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  • Springer  (148)
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  • 1
    Keywords: Atom ; Fulleren ; Fullerene ; Nanocar ; Nanomaterial ; Nanotube ; Transport ; carbon nanotubes ; electricity
    Description / Table of Contents: The 2007 ARW “Using Carbon Nanomaterials in Clean-Energy Hydrogen Systems” (UCNCEHS’2007) was held in September 22–28, 2007 in the remarkable town Sudak (Crimea, Ukraine) known for its heroic and unusual fate. In the tradition of the earlier conferences, UCNCEHS’2007 meeting served as an multidisciplinary forum for the presentation and discussion of the most recent research on transition to hydrogen-based energy systems, technologies for hydrogen production, storage, utilization, carbon nanomaterials processing and chemical behavior, energy and environmental problems. The aim of UCNCEHS’2007 was to provide the wide overview of the latest scientific results on basic research and technological applications of hydrogen interactions with carbon materials. The active representatives from research/academic organizations and governmental agencies could meet, discuss and present the most recent advances in hydrogen concepts, processes and systems, to evaluate current progress and to exchange academic information, to identify research needs and future development in this important area. This ARW should help further the progress of hydrogen-based science and promote the role of hydrogen and carbon nanomaterials in the energy field.
    ISBN: 9781402088988
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1992), S. 127-130 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Repression ; Derepression ; Transport ; Saccharomyces ; Glucose ; Maltose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Growth of yeast cells on glucose resulted in complete inactivation of maltose transport and repression of the high affinity glucose transport system. When the cells were grown on maltose or subjected to substrate starvation, an increase in glucose and maltose transport was observed in both brewing and non-brewing yeast strains. The concentration of glucose employed in the growth medium was also observed to affect sugar transport activity. The higher the glucose concentration, the more pronounced the repressive effect. In addition, the time of growth of yeast on glucose or maltose also intermining the rate of sugar transport. These results are consistent with the repressive effect of glucose on the high affinity glucose and maltose transport systems.
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  • 3
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 209-216 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Transport ; sedimentation ; random walk ; Markov chain in continuous time ; distribution of maximum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A simple two-dimensional random walk model is developed for the motion of a particle in a fluid flow. Some earlier results for the persistent injection of particles into the flow are extended, and the distribution of the maximum number of particles in suspension over the period (0,t) is derived.
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  • 4
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    OR spectrum 20 (1998), S. 237-250 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Transport ; Container ; Containerbelade-problem ; Tabu Search ; Praxisrelevante Restriktionen ; Packing ; Container ; Container loading problem ; Tabu search ; Practical restrictions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The paper presents a tabu search algorithm (TSA) for weakly heterogeneous container loading problems. The approach includes two integrated components: The generation of different stowage plans by means of a greedy algorithm and a tabu search using an appropriate representation of these plans. The TSA considers some restrictions of practical relevance. The overall algorithm has been applied to numerous benchmark problems and its performance is demonstrated by a numerical comparison with several loading procedures suggested by other authors.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gegenstand des Beitrags ist die Entwicklung eines Tabu Search-Verfahrens (TSV) für Containerbeladeprobleme mit schwach heterogenem Kistenvorrat. Das TSV basiert auf einem zweistufigen Verfahrensansatz. Ein integrierter Greedy-Algorithmus dient unmittelbar der Erzeugung von Stauplänen. Vermittelt über eine geeignete Repräsentation zulässiger Problemlösungen wird in einer zweiten Verfahrensstufe eine Tabu-Suche durchgeführt. Das TSV berücksichtigt einige praxisrelevante Restriktionen. Die Performance des TSV wird anhand von Benchmarkproblemen aus der Literatur demonstriert, wobei Containerbeladeverfahren verschiedener Autoren zu Vergleichszwecken herangezogen werden.
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  • 5
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    Journal of dynamics and differential equations 5 (1993), S. 529-536 
    ISSN: 1572-9222
    Keywords: Transport ; phase space volume ; invariant sets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A measure preserving homeomorphismf determines a discrete dynamical system. Measurable sets in phase space are moved or transported byf. It is shown that the asymptotic rate of escape of phase space volume from neighborhoods which isolate the same invariant set is unique.
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  • 6
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    BioMetals 2 (1990), S. 209-213 
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: Iron ; Siderophores ; Transport ; Geotrichum candidum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Geotrichum candidum is capable of utilizing iron from hydroxamate siderophores of different structural classes. The relative rates of iron transport for ferrichrome, ferrichrysin, ferrioxamine B, fusigen, ferrichrome A, rhodotorulic acid, coprogen B, dimerium acid and ferrirhodin were 100%, 98%, 74%, 59%, 49%, 35%, 24%, 12% and 11% respectively. Ferrichrome, ferrichrysine and ferrichrome A inhibited [59Fe]ferrioxamine-B-mediated iron transport by 71%, 68% and 28% respectively when added at equimolar concentrations to the radioactive complex. The inhibitory mechanism of [59Fe]ferrioxamine B uptake by ferrichrome was non-competitive (K i 2.4 μM), suggesting that the two siderophores do not share a common transport system. Uptake of [59Fe]ferrichrome, [59Fe]rhodotorulic acid and [59Fe]fusigen was unaffected by competition with the other two siderophores or with ferrioxamine B. Thus,G. candidum may possess independent transport systems for siderophores of different structural classes. The uptake rates of [14C]ferrioxamine B and67Ga-desferrioxamine B were 30% and 60% respectively, as compared to [59Fe]ferrioxamine B. The specific ferrous chelates, dipyridyl and ferrozine at 6 mM, caused 65% and 35% inhibition of [59Fe]ferrioxamine uptake. From these results we conclude that, although about 70% of the iron is apparently removed from the complex by reduction prior to being transported across the cellular membrane, a significant portion of the chelated ligand may enter the cell intact. The former and latter mechanisms seem not to be mutually exclusive.
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  • 7
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    BioMetals 1 (1988), S. 99-105 
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: Iron ; Ferrioxamine B ; Transport ; Geotrichum candidum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Geotrichum candidum (isolate 1–9) pathogenic on citrus fruits, appears to lack siderophore production. Iron uptake byG. candidum is mediated by two distinct iron-regulated, energy-and temperature-dependent transport systems that require sulfhydryl groups. One system exhibits specificity for either ferric or ferrous iron, whereas the other exhibits specificity for ferrioxamine-B-mediated iron uptake and presumably other hydroxamate siderophores. Radioactive iron uptake from59FeCl3 showed an optimum at pH 6 and 35° C, and Michaelis-Menten kinetics (apparentK m = 3 μm,V max = 0.054 nmol · mg−1 · min−1). The maximal rate of Fe2+ uptake was higher than Fe3+ (V max = 0.25 nmol · mg−1 · min−1) but theK m was identical. Reduction of ferric to ferrous iron prior to transport could not be detected. The ferrioxamine B system exhibits an optimum at pH 6 and 40° C and saturation kinetics (K m = 2 μM,V max = 0.22 nmol · mg−1 · min−1). The two systems were distinguished as two separate entities by negative reciprocal competition, and on the basis of differential response to temperature and phenazine methosulfate. Mössbauer studies revealed that cells fed with either57FeCl3 or57FeCl2 accumulated unknown ferric and ferrous binding metabolites.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: Siderophore identification ; Ferrirhodin ; Botrytis cinerea ; NMR studies ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The plant pathogenic hyphomyceteBotrytis cinerea has been shown to produce several trihydroxamate siderophores under conditions of low-iron stress. The total siderophores amounted to approximately 30 mg/l culture filtrate after 5 days of incubation in an asparagine/salt/glucose medium. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a reversed phase indicated that ferrirhodin is the predominant siderophore of this fungus. Chemical characterization of the principal siderophore by fast-atom-bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR,13C-NMR) and comparison with a reference revealed the identity with ferrirhodin. NMR studies performed on desferrirhodin (desferrirhodin) in dimethylsulfoxide and water revealed the existence of two conformers in D2O resulting from acis-trans isomerization of the hydroxamic acid groups. Comparative iron-uptake studies showed the following order of uptake inB. cinerea: ferrichrysin (100%), ferrirubin (57%), ferrirhodin (45%), hexahydroferrirhodin (45%), coprogen 6%. Concentration-dependent uptake of ferrirhodin resulted in saturation kinetics only in the low concentration range of 0–30 μM (K m = 2.5 μM,V max = 80 pmol min−1 mg(−1). A non-saturable, linear uptake was observed in the high concentration range of 30–80 μM. The low concentration range appears to be the physiologically significant range, where siderophore-mediated iron transport inB. cinerea occurs.
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  • 9
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    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 63-69 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Lumbricus rubellus ; Introduced bacteria ; Transport ; Survival ; Casts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Four strains of bacteria, Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas cepacia, and Flavobacterium sp., were introduced into loamy sand and then transported by earthworms of the species Lumbricus rubellus to uninoculated soil. Cell densities recovered from the earthworm gut and casts (both expressed per gram dry material) were significantly lower (up to 3 log units) than cell densities recovered from the inoculated soil. Total bacterial counts in casts were similar to those in the inoculated soil. In casts excreted into a sterile environment numbers of colony-forming units (CFU) increased, suggesting a favourable environment for growth. In casts excreted in a non-sterile environment, cell densities of introduced strains decreased. Casts therefore did not offer the introduced bacteria a protective micro-environment for survival in the bulk soil. Transport by worms of R. leguminosarum biovar trifolii and of P. fluorescens appeared to occur mostly by means of cast production; with the Flavobacterium sp. and P. cepacia a large proportion of the cells was possibly transported on the skin of earthworms.
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  • 10
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    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1988), S. 58-62 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Rhizobia ; Transport ; Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Water movement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies were performed to assess the influence of percolating water and an advancing wetting front on the transport of Bradyrhizobium japonicum in sand and silt loam soils, and to assess the influence of clay content on water-facilitated dispersal of these bacteria in a sand amended with various amounts of kaolin. The data obtained showed that movement of B. japonicum in soil was dependent upon water movement and that both percolating water and an advancing wetting front readily transported bacteria in coarse-textured soils. Percolation with the equivalent of 10 cm of rainfall dispersed B. japonicum throughout 40-cm columns containing sand and silt loam soils. Percolation with 5 cm of water was sufficient to disperse B. japonicum throughout 20-cm columns of these soils but did not transport these bacteria below the surface 4 cm of a sand amended with 12% kaolin. Our finding that cells of B. japonicum are readily transported by an advancing wetting front indicates that non-saturated flow of soil water contributes to dispersal of inoculum in soils.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Peptides ; Transport ; Regulation ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The transport of small peptides into the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is subject to complex regulatory control. In an effort to determine the number, and to address the function, of the components involved in peptide transport and its regulation, spontaneous mutants resistant to toxic di- and tripeptides were isolated under inducing conditions. Twenty-four mutant strains were characterized in detail and fell into two phenotypic groups; one group deficient in amino acid-inducible peptide uptake, the other with a pleiotropic phenotype including a loss of peptide transport. Complementation analysis of recessive mutations in 12 of these strains defĩned three groups; ptr1 (nine strains), ptr2 (two strains), and ptr3 (one strain). Isolation and screening of 31 additional N-methyl-N-nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced, peptide transport-deficient mutants produced one ptr3 and 30 ptr2 strains: no additional complementation groups were detected. Uptake of radiolabeled dileucine was negligible in ptr1 and ptr2 strains and was reduced by 65% and 90% in the two ptr3 mutants, indicating that all strains were defective at the transport step. We conclude that the S. cerevisiae amino acid-inducible peptide transport system recognizes a broad spectrum of peptide substrates and involves at least three components. One gene, PTR3, may play an indirect or regulatory role since mutations in this gene cause a pleiotropic phenotype.
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  • 12
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    Journal of molecular evolution 38 (1994), S. 57-99 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Transport ; Cations ; P-type ATPases ; Sequence alignments ; Molecular evolution ; Phylogenetic trees ; Site-specific mutagenesis ; ATP binding sites ; Protein phosphorylation ; Membrane proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The amino acid sequences of 47 P-type ATPases from several eukaryotic and bacterial kingdoms were divided into three structural segments based on individual hydropathy profiles. Each homologous segment was (1) multiply aligned and functionally evaluated, (2) statistically analyzed to determine the degrees of sequence similarity, and (3) used for the construction of parsimonious phylogenetic trees. The results show that all of the P-type ATPases analyzed comprise a single family with four major clusters correlating with their cation specificities and biological sources as follows: cluster 1: Ca2+-transporting ATPases; cluster 2: Na+- and gastric H+-ATPases; cluster 3: plasma membrane H+-translocating ATPases of plants, fungi, and lower eukaryotes; and cluster 4: all but one of the bacterial P-type ATPases (specific for K+, Cd2+, Cu2+ and an unknown cation). The one bacterial exception to this general pattern was the Mg2+-ATPase of Salmonella typhimurium, which clustered with the eukaryotic sequences. Although exceptions were noted, the similarities of the phylogenetic trees derived from the three segments analyzed led to the probability that the N-terminal segments 1 and the centrally localized segments 2 evolved from a single primordial ATPase which existed prior to the divergence of eukaryotes from prokaryotes. By contrast, the C-terminal segments 3 appear to be eukaryotic specific, are not found in similar form in any of the prokaryotic enzymes, and are not all demonstrably homologous among the eukaryotic enzymes. These C-terminal domains may therefore have either arisen after the divergence of eukaryotes from prokaryotes or exhibited more rapid sequence divergence than either segment 1 or 2, thus masking their common origin. The relative rates of evolutionary divergence for the three segments were determined to be segment 2 〈 segment 1 〈 segment 3. Correlative functional analyses of the most conserved regions of these ATPases, based on published site-specific mutagenesis data, provided preliminary evidence for their functional roles in the transport mechanism. Our studies define the structural and evolutionary relationships among the P-type ATPases. They should provide a guide for the design of future studies of structure-function relationships employing molecular genetic, biochemical, and biophysical techniques.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Cambial activity ; Auxin ; Abscisic acid ; Dormancy ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The current notion that hormonal level and cell response are clearly correlated has often been challenged recently. During the period of cambial activity, auxin content seems to control the intensity of mitosis and some features of the resulting wood, but not the duration of the active period itself. During cambial rest, the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) level often remains high in the cambium, but the cell sensitivity to auxin is low. The decrease of auxin transport in autumn is sometimes interpreted as a major qualitative change affecting the pattern of transport, and sometimes as a secondary change occurring later than rest onset. The causes of the seasonal variation of cambial response remain unknown. A hypothesis is proposed that accounts for the structural-functional changes occurring in cambial cells during the onset of dormancy. Abscisic acid (ABA) may reduce wood production and xylem cell enlargement in late summer. An important amount of ABA may be present in the cambial zone in autumn after drought stress and in spring in the young growing shoot. Changes in ABA level do not appear to be clearly correlated with the different steps of cambial rest and activity. Beyond the role of ABA as a stress mediator, its participation in the annual regulation of cambial activity remains unclear. Its distribution in the most alkaline compartments may account for the particularities of its seasonal activity. The involvement of IAA and ABA in cambial growth is discussed within the scope of a possible annual alternation of two different metabolisms in the cambial cell.
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  • 14
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    Journal of biomedical science 3 (1996), S. 69-77 
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: HIV ; Rev ; Nucleus ; Transport ; RNA ; Cofactors ; Processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The Rev axis of HIV is one of two key autoregulatory pathways required for viral replication and pathogenesis. The viral Rev protein interacts with its RNA target sequence, the RRE, to overcome the inhibitory effects of constitutive repressor sequences and promote nucleocytoplasmic transport and expression of viral RNAs. The Rev axis is the subject of intense scrutiny not only because it plays a central role in the viral life cycle, but also because it offers a window onto the workings of key mechanisms of posttranscriptional regulation, including splicing, polyadenylation, degradation, transport, and translation. Recent reports have conclusively demonstrated a central role for transport in the Rev mechanism and have identified cellular factors that are good candidates for mediating the transport phenomena. Other potentially involved cellular factors are being investigated. Much of the apparent heterogeneity in the observed effects of Rev may actually derive from heterogeneity in the constitutive repressor sequences rather than from heterogeneity in the mechanism of action of Rev per se.
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  • 15
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 695-705 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Ozone ; Photochemistry ; System modelling ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A scheme of a system of physical and chemical processes controlling the production, transport and destruction of ozone and its gaseous catalysts, as well as other related gases in the low and high stratosphere is presented. An account is made of temperature variations of the stratospheric layer resulting from changes in ozone content; also included is the effect of temperature variations on photochemical reaction rates and ozone and other gases transport between atmospheric layers. Parameters describing major relations of the system are inferred from the analysis of ozone and trace gas data and from the results of model calculations of interdependence between variations in temperature and ozone content of the layer. An analysis of minor fluctuations of the linearized system shows that photochemical processes are responsible for its aperiodic stability and that gas transport between atmospheric layers destabilizes the system.
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  • 16
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 309-315 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Pollen ; Spores ; Transport ; Vertical distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The atmosphere near the ground contains a mixed population of pollen and spores in the 1 to 90 μm diameter range. Continuous sampling at Rothamsted Experimental Station at 2 m above ground level indicated concentrations averaging 12,000 m−3 over 5 summer months, but 1 million m−3 can occur for short periods. Concentrations change rapidly with locality, season, time of day or night and weather. Normally concentration in the troposphere decreases logarithmically with height. The occurrence of long distance transport of pollen and spores by wind is demonstrated by sampling from aircraft, and supported by much circumstantial evidence. Possible effects of this air spora on the atmosphere may be sought in alterations to: opacity, ionization, condensation nuclei, and sinks for minor gases.
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  • 17
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 67-78 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Monsoon ; Transport ; Tropical meteorology ; Water vapour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The advective monthly mean transfer of water vapour in the layer below 700 mbar is investigated for India for the years 1962 to 1972 and for the months January to September. The average zonal and meridional components of the transfer of water vapour for India are obtained. They are further averaged for different combinations of the pre-monsoon months from January to May and are correlated with the summer monsoon rainfall. The correlation coefficients for zonal transfer of water vapour are either negative or small positive for different combinations of the months mentioned above. The correlation coefficients for the meridional transfer of water vapour are positive. The maximum value is 0.74 for the March to May combination and is statistically significant at the 1% level. An extensive investigation is, therefore, made for the March to May averages of water vapour transfer for four broad regions of India. The parameters of water vapour transfer for these regions are compared with the threshold values and the prediction category, normal or drought, for the subsequent summer monsoon season is determined for all years. The correlation coefficient between the index of drought, as determined from parameters of water vapour transport and rainfall departure, is statistically significant at the 2% level.
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  • 18
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    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 839-848 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Baltic Sea ; Arkona Basin ; Hydrocarbons ; Transport ; Hydrocarbon sources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Surface sediments, suspended particulate matter and fluffy-layer material, collected in the Arkona Basin and the Pomeranian Bay during 1995–1997, as well as air particulate matter, collected on the island of Rügen during August 1995, were analysed for total organic carbon content, saturated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The resulting concentrations and distributions of these compounds and molecular PAH ratios are discussed in terms of matrix, origin of the organic matter and seasonal variations. The data show that the Oder river can be identified as a major source for PAH transported into the southern part of the Arkona Basin. A strong atmospheric input of PAH is noted for the central and northern part of the basin. In general, anthropogenic and bacterially degraded hydrocarbons bound to organic carbon-rich and small particles are mainly deposited in the basin center, whereas their natural counterparts accumulate mainly on the basin flanks covered by coarser grained sediments.
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  • 19
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    Environmental geology 27 (1996), S. 300-308 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Subseabed disposal ; Consolidation ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Subseabed disposal of radioactive waste applies a multiple-barrier concept with the sediment being the most important barrier for preventing a release of nuclides into the biosphere. While many investigations have been carried out to analyze the risk potential in this type of disposal, the effects of sediment consolidation and associated fluid flow have not fully been taken into consideration. Here, possible effects of consolidational fluid flow in the penetrator disposal option and possible consequences to the transport of nuclides in the sediment are analyzed. Results of numerical experiments demonstrate that consolidation contributes to the transport of radioactive nuclides released from containers buried in the sediment and to the release of nuclides at the sediment-water interface. Both depend on geological conditions and to a large extent on possible alterations of hydraulic conductivity i of the sediment in the vicinity of the entry path of a penetrator.
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  • 20
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    Environmental geology 25 (1995), S. 71-85 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Effective porosity ; Longitudinal dispersivity ; Tracer test ; Transport ; Groundwater flow ; Sedimentary rock ; Dispersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We performed two field tracer tests in Tertiary sedimentary rocks and laboratory tracer tests using core samples of the sedimentary rock and bentonite and quartz sand mixtures. We have estimated effective porosity and longitudinal dispersivity, which are essential to the evaluation of mass transport in groundwater. The results of these tests indicate that test scale should be considered in the evaluation of effective porosity and longitudinal dispersivity. As the test scale increases, effective porosity decreases and longitudinal dispersivity increases. The relationship may be useful for estimating mass transport in groundwater. From the laboratory scale to the field scale, the decrease in effective porosity and increase in longitudinal dispersivity may be due to the existence of cracks or fissures. At the laboratory scale, the decrease in effective porosity is probably due to a loss of connectivity of continuous pores.
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  • 21
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    Environmental geology 27 (1996), S. 300-308 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words: Subseabed disposal ; Consolidation ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract. Subseabed disposal of radioactive waste applies a multiple-barrier concept with the sediment being the most important barrier for preventing a release of nuclides into the biosphere. While many investigations have been carried out to analyze the risk potential in this type of disposal, the effects of sediment consolidation and associated fluid flow have not fully been taken into consideration. Here, possible effects of consolidational fluid flow in the penetrator disposal option and possible consequences to the transport of nuclides in the sediment are analyzed. Results of numerical experiments demonstrate that consolodation contributes to the transport of radioactive nuclides released from containers buried in the sediment and to the release of nuclides at the sediment-water interface. Both depend on geological conditions and to a large extent on possible alterations of hydraulic conductivity of the sediment in the vicinity of the entry path of a penetrator.
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  • 22
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    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 103-110 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Xenopus embryo ; Polysomal mobilization ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mobilization of newly synthesized 18S and 28S rRNAs, 4S RNA and poly(A)+ RNA into polysomes was studied in isolated cells ofXenopus laevis embryos between cleavage and neurula stages. Throughout these stages, 4S RNA and poly(A)+ RNA were mobilized immediately following their appearance in the cytoplasm. 18S rRNA however, stayed in the ribosomal subunit fraction for about 30 min until the 28S rRNA appeared, when the two rRNAs were mobilized together at an equimolar ratio. This mobilization, at a 1:1 molar ratio, appeared to be realized at initiation monome formation. Thus, the efficiency of the mobilization of two newly synthesized rRNAs, shortly after their arrival at the cytoplasm, differed considerably but difference disappeared once steady state was reached. The contribution of newly synthesized 18S and 28S rRNAs to polysomes remains small throughout early development. around 3% of newly synthesized 4S RNA is polysomal which is the same distribution observed for unlabeled 4S RNA. Less than 10% of the newly synthesized cytoplasmic poly(A)+ RNA was mobilized into polysomes during cleavage, but in later stages the proportion increased to around 20%–25%. These results show that newly synthesized RNAs are utilized for protein synthesis at characteristic rates soon after they are synthesized during early embryonic development. On the basis of the data presented here and elsewhere we discuss quantitative aspects of the utilization of newly synthesized and maternal RNAs during early embryogenesis.
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  • 23
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    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 283-286 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Transport ; Amino acids ; Valine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 14C-l-Valine uptake by intestinal segments of mice of various ages, ranging between 20-day fetuses and adults, was studied in vitro. 1 mMl-Valine was accumulated against a concentration gradient by processes which showed saturation kinetics. There appeared to be a two-fold increase ofl-valine accumulation after the 2nd postnatal day and a three-fold increase in adult mice. Fetal transport of valine only occurred at pH 7.4 but was not Na+ dependent. In contrast, valine transport became increasingly Na+ dependent and the pH optimum widened, ranging between 5–8. A series of amino acids, including representatives of the imino acid and dibasic groups, failed to inhibit valine uptake while leucine and isoleucine manifested mutual inhibition with valine. It is speculated that in the mouse intestine,l-valine is transported by at least two mechanisms, one functioning in the fetus, not requiring Na+, but pH dependent and another which developes postnatally, is Na-dependent and functions over a wide pH optimum.
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  • 24
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 114-116 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Transport ; pituitary ; pancreas ; intraglandular colloid ; radiolabeling ; autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bovine pituitary intraglandular colloid thought to be a waste product, is the holocrine secretion of intermediate lobe cells. It is housed in the intraglandular lumen (residual lumen) and is extruded into the venous circulation of the cavernous sinuses via clefts in the capsule of the gland aligned with the intraglandular lumen. Intraglandular colloid, fraction F5 (mol.wt 34,000), radiolabeled with (125I)Na and injected (0.15 ml) into the right internal jugular vein of male Wistar rats, accumulated in the endocrine pancreas. Autoradiographs showed that the material had specifically localized in the capillary network of the endocrine pancreas. Since the intermediate lobe is poorly vascularized, intraglandular colloid is considered to be the transport medium for intermediate lobe materials.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: 1α-Hydroxy vitamin D3 ; 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 ; Calcium ; Transport ; Intestine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The timed sequence of events following the oral administration of 1α-hydroxy vitamin D3 (1αOHD3) to rachitic chicks was compared to that following a comparable dose of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). RNA polymerase activity was maximally increased 20% by 1αOHD3 within 1 to 2 h and returned to control values after 8 h. Alkaline phosphatase activity was stimulated by 4 h and was maximal (3- to 5-fold increase) at 24 h. Calcium binding protein (CaBP) was detected initially within epithelial cells at the proximal end of the villus (just above the crypt) 6 to 8 h after 1αOHD3 administration, in epithelial cells lining the proximal half of the villus by 24 h, and in epithelial cells along nearly the entire villus by 48 h. At no time did goblet cells contain CaBP. Serum calcium concentrations were significantly elevated in 2 h and maximal by 12 h (an increase of 3.6 mg/dl). Calcium accumulation by the intestinal mucosa in vitro was increased by 6 to 8 h and maximal (60% increase over controls) at 24 h. Phosphate accumulation by the intestinal mucosa in vitro was increased by 6 h and maximal (105% increase over controls) between 8 and 24 h. 1,25(OH)2D3 increased CaBP and calcium accumulation by 4 h, 2 h sooner than did 1αOHD3. 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased serum calcium levels and increased serum phosphate levels at 2 h unlike 1αOHD3. No difference in the effects of these compounds on alkaline phosphatase activity, RNA polymerase activity, and phosphate accumulation could be demonstrated. These results are consistent with the possibility that 1αOHD3 may not require conversion to 1,25(OH)2D3 for all of its biological effects.
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  • 26
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    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 596-603 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Ameloblasts ; X-ray microanalysis ; Transport ; Frozen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis was applied to freeze-dried blocks of enamel organ tissue to determine levels of calcium in various celular regions. The tissue blocks were dissected free from adjacent forming enamel following injection of cobalt or fluoride ions, both of which temporarily inhibit enamel mineralization. In all control and experimental specimens there was an increasing gradient of calcium from the stratum intermedium cells to the distal ends of the ameloblasts. Calcium levels were significantly reduced near the distal ends of the ameloblasts following cobalt or fluoride injection as compared with controls. It is suggested that evidence of an intercellular buildup of calcium near the distal ends of the ameloblast supports a controlling function of these cells. The changes in calcium levels are correlated with alterations in mineralization known to occur in the adjacent enamel of the model systems employed.
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  • 27
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 80-94 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcium ; Metabolism ; Cells ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le contenu moyen en calcium d'une population mixte de cellules osseuses viables, fraichement séparées de la matrice osseuse calcifiée, est de 194,5±7,3 mmoles/kg de poids sec chez le porc et 176,6±8,7 mmoles/kg chez le rat. Le calcium semble intracellulaire. La majorité (90% ou plus) sédimente avec des particules intracellulaires au cours de la centrifugation et le reste se situe dans le liquide cellulaire. Des études cinétiques à l'aide de45Ca indiquent un passage rapide du calcium, en rapport avec la température, à la fois dans les réserves solubles et les particules de calcium d'homogénats de cellules osseuses. Ils indiquent aussi un échange direct entre la phase liquide et les particules, d'une part, et le milieu extracellulaire, d'autre part. Ces échanges se font à une vitesse différente et, probablement, selon des mécanismes différents, la portion comportant les particules étant la plus rapide. Les résultats indiquent que ces dernières pourraient correspondre aux petites granules denses identifiées récemment en microscopie électronique et l'acquisition, le stockage et la libération de calcium de ces compartiments pourraient être importants pour le métabolisme squelettique du calcium.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der mittlere Calciumgehalt einer gemischten Population von lebensfähigen, frisch aus der verkalkten Matrix gewonnenen Knochenzellen betrug beim schwein 194,5±7,3 mmol/kg Naßgewicht und bei der Ratte 176,6±8,7 mmol/kg. Das Calcium scheint intracellulär zu liegen, wobei der größte Teil (90% oder mehr) in einem Zentrifugalfeld leicht mit intracellulären Partikeln sedimentiert, während die Zellflüssigkeit im Gleichgewicht bleibt. Kinetische Studien mittels45Ca zeigen einen raschen, temperaturabhängigen Umbau von Calcium sowohl im löslichen als auch im unlöslichen Calcium-Pool von Knochenzellhomogenaten, ferner einen direkten Austausch zwischen jedem Pool und dem extracellulären Medium, wobei jeder mit verschiedenen Geschwindigkeiten und wahrscheinlich durch verschiedene Mechanismen abläuft, wobei der unlösliche Pool der raschere ist. Diese Resultate lassen vermuten, daß der unlösliche Pool den kleinen dichten Granula entsprechen könnte, welche kürzlich durch Elektronnmikroskopie in Knochenzellen identifiziert wurden, und daß die Aufnahme, Lagerung und Abgabe des Calciums aus diesen Speichern für den Skelet-Calcium-Metabolismus wichtig sein könnte.
    Notes: Abstract The mean calcium content of a mixed population of viable bone cells freshly separated from the calcified bone matrix has been found to be 194.5±7.3 mmoles/kg wet weight in pigs and 176.6±8.7mmoles/kg in rats. The calcium appears to be intracellular, the major portion (90% or more) sedimenting readily with intracellular particles in a centrifugal field and the balance being largely in the cell sap. Kinetic studies using45Ca indicate rapid temperature-dependent turnover of the calcium in both soluble and particulate calcium pools of bone cell homogenates and a direct exchange between each pool and the extracellular medium, each occurring at a different rate and possibly by different mechanisms, the particulate pool being the more rapid. These data suggest that the particulate pool may correspond to the small dense granules recently identified in bone cells by electron microscopy and that the uptake, storage and release of calcium from these stores may be important in skeletal calcium metabolism.
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  • 28
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 113-115 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Vitamin D3 ; Carbon Tetrachloride ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On note un passage d'ions calcium à travers une solution aqueuse de tétrachlorure de carbone contenant de la vitamine D3: ce passage est accéléré par un anion orthophosphate. En l'absence de vitamine D3 aucun déplacement ne se produit. Dans ce système, la vitamine D3 semble agir comme un agent d'émulsion et cette propriété de la vitamine D3 semble être responsable du passage du Ca2+ à travers l'interface eau-tétrachlorure de carbone.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Transport der Calciumionen aus einer wäßrigen Lösung findet in Vitamin D3 enthaltendem Tetrachlorkohlenstoff statt und wird durch Orthophosphat-Anionen beschleunigt. Wenn Vitamin D3 fehlt, erfolgt kein Transport. In diesem Versuchssystem scheint Vitamin D3 eine emulgierende Wirkung zu haben. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß der Transport von Ca2+ durch die Oberfläche zwischen Wasser und Tetrachlorkohlenstoff auf dieser Eigenschaft von Vitamin D3 beruht.
    Notes: Abstract Dassage of calcium ion occurs from aqueous solution through carbon tetrachloride containing vitamin D3, and is accelerated by orthophosphate anion. No movement occurs when vitamin D3 is absent. In this sytem vitamin D3 appears to act as an emulsifying agent, and this property of vitamin D3 is proposed to account for movement of Ca2+ across the water-carbon tetrachloride interface.
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  • 29
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    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 43-48 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Phosphatidylserine ; Transport ; Mineralization
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Experiments were performed to study the effect of inorganic phosphate (Pi) on phosphatidylserine-mediated Ca2+ transport utilizing two- and three-compartment lipid-aqueous phase model systems. When the three-compartment model was used, the rate of Ca2+ transport from an aqueous donor compartment to an aqueous receiver compartment, separated by a nonaqueous phospholipid phase, was determined. This experiment showed that the rate of Ca2+ transport was proportional to the phosphatidylserine concentration and the pH. Pi modulated the rate of Ca2+ transport; even when the Pi concentration of the donor aqueous phase was low, there was a marked enhancement of transport. To determine whether the Pi-mediated rise in the Ca2+ transport rate was due to an increase in the uptake of Ca2+ into the lipid phase, or to an increase in the ability of the lipid phase to release Ca2+, a two-compartment model was used. It was found that the ability of the phosphatidylserine phase to take up Ca2+ increased as the Pi concentration of the aqueous donor phase was raised. With the increase in Ca2+ uptake there was a concomitant elevation in the rate of Ca2+ transport into an aqueous receiver phase. However, Pi did not stimulate Ca2+ release from the phosphatide. Thus it was concluded that Pi enhanced the interaction between Ca2+ and phosphatidylserine, possibly by forming a Ca-phospholipid-Pi complex. Once this interaction had taken place, Ca2+ release into the aqueous receiver compartment was independent of the Pi concentration.
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  • 30
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    Planta 182 (1990), S. 253-261 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cytosol ; Metabolite ; Photosynthesis ; pH regulation ; Transport ; Vacuoles
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Illumination of leaves of C3 plants caused cytosolic alkalization and vacuolar acidification in the mesophyll cells. Both phenomena were particularly pronounced when CO2 was absent, were suppressed by CO2, and were related to the activation state of the photosynthetic apparatus. The cytosolic alkalization reaction has at least two major components. Trivalent cytosolic phosphoglycerate must be protonated before it can be transferred into the chloroplasts for reduction. Pumping of protons from the cytosol into the vacuole also contributes to cytosolic alkalization. The dependence of light scattering by chloroplast thylakoids on the energy fluence rate was closely related to that of vacuolar acidification under different conditions for chloroplast energization. This indicates (i) transport of energy from the chloroplasts to the cytosol in the light and (ii) use of this energy for the transport of protons into the vacuoles. The light-dependent vacuolar acidification is interpreted to be caused by the increase in the activity of a proton-translocating enzyme of the tonoplast. The decrease of vacuolar acidification during photosynthetic carbon reduction or photorespiration is indicative of decreased cytosolic energization. In low light, the light-dependent vacuolar acidification was stimulated in the absence of CO2 when photorespiration was inhibited. The data do not support the view that photorespiration is capable of increasing the cytosolic energy state in the light.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Auxin ; Cell elongation ; Ethylene ; Mechanical excitation ; Regnellidium ; Transport
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cell elongation in the rachis of the semiaquatic fern Regnellidium diphyllum is induced by the addition of ethylene or indoleacetic acid (IAA). Experiments with whole plants or rachis segments have shown that ethylene-induced growth requires the presence of auxin. Ethylene does not cause a modification in either endogenous auxin levels or in the extent of auxin metabolism but auxin transport is reduced. Rates of ethylene production in Regnellidium are not altered by either mechanical excitation or by the addition of auxin. A two-hormone control of cell expansion is proposed in which an initial, auxin-dependent growth event pre-conditions the cells to a further subsequent (or synchronous) ethylene-dependent growth event.
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  • 32
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    Planta 150 (1980), S. 312-320 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Abscisic acid ; Carrier (ABA) ; Geotropism ; Phaseolus ; Roots ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. We investigated the pH and concentration dependence of abscisic acid uptake by short segments taken from different zones along the length of primary roots of Phaseolus coccineus L. (Runner bean). Tissue from all regions studied, up to and including the zone of lateral root initiation showed a non-saturable uptake component identifiable with passive diffusion of the undissociated species of abscisic acid. The net uptake increased through the elongation zone towards the apex, perhaps principally due to the increasing relation volume of cytoplasm (pH value 7-8; cf pH 4-6 for vacuole) acting as an anion trap. A saturable uptake component, Km=2.6±0.8 μmol dm-3, is restricted to the apical 4–6 mm of the root (including lateral roots), is not of metabolic origin, and is likely to be a carrier. 2. No polarity of transport could be detected using donor blocks containing [2-14C]abscisic acid applied to 15 mm or 40 mm segments whose apical 10 mm had been removed; if the elongation zone were present in the test segments, a distribution of radioactivity that might be expected from acropetal polarity was obtained, but which may simply be accounted for by the greater uptake capacity of the elongating, relatively unvacuolated cells in the extending region of the root.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Autoradiography ; Chloramphenicol ; Phaseolus ; Plastids ; Protein synthesis ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leaf discs from etiolated bean plants were found to incorporate [3H]lysine into 80 S ribosomesynthesized proteins in the presence of chloramphenicol (100 mg l−1) when exposed to light. After a 7 min pulse of [3H]lysine, the discs were transferred to the same medium but with nonradioactive lysine, and postincubation was carried out for 24 h. The number of silver grains over the plastids, after the first period of a lag phase, indicates a large increase between 12 and 24 h of postincubation. Simultaneously, the labeling of the cytoplasm becomes reduced during that period. The results show that during inhibition of the protein formation within plastids, the synthesis of plastid-destined proteins in cytoplasm, as well as their transport into plastids, can still proceed.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Cynoglossum officinale ; Pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; Induced defences ; Genetic variation ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The constitutive pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) concentration of both shoots and roots differed significantly between 17 selfed families. The broad-sense heritability accounted for 33–43% of the variation in PA levels. Families also differed significantly in the amount and the direction of PA induction in both shoots and roots, 24 h after punching 15 holes in the leaves. We found a significantly negative relationship between the changes in PA content of the shoots and changes in PA content of the roots. The total PA content of the plants did not increase. We thus concluded that changes in PA distribution over the plant resulted from transport of PAs within the plant. The direction of transport differed between families: some transported PAs to the shoots, others to the roots. This makes it questionable whether PAs act as damage-induced defences. The effect of damage on the PA concentration is far less than the differences found between families in the constitutive PA concentration. This again strongly suggests that damage-induced defences inCynoglossum officinale do not play an important role. We argue that the general lack of attention that is given to genotype in induction experiments, has led to false conclusions.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Transport ; Water movement ; Soil columns ; Pseudomonas fluorescens ; Genetically engineered microorganisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Vertical translocation of the introduced transposon Tn5-tagged Pseudomonas fluorescens cells was studies after irrigation of 50-cm long soil columns of loamy sand. The soil in the columns was slowly brought to saturation using groundwater, and enough water was then slowly added to permit collection of the percolated water. Introduced bacteria were transported to lower soil layers to a significantly higher degree in undisturbed soil cores than in repacked cores; water transport was hampered in both core types due to high soil bulk densities. Soil bulk density affected the degree of transport of the introduced cells; progressively more cells were translocated to deeper soil layers and into the percolation water at decreasing soil bulk densities. Repeated percolation of soil at a bulk density of 1.25 caused an increase in Tn5-tagged cell numbers in the lower soil layers and in the percolated water. Further, cells initially introduced into a dry (5.3% moisture) soil were translocated to a lesser extent than cells introduced into a wetter (13% moisture) soil. Finally, wheat roots enhanced the water-induced transport of introduced cells to the 40- and 50-cm deep soil layers and into the effluent, but not to the remaining soil layers. Large soil columns such as those used in the present study are useful in assessing the transport and survival of introduced bacterial cells in soils under a variety of simulated environmental conditions.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil column microcosms ; Genetically modified micro-organisms ; Pseudomonas fluorescens ; Transport ; Water movement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of soil temperature and bulk soil pH on the vertical translocation of a genetically modified Pseudomonas fluorescens inoculum were studied in reconstituted soil microcosms, in the presence and absence of growing Lolium perenne roots. The inoculated microcosms received one rainfall event per day (5 mm h-1 for 6 h) for 5 days and the resulting leachate was quantitatively assayed for the presence of the modified pseudomonad. Soil temperature affected the total number of modified pseudomonads detected in the leachate over the 5 days, with significantly lower numbers detected at 25°C compared to 5°C. The bulk soil pH also affected leaching of the inoculum, with significantly greater numbers detected in the effluent at pH 7.5 than at pH 4.5. In the absence of L. perenne, greater numbers of the modified pseudomonads were detected in the pH 7.5 soil after 5 days of leaching compared to soil at pH 4.5. L. perenne roots decreased the number of cells of the inoculum that were leached and detected in the soil after 5 days of leaching. In the soil microcosms used for the pH study the distribution of the inoculum remaining with the soil was altered by L. perenne roots. At each pH value the proportion of cells detected within the soil below the surface 2 cm of the microcosms was greater in the presence of L. perenne roots. The results of this study indicate that soil temperature, bulk soil pH, and the presence of root systems are important factors in determining the extent of inoculum translocation, and should be considered in the design and interpretation of field experiments.
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  • 37
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    Archives of microbiology 97 (1974), S. 51-62 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Crithidia fasciculata ; Biopterin ; D-Glucose ; D-Galactose ; Na+-K+-α-Naphthyl Acetic Acid ; 2,4-Dinitrophenol ; Proton Excretion ; Transport
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Biopterin uptake by Crithidia fasciculata is pH dependent with optimum at pH 6 and is strongly inhibited by 0.5 mM NAA and DNP,respectively. Both inhibitors also reduce respiration by 40% (NAA) and 97% (DNP). K+-ions (1.1%) and K+/Na+ (0.5% each) stimulate biopterin uptake to the same high extent, but ouabain has no effect, thereby ruling out involvement of Na+/K+ pump. In absence of these ions, even in 5% glucose solution biopterin uptake is reduced to minimum. Proton excretion seems to be linked to sugar uptake. Both these sugars seem to have the same site of entry, demonstrated by competitive uptake, though D-glucose is taken up much faster by Crithidia than D-galactose. DNP (0.5 mM) causes greater proton excretion in glucose than in galactose medium. With NAA (0.5 mM) proton excretion is inhibited in both glucose and galactose media. D-glucose promotes greater biopterin uptake than D-galactose.
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  • 38
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    Archives of microbiology 97 (1974), S. 103-114 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Diatom ; Nitzchia alba ; Silicic Acid ; Transport ; Metabolism
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. In the heterotrophic diatom, Nitzschia alba, 31Si(OH)4 appears to be transported by a carrier-mediated membrane transport system which conforms to Michaelis-Menten type saturation kinetics with a K s of 4.5×10-6M and a V max of 3.35 gmmoles/g wet wt/min at 30°C. A Q10 of 2.0 was calculated from rates of silicic acid uptake at 20°C and 30°C. Calculations from the same data showed that energy of activation for uptake is 12.1 Kcal/mole. Optimum pH for transport is broad, ranging between 6 and 9. 2. During pulse-labelling with 31Si(OH)4, the label increases in the cytoplasm more rapidly than in the cell wall, indicating the build-up of a cytoplasmic pool of silicic acid or its derivatives, and suggesting a possible chemical transformation of silicic acid in the cytoplasm. The concentration of 31Si in the cytoplasm reaches 30 to 40 times the external concentration, but the accumulated 31Si does not flow out into a Si-free medium or exchange with non-radioative Si(OH)4. 3. The metabolic inhibitors DNP, CCCP, iodoacetamide, azide, and antimycin A strongly inhibit the uptake of silicic acid by 90–97%, whereas the ionophorous compounds, nigericin and valinomycin, have no effect. 4. Inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide inhibits silicic acid uptake by 50–70%. 5. Germanic acid, an inhibitor of diatom growth, inhibits silicic acid uptake; the K i is 2.2×10-6. 6. Sub-cellular fractionation of cells exposed to 31Si(OH)4 for 10 min showed that 90% of the label is in the cell wall; the remaining 10% is distributed in various cytoplasmic fractions including the “soluble fraction”. 7. The data demonstrate that metabolic energy is required for net uptake of silicic acid by N. alba cells, and suggest that an active transport system may be involved. The possible role and nature of the silicic acid pool are discussed.
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  • 39
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    European biophysics journal 26 (1997), S. 471-476 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Key words Ion channel ; Transport ; Polymers ; Hydration ; Water structure ; Alpha hemolysin ; Poly(ethylene glycol)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Electrostatic potentials created by fixed or induced charges regulate many cellular phenomena including the rate of ion transport through proteinaceous ion channels. Nanometer-scale pores of these channels also play a critical role in the transport of charged and neutral macromolecules. We demonstrate here that, surprisingly, changing the charge state of a channel markedly alters the ability of nonelectrolyte polymers to enter the channel's pore. Specifically, we show that the partitioning of differently-sized linear nonelectrolyte polymers of ethylene glycol into the Staphylococcus aureus α-hemolysin channel is altered by the solution pH. Protonating some of the channel side chains decreases the characteristic polymer size (molecular weight) that can enter the pore by ∼25% but increases the ionic current by ∼15%. Thus, the “steric” and “electric” size of the channel change in opposite directions. The results suggest that effects due to polymer and channel hydration are crucial for polymer transport through such pores.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeasts ; Sugars ; d-Glucose ; 2-Deoxy-d-glucose ; Pichia pinus ; Transport ; Starvation ; Exponential growth ; Methodology ; Candida utilis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Rhodosporidium toruloides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Some methods for measuring the uptake of sugars by yeasts were investigated critically. A study was made of the effects of starvation of Pichia pinus, Candida utilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhodosporidium toruloides on their uptake of d-glucose and 2-deoxy-d-glucose. Marked changes in the rates of uptake of these sugars occurred during 10 h of starvation, including (a) an immediate increase of up to 75% above that for growing cells and (b) a continuous decline to as little as 4%. Each yeast behaved differently. The rates did not remain constant during the periods of starvation often used for studies on the transport of sugars into yeasts. For Pichia pinus, there were striking differences, associated with starvation, between the transport of 2-deoxy-d-glucose and d-glucose, despite evidence that the two sugars enter this yeast by means of the same carrier. Some physiological explanations for these findings are discussed.
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  • 41
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    Archives of microbiology 128 (1980), S. 196-203 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Streptozotocin ; Antibiotic ; Transport ; Toxic derivatives ; DNA-damages
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The antibiotic streptozotocin under a variety of growth conditions rapidly and irreversibly inactivates the capacity to divide or to form colonies of a series of sensitive bacteria, containing the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar-phosphotransferase system. Cells can be sensitized towards the drug by pregrowth in N-acetyl-glucosamine and can be protected by adding this amino-glucoside to the medium. Starvation for energy, especially for phosphoenolpyruvate, or prevention of the induction of a transport system involved in streptozotocin uptake will protect the cells, while a block in protein synthesis does not. The killed cells neither lyse, nor are they transformed into spheroplasts. At first, the capacity of such “dead” cells to respire, to swim actively or to keep the cytoplasmic membrane impermeable for small molecules remains intact. Their capacity for over-all RNA and protein synthesis, and for carbohydrate and amino acid uptake by facilitated diffusion or active transport is not affected. However, they loose rapidly their ability to take up carbohydrates by the phospheonolpyruvate dependent process of group translocation or to synthesize inducible enzymes, e.g. the enzyme β-galactosidase. These inhibitory effects apparently are caused by the accumulation of phosphorylated, toxic derivates of the antibiotic and eventually lead to a pronounced bacteriostasis. Killing of the cells seems to be caused by a direct effect of the strongly mutagenic drug on replicating DNA.
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  • 42
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    Archives of microbiology 128 (1981), S. 307-310 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Amphidinium carterae ; Amphidinium klebsii ; Gymnodinium microadriaticum ; Phosphate uptake ; Transport ; Dinoflagellates
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Uptake of phosphate in the light by Amphidinium carterae, Amphidinium klebsii, cultured and symbiotic Gymnodinium microadriaticum conformed to Michaelis-Menten type saturation kinetics with all organisms showing similar K m values, namely 0.005 to 0.016 μM phosphorus. V max values were 0.009–0.32 nmol phosphorus · 105 cells-1 · 10 min-1. Phosphate uptake by all the dinoflagellates was greater in the dark than in the light. The metabolic inhibitor 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) 1,1-dimethylurea stimulated phosphate uptake in the light by A. carterae and A. klebsii, but inhibited uptake by cultured and symbiotic G. microadriaticum. Carbonylcyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) inhibited phosphate uptake by A. carterae and A. klebsii under both light and dark conditions. Uptake of phosphate by cultured and symbiotic G. microadriaticum in the light, but not in the dark, was inhibited by CCCP. Low concentrations of arsenate (5 μg As · l-1) stimulated phosphate by A. carterae and A. klebsii, but inhibited uptake by cultured and symbiotic G. microadriaticum. High concentrations of arsenate (100 μg As · l-1) did not affect uptake of phosphate by A. carterae and A. klebsii.
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  • 43
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    Archives of microbiology 128 (1981), S. 320-324 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeasts ; Amines ; C1-compounds ; Amine oxidase ; Transport ; Peroxisomes
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 461 Strains of the yeast collection of the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS) were screened for their ability to utilize 9 different amines as a sole carbon and energy source and/or as nitrogen source. A miniaturized technique with microtiter plates was used. None of the primary and methylated amines tested (i.e. methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, tetramethylammonium chloride, choline, ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine and benzylamine) were utilized as a carbon and energy source, although the majority of yeasts (86%) were able to utilize one or more of these compounds as a nitrogen source. The ability to utilize ethylamine and higher homologues occurred more frequently than the ability to utilize methylated amines. In almost all genera the utilization of primary and methylated amines was found, with utilizing and non-utilizing species occurring within a genus. The occurrence of specific assimilation patterns of amine utilization among yeasts and the inability of these organisms to utilize amines as a carbon and energy source is discussed.
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  • 44
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    Archives of microbiology 101 (1974), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Transport ; Germanic Acid ; Silicic Acid ; Diatoms ; Nitzschia alba
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    Notes: Abstract 1. In silicic acid-starved cells of the diatom Nitzschia alba, 68Ge(OH)4 is transported against a concentration gradient, leading to intracellular concentrations of germanic acid up to 3500 times greater than the exogenous concentrations. The accumulated substrate is osmotically active, as determined by its efflux into germanic acid-free medium. 2. Metabolic energy is required for Ge(OH)4 transport, since uptake is completely inhibited by 1 mM DNP, 5×10-2 M sodium azide or 1 mM iodacetamide, and is strongly inhibited by CCCP and antimycin A. Inhibition of protein synthesis with 20 μg/ml cycloheximide does not affect the initial velocity of transport, but strongly reduces the steady state intracellular concentration. 3. A double reciprocal plot of uptake velocity versus substrate concentration yields a biphasic curve. The kinetic data are consistent with the interpretation that N. alba has two transport systems for germanic acid; a high affinity-low capacity (K s=0.36 μM; V max 1.2 μmoles/108 cells/min) system and a low affinity-high capacity (K s=5 μM; V max 6.2 μmoles/108 cells/min) system. 4. The implications of these findings for silicic acid transport and metabolism in N. alba are discussed.
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  • 45
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    Archives of microbiology 162 (1994), S. 205-210 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Listeria monocytogenes ; Glycine-betaine ; Osmoprotectants ; Transport
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    Notes: Abstract Uptake of [14C]glycine-betaine by Listeria monocytogenes was stimulated by NaCl with optimal stimulation at 0.4–0.5 M. The glycine-betaine transport system had a K m of 22 μM and a V max of 11.7 nmol-1 min-1 mg-1 protein when grown in the absence of NaCl. When grown in the presence of 0.8 M NaCl the V max increased to 27.0 nmol-1 min-1 mg-1 protein in 0.8 M NaCl. At NaCl concentrations above 0.5 M the uptake rate of glycine-betaine was reduced. Measurement of intracellular K+ concentrations and fluorescent dye quenching indicated that higher NaCl concentrations also led to a decrease in the electrochemical potential difference across the cytoplasmic membrane. Uptake of glycine was also observed, but this was not stimulated by NaCl.
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  • 46
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    Archives of microbiology 162 (1994), S. 205-210 
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    Keywords: Key words     Listeria monocytogenes ; Glycine-betaine ; Osmoprotectants ; Transport
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    Notes: Abstract      Uptake of [14C]glycine-betaine by Listeria monocytogenes was stimulated by NaCl with optimal stimulation at 0.4–0.5 M. The glycine-betaine transport system had a K m of 22 μM and a V max of 11.7 nmol–1 min–1 mg–1 protein when grown in the absence of NaCl. When grown in the presence of 0.8 M NaCl the V max increased to 27.0 nmol–1 min–1 mg–1 protein in 0.8 M NaCl. At NaCl concentrations above 0.5 M the uptake rate of glycine-betaine was reduced. Measurement of intracellular K+ concentrations and fluorescent dye quenching indicated that higher NaCl concentrations also led to a decrease in the electrochemical potential difference across the cytoplasmic membrane. Uptake of glycine was also observed, but this was not stimulated by NaCl.
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  • 47
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    Archives of microbiology 165 (1996), S. 1-8 
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    Keywords: Key wordsEscherichia coli ; ATPase ; Energetics ; Membrane protein ; Protein folding ; Sec Proteins ; Transport
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    Notes: Abstract Translocation of precursor proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane in bacteria is mediated by a multi-subunit protein complex termed translocase, which consists of the integral membrane heterotrimer SecYEG and the peripheral homodimeric ATPase SecA. Preproteins are bound by the cytosolic molecular chaperone SecB and targeted in a complex with SecA to the translocation site at the cytoplasmic membrane. This interaction with SecYEG allows the SecA/preprotein complex to insert into the membrane by binding of ATP to the high affinity nucleotide binding site of SecA. At that stage, presumably recognition and proofreading of the signal sequence occurs. Hydrolysis of ATP causes the release of the preprotein in the translocation channel and drives the withdrawal of SecA from the membrane-integrated state. Hydrolysis of ATP at the low-affinity nucleotide binding site of SecA converts the protein into a compact conformational state and releases it from the membrane. In the absence of the proton motive force, SecA is able to complete the translocation stepwise by multiple nucleotide modulated cycles.
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  • 48
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    Archives of microbiology 111 (1976), S. 151-154 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Transport ; Monosaccharides ; Rhodotorula glutinis ; pH ; Cooperativity
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    Notes: Abstract By using d-glucose, d-xylose, d-galactose and d-fructose in the strictly aerobic yeast Rhodotorula glutinis and by comparing the half-saturation constants with inhibition constants the yeast was shown to possess a single common system for d-xylose and d-galactose (K m's and K i's all between 0.5 and 1.1 mM) but another distinct transport system for d-fructose. The transport of d-glucose has a special position in that glucose blocks apparently allotopically all the other systems observed although it uses at least one of them for its own transport. The different character of d-glucose uptake is underlined by its relative independence of pH (its “K m” is completely pH-insensitive) in contrast with all other sugars. At low concentrations, all sugars show mutual positive cooperativity in uptake, suggesting at least two transport sites plus possibly a modifier site on the carrier.
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  • 49
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    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 238-239 
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    Keywords: Rhizobium ; Disaccharide ; Bacteroid ; Transport ; Nitrogen fixation
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    Notes: Abstract Slow growing strains of rhizobia appear to lack both uptake systems and catabolic enzymes for disaccharides. In the fast-growing strains of rhizobia there are uptake mechanisms and catabolic enzymes for disaccharide metabolism. In Rhizobium leguminosarum WU 163 and WU235 and R. trifolii WU290, sucrose and maltose uptake appears to be constitutive whereas in R. meliloti WU60 and in cowpea Rhizobium NGR234 uptake of these disaccharides is inducible. There is evidence that there are at least two distinct disaccharide uptake systems in fast-growing rhizobia, one transporting sucrose, maltose and trehalose and the other, lactose. Disaccharide uptake is via an active process since uptake is inhibited by azide, dinitrophenol and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone but not by arsenate. Bacteroids of R. leguminosarum WU235 and R. lupini WU8 are unable to accumulate disaccharides.
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  • 50
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    Archives of microbiology 137 (1984), S. 70-73 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Transport ; Trehalose ; Escherichia coli ; Salmonella typhimurium ; Trehalase ; Trehalose 6-phosphate hydrolase ; Phosphoenolpyruvate:trehalose phosphotransferase system
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    Notes: Abstract The metabolism of trehalose in wild type cells of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium has been investigated. Intact cells of Escherichia coli (grown on trehalose) accumulated [14C]-trehalose as [14C]-trehalose 6-phosphate. Toluene-treated cells catalyzed the synthesis of the [14C]-sugar phosphate from [14C]-trehalose and phosphoenolpyruvate; ATP did not serve as phosphoryl donor. Trehalose 6-phosphate could subsequently be hydrolyzed by trehalose 6-phosphate hydrolase, an enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the disaccharide phosphate into glucose and glucose 6-phosphate. Both Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium induced this enzyme when they grew on trehalose. These findings suggest that trehalose is transported in these bacteria by an inducible phosphoenolpyruvate:trehalose phosphotransferase system. The presence of a constitutive trehalase was also detected.
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  • 51
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    Archives of microbiology 125 (1980), S. 153-158 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Aspergillus nidulans ; Acid phosphatase ; GABA-uptake ; Exoenzyme ; Transport ; Periplasm ; Permease ; γ-Amino-n-butyrate
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    Notes: Abstract Previously published work from another laboratory has shown that the mutation pacC-5 in the ascomycete Aspergillus nidulans leads to loss of an acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) activity and is probably located in the structural gene for this enzyme. Here, we show that, pleiotropically, pacC-5 considerably reduces γ-amino-n-butyrate transport levels as shown both by direct uptake measurements and two kinds of growth tests. A reduction in expression of the permease specified by the gabA gene is almost certainly reponsible for the γ-amino-n-butyrate uptake defect in pacC-5 strains. pacC-5 does not reduce l-proline uptake, mainly mediated by the prnB permease, or β-alanine uptake. This work and our previously published results suggest that, although it does not uniquely reduce γ-amino-n-butyrate uptake, pacC-5 is highly selective in its effects on transport processes. It is therefore probable that the acid phosphatase specified by the pacC gene plays some rôle in the synthesis, membrane integration or functioning of a particular class of permeases. A rôle for acid phosphatases in membrane processes casts an intriguing new light on the fact that these enzymes are periplasmic and extracellular in many micro-organisms including A. nidulans.
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  • 52
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    Keywords: Aphanothece halophytica ; Cyanobacteria ; Glycine betaine ; Halotolerance ; Osmotic stress ; Transport
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    Notes: Abstract Uptake of exogenous 14C-glycine betaine has been followed in the cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica and other species able to synthesise glycine betaine in response to osmotic stress. At 1 mmol dm−3 uptake was rapid (flux rate=29.50 nmol m−2 s−1), equilibrating at an internal concentration of 120 mmol dm−3 within 30 min. This rapid uptake, coupled with high internal accumulation, was characteristic of glycine betaine-synthesising cyanobacteria only. The 14C-glycine betaine transported was not catabolised. Kinetic studies indicated a Michaelis-Menten type relationship (K m=2.0 μmol dm−3, V max=45 nmol min−1 mm−3 cell volume), with a pH optimum of 8.0–8.5. Darkness dramatically decreased the flux rate. Higher 14C-glycine betaine levels occurred in cells growth in medium of elevated osmotic strength, and glycine betaine uptake was sensitive to changes in external salinity. A relationship between Na+ availability and glycine betaine uptake was observed, with 〉80 mmol dm−3 Na+ required for optimal stimulation of uptake in seawater-grown cells. Severe hyperosmotic stress (1000 mmol dm−3 NaCl) reduced the rate of glycine betaine uptake but increased internal glycine betaine concentration at equilibrium. Hypo-osmotic stress caused a decline in the internal glycine betaine concentration due to an increased rate of loss, indicating that the efflux system was also sensitive to ambient salinity changes. It is envisaged that this active transport system may be an adaptive mechanism in halophilic glycine betaine-synthesising cyanobacteria.
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  • 53
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    Archives of microbiology 148 (1987), S. 29-33 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Pilobolus ; Cyclic AMP ; Spores ; Glucose ; 6-Deoxyglucose ; Transport ; Germination ; Activation
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    Notes: Abstract Pilobolus longipes spores were activated by either glucose or 6-deoxyglucose. Glucose-induced spore activation was previously shown to follow an increase in intracellular cyclic AMP. Concurrent with glucose-induced spore activation, were shifts in 6-deoxyglucose transport kinetics towards higher V max and K m values. Cyclic AMP derivatives also caused spore activation and similar changes in the kinetic parameters of 6-deoxyglucose transport. The time course of activation was paralleled by changes in transport activity. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase alone did not cause activation or induce changes in transport activity, but in combination with sub-optimal levels of either 6-deoxyglucose or cAMP derivatives, it amplified the germination signals to produce large increases in both spore activation and 6-deoxyglucose transport activity. These results support the conclusion that glucose transport in germinating spores is regulated by cAMP.
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  • 54
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    Archives of microbiology 151 (1989), S. 342-347 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Amino acid ; Carrier ; Corynebacterium glutamicum ; Efflux ; Glutamate ; Kinetics ; Membrane ; Secretion ; Transport
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    Notes: Abstract Corynebacterium glutamicum effectively secretes L-glutamate when growing under biotin limitation. The secretion of glutamate was studied with respect to kinetic and energetic parameters: rate of glutamate uptake and efflux, specificity of transport, dependence of efflux on the energy state of the cell, concentration gradient of glutamate and ions, and membrane potential. By comparing these parameters when measured in biotin-limited, i.e. “producer” cells, and biotin-supplemented, i.e. “non-producer” cells, respectively, the following conclusions could be drawn: 1. The efflux of L-glutamate in C. glutamicum cannot be explained by passive permeation of this amino acid through the plasma membrane, as it has been assumed in the generally accepted model of glutamate secretion in biotin-limited cells. 2. It is unlikely that the efflux of glutamate occurs via an inversion of the glutamate uptake system. 3. Based on our results concerning the specificity and the kinetics of glutamate transport as well as the observed regulation phenomena, we conclude that secretion of glutamate in C. glutamicum occurs by a special efflux carrier system.
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  • 55
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    Archives of microbiology 152 (1989), S. 430-436 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Phosphate ; Phosphite ; Transport ; Fungicide ; Competitive inhibition ; Phytophthora
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    Notes: Abstract Germlings of Phytophthora palmivora possess at least two systems for the uptake of inorganic phosphate (Pi). The first is synthesized on germination in medium containing 50 μM Pi and has a Km of approx. 30 μM (Vmax=7–9 nmol Pi/h·106 cells). The second is synthesized under conditions of Pi-deprivation and has a higher affinity for Pi (Km=1–2 μM), but a lower Vmax (0.5–2 nmol Pi/h·106 cells). The fungicide phosphite likewise enters the germlings via two different transport systems, the synthesis of which also depends on the concentration of Pi in the medium. The Km of the lower affinity system is 3 mM (Vmax=20 nmol phosphite/h·106 cells) and that of the higher affinity system is 0.6 mM (Vmax=12 nmol/h·106 cells). Pi and phosphite are competitive inhibitors for each other's transport in both systems. However, whereas mM concentrations of phosphite are necessary to inhibit Pi transport, only μM concentrations of Pi are required to inhibit phosphite transport. A third system of uptake for Pi also exists, since when phosphate-deprived cells are presented with mM concentrations of Pi, they transport the anion at a very high rate (around 100 nmol/h·106 cells). High rates of transport of phosphite are also observed when these cells are presented with mM concentrations of this anion.
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  • 56
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    Archives of microbiology 151 (1989), S. 143-148 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rhizobium meliloti ; Proline betaine ; Transport ; Catabolism ; Osmotic stress
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    Notes: Abstract Exogenous proline betaine (N,N-dimethylproline or stachydrine) highly stimulated the growth rate of Rhizobium meliloti, in media of inhibitory concentration of NaCl whereas proline was ineffective. High levels of proline betaine uptake occurred in cells grown in media of elevated osmotic strength; on the contrary, only low activity was found in cells grown in minimal medium. The apparent K m was 10 μM with a maximal transport rate of 25 nmol min-1 mg-1 of protein in 0.3 M NaCl-grown cells. The concentrative transport was totally abolished by KCN (2 mM), 2,4-dinitrophenol (2 mM), and carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP 10 μM) but was insensitive to arsenate (5 mM). Glycine betaine was a very potent inhibitor of proline betaine uptake while proline was not. Proline betaine transport was not reduced in osmotically shocked cells and no proline betaine binding activity was detected in the crude periplasmic shock fluid. In the absence of salt stress, Rhizobium meliloti actively catabolized proline betaine but this catabolism was blocked by increasing the osmotic strength of the medium. The osmolarity in the growth medium regulates the use of proline betaine either as a carbon and nitrogen source or as an osmoprotectant.
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  • 57
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    Keywords: Osmoprotectants ; Choline ; Proline ; Glycine betaine ; 1-Methyl-1-piperidino methane sulfonate (MPMS) ; Transport ; Escherichia coli
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    Notes: Abstract A novel compound, 1-methyl-1-piperidino methane sulfonate (MPMS), was found to block the osmoprotectant activity of choline and L-proline, but not glycine betaine in Escherichia coli. MPMS was more active against salt-sensitive than salt-resistant strains, but had no effect on the salt tolerance of a mutant which was unable to transport choline, glycine betaine and proline. Growth of E. coli in NaCl was inhibited by MPMS and restored by glycine betaine, but not by choline or L-proline. Uptake of radiolabeled glycine betaine, choline or L-proline by cells grown at high osmolarity was not inhibited when MPMS and the radioactive substrates were added simultaneously. Preincubation for 5 min with MPMS reduced the uptake of choline and L-proline, but not glycine betaine. Similar incubation with MPMS had no effect on the uptake of radiolabeled glucose or succinate. The toxicity of MPMS was much lower than that of the L-proline analogues L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid and 3,4-dehydro-DL-proline. The exact mechanism by which MPMS exerts its effect is not entirely clear. MPMS or a metabolite may interfere with the activity of several independent permeases involved in the uptake of osmoprotective compounds, or the conversion of choline to glycine betaine, or effect the expression of some of the osmoregulatory genes.
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  • 58
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    Archives of microbiology 128 (1981), S. 311-319 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Amphidinium carterae ; Amphidinium klebsii ; Gymnodinium microadriaticum ; Sulphate uptake ; Taurine uptake ; Cysteine uptake ; Methionine uptake ; Transport ; Dinoflagellates
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    Notes: Abstract Sulphate uptake by Amphidinium carterae, Amphidinium klebsii and Gymnodinium microadriaticum grown on artificial seawater medium with sulphate, cysteine, methionine or taurine as sulphur source occurred via an active transport system which conformed to Michaelis-Menten type saturation kinetics. Values for K m ranged from 0.18–2.13 mM and V max ranged from 0.2–24.2 nmol · 105 cells−1 · h−1. K m for symbiotic G. microadriaticum was 0.48 mM and V max was 0.2 nmol · 105 cells−1 · h−1. Sulphate uptake was slightly inhibited by chromate and selenate, but not by tungstate, molybdate, sulphite or thiosulphate. Cysteine and methionine (0.1 mM), but not taurine, inhibited sulphate uptake by symbiotic G. microadriaticum, but not by the two species of Amphidinium. Uptake was inhibited 45–97% under both light and dark conditions by carbonylcyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP); under dark conditions sulphate uptake was 40–60% of that observed under light conditions and was little affected by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) 1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU). The uptake of taurine, cysteine and methionine by A. carterae, A. klebsii, cultured and symbiotic G. microadriaticum conformed to Michaelis-Menten type saturation kinetics. K m values of taurine uptake ranged from 1.9–10 mM; for cysteine uptake from 0.6–3.2 mM and methionine from 0.001–0.021 mM. Cysteine induced a taurine uptake system with a K m of 0.3–0.7 mM. Cysteine and methionine uptake by all organisms was largely unaffected by darkness or by DCMU in light or darkness. CCCP significantly inhibited uptake of these amino acids. Thus energy for cysteine and methionine uptake was supplied mainly by respiration. Taurine uptake by A. carterae was independent of light but was inhibited by CCCP, whereas uptake by A. klebsii and symbiotic G. microadriaticum was partially dependent on photosynthetic energy. Taurine uptake by cultured G. microadriaticum was more dependent on photosynthetic energy and was more sensitive to CCCP. Cysteine inhibited uptake of methionine and taurine by cultured and symbiotic G. microadriaticum to a greater extent than in the Amphidinium species. Methionine did not greatly affect taurine uptake, but did inhibit cysteine uptake. Taurine did not affect the uptake of cysteine or methionine.
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  • 59
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    Archives of microbiology 143 (1986), S. 359-364 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rhizobium ; Osmotic stress ; Glycine betaine ; Transport ; Catabolism
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    Notes: Abstract A total of 15 rhizobial strains representing Rhizobium meliloti, Rhizobium japonicum, Rhizobium trifolii, Rhizobium leguminosarum, Rhizobium sp. (Sesbania rostrata) and Rhizobium sp. (Hedysarum coronarium), were studied with regard to growth rate under salt stress in defined liquid media. In the presence of inhibitory concentrations of NaCl, enhancement of growth resulting from added glycine betaine was observed for R. meliloti strains and Rhizobium sp. (Hedysarum coronarium) but not for other Rhizobium species. The concentration of glycine betaine required for maximal growth stimulation was very low (1 mM) in comparison with the osmolarity of the medium. The stimulation was shown to be independent of any specific solutes. Other related compounds like proline betaine, carnitine, choline, γ-butyrobetaine and pipecolate betaine were also effective compounds in restoring the growth rate of cells grown in medium of elevated osmolarity. High rate of glycine betaine uptake was demonstrated in R. meliloti cells grown in media of increased osmotic strength. The intracellular concentration of this solute was found to be 308 mM in 0.3 M NaCl-grown cells and 17 times lower in minimal medium-grown cells. Glycine betaine was used for growth under conditions of low osmolarity but could not serve as sole carbon or nitrogen source in medium of increased osmotic strength. Experiments with [14C]glycine betaine showed that this molecule was not metabolized by cells subjected to osmotic stress, whereas it was rapidly converted to dimethylglycine, sarcosine and glycine in minimal medium-grown cells.
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  • 60
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    Archives of microbiology 105 (1975), S. 295-301 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Sulphate ; Transport ; Metabolism ; Chrysophyceae ; Phytoplankton ; Monochrysis lutheri
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    Notes: Abstract The intracellular concentration of inorganic 35SO4 in Monochrysis lutheri cells exposed to 0.513 mM Na2 35SO4 for up to 6-hr remained constant at about 0.038 mM. The exchange rate of this 35SO4 with the external unlabelled sulphate was negligible compared to the rate of influx across the plasmalemma (0.032 μmoles/g cells/hr). The flux of free 35SO4 to organic 35S was 0.029 μmoles/g cells/hr. Assuming an internal electrical potential in the cells of-70 mV, this intracellular concentration of inorganic 35SO4 was well in excess of that obtainable by passive diffusion as calculated from the Nernst equation. These results indicate that sulphate is accumulated by an active mechanism rather than by facilitated diffusion. Sulphate uptake appears to occur via a carrier-mediated membrane transport system which conforms to Michaelis-Menten type saturation kinetics with a K m of 3.2×10-5 M and a V max of 7.9×10-5 μmoles sulphate/hr/105 cells. Uptake was dependent on a source of energy since the metabolic inhibitor CCCP almost completely inhibited uptake under both light and dark conditions and DCMU caused a 50% decrease in uptake under light conditions. Under dark conditions, uptake remained at about 80% of that observed under light conditions and was little affected by DCMU, indicating that the energy for uptake could be supplied by either photosynthesis or respiration. A charge and size recognition site in the cell is implied by the finding that sulphate uptake was inhibited by chromate and selenate but not by tungstate, molybdate, nitrate or phosphate. Chromate did not inhibit photosynthesis. Cysteine and methionine added to the culture medium were apparently capable of exerting inhibition of sulphate uptake in both unstarved and sulphate-starved cells. Cycloheximide slightly inhibited sulphate uptake over an 8-hr period indicating, either a slow rate of entry of the inhibitor into the cells or a slow turnover of the proteins(s) associated with sulphate transport.
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    Archives of microbiology 105 (1975), S. 319-327 
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    Keywords: Yeast ; Spheroplasts ; Vacuoles ; Isolation ; Basic macromolecules ; Poly-dl-lysine ; DEAE-dextran ; Transport
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The polybasic macromolecules DEAE-dextran (diethylaminoethyl-dextran, molecular weight 500 000) and poly-dl-lysine (molecular weight 30 000–70 000) were adsorbed with a high affinity by spheroplasts of Candida utilis and, subsequently, induced lysis. The extent of lysis of spheroplasts and of the liberated vacuoles was studied under various conditions using α-glucosidase activity and soluble arginine as cytoplasmic and vacuolar markers, respectively. Adsorption of polybases was rapidly completed even at 0°C; however, with small doses, lysis was poor at 0–12°C and extensive at temperatures above 12°C. This permitted the completion of adsorption before initiating lysis. The purified vacuoles were also sensitive to polybases though less so than the spheroplasts; however, after lysis of spheroplasts the liberated vacuoles were well protected against the action of polybases. A treatment with polybases which disrupted more than 99% of the spheroplasts left at least 70% of the vacuoles intact. Potassium chloride in high concentrations and calcium chloride in low concentrations inhibited polybase induced lysis of spheroplasts by preventing or even reversing the polybase adsorption. A polyacidic macromolecule, dextran sulfate, could prevent but not reverse the adsorption of polybase and subsequent lysis. Metabolic inhibitors reduced the susceptibility of spheroplasts to polybase induced lysis. Vacuoles isolated from polybase lysed spheroplasts still contained large pools of soluble amino acids, and their ability to transport arginine specifically is a further indication of their functional integrity.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Pleiotropic mutants ; Alcaligenes eutrophus ; Hydrogenase ; Ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase ; Transport ; Urease ; Formamidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosomal mutants of Alcaligenes eutrophus unable to grow with molecular hydrogen as the energy source also failed to grow with nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor or as a nitrogen source. The mutants (Hno−) (i) formed neither soluble nor particulate hydrogenase antigens, (ii) expressed only about 50% the wild type level of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase activity, and (iii) transported nickel, an essential constituent of active hydrogenase, at a significantly lower rate than wild type cells. Moreover, the mutants grew very slowly with urea as nitrogen source and did not express urease. Growth on formamide was also affected and formamidase activity was induced to only a very low level. Growth of the Hno− mutants on succinate, glutamate, fumarate, and malate was significantly slower than wild type, and a reduced rate of succinate incorporation into the mutant cells was demonstrated. The highly pleiotropic phenotype of Hno− mutants is indicative of a chromosomal gene with a considerable physiological importance. It affected the expression of both chromosomal and megaplasmid encoded systems of energy, carbon, and nitrogen metabolism. Thus, the hno mutation restricts the metabolic versatility but does not affect the basic metabolic functions of the organism.
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  • 63
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    Archives of microbiology 148 (1987), S. 8-13 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ; Fluoroacetamide ; Fluoroacetate ; Acetamide ; Mutation ; Transport ; Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Acetamide, a nitrogen and carbon source for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, is hydrolyzed by acetamidase to ammonium and acetate. It also induces urea pathway activities. Fluoroacetamide (F-acetamide) is toxic to wild-type through conversion to F-citrate, a respiratory inhibitor. Resistant mutants were selected on plates of F-acetamide plus urea. When tested on acetamide plates two mutant classes were obtained, acm+ (utilized acetamide as sole N source) and acm-. All acm+ isolates had acetamidase activity and were obligate phototrophs (i.e. “dark-diers”). Acm- isolates had either normal urea assimilation (ure+) or lacked all urea pathway activities, namely transport, urea carboxylase and allophanate hydrolase (ure-). Inheritance patterns for both types indicated single nuclear gene mutations. The acm- ure+ type presumably resulted from a defective acetamidase gene, and the acm- ure- strains might be regulatory gene mutants. Temperature conditional F-acetamide tolerant mutants were also obtained. Acetamidase extracted from one such strain was more thermolabile than the wild-type enzyme, indicating a mutation in the coding region. The hypothesis that acetamidase is involved in urea assimilation was not supported by the genetic and biochemical evidence.
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  • 64
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    Archives of microbiology 155 (1991), S. 153-158 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Halophilic ; Vibrio costicola ; Choline dehydrogenase ; Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase ; Betainal dehydrogenase ; Glycine betaine ; Transport
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The moderate halophile Vibrio costicola, growing on a chemically-defined medium, transformed choline into glycine betaine (betaine) by the membrane-bound enzyme choline dehydrogenase and the cytoplasmic enzyme betainal (betaine aldehyde) dehydrogenase. Choline dehydrogenase was strongly induced and betainal dehydrogenase less strongly induced by choline. The formation of these enzymes was also regulated by the NaCl concentration of the growth medium, increasing with increasing NaCl concentrations. Intracellular betaine concentrations also increased with increasing choline and NaCl concentrations in the medium. This increase was almost completely blocked by chloramphenicol, which does not block the increase in salt-tolerant active transport on transfer from a low to a high salt concentration. Choline dehydrogenase was inhibited by chloride salts of Na+, K+, and NH inf4 su+ , the inhibition being due to the Cl- ions. Betainal dehydrogenase was stimulated by 0.5 M salts and could function in up to 2.0 M salts. Cells grew as well in the presence as in the absence of choline in 0.5 M and 1.0 M NaCl, but formed no intracellular betaine. Choline stimulated growth in 2.0 M NaCl and was essential for growth in 3.0 M NaCl. Thus, while betaine is important for some of the adaptations to high salt concentration by V. costicola, it by no means accounts for all of them.
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  • 65
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    Archives of microbiology 152 (1989), S. 589-593 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Acetate ; Acetobacterium woodii ; Homoacetogens ; Counterflow ; Transport
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Intracellular and extracellular acetate concentrations of Acetobacterium woodii DSM 1030 were determined during growth or incubation of resting cell suspensions. The internal concentrations during growth decreased from initially 350 mM to 145 mM at the end of the experiment. The intracellular pH was lowered from 7.5 to 6.6 and the ΔpH was enlarged from 0.2 to 0.6 units. Both, growing and resting cells of A. woodii showed no equilibrium between internal and external acetate concentrations during glucose consumption; the internal concentrations were always higher than expected assuming equal concentrations of the free acid inside and outside the cells. From counterflow experiments it is suggested that acetate does not only leave A. woodii cells by passive diffusion but also by carrier-mediated transport.
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  • 66
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    Archives of microbiology 111 (1976), S. 193-194 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; d-glucose ; Transport ; Uptake ; Kinetics ; Candida utilis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Unlike other yeasts so far investigated, the d-glucose carrier of Candida utilis (strain NCYC 737) appears to change affinity for d-glucose according to its exogenous concentration. When the concentration of d-glucose was 〈0.4 mM, the apparent K m≈ 0.2 mM; at 〉0.4 mM, the K m≈ 10 mM.
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  • 67
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    Archives of microbiology 119 (1978), S. 17-24 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Thermophilic bacteria ; Bacillus stearothermophilus ; thermostability ; Calcium ; Transport ; Survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The calcium transport in resting vegetative cells of Bacillus stearothermophilus was studied by determining the retention of 45Ca in a membrane filter assay. The kinetics of death by vegetative cells, when suspended in buffer at 55°C, was also investigated. The calcium influx required the presence of an energy source, e.g. glucose-1-phosphate and the system exhibited saturation kinetics. The requirements for survival of the thermophilic cells reflected those of the calcium transport system. Thus, cells treated with nitrogen gas showed an increased thermal stability and a decreased efflux of calcium. The initial velocity of calcium influx correlated linearly with the survival of the cells after 1 min heating at 55° C. Lanthanum inhibited calcium influx and reduced survival. Magnesium did not inhibit calcium influx but could replace calcium as a stabilizing agent. The results suggest that the thermophilic cells are not intrinsically heat stable but survive due to a high cellular concentration of divalent ions.
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  • 68
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    Archives of microbiology 132 (1982), S. 211-215 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Growth temperature ; Membrane viscosity ; Spin labeling ; Transport ; Streptococcus faecalis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A shift in the growth temperature of Streptococcus faecalis from 37 to 10°C resulted in an 18% increase in the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. Electron spin resonance spectra of spin-labeled membranes and extracted phospholipids indicated viscosity changes consistent with the alterations in fatty acid composition. Growth temperature had no significant effect on the active transport of leucine and alanine; uptake rates assayed at 10 or 35°C were essentially the same in cells grown at either 10 or 37°C. The relative rapidity of amino acid transport, which presumably contributes to the ability of S. faecalis to thrive in cold environments, is evidently unrelated to adaptive changes in the viscosity of membrane lipids.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Sucrose uptake ; Transport ; Invertase ; Thermomyces lanuginosus ; Thermophilic fungus
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    Notes: Abstract The incorporation of sucrose into the thermophilic fungus,Thermomyces lanuginosus, occurred only in mycelia previously exposed to sucrose or raffinose. Sucrose uptake and invertase were inducible. Both activities appeared in sucrose-induced mycelia at about the same time. Both activities declined almost simultaneously following the exhaustion of sucrose in the medium. The sucrose-induced uptake system was specific for β-fructofuranosides as revealed by competition with various sugars. The induction of sucrose uptake system was blocked by cycloheximide, showing that it was dependent on new protein synthesis. Transport of sucrose did not seem to be dependent on ATP. Rather, uptake of this sugar seemed to be driven by a proton gradient across the plasma membrane. The uptake system showed Michaelis-Menten kinetics.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Thiamin ; Biosynthesis ; Prokaryotes ; Transport ; Kinase ; Mechanism ; Structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twelve genes involved in thiamin biosynthesis in prokaryotes have been identified and overexpressed. Of these, six are required for the thiazole biosynthesis (thiFSGH, thiI, and dxs), one is involved in the pyrimidine biosynthesis (thiC), one is required for the linking of the thiazole and the pyrimidine (thiE), and four are kinase genes (thiD, thiM, thiL, and pdxK). The specific reactions catalyzed by ThiEF, Dxs, ThiDM, ThiL, and PdxK have been reconstituted in vitro and ThiS thiocarboxylate has been identified as the sulfur source. The X-ray structures of thiamin phosphate synthase and 5-hydroxyethyl-4-methylthiazole kinase have been completed. The genes coding for the thiamin transport system (thiBPQ) have also been identified. Remaining problems include the cloning and characterization of thiK (thiamin kinase) and the gene(s) involved in the regulation of thiamin biosynthesis. The specific reactions catalyzed by ThiC (pyrimidine formation), and ThiGH and ThiI (thiazole formation) have not yet been identified.
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  • 71
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    JBIC 4 (1999), S. 523-527 
    ISSN: 1432-1327
    Keywords: Key words Magnesium ; Transport ; Prokaryotes
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  Possessing the largest hydrated radius, the smallest ionic radius, and the highest charge density among the biologically relevant cations, Mg2+ provides an interesting problem for transport into living cells. Transport systems for Mg2+ have been characterized primarily in Salmonella typhimurium because the well-developed genetics of Gram-negative bacteria make cloning and studying the transporters a viable proposition. The CorA transport system is expressed constitutively and is the major Mg2+ transporter in Eubacteria and Archaea. It has three transmembrane domains, a uniquely large periplasmic domain, and no sequence homology to other proteins. The MgtE Mg2+ transporter also lacks sequence homology to other proteins, and it is unclear if Mg2+ transport is its primary function. The MgtA and MgtB Mg2+ transporters have sequence homology to P-type ATPases. They are more closely related to the mammalian Ca2+–ATPases than to the prokaryotic P-type ATPases. MgtA and MgtB mediate Mg2+ influx with, rather than against, the Mg2+ electrochemical gradient. Unlike corA and mgtE, the mgtA and mgtC/mgtB loci are regulated, being induced by the two-component regulatory system PhoP/PhoQ. PhoQ is a Mg2+ membrane sensor kinase that phosphorylates the transcription factor PhoP under Mg2+–limiting conditions. This factor then induces transcription of mgtA and mgtCB. MgtC, which is encoded by the first gene in the mgtCB operon, has no sequence homology to any known protein and is essential for S. typhimurium virulence in mice and macrophages, but does appear to be a Mg2+ transporter. The physiological roles of these Mg2+ transporters and their mechanisms are not yet completely clear, but initial data indicate that Mg2+ transporters are unique transport systems with unusual mechanisms for mediating Mg2+ movement through the membrane.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1432-1327
    Keywords: Key words Lanthanide ; Erythrocyte ; Transport ; Confocal laser scanning microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  A novel method has been developed to visualize and follow the temporal course of lanthanide transport across the membrane into a single living erythrocyte. By means of confocal scanning microscopy and the optical section technique, the entry of lanthanide ions was followed by the fluorescence quenching of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled membrane and cytosol. From the difference of the quenching kinetics of the whole section and the central area, the time for diffusion through the membrane and the diffusion in the extracellular and intracellular media can be deduced. To clarify the mechanism of lanthanide-induced fluorescence quenching of FITC-labeled erythrocytes and to ensure that this reaction can be used in this method, the reaction was investigated by steady-state fluorescence techniques. The results showed that the lanthanides strongly quenched the florescence emitted by FITC covalently bound to membrane proteins and cytosolic proteins. The static quenching mechanism is responsible for the fluorescence quenching of FITC-labeled proteins by Ln species. The quenching mechanism is discussed on the basis of complex formation. The dependence of fluorescence quenching on both ion size and the total orbital angular momentum L supports the complexation mechanism. The transport time across the membrane is strikingly correlated with Ln species and extracellular concentration. For a given concentration, the transport time of [Ln(cit)2]3– is much shorter than that of Ln3+, since they enter the cells via the anion channel. This is supported by the inhibition effect of 4,4′-diisothiocyanato-2,2′-stilbenendisulfonate on the transport of [Ln(cit)2]3–. On the other hand, the transport of free Ln3+ might be attributed to the enhanced permeability of erythrocytes owing to Ln3+ binding. These findings strongly demonstrate the existence of the non-internalization mechanism of Ln species uptake by erythrocytes.
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  • 73
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    Trees 5 (1991), S. 125-135 
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Transport ; Strength ; Fiber deviations ; Cambial growth ; Reorientation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Through spiral grain, conduits for sap lead from each root to all branches. This uniform distribution of sap is indicated by the paths of vessels and tracheids, and has been proven experimentally by means of dyed sap injected into the base of stems or taken up by roots. Trees receiving water only from roots at one side of the root collar nevertheless stay green and continue growing. Spiral grain in bark distributes food from each branch to other flanks of the stem and to most roots. Experimental interruptions of the sap and food conduits caused the cambial zone to reorient new conduit cells in new directions, bypassing the interruption. In particular, spiral grooves cut into the stem surface caused spiral grain. The new cells reorient through division and growth. Although spiral grain is largely under genetic control, trees appear to have a spiral grain especially where needed for distribution of water when root spheres are dry at one side. Compared with straight-grained trees, spiral-grained stems and branches bend and twist more when exposed to strong wind, in this way offering less wind resistance and being less likely to break. Through the bending and twisting, snow slides down from branches rather than breaking them, but the main function of spiral grain is the uniform distribution of supplies from each root to all branches, and from each branch to many roots.
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  • 74
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    Journal of computer-aided materials design 6 (1999), S. 283-309 
    ISSN: 1573-4900
    Keywords: Aluminum ; Growth ; Nucleation ; Predictive process engineering ; Reaction ; Semiconductor processing ; Thin films ; Transport ; Tungsten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Two case studies are presented in order to highlight the status of materials modeling in semiconductor materials processing, as well as some opportunities in the area. Both case studies involve programmed rate chemical vapor deposition (PRCVD), which is a CVD process in which conditions are systematically changed during deposition in order to enhance either processing properties or resulting film properties. In the tungsten study, quantitative simulations, based on fundamental transport and reaction modeling and a continuum film representation, are used to guide experiments that demonstrate how PRCVD can provide significantly greater throughput than conventional, constant rate CVD (CRCVD). We start the deposition process at a much higher temperature, compared to a CRCVD process, then decrease the temperature during deposition. We achieve throughput increases of about a factor of three, with more improvement clearly obtainable. In addition to the increase in throughput, the properties of the PRCVD films are equal to, or superior to, CRCVD films. The aluminum PRCVD case study demonstrates some opportunities for materials modeling. The protocols used are based upon qualitative models of nucleation and film growth, as there are no simulators that predict microstructure and film properties. Nevertheless, we demonstrate that the PRCVD processes, designed using qualitative models, can yield films with better properties than CRCVD processes. PRCVD films can have higher nuclei densities, higher fractions of (111) orientated Al, lower surface roughnesses, higher reflectivities, and resistivities closer to that of bulk aluminum. In general, PRCVD protocols provide degrees of freedom that can be used to improve processing or film properties. PRCVD may become much more important as films get thinner and interfaces become more important.
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    Journal of computer-aided materials design 3 (1996), S. 385-402 
    ISSN: 1573-4900
    Keywords: Lithium ; Polyethylene oxide ; Batteries ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary We have made a molecular dynamics study of transport of a single lithium ion in a previously reported model of amorphous polyethylene oxide. New ab initio calculations of the interaction of the lithium ion with 1,2-dimethoxyethane and with dimethyl ether are reported which are used to determine force fields for the simulation. We report preliminary calculations of solvation energies and hopping barriers and a calculation of the ionic conductivity which is independent of any assumptions about the mechanism of ion transport. We also report some details of a study of transport of the trapped lithium ion on intermediate time and length scales.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Glycolysis ; Phloem ; Pyrophosphate ; Ricinus ; Sucrose synthase ; Transport
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Metabolites and enzyme activities were measured in the phloem sap exuding from a cut hypocotyl of germinating castor-bean (Ricinus communis L.) seedlings. The sap contained considerable quantities of adenine nucleotides, uridine nucleotides, uridine diphosphoglucose (UDPGlc), all the major phosphorylated metabolites required for glycolysis, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate and pyrophosphate. Supplying 200 mM glucose instead of sucrose to the cotyledons resulted in high concentrations of glucose in the sap, but did not modify the metabolite levels. In contrast, when 200 mM fructose was supplied we found only a low level of fructose but a raised sucrose concentration in the sap, which was accompanied by a three-to fourfold decrease of UDPGlc, and an increase of pyrophosphate, UDP and UTP. The measured levels of metabolites are used to estimate the molar mass action ratios and in-vivo free-energy change associated with the various reactions of sucrose breakdown and glycolysis in the phloem. It is concluded that the reactions catalysed by ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase are removed from equilibrium in the phloem, whereas the reactions catalysed by sucrose synthase, UDPGlc-pyrophosphorylase, phosphoglucose mutase, phosphoglucose isomerase, aldolase, triose-phosphate isomerase, phosphoglycerate mutase and enolase are close to equilibrium within the conducting elements of the phloem. Since the exuded sap contained negligible or undetectable activities of the enzymes, it is concluded, that the responsible proteins are bound, or sequesterd behind plasmodesmata, possibly in the companion cells. It is argued that sucrose mobilisation via a reversible reaction catalysed by sucrose synthase is particularily well suited to allow the rate of sucrose breakdown in the phloem to respond to changes in the metabolic requirement for ATP, and for UDPGlc during callose production. It is also calculated that the transport of nucleotides in the phloem sap implies that there must be a very considerable uptake or de-novo biosynthesis of these cofactors in the phloem.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Nitella ; Potassium ; Sodium coupling ; Transport ; Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ion-gradient-coupled transport systems in plants are normally electrophoretic and carry inward current. Rapid inward electrical currents elicited by K+, by urea and by lysine in the freshwater acidophilic alga Nitella translucens Agh. are all very strongly dependent on the presence of Na+ or (except in the case of K+) Li+. These results indicate that Na+-coupled solute transport in plants, which had previously been demonstrated only in an alkalophilic species (Chara australis), did not evolve recently as an alternative to H+-coupled transport in high-pH environments, and might therefore be more widely distributed than has hitherto been recognised.
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    Planta 204 (1998), S. 131-139 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: Aquaporin ; Plasma membrane intrinsic protein ; Tonoplast intrinsic protein ; Transport ; Water
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  • 79
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    The journal of membrane biology 141 (1994), S. 183-192 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Transport ; Erythrocytes ; Amino acids ; Carrier, Kinetics ; Membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The transport specificity of system y+L of human erythrocytes was investigated and the carrier was found to accept a wide range of amino acids as substrates. Relative rates of entry for various amino acids were estimated from their trans-effects on the unidirectional efflux of l-[14C]-lysine. Some neutral amino acids, l-lysine and l-glutamic acid induced marked trans-acceleration of labeled lysine efflux; saturating concentrations of external l-leucine and l-lysine increased the rate by 5.3±0.63 and 6.2±0.54, respectively. The rate of translocation of the carrier-substrate complex is less dependent on the structure of the amino acid than binding. Translocation is slower for the bulkier analogues (l-tryptophan, l-phenylalanine); smaller amino acids, although weakly bound, are rapidly transported (l-alanine, l-serine). Half-saturation constants (±sem) calculated from this effect (l-lysine, 10.32±0.49 μm and l-leucine, 11.50±0.50 μm) agreed with those previously measured in cis-inhibition experiments. The degree of trans-acceleration caused by neutral amino acids did not differ significantly in Na+, Li+ or K+ medium, whereas the affinity for neutral amino acids was dramatically decreased if Na+ or Li+ were replaced by K+. The observation that specificity is principally expressed in substrate binding indicates that the carrier reorientation step is largely independent of the forces of interaction between the carrier and the transport site.
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  • 80
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    The journal of membrane biology 142 (1994), S. 145-159 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Energetics ; Membrane protein ; Assembly ; Folding ; Transport
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 81
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    The journal of membrane biology 140 (1994), S. 111-122 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Permeability ; Transport ; Bilayers ; Size dependence ; Partition coefficients ; Diffusion coefficients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Permeability coefficients (P m ) across planar egg lecithin/decane bilayers and bulk hydrocarbon/water partition coefficients (K w→hc) have been measured for 24 solutes with molecular volumes, V, varying by a factor of 22 and P m values varying by a factor of 107 to explore the chemical nature of the bilayer barrier and the effects of permeant size on permeability. A proper bulk solvent which correctly mimics the microenvironment of the barrier domain was sought. Changes in P m /Kw→hc were then ascribed to size-dependent partitioning and/or size-dependent diffusivity. The diffusion coefficient-size dependency was described by D barrier = D 0 /V n . When n-decane was used as a reference solvent, the correlation between log P m /K w→hc and log V was poor (r = 0.56) with most of the lipophilic (hydrophilic) permeants lying below (above) the regression line. Correlations improved significantly (r = 0.87 and 0.90, respectively) with more polarizable solvents, 1-hexadecene and 1,9-decadiene. Values of the size selectivity parameter n were sensitive to the reference solvent (n = 0.8 ± 0.3, 1.2 ± 0.1 and 1.4 ± 0.2, respectively, for decane, hexadecene, and decadiene). Decadiene was selected as the most suitable reference solvent. The value for n in bilayer transport is higher than that for bulk diffusion in decane (n = 0.74±0.10), confirming the steep dependence of bilayer permeability on molecular size. Statistical mechanical theory recently developed by the authors suggests that a component of this steep size dependence may reside in size-dependent solute partitioning into the ordered chain region of bilayers. This theory, combined with the above diffusion model, yielded the relationship, P m /K W→hc=D 0 exp(™αV)V n . A fit of the experimental data to this model gave the best fit (r=0.93) with α = 0.0053±0.0021 and n=0.8 ± 0.3, suggesting that both diffusion and partitioning mechanisms may play a role in determining the size dependence of lipid bilayer permeabilities.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Intestinal brush border vesicles ; Riboflavin ; Transport ; Binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The first step of riboflavin absorption was studied by determining the uptake of the vitamin by rat small intestinal brush border membrane vesicles. Vesicles were incubated at 25°C in the presence of [3H]-riboflavin at concentrations within the physiological intraluminal range for rat. The time course of [3H]-riboflavin uptake was unaffected by Na+ or K+ gradients. The 5 sec uptake rate plotted as a function of the initial concentration of [3H]-riboflavin in the medium (0.125 to 7.5 μm) revealed the presence of a dual mechanism, with a saturable component (apparent kinetic constants: 0.12 μm for K m and 0.36 pmol · mg-1 protein · 5 sec-1 for J max) prevailing at low concentrations (〈2 μm), and a nonsaturable component prevailing at higher concentrations. The presence of a carrier-mediated system for riboflavin was validated by counter-transport experiments. At equilibrium, uptake was almost completely accounted for by membrane binding, whereas at earlier times the transport component accounted for about 30% of total uptake. The plot of [3H]-riboflavin binding at equilibrium as a function of its concentration in the medium was quite similar to that of the 5 sec uptake rate in both intact and osmotically shocked vesicles and demonstrated the occurrence of a saturable component: binding constants were 0.07 (K d) in μm), 0.54 (B max in pmol · mg-1 protein), and 0.11 (K d), 1.13 (B max, respectively, indicating the existence of specific riboflavin binding sites. The specificity of riboflavin binding to the membrane was confirmed by preliminary studies with structural analogues. Specific binding could represent the first step of a specific riboflavin entry mechanism in enterocytes.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 92-96 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Cytoplasmic male sterility ; Petunia ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two pairs of isonuclear lines of cytoplasmic male-sterile (CMS) and fertile (F) petunia cells grown in suspension culture in the presence or absence of amino acid sources were examined for uptake of 11 amino acids and adenosine. Cells from CMS lines exhibited a significant lower rate of uptake than F cells. These differences, for various amino acids, are a result of lower affinity (high Km) values and of lower maximal velocities. Although the uptake of most of the amino acids examined was affected by the availability of energy in the cell, the differences in uptake seem to be less dependent on the energy status of the cell.
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    Theoretical chemistry accounts 82 (1992), S. 351-356 
    ISSN: 1432-2234
    Keywords: Diffusion-reaction ; Transport ; Time lag ; Fractal foams ; Low density microcellular materials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary We deal with two diffusion problems: Space-integrated conserved entities characterizing very fast - diffusion - controlled reactions, such as time lags, etc. are universal. They are given by relationships which do not reflect the failure of the mean field hydrodynamic equations. We present another application which does not reflect this failure, for determining the surface flux via a diffusion controlled reaction producing a colored product. Another anomalous diffusion process we considered is transport through cellular materials whose cell sizes are highly nonuniform. We have analyzed the effects of extreme nonuniformity by considering fractal-like models of cellular solids. The diffusion current through these models can exhibit anomalous time-dependencies which are not predicted by the diffusion equation. In particular, it is shown that the initial diffusion current can be characterized by a power-law dependence on the time. Furthermore, the exponent of the power law is given in terms of the distribution of cell sizes in the fractal-like cellular solid.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Molluscs ; 5-HT ; Dense core vesicles ; Transport ; Electron microscopic autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An autoradiographical study of the distribution of fast transported material in the cerebro-visceral connective of Anodonta cygnea (L.) following the injection of 3H-5-hydroxytryptophan into the cerebral ganglion has been carried out at both the light- and electronmicroscope levels. Statistical analysis of the results at the electron microscope level revealed that the distribution of grains within the tissues of the cerebro-visceral connective was highly non-random. Both the “circle analysis” and the “hypothetical grain density analysis” methods showed that most of the 3H-activity was associated with dense core vesicles (1000 Å diameter). These dense core vesicles were most frequently seen in the neurosecretory axons found near the periphery of the connective, but a number of labelled vesicles were also present in the small axons. The significance of these findings in relation to the distribution and the fast axonal transport of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the cerebro-visceral connective is discussed.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleolus-like bodies ; Hypothalamus, subfornical organ, adenohypophysis, oocytes ; Transport ; Electron microscopy, cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fibrillar intracytoplasmic bodies, generally referred to as nematosomes or nucleolar like bodies (NLBs), are not only observed in various types of neurons in the hypothalamus and subfornical organ but also in the glandular cells of the pars tuberalis and the pars intermedia hypophyses. According to their cytochemical properties the NLBs are probably of ribonucleoprotein nature. Within the neurons NLBs occur within perikarya and processes. Their presence within the neurosecretory nerve fibers of the neural lobe proves their ability to migrate within the axon. Morphologic modifications of NLBs are observed in stimulated neurons and after colchicine treatment. Colchicine causes a characteristic dense texture of NLBs and a peripheral agglomeration of mitochondria very similar to the rosette arrangement observed in oocytes. Our findings suggest a structural and functional similarity of NLBs in neurons and oocytes, in which their nucleolar origin appears obvious and where they seem to represent preribosomal material. It is very likely that the axonal migration of the NLBs reflects transport of ribosomal RNA for delayed utilization (as in oocytes).
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cryptonephridial system ; Tenebno molitor ; Potassium ; Thallium ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Larvae of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor were injected with radioactive potassium, sodium or thallium solution. It was found that the rectal complex of the animal was labelled with potassium and thallium, but not with sodium. Potassium and thallium labelled the complex to the same level as if the two ions were tracers for each other. Ramsay has found that potassium is actively transported to the complex from the hemocoel and there are reasons to believe that Tl+ follows the same pathway. Therefore animals injected with thallium were investigated both by light and electron microscopy. The results suggest that thallium spreads from the hemocoel through the leptophragma to the neighbouring ordinary tubular cells, and in moist mealworms thallium is further found in the perirectal space. Due to diffusion and washing out of thallium during fixation it can not be determined whether Tl+ and K+ follow identical pathways, but it is possible to determine how far thallium has penetrated during the experiments.
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  • 88
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 16-30 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary gland ; Brain ; Octopus ; Monoamines ; Transport ; Em-radioautography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Slices of the posterior salivary gland and of the superior buccal lobe of the brain of Octopus vulgaris take up 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine in vitro. By light and electron microscopical radioautography the uptake is localised in certain neuronal perikarya and axonal varicosities in the superior buccal lobe, and in nerves that end in the secretory tubules of the posterior salivary gland. These structures do not incorporate 3H-noradrenaline. After formaldehyde histochemistry, monoamine fluorescence is found in some neuronal perikarya of the superior buccal lobe, and in nerves entering the secretory tubules of the gland. The posterior salivary gland nerve, which originates in the superior buccal lobe and supplies the gland, shows a pronounced accumulation of fluorescence on the proximal side of a ligature applied in vivo. It is suggested that monoamines are transported from the brain to the gland by the posterior salivary gland nerves.
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  • 89
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 37-57 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Suctorian ; Tentacles ; Microtubules ; Movement ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tentacle structure, movement and feeding of the commensal suctorian Choanophrya infundibulifera have been examined by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The tentacles possess a flattened tip and rounded shaft externally, with a neck and root region internally. There is a microtubule canal consisting of 150 ring microtubules within which are 20–35 curved lamellae each containing about 20 microtubules. Novel structural features include pairs of short oblique arranged microtubules at the tip, and a collar of epiplasm in the neck region. No haptocysts are found in Choanophrya but the tentacle cytoplasm contains two types of inclusions named solenocysts and spherical vesicles. These features are discussed in relation to the processes of tentacle movement and feeding. The rapid longitudinal movements of the tentacles are described and compared to those of other suctorians and possible mechanisms are suggested. Ingestion in Choanophrya is described and several theories involving tentacle microtubules in the feeding process are examined.
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  • 90
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 339-347 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gonadotropin releasing factors ; Transport ; Hypothalamic islands ; Rana temporaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In Rana temporaria, previous results, obtained in animals with hypothalamic islands, have shown that the gonadotropic activity of the pars distalis of the hypophysis is controlled by the pars ventralis of the tuber cinereum. As the pars distalis is not innervated by the brain, this control must be exerted via a humoral pathway, by means of releasing factors produced by the pars ventralis tuberis. In this paper, the comparison is made between (1) the results obtained in a first group of female animals in which total operative interruption of all neural connections between the pars ventralis tuberis and the median eminence-hypophysis persisted and (2) the results of a second group of female animals in which, after identical operation, regeneration of the interrupted neural connections had occurred. In both groups, the blood supply of the neural isolated median eminence-hypophysis was preserved and normal circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid was only temporarily disturbed by operation. In the first group, seasonal development of the ovaries and of the oviducts remained completely absent while, in the second group, development of the ovaries and of the oviducts occurred. As the difference between the two groups only consisted in either the presence or the absence of (regenerated) nerve fibres between the pars ventralis tuberis and the median eminence-hypophysis, it is concluded that the control of the gonadotropic activity of the pars distalis by the pars ventralis tuberis is mainly exerted via a neurosecretory axonal pathway to the hypophysial portal system and not via the cerebrospinal fluid. This conclusion is supported by electron microscopic studies which revealed the existence of a tubero-hypophysial peptidergic neurosecretory system.
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  • 91
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    Cell & tissue research 171 (1976), S. 175-193 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Yolk sac ; Coated vesicles ; Proteins ; Transport ; Electronmicroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rabbit yolk sac splanchnopleur exposed in utero to IgG-HRP and IgG-ferritin conjugates, rabbit and bovine anti-HRP antibodies, free HRP, ferritin and human IgG, was examined ultrastructurally in an attempt to determine whether or not coated micropinocytotic vesicles are involved in selectively transporting immunoglobulins across yolk sac endodermal cells. Human, rabbit and bovine IgG-HRP conjugates, rabbit anti-HRP antibodies, free HRP and human IgG, all become localised in coated micropinocytotic vesicles. Differences were observed in that only human IgG and rabbit anti-HRP antibodies could be located in the intercellular space and bovine IgG-HRP conjugate could not be detected in coated micropinocytotic vesicles in confluence with the lateral and basal plasmalemma. Bovine anti-HRP antibodies, IgG-ferritin conjugates, and free ferritin, could not be observed in coated micropinocytotic vesicles. All proteins were detected in macropinocytotic vesicles, and dense bodies resembling phagolysosomes. Results are discussed in the light of a proposal that selection occurs at the cell surface during formation of coated micropinocytotic vesicles and is not linked to intracellular proteolysis.
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  • 92
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    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 297-305 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bladder ; Bufo marinus ; Transport ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The appearance of the mucosal cell layer of the isolated urinary bladder of the toadBufo marinus, has been examined using stereoscopic and conventional transmission electron microscopy. Three cell types can be identified in surface view, these are granular cells, mitochondriarich cells and goblet cells. Cell boundaries between granular cells are clearly defined by membranous folds along their margins. Although no changes are seen in the stereoscopic electron micrographs when the granular cells are made permeable to water by vasopressin, the changes observed on transmission electron micrographs include swelling of cell bodies and nuclei, filling of intercellular channels with water, and the appearance beneath the mucosal cell membrane surface of electron dense granules. Differences between the appearance of the bladder mucosal cells by the two methods of electron microscopical examination are due largely to water loss when the tissue is freeze dried prior to stereoscopic examination.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Na+, K+-ATPase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Kidney ; Salivary glands ; Transport ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An antibody to the 96 kD α-subunit of the Na+, K+ -ATPase from Bufo marinus has been used in immunostaining rat kidney and salivary glands. Intense staining was observed on basolateral membranes of distal tubules of the kidney and striated ducts of the three major salivary glands. Less intense staining was seen on the basolateral membranes of parotid acinar cells, but no staining was seen on the acinar cells of submandibular or sublingual glands. These sites of staining have been shown, by other methods, to posses substantial Na+, K+ -ATPase, indicating that the antibody recognizes antigenic determinants of the sodium pump highly conserved in the course of evolution. In addition, staining with this antibody was observed at the apical region of cells of the proximal straight tubule and of the papillary collecting duct in the kidney. Absorption studies suggest that the apical antigenic determinants are the same or closely related to each other but are distinct from basolateral antigenic determinants.
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    Cell & tissue research 157 (1975), S. 503-516 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Lamprey ; Absorption ; Transport ; Protein tracers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tubular nephrons in the opisthonephric kidney of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L., were demonstrated to absorb and transport exogenous protein. The proximal convoluted segment is the major site of protein absorption from the tubular lumen and the process involved is similar to that described for the proximal convoluted segment in the kidneys of other vertebrates. The lateral intercellular spaces are a possible channel for the transport of intact proteins in this segment. The ciliated neck segment, the intermediate segment, and the collecting segment demonstrate only limited involvement with protein tracers and likely are not involved in the absorption of protein from the glomerular filtrate. A substantial involvement of the distal segment with the absorption and transport of protein is suggested. Diffusion of tracers from the peritubular capillaries and sinusoids through the basement membrane into the lateral intercellular spaces and smooth vesicles of cells in both the proximal and distal segments indicates that retrograde transport likely occurs. This also demonstrates that the cytoplasm of these cells contains a complex endomembranous system continuous with the plasma membrane. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to possible functions of the kidney in osmoregulation of the sea lamprey in both freshwater and saltwater environments.
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    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 15-19 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epithelium ; Glycocalyx ; Glycogen ; Rumen ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rumen of fetal, 12 hour, and 3 day lambs is lined by a non-keratinized epithelium about 400 μ thick which contains a high concentration of glycogen. By 7 days after birth the epithelium is considerably thinner, contains only traces of glycogen, and resembles the keratinizing epithelium of the adult. No glycogen is found in the keratinizing epithelium of 33–35 day lambs. A PAS reactive glycocalyx is seen first on keratinizing cells in epithelium of the 7 day lamb and is noted in ruminal epithelium of all older animals. The basal surface of the epithelium in the fetus and newborn is smooth. Scattered infoldings are seen on the same surface in 7 and 33–35 day lambs; the basal surface of adult ruminal epithelium is covered by microvillous processes. Differentiation of a glycocalyx and a large basal surface area are indicative of the developing transport function of the epithelium.
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  • 96
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    Cell & tissue research 156 (1975), S. 521-532 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Tanycytes ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; Peroxidase ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An active role of the ependymal cells (tanycytes) of the median eminence in the transport of hypothalamic hormones has been recently suggested. In order to investigate the fate of material present in the cerebrospinal fluid, a protein tracer, horse-radish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the left lateral ventricle of rats. Two minutes after the injection, HRP had largely diffused between tanycytes and hypendymal cells. As soon as 5 min after the injection, HRP had completely penetrated all the layers of the median eminence. A few labelled vesicles and lysosomes were occasionally seen in ependymal and glial cells. At longer time intervals (20 min, 1 and 4 hrs), a reaction was observed in the lumen of fenestrated capillaries of the pituitary portal plexus. In many nerve endings of the external zone, vesicles and lysosomes were seen to contain HRP. An interesting observation was the localization of HRP between nerve endings and cells in both the pars nervosa and the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland. No reaction was recorded in the anterior pituitary and the kidney. Seventeen hours after the injection, the extracellular space was free of reaction but a few positive intracellular structures were still found. These results clearly indicate that some material from the third ventricle can rapidly diffuse between cells and axons of the median eminence to reach the fenestrated capillaries of the pituitary portal plexus and the posterior pituitary without involving an active transport by tanycytes.
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  • 97
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    Cell & tissue research 292 (1998), S. 219-227 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Photoreceptor cells ; Transport ; intracellular ; Cytoskeleton ; Myosin ; Actin filaments ; Mitochondria ; Schistocerca gregaria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Light stimulation of locust (Schistocerca gregaria) photoreceptors results in an actin-dependent translocation of mitochondria towards the photoreceptive microvilli and an antagonistic movement of endoplasmic reticulum towards the cell body. Using immunocytochemical techniques, we have tried to identify myosin-like motors that may drive the light-induced organelle motility. A monoclonal antibody against the motor domain of Acanthamoeba myosin identifies a prominent 110-kDa protein on Western blots of locust retina. Cross-reactivity with two polyclonal anti-myosin antibodies and a monoclonal anti-myosin-I-antibody, together with ATP-dependent binding to actin filaments, provides evidence that the 110-kDa protein is an unconventional myosin. By indirect immunofluorescence, the 110-kDa protein has been localized to both photoreceptors and pigment cells within the retina. In the photoreceptor cells, the 110-kDa protein is bound to the surface of mitochondria. This putative unconventional myosin may thus be a motor protein involved in the light-induced translocation of mitochondria in photoreceptors.
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    Cell & tissue research 241 (1985), S. 687-689 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Water transport ; Epidermis ; Freeze fracturing ; Transport ; cAMP ; Human fetus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Prekeratinized fetal epidermis may function as an osmoregulatory organ. This study shows that the structural response of fetal epidermis to cAMP (second messenger of antidiuretic hormones) is very similar to that in well characterized osmoregulatory epithelia. cAMP stimulation of unkeratinized fetal epidermis induces the appearance of “ aggregates” of intramembranous particles. These aggregates are present in the apical plasma membrane of the periderm or outermost cell layer of the epidermis. Tubular vesicles that contain the presumptive aggregates fuse with the apical plasma membrane during cAMP stimulation. The same response to cAMP and to antidiuretic hormones has been reported in the osmoregulatory ion- and water-transporting epithelia of amphibian urinary bladder and mammalian collecting ducts. In these systems aggregates have been positively correlated with water transport. Thus, the fetal epidermis may control and regulate its water permeability.
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  • 99
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    Cell & tissue research 286 (1996), S. 547-549 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Compound eye ; Photoreceptor cells ; Cytoskeleton ; Transport ; intracellular ; Microtubules ; Membrane turnover ; Schistocerca gregaria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Light stimulation of locust photoreceptors causes a translocation of submicrovillar cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum away from the rhabdome, and a movement of mitochondria towards the rhabdome. To examine whether the microtubule cytoskeleton could be involved in these organelle movements, we have analysed the distribution of the microtubule-dependent motor proteins kinesin and cytoplasmic dynein in the retina of the locust Schistocerca gregaria. Both kinesin and cytoplasmic dynein are associated with vesicular structures that are distinct from mitochondria and the submicrovillar endoplasmic reticulum. These results, together with the previous demonstration of a lack of microtubules in the cell area of light-dependent organelle movements, provide evidence that the microtubule cytoskeleton is not involved with light-induced organelle translocations.
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    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 407-417 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kallikrein ; Adenosine triphosphatase ; sodium ; potassium ; Secretion ; Intracellular membranes ; Golgi apparatus ; Parotid ; Transport ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley, Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intracellular protein distribution and sorting were examined in rat parotid striated duct cells, in which tissue kallikrein is apical, and Na,K-ATPase is basolateral. Electron-microscopic immunogold cytochemistry, with both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, demonstrated these enzymes at opposite poles of the cells and in distinct intracellular sites. Kallikrein was found within apical secretory granules, whereas Na,K-ATPase was present on basolateral cell membranes. In addition, kallikrein was localized throughout cisternae of all Golgi profiles, whereas Na,K-ATPase (α-subunit) was found only in small peripheral vesicles and/or lateral cisternal extensions of a basal subset of Golgi profiles. These differences in the subcellular distribution of the two marker antigens were most clearly seen with double immunogold labelling. Our results suggest that kallikrein, an apical, regulated secretory protein, and Na,K-ATPase, a basolateral, constitutively transported membrane protein, are segregated at (or prior to) the level of the Golgi apparatus rather than in the trans-Golgi network (TGN), as was expected.
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