. Bacteria were numerous on the gland surface, fewer in the channels, and were never detected within the Gunnera cells, indicating the existence of specific recognition mechanisms discriminating between conceivable microsymbionts. Mechanisms behind mutual adaptations and interactions between the two symbionts are discussed.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium ; Electron microscopy ; Glycine (root nodules) ; High-pressure freezing ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract High-pressure freezing of chemically untreated nodules of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), in sharp contrast to chemical fixation and prefixation, appears to preserve the ultrastructure close to the native state. This is supported by the observation that the peribacteroid membrane of high-pressure-frozen samples is tightly wrapped around the bacteroids, a finding that is fully consistent with the current views on the physiology of oxygen and metabolite transport between plant cytosol and bacteroids. In soybean root nodules, the plant tissue and the enclosed bacteria are so dissimilar that conventional aldehyde-fixation procedures are unable to preserve the overall native ultrastructure. This was demonstrated by high-pressure freezing of nodules that had been pre-fixed in glutaraldehyde at various buffer molalities: no buffer strength tested preserved all ultrastructural aspects that could be seen after high-pressure freezing of chemically untreated nodules.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Electric fish ; Pacemaker ; GABA ; Glutamate ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The medullary pacemaker nucleus of Hypopomus triggers each electric organ discharge (EOD) by a single command pulse. It consists of electrotonically coupled ‘pacemaker’ cells, which generate the rhythm, and ‘relay’ cells, which follow the pacemaker cells and excite the spinal motoneurons of the electric organ. The pacemaker cells receive two inputs from the complex of the diencephalic prepacemaker nucleus (PPn), a GABA-ergic inhibition and a glutamatergic excitation. Relay cells, on the other hand, receive two glutamatergic inputs, one from a subnucleus of the PPn, the PPn-C, and a second from the sublemniscal prepacemaker nucleus (SPPn). We have labelled afferents to the pacemaker nucleus by injecting HRP to specific sites of the prepacemaker complex. By using immunogold-labelled antibodies and en-grid staining techniques, we demonstrated GABA and glutamate immunoreactivity in labelled synaptic profiles of ultra-thin sections of the pacemaker nucleus. The two types of synapses were interspersed on the surfaces of pacemaker cells, with GABA-immunoreactive synapses apparently representing the GABA-mediated input of the ‘PPn-I’, an inhibitory subdivision of the PPn, and glutamate-immunoreactive synapses representing the input of the ‘PPn-G’, an excitatory subdivision of the PPn. Only glutamate-immunoreactive synapses were found on relay cells.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Shell formation ; Free nerve endings ; Ultrastructure ; Lymnaea stagnalis ; Biomphalaria pfeifferi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The mantle edge of the freshwater pulmonate snailsLymnaea stagnalis andBiomphalaria pfeifferi was investigated with histochemical and ultrastructural methods. The mantle edge gland, which is involved in shell formation, consists of the periostracal groove and the belt. This belt appears to be composed of various regions. In the area of the periostracal groove a number of subepithelial gland cell types occur; these release their products into the groove. Between the groove cells ciliated free nerve endings terminate; the corresponding perikarya occur in the subepidermal connective tissue. Also in the posterior belt region free nerve endings were observed between the epithelial cells; in addition, a particular type of subepithelial gland cell was found in this area. The epithelial cells of this part of the belt have the ultrastructural characteristics of ion and water transporting cells; they are probably involved in calcium deposition and resorption. The possible role of the free nerve endings and of the subepithelial gland cells is discussed.
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  • 74
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    Calcified tissue international 31 (1980), S. 93-108 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calculus ; Ultrastructure ; Apatite ; Transmission ; Scanning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, we have studied the ultrastructure of a number of urinary calculi, mainly composed of calcium phosphate. Three fundamental kinds of calcium phosphates were detected: nonstoichiometric carbonate apatite, nonhexagonal octacalcium phosphate, and calcium-magnesium whitlockite. The influence that the organic matter, substitutions in the phosphate lattice of CO3 and Mg, and apatitic stoichiometry have on the ultrastructure of the calcium phosphate calculi has been detailed. An originating apatitic unity named U2 is assumed to be the responsible for all the different structures of calcium apatites appearing in renal calculi. On the basis of our observations, a mechanism whereby apatites grow is postulated; magnesium functions as an inhibitor for the growing mechanism.
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  • 75
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    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 550-555 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Enamel crystals ; Length ; Shape ; Apatite ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary An original method for fractionating and preparing isolated crystals of homogeneous size was developed. It was demonstrated that enamel apatite crystals are at least 100 µm long. The flexibility of the very long crystallites was demonstrated. Crystal curvatures, accounting for the irregular course of the prisms through the enamel thickness, were visualized and measured. It was shown that in the deep forming enamel layer, lateral branches may grow out of the crystals and crystal fusing often occurs, inducing the crystallites to assume pyramidal shapes with their wide bases pointing toward the dentino-enamel junction and one or two tops toward Tomes' processes. During the maturation process, the two tops of the still immature crystals also fuse so that the mature crystals acquire a rodlike aspect, with parallel faces and steplike graduations along thec axis, allowing a close contact between the crystals. These results support the hypothesis that the crystallites would be continuous from the dentino-enamel junction to the surface.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 305-313 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Decalcification ; Chromium Sulphate ; Ultrastructure ; Dentine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une méthode nouvelle de décalcification histologique utilisant des solutions aqueuses de sulfate de chrome basique (III) est appliquée à des coupes fines de dentine humaine adulte. L'observation en microscopie électronique montre une bonne conservation structurale dans les régions extra-cellulaires. L'aspect de la matrice péricanaliculaire est particulièrement étudié. On y reconnait plusieurs couches bien individualisées. Une bonne concordance est notée entre les résultats obtenus par microscopie optique et électronique, permettant d'établir une hypothèse nouvelle sur la formation de la dentine péricanaliculaire.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine kürzlich entwickelte Methode zur histologischen Entkalkung mittels wäßriger Lösungen von basischem Chrom III-Sulfat wird an dünnen Schliffen von menschlichem Dentin Erwachsener angewandt. Darauffolgende Untersuchungen am Elektronenmikroskop zeigten eine sehr gute Wiedergabe der morphologischen Einzelheiten in den Extrazellulär-Regionen. Besonders beachtet wurde das Aussehen der peritubulären Matrix, innerhalb welcher gut differenzierte Schichten erkannt werden konnten. Eine wesentliche Übereinstimmung bestand zwischen Elektronenmikroskopie und kürzlich durchgeführten Untersuchungen an derselben Matric unter dem Mikroskop. Diese Methode ermöglicht es, eine neue Hypothese über die Bildung des peritubulären Dentins aufzustellen.
    Notes: Abstract A recently-developed method for histological decalcification using aqueous solutions of basic chromium (III) sulphate has been applied to thin sections of adult human dentine. Subsequent studies in the electron microscope show a very good retention of morphological detail in the extracellular regions. Special attention was given to the appearance of the peritubular matrix within which well-differentiated layers were recognised. There was substantial agreement between electron microscopy and recent studies of the same matric under the light microscope, allowing a novel hypothesis for the formation of the peritubular dentine.
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    Calcified tissue international 5 (1970), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Periostracum ; Gastropod ; Shell ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des glandes dorsales et ventrales, composées de larges cellules piriformes, situées à la périphérie de la paroi deLittorina, donnent respectivement naissance aux couches interne et externe du periostracum. Le matériel composant ce dernier provient de granules de sécrétion, élaborées au niveau de l'appareil de Golgi. Lorsque les granules golgiennes de la glande ventrale, contenant une substance, présentant une périodicité, déversent leur sécrétion en surface, en contact avec l'eau de mer, ce produit se disperse en particules, incluses dans un substrat. La formation du periostracum externe s'accompagne d'une réagrégation des particules sécrétoires golgiennes en une couche mince, présentant une structure périodique de 300 Å. En coupe transversale, le périostracum présente une structure régulièrement agencée, suggérant une nature cristalline. La couche externe atteint une épaisseur de 4–5 microns. La couche interne provient de granules de sécrétion de la glande dorsale. La formation de cette couche est identique à celle de la couche externe; cependant aucune périodicité n'y est visible. A l'état adulte, elle atteint une épaisseur de 0.4–0.5 micron. Outre son rôle de protection, le périostracum constitue une barrière entre l'eau de mer et l'espace pallial. Il est responsable, en outre, du dépôt et de l'orientation de cristaux inorganiques au niveau de la zone de développement de la carapace.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine dorsale und eine ventrale Drüse, die aus großen, kolbenförmigen Zellen bestehen und am Rande des Mantels vonLittorina gelagert sind, bewirken die Bildung der inneren und äußeren Schicht des Periostracums. Das entstandene Material, Periostracum inbegriffen, stammt von sekretorischen Granula, die vom Golgi-Apparat gebildet werden. Die Golgi-Granula bestehen aus einer Substanz, welche eine bestimmte Periodizität aufweist. Wenn nun die Golgi-Granula der ventralen Drüse an der Drüsenoberfläche erscheinen und mit Meerwasser in Kontakt kommen, sind sie weit verteilt und setzen sich aus Partikeln, die in ein Substrat eingebettet sind, zusammen. Die Bildung des äußeren Periostracums hat eine erneute Aggregation der sekretorischen Golgi-Partikeln zu einem dichten Blatt zur Folge, welches eine Periodizität von 300 Å zeigt. Betrachtet man das Periostracum in einem transversalen Schnitt, so findet man eine Gitterstruktur, die an eine kristalline Substanz denken läßt. Die äußere Schicht erreicht schließlich eine Dicke von 4–5 μ. Die innere Schicht entsteht durch die sekretorischen Granula der dorsalen Drüse. Die Bildung der inneren Schicht findet in ähnlicher Weise wie jene der äußeren statt, zeigt jedoch keine Periodizität. Im reifen Zustand erreicht sie eine Dicke von 0,4–0,5 μ. Zusätzlich zur Schutzfunktion bildet das Periostracum eine Schranke zwischen dem Meerwasser und dem Pallialraum; es reguliert zudem die Lage und die Anordnung der anorganischen Kristallbildung am Wachstumsrand der Muschel.
    Notes: Abstract A dorsal and ventral gland composed of large, flask-shaped cells located in the margin of the mantle ofLittorina give rise to the inner and outer layers of the periostracum respectively. The material comprising the periostracum is derived from secretory granules elaborated by the Golgi apparatus. When the Golgi granules of the ventral gland which consist of a substance exhibiting a definite periodicity, are discharged at the surface in contact with sea water, they are widely dispersed and consist of particles embedded in a substrate. Formation of the outer periostracum involves the re-aggregation of the Golgi secretory particles into a dense sheet which exhibits a periodicity of 300 Å. Viewed in transverse section the periostracum exhibits a lattice pattern suggestive of a crystalline substance. The outer layer eventually reaches a thickness of 4–5 μ. The inner layer is derived from the secretory granules of the dorsal gland. The formation of the inner layer occurs in a manner similar to that of the outer layer. It does not, however, exhibit a periodicity. In the mature state it attains a thickness of 0.4–0.5 μ. In addition to a protective function the periostracum provides a barrier between the sea water and the pallial space and also regulates the site and arrangement of mineral crystal formation at the growing margin of the shell.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 193-201 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Carbonate ; Gland ; Ultrastructure ; Spherolith
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les cellules activement sécrétantes des glandes riches en calcium deLumbricus terrestris ont une forme en dôme. La partie basale de la cellule présente de nombreux prolongements ramifiés. Ces prolongements contiennent de nombreuses mitochondries, ainsi que des invaginations de la membrane formant des vésicules qui migrent dans diverses parties de la cellule. Le noyau irrégulier est en position centrale. La région supranucléaire contient surtout de l'ergastoplasme, plusieurs appareils de Golgi et de nombreuses granules provenant de l'appareil de Golgi. Ces granules augmentent de taille et sont rejetées dans le sinus de la glande, où elles se modifient et se calcifient pour donner des sphérolithes. Des radioautographics glandulaires, obtenues 1/2 heure après injection de Ca45, montrent une localisation isotopique, située presque exclusivement dans les cellules; 4–24 heures après, l'isotope se localise dans les sphérolithes de la cavité glandulaire. Ces cellules semblent assurer deux fonctions liées à la production de sphérolithes: 1. absorption et transport de calcium de la région basale vers la surface cellulaire et 2. formation d'une matrice protéique qui se calcifiera.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die aktivsezernierenden Zellen der calcifizierenden Drüsen vonLumbricus terrestris sind annähernd kuppelförmig gestaltet. Der untere Teil dieser Zellen besteht aus unzähligen ineinandergreifenden Zellfortsätzen. Diese Fortsätze enthalten zahlreiche Mitochondrien und membranöse Einstülpungen, welche Bläschen bilden, die zu den verschiedenen Regionen der Zelle wandern. Der Zellkern ist unregelmäßig und zentral angeordnet. Die supranukleäre Region ist zu einem großen Teil mit grobem endoplasmatischem Reticulum und mehreren Golgi-Komplexen sowie zahlreichen Granula, die von den Golgi-Komplexen stammen, ausgefüllt. Diese Granula vergrößern sich und werden in den Drüseninus ausgestoßen, wo sie schließlich reorganisiert und mineralisiert werden, um Sphärolithen zu bilden. 1/2 Std nach Injektion von Ca45 wurde die Drüse entfernt; eine Radioautographie zeigte, daß das Isotop beinahe ausschließlich in den Zellen lokalisiert war; 4–24 Std später befand sich das Isotopin den Sphärolithen der Drüsenhöhlung. Diese Zellen sind anscheinend an zwei für die Bildung von mineralisierten Sphärolithen notwendigen Funktionen beteiligt: 1. an der Calcium-Absorption und deren Transport von der Basalregion bis zur Zelloberfläche; 2. an der Bildung einer Proteinmatrix, in welcher die Mineralisation stattfindet.
    Notes: Abstract The actively-secreting cells of the calciferous glands ofLumbricus terrestris are roughly dome shaped. The basal part of the cell consists of numerous interdigitating cell processes. These processes contain numerous mitochondria and membranous infoldings, forming vesicles which migrate to various regions of the cell. The nucleus is irregular and centrally located. The supranuclear region is occupied to a great extent by the rough endoplasmic reticulum, several Golgi complexes and numerous granules derived from the Golgi complexes. These granules enlarge and are extruded into the gland sinus, where they eventually become reorganized and mineralized to give rise to spheroliths. Radioautographs of glands removed 30 min following injection of45Ca showed uptake of the isotope located almost exclusively in the cells; 4–24 h later the isotope was located in the spheroliths in the gland cavity. These cells apparently perform two functions necessary for the production of mineralized spheroliths, 1, absorption and transport of calcium from the basal region to the cell surface and 2, the elaboration of a protein matrix in which mineralization occurs.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Periodontal ligament fibroblast ; Mineralized nodule ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The purposes of this study were to determine whether periodontal ligament (PDL) cells are capable of producing mineralized nodules in vitro and to analyze ultrastructural features of the nodules. Rat PDL cells were obtained from coagulum in the socket at 2 days after tooth extraction and cultured at confluence in standard medium containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium supplemented with 10% FBS and antibiotics. To test mineralized nodule formation, cells were further cultured for an additional 3 weeks in the standard medium containing (1) ascorbic acid (50 μg/ml) and sodium β-glycerophosphate (10 mM), (2) ascorbic acid, sodium β-glycerophosphate, and dexamethasone (5 μM), or (3) ascorbic acid alone. Cells were then fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, postfixed in 1% OsO4, and prepared for light and electron microscopy. Threedimensional nodules containing mineralized matrices were formed only when the cells were cultured in the presence of ascorbic acid and dexamethasone. They were composed of multilayered fibroblasts (up to 13 layers), and highly organized collagen fibrils with 64 nm cross-banding patterns between the cell layers. The fibroblasts in the nodules exhibited an elongated shape with a high degree of cytoplasmic polarity throughout the nodule, and have the morphological features of PDL fibroblasts as seen in vivo. Mineral deposition with needle-like crystals was initiated on collagen fibrils located in intercellular spaces of the upper cell layers and became increasingly heavier towards the bottom half of the nodules. X-ray microanalysis and electron diffraction analysis confirmed that mineral deposition contained calcium and phosphate in the form of immature hydroxyapatite. These nodules contained neither osteoblasts nor osteocytes, and have their own morphological organization and characteristics which differ from those formed by bone cells in culture. Therefore, these data suggest that PDL cells are capable of forming mineralized tissue in vitro with the morphological characteristics different from bone mineralized nodules.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: In vitro ; Bioactive glass ceramic ; Mineralization ; Bone bonding mechanisms ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Rat bone cells were cultured in the presence of bioactive glass-ceramic containing crystalline apatite and wollaston te. Scanning electron microscopy observations of the surface of the seeded ceramic disks revealed that cells attached, spread, and proliferated on the material surface. Soaking in cell-free culture medium showed that no change occurred in the surface structure. However, when cultured with bone cells and observed under a transmission electron microscope, an electron-dense layer was noted initially at the surface of the material, before bone formation occurred. In addition, energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis demonstrated the presence of calcium and phosphorus in this layer. Progressively, during the following days of culture, active osteoblasts synthetized and laid down an osteoid matrix composed of numerous collagen fibrils arranged either parallel or perpendicularly to the first-formed electron-dense layer. Mineralization initiated on the ceramic surface dispersed then along the collagenous fibrils, leading to a mineralized matrix which surrounded the ceramic particles. These results demonstrate the capacity of apatite-wollastonite glass ceramic to initiate biomineralization in osteoblast cultures and to achieve a direct bond between the surface apatite layer of the bioactive glass-ceramic and the mineralized bone matrix.
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 201-212 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; Calcification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des cals expérimentaux de neuf jours, formés au niveau de radius de jeunes rats, sont traités par la méthode calcium-cobalt de Gomori (1939) pour la mise en évidence ultrastructurale de la phosphatase alcaline afin d'étudier son rôle éventuel dans le dépôt du calcium. L'activité enzymatique apparait initialement sous forme de précipités globulaires en dehors de la membrane cellulaire de jeunes chondroblastes hypertrophiques. Ce précipité donne ensuite naissance à des corps sphériques de phosphatase alcaline qui se forme près de la cellule. Ces corps sphériques s'observent dans une zone intermédiaire plus éloignée. Une formation de cristaux en aiguilles (apparemment une calcification) se développe dans des corps isolés ou agrégés, laissant voir nettement leurs limites, même lorsque la calcification est plus avancée au point qu'on ne peut plus distinguer des cristaux individuels. Au niveau des coupes témoins, traitées de façon identique mais sans substrat ou avec de l'E.D.T.A., on n'observe ni précipité enzymatique ou corps sphériques. L'aspect des dépôts cristallins dans des corps qui contiennent de la phosphatase alcaline ne peut s'expliquer que par l'existence d'une association étroite entre enzymes et calcification.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Neun Tage alter experimenteller Kallus an Radii von jungen Ratten wurde mit Gomori's (1939) Calcium-Kobalt Methode untersucht, um die Verteilung der alkalischen Phosphatase und ihre Beziehung zur Calciumablagerung ultrastrukturell zu demonstrieren. Enzymaktivität zeigte sich zuerst als globulares Präzipitat außerhalb der Zellmembran von Knorpelzellen im Beginn der Hypertrophie. Aus dieser Präzipitatschicht entstanden dann gerundete Körperchen, die sich von der Zelle abtrennten. Solche Körperchen wurden auch in größerer Entfernung von der Zelle beobachtet, d.h. in einer Zwischenzone zwischen benachbarten Zellen. Nadelförmige Kristalle, wahrscheinlich von Calcium-Salzen, wurden in einzelnen oder aggregierten Körperchen beobachtet. Die äußere Zone der Körperchen blieb jedoch deutlich sichtbar, selbst dann, wenn der Calciumgehalt derart zugenommen hatte, daß einzelne Kristalle nicht länger erkennbar waren. In Kontrollen, die in gleicher Weise behandelt waren, aber ohne Substrat oder mit Zufügung von EDTA, wurden weder Präzipitate noch Körperchen beobachtet. Das Auftreten von Calciumablagerungen in alkalischer Phosphatase enthaltenden Körperchen scheint kaum anders erklärbar als durch eine enge funktionelle Verbindung zwischen Enzym und Calciumablagerung.
    Notes: Abstract Nine day old experimental calluses in radii of young rats were treated with Gomori's (1939) calcium-cobalt method to demonstrate ultrastructurally the presence of alkaline phosphatase in a search for its possible role in the desposition of calcium. Enzyme activity first appeared as globule-like precipitates outside the cell membrane of early hypertrophic cartilage cells. This precipitate layer then seemed to give rise to spherical bodies of alkaline phosphatase which occur at a slight distance from the cell. The spherical bodies were also observed further away from the cell in an intermediate zone between neighboring cells. Needle-like crystal formation, apparently calcification, occurred inside single or aggregated bodies, leaving their peripheral rim clearly visible, even when calcification had increased to such an extent that individual crystals could no longer be recognised. In controls, treated in the same way but without substrate, or with EDTA, no enzyme precipitate or spherical bodies were seen. The appearance of crystalline deposits in bodies which contain alkaline phosphatase seems difficult to explain on any other basis than that there is a close functional association between the enzyme and calcification.
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    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 273-279 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Odontogenesis ; Ultrastructure ; Alkaline phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural localization and gradient of activity of alkaline phosphatase were studied with respect to cell differentiation, matrix synthesis, and matrix mineralization in the incisor and molar teeth of 4-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were perfused intracardially at room temperature with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M sodium cacodylate (pH 7.4) with 3–4% sucrose. The jaws were dissected, immersion-fixed for 24 h, and the incisor and molar tooth germs removed. These were demineralized in 10% EDTA in NaOH (pH 7.4) with 7% sucrose. After reactivation of the enzyme with 0.1M MgCl in Tris-maleate buffer (pH 7.4) at 4°C, the teeth were incubated for alkaline phosphatase in a medium consisting of 6 ml 3% sodiumβ-glycerophosphate, 4 ml 0.2M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 9.2), 3 ml 1.6% MgSO4, 12 ml 0.5% lead citrate (pH⋍12), and 2.1 g sucrose. The pH was adjusted to 9.2 with 0.2M HCl, the volume made up to 30 ml, and the solution centrifuged for 10 min at 5000 rpm. Control teeth were incubated in medium minus the substrate. Finally, the specimens were routinely post-fixed and embedded for sectioning and examination with a Philips 300 electron microscope. A gradient of alkaline phosphatase activity was mapped along the developing teeth in the cells of the stratum intermedium, the proximal borders of the ameloblasts, the early dentine matrix, the predentine-dentine border, matrix vesicles, and the plasma membranes of odontoblasts and subodontoblast cells. The gradient of alkaline phosphatase activity was evident in the forming tooth from the cervical loop to the crown apex and was related to the cellular events, matrix synthesis, and matrix mineralization occurring during odontogenesis.
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    Calcified tissue international 5 (1970), S. 270-276 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Cartilage ; Calcification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une solution de sulfate de chrome est utilisée à la fois comme fixateur, colorant et agent de déminéralisation pour l'étude ultrastructurale de cartilage, en voie de minéralisation. Cette technique permet de mettre en évidence un “fantôme cristallin” organique, en rapport avec chaque cristal. L'intérêt du sulfate de chrome comme agent de déminéralisation est souligné.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei Ultrastrukturuntersuchungen von mineralisierendem Knorpel wurde eine Chromsulfatlösung als Agens zur kombinierten Fixation, Färbung und Demineralisierung verwendet. Diese Technik zeigte das Vorhandensein eines organischen “Kristallschattens”, der jedem Kriställchen zugehört. Die Tauglichkeit von Chromsulfat als demineralisierendes Agens wird besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract A solution of chromium sulphate was used as a combined fixative, stain and demineralizing agent for the ultrastructural study of mineralizing cartilage. This technique revealed the presence of an organic ‘crystal ghost’ associated with each crystallite. The effectiveness of chromium sulphate as a demineralizing agent is discussed.
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    Calcified tissue international 55 (1994), S. 180-189 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Collagen ; Crystal habit ; Ultrastructure ; Turkey leg tendon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Transmission electron micrographs of fully mineralized turkey leg tendon in cross-section show the ultrastructure to be more complex than has been previously described. The mineral is divided into two regions. Needlelike-appearing crystallites fill the extrafibrillar volume whereas only platelike crystallites are found within the fibrils. When the speciment is tilted through a large angle, some of the needlelike-appearing crystallites are replaced by platelets, suggesting that the needlelike crystallites are platelets viewed on edge. If so, these platelets have their broad face roughly parallel to the fibril surface and thereby the fibril axis, where the intrafibrillar platelets are steeply inclined to the fibril axis. The projection of the intrafibrillar platelets is perpendicular to the fibril axis. The extrafibrillar volume is at least 60% of the total, the fibrils occupying 40%. More of the mineral appears to be extrafibrillar than within the fibrils. Micrographs of the mineralized tendon in thickness show both needlelike-appearing and platelet crystallites. Stereoscopic views show that the needlelike-appearing crystallites do not have a preferred orientation. From the two-dimensional Fourier transform of a selected area of the cross-sectional image, the platelike crystallites have an average dimension of 58 nm. The needlelike-appearing crystallites have an average thickness of 7 nm. The maximum length is at least 90 nm. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) of unstained, unmineralized turkey leg tendon shows collagen fibrils very much like shadow replicas of collagen in electron micrographs. AFM images of the mineralized tendon show only an occasional fibril. Mineral crystallites are not visible. Because the collagen is within the fibrils, the extrafibrillar mineral must be embedded in noncollagenous organic matter. When the tissue is demineralized, the collagen fibrils are exposed. The structure as revealed by the two modalities is a composite material in which each component is itself a composite. Determination of the properties of the mineralized tendon from the properties of its elements is more difficult than considering the tendon to be just mineral-filled collagen.
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 238-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dentine ; Ultrastructure ; Tubule ; Tooth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude ultrastructurale de la dentine humaine périphérique, de couronnes dentaires de sujets âgés de 11 à 75 ans, a montré trois aspects principaux du contenu des canalicules en coupe transversale. Il s'agit de canalicules apparemment vides, de canalicules contenant un matériel organique annulaire et, enfin, de canalicules totalement remplis d'un matériel organique d'aspect granulaire ou hyalin. Aucune terminaison nerveuse n'est visible à ce niveau.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die ultrastrukturelle Untersuchung von peripherem menschlichem Zahnkronendentin bei Patienten im Alter von 11–75 Jahren hat drei Hauptaspekte des Inhaltes der Dentintubuli gezeigt. Sie bestehen bei transversalen Schnitten aus toten Gängen sowie beim Lumen der Tubuli entweder aus ringförmigen oder ganzausfüllenden Ablagerungen. Im äußeren Dentin wurden keine Nervenendigungen beobachtet.
    Notes: Abstract An ultrastructural study of peripheral human coronal dentin in patients aged 11 to 75 years, has shown main aspects of the dentinal tubular content. In transverse sections, they consist of dead tracts and annular or solid content to the tubular lumen. No nerve endings were observed in the outer dentin.
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 139-149 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Cartilage ; Estrogen ; Ultrastructure ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dix rats Holtzman mâles et sevrés sont sacrifiés injection intrapéritonéale d'oestradiol (Progynon, Schering) aqueux, à des doses quotiediennes de 1 μ g. par g de poids. Des témoins, ayant reçu une dose équivalente de liquide de dilution, sont sacrifiés à des intervalles de 1 heure à 6 jours, identiques aux temps de sacrifice des animaux injectés. Les cartilages épiphysaires supérieurs des tibias tibias (ECP) étudiés en microscopie électronique, montrent, dès trois heures après l'ionjection, une augmentation nette de 'activié sécrétoire, caractérisée, au niveau de la zone de sécrétion matricielle, par l'abondance dans les citernes golgiennes d'un matériel piqueté, constitué par des complexes protéino-polysaccharidiques. La désintégration de la membrane limitante de vésicules golgiennes individuelles est plus avancée après vingt quatre heures: après trois jours de traitement, seules quelques vésicules restent intactes et des plages d'un matériel initialement intravacuolaire sont visibles dans le cytoplasme. De longs filaments, rappelant les précurseurs ou les fibrilles primaires du collagène, sont visibles dans cette sécrétion. Après six jours, de grandes plages de cettre subestance remplissent les cellules de la couche pré-hypertrophieque, avec déplacement de l'ergastoplasme en périphérie. Des vacuoles cytoplasques, contenant un matériel semblable à celui qu'on retrouve dans la lacune, et présentant des filament finement moniliformes et disposés en rayons le long de la membrane limitante, sont visibles. Ces observations suggèrent une accélération initiale de l'activité sécrétoire chondrocytaire, suivie par un retard de transfert. La rétention consécutive et la polymérisation intracellulaire de produits précollagéniques accélèrent l'hypertrophie et favorisent ainsi la dégénérescence précoce des chondrocytes. Ces altérations ultrastructurales paraissent être spécifiques aux oestrog`enes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Zehn männliche Hotlzmann-Ratten, die im Entwöhnungsstadium waren, erhielten täglich wässerige Oestradioldosen (Progynon, Schering) von 1 μ/g Körpergewicht i.p. Dann wurden sie gleichzeitig mit Kontrolltieren, welche die gleiche Menge Verdünnungsmittel erhalten hatten, in Intervallen von 1 Std bis zu 6 Tagen getötet. Platten des oberen tibialen Epiphysenknorples (ECP), welche für die Elektronenmikroskopie präpariert wurden, zeigtem, daß schon 3 Std nach der Injektion ein bemerkenswerte Erhöhung der sekretorischen Tätigkeit entsteht. Dies wurde in der Zone der Matrixausscheidung sichtbar, wo sich in den Golgi-Zisternen eine Anhäufung von punktiertem, aus Proteinpolysaccharid-Komplexen bestehendem Material zeigte. Der Zerfall der Membran, welche die einzelnen Golgi-Bläschen umgibt, nahm nach 24 Std zu; nach 3 Tagen Behandlung blieben nur wenige Gefäße intakt, und Ansammlungen von ursprünglich intravacuolörem Material konnten im Grundplasma beobachtet werden. Lange Fasern, welche auf primäre oder Prae-Kollagefibrillen hindeuteten, konnten in diesem Sekret gesehen werden. Nach 6 Tagen wurden die Zellen in der prähypertrophen Zone mit dieser Substanz richtiggehend überschwemmt, und das rauhe endoplasmatische Reticulum wurde anschließend gegen die Zellperipherie verlagert. Die oft beobachteten cytoplasmatischen Vacuolen enthielten ein Material, das dem in den Lacunen vorkommenden ähnlich ist und zeigten auf der ungebrenden Membran feinperlige, radial angeordnete Fasern. Unsere Beobachtungen deuten auf eine anfängliche Beschleuning der chondrocytischen sekretorischen Tätigkeit, mit nachfolgender Transportverlangsamung, hin. Die dadurch entstehende Retention und intrazelluläre Polymerisation von präkollagenen Produkten beschleunigt die Hypertrophie und begünstigt dadurch die frühe Degeneration von Chondrocyten. Diese ultrastrukturellen Veränderungen scheinen oestrogen-spezifisch zu sein.
    Notes: Abstract Ten male weanling Holtzman rats, injected intraperitoneally with aqueous estradiol (Progynon, Schering), in daily doses of 1 μg. per g body weight, were sacrificed, simultaneously with controls receiving an equivalent amount of diluent, at intervals ranging from one hour to six days. Upper tibial epiphyseal cartilage plates (ECP), procesed for electron microscopy, revealed, as early as three hours after injection, appreciable enhancement of secretory activity, evidenced, in the zone of matrix secretion, by the abundance in Golgi cisternae of stippled material representing proteinpolysaccharide complexes. Disintegration of the lining membrane of individual Golgi vesicles was advanced after twenty-four hours; following three days of treatment, few vesicles remained intact, and pools of initially intravacuolar material were observable in the gound plasm. Long filaments, suggestive of primary or precursor collagen fibrils were apparent in this secretion. After six days, virtual lakes of this substance filled cells in the zone of prehypertophy, with consequent displacement of the rough endoplasmic reticulum against the cell periphery. Cytoplasmic vacuoles, containing mateerial similar to that found in the lacunar moat, and displaying finely beaded, radially arrayed filaments on the lining membrane were frequently encountered. Our observations suggest an initial acclleration of chondrocytic secretory activity, with subsequent retardation of transport. The resultant retention and intracellular polymerization of precollagenous products accelerates hypertrophy, thereby promoting early degeneration of chondrocytes. These ultrastructural alterations are apparently estrogen-specific.
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    Archives of microbiology 96 (1974), S. 145-153 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Scenedesmus Bristles ; Openings ; Props ; Ridges ; Tubules ; Brisble Origin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Bristles radiating from openings were detected on colonies and unicells ofScenedesmus culture N 46, when examined with transmission and scanning electron microscopes. Although narrower, they correspond in gross appearance and ultrastructure to previously describedScenedesmus bristles. Openings, bordered by a series of props, are unlike those ofScenedesmus culture 614. Additional props are observed scattered independently on the cell wall; ridges are composed of a linear row of props. Sections of cells, or cell walls, reveal an additional prop, situated inside the openings; these props are composed of several tubules. Possible extrusion of bristles through these tubules, as well as the origin of the bristle from the cavity and vesicles immediately under the opening are discussed.
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    Archives of microbiology 96 (1974), S. 175-182 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Septa ; Schizophyllum ; Dissolution
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    Notes: Abstract A strain ofSchizophyllum commune carrying a mutation in theB-mating factor (B-mut) shows septal dissolution when grown at 30° C for 2 to 3 days. The septa are intact if the organism is grown at 25° C for the same time, but begin to break down within 1 h after transfer to 30° C. At the ultrastructural level the dolipore swelling is the first part of the septal apparatus to be degraded, closely followed by the disorganization of the parenthesomes. A progressive thinning of the septal cross-wall produces an enlargement of the septal aperture sufficient to allow the passage of nuclei. It appears that degradative enzymes are probably carried to the site of septal dissolution in vesicles derived from endoplasmic reticulum in the area of the septal apparatus.
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    Archives of microbiology 96 (1974), S. 271-279 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Anabaena cylindrica ; Nitrogen Starvation ; Pigmentation ; Ultrastructure ; Heterocyst Differentiation ; Nitrogenase Activity
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen starvation, effected by incubating a culture ofAnabaena cylindrica in a medium free from combined nitrogen and under an atmosphere of 1% CO2 in argon, leads to rapid and characteristic changes in the appearance, structure and function of the alga. Change of colour, due apparently to a decrease in the amounts of nitrogenous pigments, is accompanied by a structural transformation of vegetative cells: cyanophycin granules and polyhedral bodies disintegrate, lipid and glycogen accumulate, and large membrane-bound spaces form by means of thylakoid swelling and vesiculation. The rate of heterocyst differentiation and nitrogenase activity is increased. These changes are fully reversed on addition of ammonia to the culture. It appears that thylakoids reform by coalescence of small vesicles assembled in the intrathylakoidal space. Rapid ammonia assimilation is indicated by ample formation of cyanophycin granules in vegetative cells and of “plugs” in the heterocysts.
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    Archives of microbiology 96 (1974), S. 305-317 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Marine Fungi ; Ultrastructure ; Multilamellate Sporangial Wall ; Sagenogenetosome ; Zoospore Cleavage
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphology and ultrastructure of aJaponochytrium sp. has been studied by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The wall has been shown to be multilamellate and persistent. Stages in zoospore cleavage are described and sagenogenetosomes reported in mature sporangia.
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    Archives of microbiology 98 (1974), S. 147-158 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Allomyces ; Zoospores ; Cell Wall ; Wall Formation ; Lomasome ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural observations on encysting haploid zoospores of Allomyces arbuscula are presented with special reference to cell wall deposition. Multivesicular bodies are observed in the cytoplasm of zoospores 15 min after inoculation, lomasomes after 30 min and fine membrane profiles between the plasmalemma and the cyst wall are observed after 4 h indicating a possible system for secretion of cell wall components.
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    Archives of microbiology 98 (1974), S. 199-206 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Chlamydomonas ; Senescent ; Microtubules ; Complexes
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    Notes: Abstract Complexes of twisted ribbons composed of ordered arrays of microtubules are identified in close association with the plasmalemma and the surfaces of some organelles in senescent cells of photoheterotrophically cultured Chlamydomonas dysosmos. The ribbon complexes occur throughout the cytoplasm, and do not appear related to the flagellar insertions. The component microtubules are approximately 26 nm in width, exhibiting a center-to-center spacing of about 44 nm. Additional cytoplasmic microtubules are often closely related to the tubular complexes. A detailed description of their fine structure is presented here which tends to support the ascribed function of microtubules in maintaining the structural integrity of the protoplasm.
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    Archives of microbiology 99 (1974), S. 221-230 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Anabaena cylindrica ; Molybdenum ; Vanadium ; Nitrogenase ; Ultrastructure ; Storage Products ; Heterocyst Frequency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The structural and functional symptoms of molybdenum deficiency inAnabaena cylindrica grown in a medium without combined nitrogen and thus dependent on fixation of elemental nitrogen, resemble those brought about by nitrogen starvation. However, the substantially increased rate of heterocyst differentiation in this culture is not accompanied by a corresponding increase in nitrogenase activity; on the contrary, enzyme activity is severely impaired in the absence of molybdenum. When the supply of molybdenum, or of ammonia, is restored, the alga recovers rapidly. Vanadium exerts an inhibitory effect upon nitrogen-fixing ability of the alga, and its presence in the molybdenum-deficient culture results in the amplification of the symptoms of mlybdenum deficiency.
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    Archives of microbiology 99 (1974), S. 265-269 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Microbodies ; Vacuolaria ; Gonyostomum ; Chloromonadophyceae ; Chromophyta
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    Notes: Abstract Microbody-like organelles occur in the cytoplasm of two chloromonadophycean algae,Vacuolaria virescens Cienkowsky andGonyostomum semen Diesing. Microbodies ofVacuolaria andGonyostomum have a granular matrix which lacks a crystalloid core; they are often present in close association with elements of the endoplasmic reticulum. The occurrence of microbodies in other algae is briefly reviewed.
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 83-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Proteoglycan ; Collagen ; Cartilage ; Electron Microscopy ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'élimination de protéoglycans solubles de coupes de cartilage costal de boeuf, par extraction dans une solution de 4M d'hydrochlorure de guanidinium, permet de mettre en évidence des quantités abondantes de collagène dispersé et désagrégé dans la matrice. Les protéoglycanes, résistants à l'extraction, sont visibles sous forme de granules concentrés dans les régions périlacunaires. Les granulations plus importants des protéoglycanes semblent venir du chondrocyte. Dans la matrice, éloignée des chondrocytes, ces granules deviennent plus étroites. Un composant non granulaire “amorphe” masque les fibres de collagène, de telle sorte qu'elles sont difficilement visibles dans le cartilage intact.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die löslichen Proteoglycane wurden mittels Extraktion in 4 M Guanidinhydrochlorid aus Rippenknorpelschnitten des Rindes entfernt. Dies erlaubte die Sichtbarmachung von großen Mengen von verstreuten und auseinandergerissenen Collagen in der Matrix. Die Protoglycane, welche sich nicht extrahieren lassen, erscheinen als kleine, in den perilacunären Regionen konzentrierte Körnchen. Die großen Proteoglycan-Körner scheinen in den Chondrocyten zu entstehen. Sobald sie sich in die Matrix, außerhalb der Chondrocyten, verlagern, werden die Körner kleiner. Ein nicht-granulärer, „amorpher” Bestandteil verhüllt die Collagenfasern, so daß diese im intakten Knorpel nicht deutlich gesehen werden können.
    Notes: Abstract Removal of the soluble proteoglycans from slices of bovine costal cartilage by extraction in 4 M guanidinium hydrochloride permitted the visualization of abundant amounts of dispersed and disaggregated collagen in the matrix. Proteoglycans which are resistant to extraction are seen as small granules which are concentrated in the perilacunar regions. Large proteoglycan granules appear to originate in the chondrocyte. As they come to occupy positions in the matrix distant from the chondrocyte, the granules become smaller. A non-granular, “amorphous” component masks the collagen fibers so that they cannot be readily seen in the intact cartilage.
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    Calcified tissue international 30 (1980), S. 27-34 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Calcium ; Cartilage ; Vesicles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The potassium pyroantimonate technique was utilized for the selective subcellular localization of calcium in the mandibular condylar cartilage of 1-day-old rats. Electron dense calcium pyroantimonate precipitates were localized principally in mitochondria and at the cell membrane of the chondrocytes. In addition, small intracellular vesicles 0.1–0.2µm in diameter were observed in proximity to the cell membrane of chondrocytes of the mid-hypertrophic zone. The results suggest that these vesicles were being extruded from the cell into the extracellular matrix. Energy-dispersive analysis by X-rays confirmed that calcium is the principal cation of the electron-dense precipitates.
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  • 97
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    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 382-390 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Avian osteopetrosis ; Avian oncornavirus ; Ultrastructure ; Calcification ; Bone cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Diaphyseal tibial bone of 12.5 – 13-day and 19-day-old embryos and 20-day-old hatched chicks infected with retrovirus MAV.2-O were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The viruses were associated with lining osteoblasts and osteocytes. Whereas the infection of the osteoblast layer seemed to be a transient stage, virus association with osteocytes was a constant and main ultrastructural feature. The viruses were found either in the osteoid or in the periosteocytic space of the bone lacunae. They arose from dense cytoplasmic areas located near the cell plasmalemma via a budding process. The newly budded virus particles often had a large tail or a fine stalk-like process lost in the extracellular space. The viruses underwent calcification by deposition of inorganic material and were incorporated in the bone trabeculae. No production of virus was observed in typical osteoclasts with well-differentiated ruffled borders. The viral-induced avian osteopetrosis seemed to result from increased bone deposition through stimulation of osteoblast and osteocyte activities, whereas osteoclastic bone resorption seemed to be undisturbed.
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  • 98
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 84-90 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Inorganic salts ; Atherosclerosis ; Diffraction ; Aorta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La diffraction à rayons X, la diffraction électrique et le microscope électronique suggérent qu'en dehors des composants usuels de calcium phosphate (apatite), un nombre d'autres éléments et radicaux sont également présents dans l'arteriosclérose aortique, lesquels sont capables de jouer un rôle dans le développement de la plaque «calcifiée» et dans celui de la lésion anorganique, caractéristique pour l'artériosclerose juvenile. Selon les cas étudies, l'artériosclerose aortique peut se présenter déjà au cours de la troisième decade de la vie et sa composition anorganique est presq'identique à celle de la plaque développée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Sowohl die Befunde der Röntgendiffraktion als auch jene der Elektronendiffraktion und der Elektronenmikroskopie lassen vermuten, daß bei der Aortenatherosklerose zusätzlich zu den üblichen Komponenten von Calciumphosphat (Apatit) eine Reihe anderer Elemente und Radikale vorhanden sind; diese können eine Rolle spielen bei der Entwicklung der “verkalkten” Plaque und bei anorganischen Läsionen juveniler Atherosklerosen. Bei den untersuchten Fällen kann die Aortenatherosklerose bereits im 30. Lebensjahr auftreten; die anorganische Zusammensetzung der Plaque ist nahezu identisch mit jener der bereits entwickelten.
    Notes: Abstract X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction and electron microscopy suggest that in aortic atherosclerosis, in addition to the usual components of calcium phosphate (apatite), a number of other elements and radicals are present which may play a role in the development of the “calcified” plaque and in juvenile atherosclerotic inorganic lesion. In the cases studied, aortic atherosclerosis may appear as early as in the third decade and its inorganic composition is almost identical with the developed plaque.
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  • 99
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    Calcified tissue international 59 (1996), S. 474-479 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Apatite ; Collagen ; Demineralization ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A technique to correlate the ultrastructural distribution of mineral with its organic material in identical sections of mineralized turkey leg tendon (MTLT) and human bone was developed. Osmium or ethanol fixed tissues were processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mineralized tissues were photographed at high, intermediate, and low magnifications, making note of section features such as fibril geometry, colloidal gold distribution, or section artifacts for subsequent specimen realignment after demineralization. The specimen holder was removed from the microscope, the tissue section demineralized in situ with a drop of 1 N HCl, then stained with 2% aqueous vanadyl sulfate. The specimen holder was reinserted into the microscope, realigned with the aid of the section features previously noted, and rephotographed at identical magnification used for the mineralized sections. A one to one correspondence was apparent between the mineral and its demineralized crystal “ghost” in both MTLT and bone. The fine structural periodic banding seen in unmineralized collagen was not observed in areas that were fully mineralized before demineralization, indicating that the axial arrangement of the collagen molecules is altered significantly during mineralization. Regions that had contained extrafibrillar crystallites stained more intensely than the intrafibrillar regions, indicating that the noncollagenous material surrounded the collagen fibrils. The methodology described here may have utility in determining the spatial distribution of the noncollagenous proteins in bone.
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  • 100
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 296-309 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoclasts ; Enzyme ; Parathyroid ; Microdissection ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une nouvelle méthode d'isolement d'ostéoclastes est mise au point pour des analyses biochimiques et de microscopie électronique. Pour isoler les cellules par microdissection, des empreintes d'os métaphysaire sont utilisées. Cette méthode, supérieure aux coupes d'os, permet une meilleure préservation cytologique et enzymatique et permet d'obtenir des cellules totales plus faciles à manipuler, avec des résultats plus reproductibles. Par analyse planimètrique de cellules isolées, colorées histochimiquement, il apparait que les ostéoclastes constituent plus de 90% de la masse de l'échantillon. Les concentrations de la phosphatase acide et de certaines enzymes, liées au nucléotide pyridinique, entrant dans le métabolisme de l'acide citrique, sont déterminées dans des échantillons d'ostéoclastes, pesant de 0,2 à 2,0 μg, isolés à partir de rats normaux et parathyroidectomisés. L'activité en aconitase, mesurée en direction de la transformation de citrate en isocitrate, est de 0,5–0,8 M/Kd/H, la plus faible des activités étudiées. Les activités en GDH et NADP-ICDH sont 5 à 10 fois supérieures que celle de l'aconitase, mais seulement un dixième à un tiers de celle de la phosphatase acide, de la déshydrogénase lactique ou malique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine neue Technik beschrieben, welche die Isolierung von Osteoklasten für biochemische und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen ermöglicht. Als Ausgangsmaterial zur Zellisolierung wurden Abstriche von Metaphysenknochen benützt. Die Verwendung von Abstrichen bietet gegenüber Knochenschnitten wichtige Vorteile, wie z.B. eine bessere Erhaltung der cytologischen und enzymatischen Eigenschaften sowie die Gewinnung von unverletzten Zellen, welche leichter verarbeitet werden können und besser reproduzierbare Daten ergeben. Durch planimetrische Analyse der histochemisch gefärbten Ausstriche von isolierten Zellen konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß die Osteoklasten über 90% des gesamten Probenmaterials ausmachen. Die Mengen verschiedener Enzyme, welche an Pyridinnukleotid gebunden und am Citronensäuremetabolismus beteiligt sind, sowie der sauren Phosphatase wurden in Osteoklastenproben bestimmt, welche ein Gewicht von 0,2–2,0 μg hatten und aus Knochen von normalen und mit Parathyroidextrakten behandelten Ratten isoliert worden waren. Die Aktivität der Aconitase, welche in der Richtung von Citrat zu Isocitrat gemessen wurde, war mit 0,5–0,8 M/Kd/H die niedrigste aller untersuchten Aktivitäten. Die Aktivitäten der GDH und der NADP-ICDH waren 5–10mal höher als jene der Aconitase, entsprachen jedoch nur einem Zehntel bis einem Drittel derjenigen der sauren Phosphatase, der Laktat- oder der Malatdehydrogenase.
    Notes: Abstract A new method is described by which osteoclasts can be isolated for biochemical and electron microscopic analyses. As a source of cells for isolation by microdissection, imprints of metaphyseal bone were used. The use of imprints provides important advantages over bone sections, including a higher degree of cytologic and enzymatic preservation, and the delivery of whole cells which are more readily manipulated and which yield data that are more readily reproduced. By planimetric analysis of the histochemically-stained isolated cell samples, it was shown that osteoclasts represent over 90% of the sample mass. The levels of several of the pyridine nucleotide-linked enzymes involved in citric acid metabolism, as well as acid phosphatase, were determined in osteoclast samples weighing 0.2 to 2.0 μg isolated from normal and parathyroid-treated rats. Aconitase activity measured in the direction of citrate to isocitrate was 0.5–0.8 M/Kd/H, the lowest of the activities studied. The activities of GDH and NADP-ICDH were 5 to 10 times higher than that of aconitase but only a tenth to a third that of acid phosphatase, lactic or malic dehydrogenase.
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