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  • Turbulence
  • Springer  (104)
  • American Meteorological Society  (41)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (26)
  • Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu  (1)
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  • 1
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    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 193-210 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Turbulence ; sediment ; fluvial ; river ; bursting process ; statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Entrainment of sediment particles from channel beds into the channel flow is influenced by the characteristics of the flow turbulence which produces stochastic shear stress fluctuations at the bed. Recent studies of the structure of turbulent flow has recognized the importance of bursting processes as important mechanisms for the transfer of momentum into the laminar boundary layer. Of these processes, the sweep event has been recognized as the most important bursting event for entrainment of sediment particles as it imposes forces in the direction of the flow resulting in movement of particles by rolling, sliding and occasionally saltating. Similarly, the ejection event has been recognized as important for sediment transport since these events maintain the sediment particles in suspension. In this study, the characteristics of bursting processes and, in particular, the sweep event were investigated in a flume with a rough bed. The instantaneous velocity fluctuations of the flow were measured in two-dimensions using a small electromagnetic velocity meter and the turbulent shear stresses were determined from these velocity fluctuations. It was found that the shear stress applied to the sediment particles on the bed resulting from sweep events depends on the magnitude of the turbulent shear stress and its probability distribution. A statistical analysis of the experimental data was undertaken and it was found necessary to apply a Box-Cox transformation to transform the data into a normally distributed sample. This enabled determination of the mean shear stress, angle of action and standard error of estimate for sweep and ejection events. These instantaneous shear stresses were found to be greater than the mean flow shear stress and for the sweep event to be approximately 40 percent greater near the channel bed. Results from this analysis suggest that the critical shear stress determined from Shield's diagram is not sufficient to predict the initiation of motion due to its use of the temporal mean shear stress. It is suggested that initiation of particle motion, but not continuous motion, can occur earlier than suggested by Shield's diagram due to the higher shear stresses imposed on the particles by the stochastic shear stresses resulting from turbulence within the flow.
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  • 2
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    Astrophysics and space science 243 (1996), S. 23-28 
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Keywords: Interplanetary Plasma ; Shock Waves ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Effect of turbulence on interplanetary shock waves propagation is considered. It is shown that background turbulence results in the additional shock wave deceleration which may be comparable with the deceleration due to plasma sweeping. The turbulent deceleration is connected with the energy losses due to the strong turbulence amplification behind the moving shock front.
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  • 3
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    Meccanica 33 (1998), S. 445-468 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Wall-bounded turbulent shear flows ; Scaling laws in turbulence ; Local structure of turbulence ; Fluid mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Turbulence at very large Reynolds numbers (often called developed turbulence) is widely considered to be one of the happier provinces of the turbulence realm, as it is widely thought that two of its basic results are well-established, and have a chance to enter, basically untouched, into a future complete theory of turbulence. These results are the von Kármán-Prandtl universal logarithmic law in the wall-region of wall-bounded turbulent shear flow, and the Kolmogorov-Obukhov scaling laws for the local structure of developed turbulent flow.However, doubts have been expressed over the years about the fluid mechanical assumptions that underlie these laws. After a concise review of the problem of turbulence as a whole we will show in the present paper that the von Kármán–Prandtl universal logarithmic law is based on an assumption which,though plausible, in fact is not quite correct. We will come to the conclusion, based on theoretical considerations and on processing of experimental data, that the universal logarithmic law does not describe the real features of developed turbulent wall-bounded flow of viscous fluid; it should be jettisoned and replaced by a different law, a scaling law. Experimental evidence for the local structure of turbulent flows is now not sufficiently well-established to allow a similarly definite conclusion. However, the application of the new approach presented here makes it very plausible that the classical, non-modified version of Kolmogorov–Obukhov ‘K-41’ laws gives an adequate description of the local features of developedturbulent flows. Sommario.La turbolenza agli altissimi numeri di Reynolds (spesso chiamata turbolenza sviluppata) è largamente ritenuta una delle regioni felici del regno della turbolenza: si pensa infatti che due suoi risultati fondamentali siano ben assodati e che abbiano speranza di entrare senza rilevanti modifiche in una futura teoria completa della turbolenza.Questi risultati sono la legge logaritmica universale di Kármán–Prandtl per la regione di parete dei flussi turbolenti confinati e la legge di simulitudine di Kolmogorov–Obukhov per la struttura locale del flusso turbolento sviluppato. Nel corso degli anni sono stati tuttavia espressi dubbi sulle ipotesi fluidodinamiche che sottendono queste leggi. Nel presente lavoro, dopo un breve esame del problema della turbolenza nel suo insieme,dimostreremo che la legge logaritmica universale di Kármán–Prandtl è basata su un'assunzione che, per quanto plausibile, non è del tutto corretta. Giungeremo alla conclusione, basata su considerazioni teoriche esull'elaborazione di dati sperimentali, che la legge logaritmica universale non descrive le caratteristiche reali del flusso turbolento di un fluido viscoso sviluppato e confinato da una parete; essa dovrebbe essere sostituita de una legge differente, una legge di similitude. L'evidenza sperimentale per la stzuttura locale di flusso turbolento non è al momento sufficientemente assodata perpermettere una conclusione altrettanto definita. L'impiegodel nuovo approccio qui presentato, tuttavia, rende assai plausible che la classica versione non modificata della legge ‘K-41’ di Kolmogorov-Obukhov fornisca una adeguata descrizione delle caratteristiche locali del flussoturbolento sviluppato.
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  • 4
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    Meccanica 33 (1998), S. 29-46 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Finite difference methods ; Free shear layers ; Turbulence ; Fluid mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A computational formulation is proposed for second-moment closure turbulence models, especially suited to models intended to ensure physical realizability. It enables to cast the quite complicated model equations in a compact form. It is specifically applied here to a two-dimensional parabolized flow, though it lends itself to extension to more complex flows. An effective computational algorithm is proposed, based on a staggered grid and a block tridiagonal solver. The algorithm is applied to a turbulent mixing layer, and the comparison between the predictions obtained by standard modelling tools and a realizable second-moment closure clearly points out the superiority of the latter.
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  • 5
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    Meccanica 33 (1998), S. 503-516 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Flow visualization ; Speckle photography ; Particle image velocimetry ; Turbulence ; Fluid mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Modern developments in laser and computer technology, electronic cameras, and digital image processing techniques allow to generate planar distributions of quantitative data in turbulent flows. Large amounts of data can be processed easily and analyzed statistically. With these tools, it is possible to quantitatively visualize turbulent coherent structures, even in flows of high Reynolds number, and measure characteristic spatial quantities like vorticity, length scales, spatial correlation functions, etc. These potentials in analyzing spatial characteristics of turbulent flows are demonstrated with two different methods of quantitative flow visualization: speckle photography as a representative of the line-of-sight methods, and particle image velocimetry belonging to the methods that rely on the scattering of laser light from tracer particles. Sommario.I moderni sviluppi nelle tecnologie del laser e dei computers, delle telecamere elettroniche e le tecniche di analisi digitale delle immagini permettono di ottenere distribuzioni quantitative, in un piano, di dati relativi a flussi turbolenti. Una gran quantità di dati può essere con facilità analizzata statisticamente. Con questi mezzi è possibile visualizzare quantitativamente strutture coerenti turbolente anche in flussi da alto numero di Reynolds, e misurare caratteristiche spaziali, come vorticità scale e funzioni di correlazione. Questa potenzialità di studiare caratteristiche spaziali di flussi turbolenti viene qui mostrata per due differenti metodi di visualizzazione quantitativa: fotografia ‘speckle’ e PIV (particle image velocimetry).
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  • 6
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    Meccanica 29 (1994), S. 453-464 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Vortices ; Turbulence ; Intermittency ; Vortex dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario La struttura di regioni ad intensa vorticità in campi di flusso turbolento omogenei, isotropi ed in equilibrio, simulati numericamente, viene studiata per quattro differenti numeri di Reynolds nell'intervalloRe λ=35÷170, e si trova che tali regioni si organizzano in vortici coerenti, cilindrici o a forma di nastro (‘vermi’). Con rifermento ai numeri di Reynolds studiati, si vede che tali vortici sono responsabili per gran parte delle code estreme ed intermittenti, osservate nelle statistiche dei gradienti di velocità, ma la loro importanza sembra decrescere a più altiRe λ. I loro raggi scalano con la microscala di Kolmogorov e le loro lunghezze con la scala integrale del flusso, mentre la loro circolazione cresce monotonicamente conRe λ. Per quest'ultimo riscalamento viene offerta una spiegazione basata sull'assunzione della presenza di onde inerziali assiali lungo i loro nuclei, eccitate da una deformazione di fondo casuale dell'ordine della radice quadrata della velocità media. Questa spiegazione è consistente con la presenza di incrementi paragonabili di allungamenti e compressioni lungo i nuclei dei vortici.
    Notes: Abstract The structure of the intense vorticity regions is studied in numerically simulated homogeneous, isotropic, equilibrium turbulent flow fields at four different Reynolds numbers, in the rangeRe λ=35–170, and is found to be organized in coherent, cylindrical or ribbon-like, vortices (‘worms’). At the Reynolds numbers studied, they are responsible for much of the extreme intermittent tails observed in the statistics of the velocity gradients, but their importance seems to decrease at higherRe λ. Their radii scale with the Kolmogorov microscale and their lengths with the integral scale of the flow, while their circulation increases monotonically withRe λ. An explanation is offered for this latter scaling, based in the assumed presence of axial inertial waves along their cores, excited by a random background strain of the order of the root mean square vorticity. This explanation is consistent with the presence of comparable amounts of stretching and compression along the vortex cores.
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  • 7
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    Meccanica 30 (1995), S. 719-725 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Self-similarity ; Fluid dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Nel presente lavoro viene presentato uno studio riguardante le proprietà della cosiddetta funzione di forma $$f\left( {\frac{r}{\eta }} \right)$$ che caratterizza le leggi di scala delle fluttuazioni di velocità in un flusso turbolento. L'analisi é basata su precedenti misure sperimentali effettuate in flussi turbolenti generati da griglie a bassi Reλ ed in condizioni omogenee e non omogenee. Le proprietá di universalitá della funzione di forma sono studiate nell'ambito della cosiddetta Extended Self-Similarity.
    Notes: Abstract In this work some investigations on the properties of the so calledform function $$f\left( {\frac{r}{\eta }} \right)$$ which characterizes the scaling behavior of the small scales fluctuations in a turbulent flow are presented. The present analysis is based on previous experimental measurements in homogeneous and non-homogeneous grid-generated turbulence at low Reλ. The universality properties of the form function are investigated in the frame of the Extended Self Similarity (ESS) form of scaling.
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  • 8
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    Space science reviews 83 (1998), S. 75-86 
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Keywords: Solar wind ; Heliosphere ; Ulysses ; SOHO ; MHD waves ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The solar wind in the inner heliosphere, inside ~ 5 AU, has been almost fully characterized by the addition of the high heliographic latitude Ulysses mission to the many low latitude inner heliosphere missions that preceded it. The two major omissions are the high latitude solar wind at solar maximum, which will be measured during the second Ulysses polar passages, and the solar wind near the Sun, which could be analyzed by a Solar Probe mission. Here, existing knowledge of the global solar wind in the inner heliosphere is summarized in the context of the new results from Ulysses.
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  • 9
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    Journal of statistical physics 15 (1976), S. 455-475 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Rayleigh-Bénard layer ; random behavior of nonlinear differential equations ; fluctuation spectra ; dispersion relation representation ; relaxation kernel ; mode-mode coupling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of the Lorenz model in the “turbulent” regime (r〉r T is investigated by applying methods for treating many-body systems. Symmetry properties are used to derive relations between correlation functions. The basic ones are evaluated numerically and discussed for several values of the parameterr. A theory for the spectra of the two independent relaxation functions is presented using a dispersion relation representation in terms of relaxation kernels and characteristic frequencies. Their role in the dynamics of the system is discussed and it is shown that their numerical values increase in proportion to √r. The approximation of the relaxation kernels that represent nonlinear coupling between the variables by a relaxation time expression and a simple mode coupling approximation, respectively, is shown to explain the two different fluctuation spectra. The coupling strength for the modes is determined by a Kubo relation imposing selfconsistency. Comparison with the “experimental” spectra is made for three values ofr.
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  • 10
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    Journal of statistical physics 21 (1979), S. 263-277 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Turbulence ; chaos ; Lorenz system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The system of equations introduced by Lorenz to model turbulent convective flow is studied here for Rayleigh numbersr somewhat smaller than the critical value required for sustained chaotic behavior. In this regime the system is found to exhibit transient chaotic behavior. Some statistical properties of this transient chaos are examined numerically. A mean decay time from chaos to steady flow is found and its dependence uponr is studied both numerically and (very close to the criticalr) analytically.
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  • 11
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    Journal of statistical physics 63 (1991), S. 305-313 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Turbulence ; diffusion ; helicity ; convection ; incompressible fluids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Through the use of the Novikov-Furutsu formula for Gaussian processes an equation is obtained for the diffusion of the ensemble average of a passive scalar in an incompressible turbulent velocity field in terms of the two-point, two-time correlator of this field. The equation is valid for turbulence which is not necessarily homogeneous or stationary and thus generalizes previous work.
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  • 12
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    Pure and applied geophysics 130 (1989), S. 547-569 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Turbulence ; atmospheric turbulence ; clear air turbulence ; middle atmosphere ; heat flux
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The physical nature of motions with scales intermediate between approximately isotropic turbulence and quasi-linear internal gravity waves is not understood at the present time. Such motions play an important role in the energetics of small scales processes, both in the ocean and in the atmosphere, and in vertical transport of heat and constituents. This scale range is currently interpreted either as a saturated gravity waves field or as a buoyancy range of turbulence. We first discuss some distinctive predictions of the classical (Lumley, Phillips) buoyancy range theory, recently improved (Weinstock, Dalaudier and Sidi) to describe potential energy associated with temperature fluctuations. This theory predicts the existence of a spectral gap in the temperature spectra and of an upward mass flux (downward buoyancy and heat fluxes), strongly increasing towards large scales. These predictions are contrasted with an alternate theory, assuming “energetically insignificant” buoyancy flux, proposed by Holloway. Then we present experimental evidences of such characteristic features obtained in the lower stratosphere with an instrumented balloon. Spectra of temperature, vertical velocity, and cospectra of both, obtained in homogeneous, weakly turbulent regions, are compared with theoretical predictions. These results are strongly consistent with the improved classical buoyancy range theory and support the existence of a significant downward heat flux in the buoyancy range. The theoretical implications of the understanding of this scale range are discussed. Many experimental evidences consistently show the need for an anisotropic theory of the buoyancy range of turbulence.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1978), S. 537-547 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Transport processes ; turbulent ; Turbulence transport in stratosphere ; mesosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Meterological rocket soundings, launched between 1969–74 at six locations representative of low, middle, and high altitudes, are employed with the use of the statistical theory of diffusion, to determine the zonal and meridional component of eddy diffusivity between 30 and 55 km as a function of season, latitude, and altitude. A comparison is also made between annually-averaged eddy diffusivities above and below 30 km. It is shown that the zonal component of eddy diffusivity is approximately three to five times as large as the meridional component, in most cases. Both components of eddy diffusivity vary greatly with season, latitude, and altitude. Highest eddy diffusivities, found in the vicinity of the winter westerly jet, are approximately one order of magnitude higher than those present during the summer. Tropical eddy diffusivities, however, remain relatively small throughout the year. Annually, a minimum is indicated near 25 km between maximums located at the stratopause and tropopause.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 494-527 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: MST radar ; Gravity waves ; Turbulence ; Stratospheric structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Powerful VHF radars are capable of almost continuously monitoring the threedimensional velocity vector and the distribution of turbulence in the middle atmosphere, i.e. the stratosphere and mesosphere. Methods of radar investigations of the middle atmosphere are outlined and the basic parameters, mean and fluctuating velocities as well as reflectivity and persistency of atmospheric structures, are defined. Results of radar investigations are described which show that the tropopause level as well as a criterion on the stability of the lower stratosphere can be deduced. Besides mean wind velocities, VHF radars can measure instantaneous velocities due to acoustic gravity waves. The interaction of gravity waves with the background wind is discussed, and it is shown that cumulus convection is an effective source of gravity waves in the lower stratosphere. The vertical microstructure of the stratosphere, manifesting itself in thin stratified sheets in which temperature steps occur, is investigated by applying knowledge from investigations of the oceanic thermocline. Possible origins, like shear generation and lateral convection of the microstructure of the stratosphere, are discussed. Observations of gravity waves in the mesosphere are reviewed and their connection with turbulence structures is pointed out. Finally, some open questions which could be answered by further VHF radar investigations are summarized.
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  • 15
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 95-107 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Boundary layer ; Spectral density ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have carried out a series of recordings reproducing the small scale structures of temperature and windspeed within the boundary layer. The results obtained have been processed by computer and a direct comparison made between the slope of the spectral density functions and the theoretical slopen=5/3 defining the turbulence in the region of the inertial subrange. The measurements made at various altitudes on thin atmospheric samples demonstrate the variability of the spectral density slope with altitude. The hypotheses put forward by A. M. Obukhov, R. Bolgiano, G. H. Shur, P. Misme, A. Monin or S. Panchev, for example, enable the spectral variations and certain discontinuities in the turbulence observed during the experiments, within and beyond the boundary layer, to be explained.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 648-661 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric turbulence ; Entrainment ; Turbulence ; Karman constant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper extends the theory of the entity and entrainment model of turbulence to obtain a numerical value of von Karman's constant,k=0.37. The formula is, $$k = (2a^3 /A)^{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 4}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 4}} \ln \beta $$ where,a=1/12 is the entrainment constant,A=1 is the turbulent decay constant, and β is the ratio in height of the successive self-similar layers of the theory, where β is evaluated as β=e 2. These new values fork and β improve the surface roughness length estimates derived from this theory.
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  • 17
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 758-771 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Diffusion ; Turbulence
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Dye plumes were generated at three depths in the seasonal thermocline between 7 and 11 m, 22 km south of Key West on 21 August 1980 and photographed at about 10 second intervals with an underwater camera system. Eleven pairs of consecutive pictures are analyzed to determine the mean current vertical shear and the width of the plumes by positioning reference points relative to the rod attached to the camera system. The relative distances of reference points are calibrated with the stereophotogrammetric method for one pair. The eddy diffusivity is calculated by use of a model of turbulent diffusion developed byTaylor (1921). Its values range from 5 to 25 cm2s−1 for the plume widths ranging from 33 to 132 cm. The Richardson number is calculated for each pair of pictures with the vertical density gradient estimated from temperature profiles. Its values are higher than the critical value of 0.25 except for one case. The diffusivity was higher by orders of magnitude than the molecular one and indicates the presence of turbulence together with billow like features of the plumes in spite of high Richardson numbers. This suggests that the billow turbulence might be caused by effects of surface gravity waves and not by the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 132 (1990), S. 457-479 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Turbulence ; mesures aéroportées ; fluctuation de pression ; presso-corrélations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Résumé Nous avons décrit dansBardeau et al. (1987), la réalisation, le fonctionnement et les tests d'un microdébitmètre basé sur l'anémométrie à fil chaud. Il a été particulièrement montré que cet appareil était bien adapté aux mesures de pression et pression différentielle avec une grande sensibilité et une très faible constante de temps. Nous présentons ici les applications qui ont été faites de ce capteur aux mesures à haute résolution à bord d'avions instrumentés pour la recherche atmosphérique. L'avion utilisé était spécialement équipé pour les mesures de turbulence et permettait donc l'acquisition d'un grand nombre de paramètres indispensables à l'analyse des données de ce capteur. Dans les applications aéronautiques qui ont été faites, le capteur a surtout été utilisé en tant que variomètre. Les comparaisons avec les mesures standards d'altitude par pression et couplages pression-données inertielles montrent que cet instrument pourrait apporter une contribution intéressante dans le domaine de la mesure à haute fréquence des fluctuations de pression.
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  • 19
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    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 561-574 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric electricity ; Small ions ; Stability ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The standard deviations and time-spectra of small ion number density have been measured at ground level under different atmospheric stability conditions. The auto-correlation correlograms and the time-spectra imply a scale of fluctuations corresponding to 1 to 4 min. No clear relationships between standard deviations of small ion number density and micro-meteorological parameters are observed. Thus the results are not a support for Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. For the highest frequencies the slopes of the spectra seem to follow the −5/3-law fairly well and the frequencies of the peak values of individual spectra lnfS(f) increase when the atmosphere stability increases, which is valid for ordinary micrometeorological parameters.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Key words Meteorology ; Turbulence ; Modelling ; Spray drift ; Wind
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  An insight into the nature of prevailing meteorological conditions and the manner in which they interact with spraying parameters is an important prerequisite in the analysis of the dynamics of agrochemical sprays. Usually, when these sprays are projected from hydraulic nozzles, their initial velocity is greater than that of the ambient wind speed. The flowfield therefore experiences changes in speed and direction which are felt upstream as well as downstream of the spray droplets. The pattern of the droplet flow, i.e. the shape of the streamlines marking typical trajectories, will be determined by a balance of viscous forces related to wind speed, inertial forces resulting from the acceleration of the airstream and pressure forces which can be viewed in terms of the drag forces exerted on the spray droplets themselves. At a certain distance in the ensuing motion, when the initial velocity of the spray droplets has decreased sufficiently for there to be no acceleration, their trajectories will be controlled entirely by the random effects of turbulence. These two transport processes in the atmosphere can be modelled mathematically using computers. This paper presents a model that considers the velocity of spray droplets to consist of a ballistic velocity component superimposed by a random-walk velocity component. The model is used to study the influence of meteorological and spraying parameters on the three-dimensional dynamics of spray droplets projected in specified directions in neutral and unstable weather conditions. The ballistic and random-walk velocity components are scaled by factors of (1–ξ) and ξ respectively, where ξ is the ratio of the sedimentation velocity and the relative velocity between the spray droplets and the surrounding airstream. This ratio increases progressively as the initial velocity of the spray droplet decreases with air resistance and attains a maximum when the sedimentation velocity has been reached. As soon as this occurs, the random-walk process predominates. The computed effects of the release height of spray droplets, atmospheric turbulence intensity, evaporation, drop size spectrum, wind velocity and wind direction on the transport process have been studied and an analysis of spray drift is provided.
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    Shock waves 4 (1995), S. 237-245 
    ISSN: 1432-2153
    Keywords: Shock ; Turbulence ; Hypersonic inlet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A numerical investigation for an axisymmetric hypersonic turbulent inlet flow field of a perfect gas is presented for a three-shock configuration consisting of a biconic and a cowl. An upwind parabolized Navier-Stokes solver based on Roe's scheme is used to compute an oncoming flow Mach numberM ∞=8, temperatureT ∞=216 K, and pressureP ∞=5.5293×103 N/m2. In order to assess the flow quantities, the interaction between shock and turbulence, and the inlet efficiency, three different flow calculations — laminar, turbulent with incompressible and compressible two-equationk-ɛ turbulence models — have been performed in this work. Computational results show that turbulence is markedly enhanced across an oblique shock with step-like increases in turbulence kinetic energy and dissipation rate. This enhancement is at the expense of the mean kinetic energy of the flow. Therefore, the velocity behind the shock is smaller in turbulent flow and hence the shock becomes stronger. The entropy increase through a shock is caused not only by the amplification of random molecular motion, but also by the enhancement of the chaotic turbulent flow motion. However, only the compressiblek-ɛ turbulence model can properly predict a decrease in turbulence length scale across a shock. Our numerical simulation reveals that the incompressiblek-ɛ turbulence model exaggerates the interaction between shock and turbulence with turbulence kinetic energy and dissipation rate remaining high and almost undissipated far beyond the shock region. It is shown that proper modeling of turbulence is essential for a realistic prediction of hypersonic inlet flowfield. The performed study shows that the viscous effect is not restricted in the boundary layer but extends into the main flow behind a shock wave. The loss of the available energy in the inlet performance therefore needs to be determined from the shock-turbulence interaction. The present study predicts that the inlet efficiency becomes relatively lower when turbulence is taken into account.
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    Shock waves 5 (1996), S. 275-285 
    ISSN: 1432-2153
    Keywords: Shock reflection ; Diffraction ; Shadowgraph ; Vortex ; Turbulence
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    Topics: Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The accuracy of four industrial shock hydrodynamics codes for blast environments in baffled systems is evaluated based on the shadowgraph data of Reichenbach and Kuhl (1992,3). Both problems involve a planar shock passing through a baffled channel. The numerical methods employed in these codes are representative of two classes, namely, the set of high-resolution schemes advanced in the 1980's, and the classical finite-difference schemes from the late 1960's. The four codes are: (1) the AMR code based on the higher-order Godunov scheme with adaptive grids, (2) the FEM-FCT code based on the flux-corrected transport scheme with unstructured grids, (3) and (4) the finite-difference based HULL and SHARC codes with fixed grids. From the comparisons of these calculations it is concluded that the high-resolution schemes: (1) calculate sharper shocks and sharper density profiles across vortices, (2) predict shear layer rollup forming coherent structures in the spiral vortices immediately down-stream of every baffle, and (3) predict development of inviscid instabilities from these shear layers that, upon interaction with the reverberating shocks in the system, quickly become ‘turbulent’. The finite-difference codes predict essentially laminar behavior for the shear layers. Comparisons with shadowgraph data suggest that both classes of codes are able to predict shock reflections and diffractions in the baffled systems. The high-resolution codes give better agreement in the spiral vortices and the shear layers. As expected, turbulent flow features involving highly dissipative flow fields are not predicted by the high-resolution codes.
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    European biophysics journal 4 (1978), S. 53-65 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Noise ; Membranes ; Ion selectivity ; Convection ; Turbulence
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Flicker noise of electric currents through ion-selective membranes is explained. It is attributed to the depletion of salt on one side of the membrane, which creates a thin layer of high resistance. Joule heating in this depletion layer and the ensuing temperature gradient, as well as the concentration gradient, give rise to buoyant forces which may create a turbulent convection current. The turbulence mixes the depletion layer so that the electric resistance fluctuates, and consequently the current flickers. Experiments with ion-selective membranes support this conjecture. They show that 1) Noise is coincident with the increase of the electric resistance by the depletion process. 2) When the current density is reduced, it reaches a critical value, below which the convection current changes from turbulent to laminar, and the noise disappears. 3) Noise reduces with temperature, because the expansion coefficient of water decreases with temperature, and its viscosity increases. 4) A non-ionic water-soluble polymer added to the compartment on the side of the depletion layer reduces the noise, by increasing the bulk viscosity of the solution. 5) Noise depends on the membrane's orientation in the gravitational field. 6) The convection-current in the depletion layer can be observed directly, using a laser-beam, by adding latex particles which create optical noise as they drift with the convection current across the beam. The optical noise is observed only coincidently with the current noise.
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    Astrophysics and space science 216 (1994), S. 55-65 
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Keywords: Stars: Hot, Wolf-Rayet ; Turbulence
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The quantification of stochastic substructures seen propagating away from the centers of emission lines of Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars is extended using the powerful, objective technique of wavelet analysis. Results for the substructures in one WR star so far show that the scaling laws between (a) flux and velocity dispersion and (b) lifetime and flux, combined with (c) their mass spectrum, strongly support the hypothesis that we are seeing the high mass tail-end distribution of full-scale supersonic compressible turbulence in the winds. This turbulence sets in beyond a critical radius from the star and shows remarkable similarity to the hierarchy of cloudlets seen in giant molecular clouds and other components of the ISM. The velocity dispersion is larger on average for substructures (interpreted as density enhanced turbulent eddies) propagating towards or away from the observer, suggesting that the turbulence is anisotropic. This is not surprising, since the most likely force which drives the windand the ensuing turbulence alike, radiation pressure, is directed outwards in all directions from the star. It is likely that a similar kind of turbulence prevails in the winds of all hot stars, of which those of WR stars are the most extreme. The consequences of clumping in winds are numerous. One of the most important is the necessary reduction in the estimate of the mass-loss rates compared to smooth outflow models.
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    Astrophysics and space science 221 (1994), S. 371-382 
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Keywords: Wavelets ; Stars: Hot, Wolf-Rayet ; Turbulence
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A wavelet analysis technique is developed and used to study variable spectral features on top of broad emission lines in Wolf-Rayet stars. A decomposition of the signal in discrete structures allows one to look for scaling laws. Results from the study of two Wolf-Rayet stars suggest we are seeing the upper tail-end of a scaled distribution. This provides a test for turbulence models, and sets new constraints on theoretical wind models.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 87 (1998), S. 459-480 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Coherence model ; Spatial coherence ; Turbulence
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Wind speed measurements from the test site at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory have been evaluated with respect to the spatial coherence function. The experimental arrangement provides coherence information for separation distances of 62, 80 and 102 m. These are at least three times greater than the measurement heights of 18 m and 18.7 m. Based on these experimental data and data published in the literature, different theoretical formulations are compared and a new, but simple, model for longitudinal and lateral coherence is proposed. At large separations the turbulent wind field is not isotropic, theoretical models to describe the coherence function for such distances are not available. The new model we propose builds on the classical exponential approach. It takes into account the influence of turbulence intensity and models the angular dependence of horizontal coherence. It is found that, for constant turbulence intensity, the lateral coherence decay becomes independent of the mean wind speed.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 89 (1998), S. 285-316 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Boundary layer ; Heterogeneous terrain ; Roughness length ; Surface fluxes ; Turbulence
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this work is to present experimentally evaluated effective roughnesses (zoe) of a partly forested landscape. Although the ratio of boundary-layer height to obstacle size was only of the order of 50, there still seemed to exist a height range of 75–200 m where surface-layer similarity was approximately valid. Attempts were made to use conventional wind profile analysis to evaluate zoe, but the small height range and the large number of variables initially led to unacceptable uncertainties. Fixing the displacement height zd, rather than fitting it, reduced the data scatter to an acceptable level. The profile-derived roughness lengths zop obtained in this way were in good agreement with previous work, and with an alternative roughness length estimate zof for which flux-derived profile parameters u* and θ* were used. This implies that the profile-derived roughnesses were consistent with the measured surface-layer momentum flux. Comparison of both roughness estimates also yielded an improved estimate of the displacement height. Besides this, the authors tested a landscape roughness evaluation method which makes use of the gustiness parameter Tu = σu/U in the surface layer. The results obtained by this method were in fair agreement with the profile-derived data. In previous work, the gustiness method was advocated because it could be used at relatively low levels, perhaps even within the roughness sub-layer. At the present measuring site, this was not the case as the gustiness method was only valid in an approximate way, and for a limited height range.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 77 (1996), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Water vapor ; Turbulent flux ; Bulk Coefficient ; HEIFE ; Desert ; Similarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Observations of surface-layer turbulence and turbulent fluxes were made over a desert in northwestern China as a part of HEIFE (HEIhe river Field Experiment). These show that the normalized variations of the vertical wind component and of the air temperature obey Monin-Obukhov similarity well, especially in free convective conditions. However, the variations of specific humidity do not obey Monin-Obukhov similarity. Mean bulk transfer coefficients of sensible heat and momentum flux are obtained as functions of stability over a wide stability range from the observed data of turbulent fluxes and mast profiles. However, the bulk transfer coefficient for water vapor could not be obtained because of the large scatter of the data. In free convective conditions, the sensible heat flux was found to be approximately proportional to the 1.4 power of temperature difference between the surface and 20m. The bulk transfer coefficient of sensible heat is also obtained as a function of the bulk Richardson number for practical convenience.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 94 (2000), S. 461-493 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Radiation fog ; Large-eddy simulation ; Turbulence ; Kelvin–Helmholtz instability ; Convection ; Mixed layer
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In order to study the three-dimensional structure of radiation fogand to obtain a basic understanding of its generation mechanism,a numerical experiment is performed with a large-eddysimulation model and compared with the observation at Cabauw in the Netherlands. After confirming that the results are insatisfactory agreement with the observations, the structure of thefog and its generation mechanism are examined in more detail. Before the fog forms, the atmosphere is stable and an inversionlayer exists almost adjacent to the ground surface. As the fog grows, however, the stratification is destabilized and a mixed layerdevelops gradually. The longwave radiative cooling near thefog top contributes to the destabilization more than thecondensational heating does. The evolution of the fog can be classified into three stagesaccording to the behaviour of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE):formation, development, and dissipation stages.The fog layer has different flow structures at each stage.During the formation stage, longitudinal rolls similar tostreaks in channel flows appear near the ground surface.The development stage is characterized by an initiation oftransverse bands due to Kelvin–Helmholtz instability anda sudden increase of TKE. During the dissipation stage, longitudinalrolls and polygonal cells due to convective instability are organized.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 97 (2000), S. 219-249 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Conditional concentration statistics ; Mixing ; Scalar dissipation ; Turbulence
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We analyse cross-wind-integrated statistics of theconcentration field of a conserved scalar for pointand line sources in grid turbulence. In particular,using wind-tunnel measurements we calculate thecross-wind integrated probability density function(pdf) for the scalar concentration. We then use thatquantity in the exact evolution equation for the pdfto calculate the cross-wind integrated mean of therate of dissipation of scalar variance, conditional onthe scalar concentration. Much of the variation ofthese statistics with distance downstream is accountedfor by scaling with concentration, length and timescales based on the development of the mean plume.This scaling thus suggests some simple practicalparameterisations of these statistics in terms ofmean-field quantities. One of the motivations for thiswork is to find a simple parameterisation for thescalar dissipation that can be used for modellingchemical reactions in plumes. We also consider the cross-wind integral of the firstfew moments of the concentration field and show thatthe integration greatly simplifies the budgets forthese moments. Thus the first moment is just thedownstream flux of the scalar, which is constant. Thesecond moment budget provides a check on the meandissipation estimated directly from the pdf evolutionequation.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 83 (1997), S. 285-309 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Adjoint ; Data assimilation ; Turbulence ; Complex terrain
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes an adjoint method for data assimilation intoupstream boundary conditions of numerical modelsusing optimal control theory. Mathematical formalisms are given along with the numerical implementation of the schemein a column model of the atmospheric boundary layer. The optimized mean and turbulence profiles are used as an upstream solutionin a model of turbulent flow in complex terrain. To contrast thiswith other methods, two solutions for flow over an isolatedhill are calculated, one with an optimized upstream solution andone with a simple surface-layer formulation for the upstream solution.These two solutions are compared to observations and analytical theory. The adjoint optimization method is shown to producesolutions of flow in complex terrain that are substantively differentat the two solutions, with the optimized solution giving more accurate results.
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    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Canopies ; Temperature ramps ; Renewal models
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Sensible heat, latent heat, and other scalar fluxes cannot be measuredwithin short dense canopies, e.g., straw mulches, with standard approachessuch as eddy correlation, Bowen ratio-energy balance, aerodynamic, andvariance methods. However, recently developed surface renewal models, thatare based on the fact that most of the turbulent transfer within and abovecanopies is associated with large-scale coherent eddies, which are evidentas ramp patterns in scalar time series, offer a feasible solution. Wepresent a new air renewal model that calculates sensible heat flux atdifferent heights within and above a canopy from the average cubictemperature structure function, sampled at a moderate rate, and measuredaverage friction velocity. The model is calibrated and tested with datameasured above and within a Douglas-fir forest and above a straw mulch andbare soil. We show that the model describes half-hour variations ofsensible heat flux very well, both within the canopy and roughnesssublayers and in the inertial sublayer, for stable and unstable atmosphericconditions. The combined empirical coefficient that appears in the modelhas an apparently universal value of about 0.4 for all surfaces andheights, which makes application of the model particularly simple. Themodel is used to predict daytime and nighttime sensible heat flux profileswithin the straw mulch and within a small bare opening in the mulch.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 84 (1997), S. 411-425 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Trajectories ; Turbulence ; Dispersion ; Diffusion ; Numerical models
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Among well-mixed multi-dimensional Lagrangian stochastic (LS) dispersion models, we observe that those in poorest agreement with observations produce ‘spiralling trajectories,’ with an associated reduction in dispersion. We therefore investigate statistics of increments dθ ' to the orientation θ'= arctan(W'/U') of the Lagrangian velocity-fluctuation vector – as a possible means to distinguish the better LS models within the well-mixed class. ‘Zero-spin’ models, having 〈 dθ'〉 = 0, are found to provide best agreement with observations. It is not clear however, whether imposition of the zero-spin property selects (in conjunction with the well-mixed condition) a unique model.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 85 (1997), S. 197-222 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Chemistry ; Closure ; Convective boundary layer
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We study the interactions of chemistry and turbulent mixing of tracersin the convective boundary layer with a second-order closure model,including higher order chemistry terms. In order to limit the number of predictive equations we prescribe the profiles for ¯w¯Θ, ¯w¯θ ¯θ and the lengthscale l. However, for model validation we treat temperature and humidity asinert tracers, and compare the results with profiles observed during theAir Mass Transformation Experiment, and with similarity expressions for thesurface layer. We find good agreement of the mean profiles, but the (co-)variances are slightly underpredicted. Furthermore, the model usesdiagnostic equations expressing third moments of concentration in terms ofsecond moments and their vertical derivatives. They are compared withlarge-eddy model results, showing good agreement and, therefore, thesimplifications are justified. The model is applied to the transport of two gases subject to one bimolecular reaction. The importance of concentration correlations on themean transformation rate is studied. For two gases diffusing in oppositedirections we find for moderate and fast chemistry a 50% and90% decreased transformation rate due to the negatively correlatedconcentrations. These values are similar to large-eddy results of Schumannand Sykes et al. For two bottom-up tracers we find that the covariance ofboth reactive species is either positive or negative, increasing or reducingthe effective transformation rate depending on the Damköhler number (the ratio of the turbulent and the chemistry timescale). A significantdirect influence of chemistry on the flux divergence is found in bothcases. According to the model the effective transport to mid-levels of theboundary layer is increased when two reactive tracers diffuse in oppositedirections, and decreased in the case of two bottom-up tracers.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 86 (1998), S. 63-87 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Stratocumulus ; Mass flux ; Lateral entrainment ; Turbulence ; Conditional sampling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A mass-flux approach is applied to observational data obtained in a convective boundary layer topped with stratocumulus clouds. The observational data were obtained from aircraft measurements during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment (ASTEX). A conditional sampling method is used to calculate average updraft and downdraft values. The vertical fluxes calculated with the mass-flux approach are found to be proportional to the real (measured) fluxes, with a proportionality factor being about 0.6. This value is predicted by theory for two variables having a joint Gaussian distribution function; proportionality factor = 2π-1 ≈ 0.637. The horizontal fractional entrainment and detrainment rates calculated from the data (ε ≈ 1–2 × 10-2 m-1) are an order of magnitude higher than the rates obtained by large eddy simulations for cumulus convection (ε ≈ 2–3 × 10-3 m-1) and two orders of magnitude higher than those used in modelling cumulus convection with a mass-flux scheme in an operational weather forecast model (ε ≈ 3 × 10-4 m-1). A numerical mass-flux model for the thermodynamics was developed and showed that results are in good agreement when compared with measured profiles of the liquid water content.
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    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Surface temperature ; Surface inhomogeneity ; Source area
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    Notes: Abstract Turbulence characteristics, vertical profiles of wind velocity u(z) and air temperature T(z), and also spatial variations in steppe surface radiation temperature Tr(x) are measured simultaneously. A marked effect of Tr(x) characteristics on the turbulence characteristics and T(z) profiles is observed in the lower part of the atmospheric surface layer. We suggest that variability in Tr(x) noticeably influences the surface-layer temperature field and leads to scatter in the values of the universal functions obtained by different authors; effects of Tr(x) are not accounted for in similarity theory. The introduction of the value of temperature zero-plane displacement dT in the calculation formulae (to determine temperature flux) noticeably improves the agreement between calculated and measured (by eddy-correlation method) results. The influence of footprint (or Source Area) on the obtained results leads to noticeable scatter in the data obtained from measurements of atmospheric turbulence.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Convective boundary layer ; Clear air radar observations ; Coherent organizations ; Radar-aircraft joint observations
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The scientific objective of the TRAC experiment (Turbulence Radar Aircraft Cells) was to investigate the respective roles played by small-scale turbulence and coherent structures in the vertical transfer within the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). Field research held in June 1993 in France was based on coupled aircraft and Doppler radar measurements. The results discussed here are mainly focused on the evaluation of the performance of the radar in the 3D description of the clear air ABL, which was the technical goal of TRAC. During the experiment, the radar was able to provide continuous and coherent echo fields over a range of several tens of kilometres, extending up to about 3 km. Good agreement was obtained in the ABL between the radar-derived turbulent quantities and airborne measurements. As depicted by the reflectivity fields, coherent organizations were found to be a common feature of the eleven ABL cases analyzed. These organizations evolved during the day between a banded structure and a cellular pattern. A very weak correlation was found between the reflectivity field and the atmospheric parameters measured by the aircraft. However, in terms of characteristic scale, the reflectivity field appeared to be strongly related to the water vapour field. The inhomogeneity induced by the coherent circulations questions the representativity of one-dimensional sampling of these 3D fields and suggests the need to adapt the traditional statistical approach of the ABL.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 86 (1998), S. 233-256 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Lidar ; Remote sensing ; Turbulence ; Velocity statistics
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Coherent Doppler lidar measurements of wind statistics in the boundary layer are presented. The effects of the spatial averaging by the lidar pulse are removed using theoretical corrections and computer simulations. This permits unbiased estimates of velocity variance, spatial velocity structure functions, energy dissipation rate, and other point statistics of the velocity field.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 86 (1998), S. 333-344 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Dispersion model ; Non-uniqueness ; Plant canopy
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Lagrangian stochastic models, quadratic in velocity and satisfying the well-mixed condition for two-dimensional Gaussian turbulence, are used to make predictions of scalar dispersion within a model plant canopy. The non-uniqueness associated with satisfaction of the well-mixed condition is shown to be non-trivial (i.e. different models produce different predictions for scalar dispersion). The best agreement between measured and predicted mean concentrations of scalars is shown to be obtained with a small sub-class of ‘optimal’ models. This sub-class of ‘optimal’ models includes Thomson's model (J. Fluid Mech. 180, 529–556, 1987), the simplest model that satisfies the well-mixed condition for Gaussian turbulence, but does not include two other models identified recently as being in optimal agreement with the measured spread of tracers in a neutral boundary layer. It is therefore demonstrated that such models are not universal, i.e. applicable to a wide range of flows without readjustment of model parameters. Predictions for scalar dispersion in the model plant canopy are also obtained using the model of Flesch and Wilson (Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 61, 349–374, 1992). It is shown that, when used with a Gaussian velocity distribution or a maximum-missing-information velocity distribution, which accounts for the measured skewness and kurtosis of velocity statistics, the agreement between predictions obtained using the model of Flesch and Wilson and measurements is as good as that obtained using Thomson's model.
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    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Lagrangian decorrelation time scales ; Structure function constant ; Turbulence ; Lagrangian spectrum constant
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new method for deriving the Lagrangian decorrelation time scales for inhomogeneous turbulence is described. The expression for the time scales here derived for the convective boundary layer is compared to those estimated by Hanna during the Phoenix experiment. Then the values of C0, the Lagrangian velocity structure function constant, and of Bi, the Lagrangian velocity spectrum constant, were evaluated from the Eulerian velocity spectra and from the Lagrangian time scales derived, under unstable conditions, from Taylor's statistical diffusion theory. The numerical coefficient of the lateral and vertical Lagrangian spectra in the inertial subrange was found equal to 0.21, in good agreement with previous experimental estimates.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 87 (1998), S. 1-25 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Kites ; Atmospheric measurements ; Turbulence ; Profiling ; Ozone
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the capabilities and limitations of using state-of-the-art kites for atmospheric research. A brief historical review of the subject is first presented, followed by an outline of the current status of kite-borne measurement technology. The utility of the technique is then illustrated by presenting a series of recent measurements made using kite-borne technology. A summary of the advantages and limitations of kite-based measurements relative to other technologies is provided for reference.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 91 (1999), S. 227-257 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Coastal boundary layer ; Initialisation ; Mesoscale model ; Sea model breeze ; Thermal internal boundary layer ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A numerical two-dimensional-mesoscale model with a level 1.5 closure scheme for turbulence is described. The model is used to simulate the boundary layer over coastal complex terrain. Meteorological data available from the Øresund land-sea-land terrain experiment are used to study the performance of the model. The model could simulate generally observed complexities in the mean wind and temperature fields. Internal boundary layers over the water and land surfaces were identified by the height of lowest value in the turbulence kinetic energy profile and this showed good agreement with radiosonde (RS) observations. Some disagreements with the data were also noticed, especially near the surface. The wind speed was over-predicted. Attempts were made to improve the model performance by adopting different schemes for model initialisation. Results showed that initialisation with an early model start time and observed wind profile near the inflow boundary improved the performance. The wind speed over-prediction could be further minimised by using a more realistic objective initialisation scheme. The problem centred around the proper estimation of the turbulent diffusion coefficient K through the closure scheme. Despite using the most popular empirical relationships in the level 1.5 closure scheme, these differences persisted. While this needs further investigation, the present model can be used to supply wind fields for practical purposes such as air pollution calculations.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 91 (1999), S. 483-493 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Flow distortion ; Sonic anemometers
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We carried out measurements to test a simple theory of the effect of probe-induced flow distortion on turbulence measurements. We used two three-component sonic anemometers mounted 1.8m apart at a height of 6.7 m. Behind one was a horizontal circular cylinder of radius 0.15 m and length 1.2 m, chosen to model two-dimensional probe-induced flow distortion in the limit where the scale of the turbulence is very large compared to the scale of the probe. The second sonic anemometer measured the undistorted flow. The measured flow-distortion effects on the Reynolds shearing stress and the variances of streamwise and vertical velocity agree well with the theory.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 92 (1999), S. 37-63 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Energy balance ; Glacier ; Katabatic flow ; Stable boundary layer ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Turbulence measurements performed in a stable boundary layer over the sloping ice surface of the Vatnajökull in Iceland are described. The boundary layer, in which katabatic forces are stronger than the large-scale forces, has a structure that closely resembles that of a stable boundary layer overlying a flat land surface, although there are some important differences. In order to compare the two situations the set-up of the instruments on an ice cap in Iceland was reproduced on a flat grass surface at Cabauw, the Netherlands. Wind speed and temperature gradients were calculated and combined with flux measurements made with a sonic anemometer in order to obtain the local stability functions φm and φh as a function of the local stability parameter z/L. Unlike the situation at Cabauw, where φm was linear as a function of z/L, in the katabatically forced boundary layer, the dependence of φm on stability was found to be non-linear and related to the height of the wind maximum. Thermal stratification and the depth of the stable boundary layer however seem to be rather similar under these two different forcing conditions. Furthermore, measurements on the ice were used to construct the energy balance. These showed good agreement between observed melt and components contributing to the energy balance: net radiation (supplying 55% of the energy), sensible heat flux (30%) and latent heat flux (15%). Local sources and sinks in the turbulent kinetic energy budget are summed and indicate a reasonable balance in near-neutral conditions but not in more stable situations. The standard deviation of the velocity fluctuations σu, σv, and σw, can be scaled satisfactorily with the local friction velocity u* and the standard deviation of the temperature fluctuation σθ with the local temperature scale θ*.
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  • 45
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    Boundary layer meteorology 92 (1999), S. 165-183 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Coherent structures ; Turbulence ; Surface layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Multi-level turbulent wind data from the Risø Air-Sea Experiments (RASEX) were used to examine the structure of large-scale motions in the marine atmospheric surface layer. The quadrant technique was used to identify flux events (ejections/sweeps). Ejections, which appear to occur in groups, are seen to occur first at the upper level, moving successively to lower levels with small time delays. A strong correlation between events at different heights suggests that they may all be part of a single large structure. Cross-correlation between velocity signals was used to estimate orientation of the structure using Taylor's hypothesis. The inclination of this structure is shallow (≃ 15°) near the surface and increases with height. Spatial representations of the fluctuating wind vectors show a structure that is strikingly similar to conceptual models of transverse vortices and shear layers seen in laboratory flows and direct numerical simulation (DNS) of low Reynolds number flows. Spatial visualization of velocity fluctuations during other time periods and conditions clearly shows the existence of shear layers, transverse vortices, plumes, and downdrafts of various sizes and strengths. A quantitative analysis shows an increase in the frequency of shear related events with increasing wind speed.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Closure models ; Drizzle ; Entrainment ; Large Eddy Simulation ; Observations ; Stratocumulus ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract As part of the EUropean Cloud REsolving Modelling (EUCREM) model intercomparison project we compared the properties and development of stratocumulus as revealed by actual observations and as derived from two types of models, namely three-dimensional Large Eddy Simulations (LES) and one-dimensional Single Column Models (SCMs). The turbulence, microphysical and radiation properties were obtained from observations made in solid stratocumulus during the third flight of the first 'Lagrangian' experiment of the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment (ASTEX). The goal of the intercomparison was to study the turbulence and microphysical properties of a stratocumulus layer with specified initial and boundary conditions. The LES models predict an entrainment velocity which is significantly larger than estimated from observations. Because the observed value contains a large experimental uncertainty no definitive conclusions can be drawn from this. The LES modelled buoyancy flux agrees rather well with the observed values, which indicates that the intensity of the convection is modelled correctly. From LES it was concluded that the inclusion of drizzle had a small influence (about 10%) on the buoyancy flux. All SCMs predict a solid stratocumulus layer with the correct liquid water profile. However, the buoyancy flux profile is poorly represented in these models. From the comparison with observations it is clear that there is considerable uncertainty in the parametrization of drizzle in both SCM and LES.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Katabatic flow ; Spectra ; Stable boundary layer ; Turbulence ; Waves
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Observations obtained over a glacier surface in a predominantlykatabatic flow and with a distinctwind maximum below 13-m height are presented. The data werecollected using a 13-m high profilemast and two sonic anemometers (at about 2.5-m and 10-m heights).The spectra at frequencies belowthat of the turbulence range appear to deviate considerably fromthe curves obtained by Kaimal andco-workers during the 1968 Kansas experiment. The characteristicsof these deviations are compared tothe observations of others in surface-layers disturbed by anykind of large-scale outer-layer (orinactive) turbulence. In our case the disturbances arelikely to be induced by the highmountain ridges that surround the glacier. Moreover, the deviationsobserved in the cospectra seemto result from an, as yet, unspecified interaction between theinactive outer-layer turbulenceand the local surface-layer turbulence. Near the distinctwind maximum turbulence production ceasedwhile turbulence itself did not, probably the result ofturbulence transport from other levels. Consequently, we studied thelocal similarity relations using σw instead of u* as an alternative velocity scale. Wellbelow the wind maximum, and for relatively low stability(0〈 Rig 〈0.2), the flow behaves accordingto well established local-scaling similarity relationshipsin the stable boundary layer. For higherstability (Rig 〉 0.2), and near or above the wind maximum, the boundary-layer structure conforms tothat of z-less stratification suggesting that the eddy sizeis restricted by the local stability ofthe flow. In line with this we observed that the sensibleheat fluxes relate remarkably well to thelocal flow parameters.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Coherent structures ; Numerical modelling ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In two preceding papers, coherent structures of theatmospheric boundary layer (ABL), such as rollvortices or cells, were investigated through radar andaircraft observations collected during the TRAC-93(Turbulence Radar Aircraft Cells) experiment held inFrance in June 1993. The analysis of this experimentaldata set provided information on the spatialcharacteristics of these organisations (length scale,orientation, type ... ), their temporal and verticalevolution, and their relation with the dynamic andthermodynamic conditions of the ABL. For the thirdpaper in this series, a large eddy simulation model is used to examine the impact of thecoherent structures on the ABL vertical fluxes. Theanalysis of the simulated horizontal fields is madewith two-dimensional auto and cross-correlationsapplied on different pertinent ABL variables. Theresults emphasise a directional anisotropy of theseorganised fields throughout the ABL, much morepronounced in the heat flux fields, not only at thelength scale of organisations but also at theturbulence scales. This finding has an importantconsequence for traditional ABL flux measurementsbased on the hypothesis of isotropic and homogeneousturbulence. It can explain part of the underestimationof the surface fluxes often mentioned in theliterature. This approach makes it possible tomodify the concept of diffusion time (in chemicalmodelling) and could also lead to revised ABLparameterisations in Range Scale models.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 411-425 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Adsorption ; Desorption ; Diffusion ; Nitrate ; Nutrients ; Phosphate ; Sediments ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Cultural eutrophication from excessive input of nutrients is a major problem for many water bodies around the world. Phosphorus and to a lesser degree nitrogen constitute the limiting elements for growth of plankton cells. Mobility, speciation and partition of nutrients in aquatic ecosystems depend on a number of physicochemical parameters. Experiments have been conducted for quantification of nutrient partition between ambient water and cohesive sediments. The experiments included nitrate and soluble phosphorus (superphosphate -46% P2O5 fertilizer) partitioned between tap water and sediment slurries. The slurries involved kaolinite and bentonite as well as natural organic mud from, Lake Okeechobee, Florida. The nutrient exchange was promoted by sediment resuspension. Resuspension was induced either under homogeneous turbulent conditions in an oscillating-grid tank or by shear flow in a lock-exchange flume. The effects of phosphorus or nitrogen concentration, sediment concentration, water temperature, pH and salinity on nutrient partition were quantified. The results obtained through this study appear to be in agreement with data from other similar laboratory or field studies.
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    The visual computer 9 (1993), S. 200-212 
    ISSN: 1432-2315
    Keywords: Gaseous animation ; Turbulence ; Spectral synthesis ; Natural phenomena simulation ; Texture generation ; Time-varying texture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a new spectral synthesis method, motivated by the spectral turbulence theory, for visual modeling and the realistic and computer-effective animation of turbulent gaseous motion in 2-D and 3-D, which avoids the computational costs of direct simulation. Animation of gases is achieved through a phase shift in the frequency domain according to Kolmogorov's exponential law. The parameters of the turbulence model are intuitive, enabling animaters and designers to become familiar with them quickly. Owing to the method's computational effectiveness, an interactive, (quasi-)real-time, parallelized version, which provides the fast feedack needed to easily adjust the model's parameters, could be implemented.
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    Theoretical chemistry accounts 63 (1983), S. 323-338 
    ISSN: 1432-2234
    Keywords: Dynamic systems ; Chaotic chemical reactions ; Kinetic logic ; Turbulence ; Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Earlier approaches to the analysis of chemical dynamic systems using kinetic logic are refined to deal more effectively with systems having the two or more feedback circuits required for chaos. The essential kinetic features of such a system can be represented by a directed graph (called aninfluence diagram) in which the vertices represent the internal species and the directed edges represent kinetic relationships between the internal species. Influence diagrams characteristic of chaotic chemical systems have the following additional features: (1) They are connected; (2) Each vertex has at least one edge directed towards it and one edge directed away from it; (3) There is at least one vertex, called a turbulent vertex, with at least two edges directed towards it. From such an influence diagram a state transition diagram representing the qualitative dynamics of the system can be obtained using the following 4-step procedure: (1) A logical relationship is assigned at each turbulent vertex; (2) A local truth table is generated for each circuit in the influence diagram; (3) The local truth tables are combined to give a global truth table using the logical relationships at the turbulent vertices; (4) The global truth table is used to determine the corresponding state transition diagram using previously described methods. This refined procedure leads to a more restricted set of influence diagrams having the interlocking cycle flow topology required for chaos than the procedure described earlier. Systems with 3 internal species are examined in detail using the refined procedure. All systems with 3 dynamic variables shown in the simulation studies of Rössler to give chaotic dynamics correspond to influence diagrams which give inter-locking cycle (chaotic) flow topologies by the refined procedure. In addition, two models for the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction are examined using the refined procedure. The results are potentially informative concerning possible mechanisms for the limitation of the accumulation of autocatalytically produced HBrO2 (one of the internal species) during the course of this reaction.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1619-0904
    Keywords: Hemodynamics ; Prosthetic heart valves ; Steady flow ; In vitro measurements ; Turbulence ; Thrombus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the velocity fields, magnitudes of shear stresses, and regions of stagnation of a jellyfish valve and a St. Vincent tilting-disk valve using laser Doppler anemometry (LDA). All experiments were performed in vitro and at steady volumetric flow rates of 15 and 261/min (representing peak systole). The St. Vincent valve flow field was very unsymmetrical in the measurement plane that spanned the major and minor outflow regions of the valve and persisted at least to 1D downstream. For both flow rates tested, a stagnation region was always observed just behind the occluder. The maximum axial velocity was in the major outflow side and reached 2.54 m/s for peak systole flow of 261/min. Moreover, in the immediate vicinity of the valve and for both flow rates tested, turbulence intensities and velocity gradients were higher in the minor outflow region than in the major outflow region. However, as the flow progressed downstream, the opposite was observed, with large peak velocity in the major outflow. The maximum shear stress across the St. Vincent valve occurred in the minor outflow region and increased from 30 to 60N/m2 as the flow rate increased from 15 to 261/min. In the core of the larger jet, the shear stresses were very small (0–3N/m2). The flow at the edges of the jellyfish valve membrane, 10 mm (0.5D) downstream from the ring valve, consisted of two nearly symmetric jets in the vicinity of the tube wall. The maximum axial velocity in these jet regions increased from 1.7 to 2.5 m/s as the flow rates increased from 15 to 261/min. Pressure effects due to the oscillation of the membrane of the jellyfish valve appear to generate high shear stress in the immediate vicinity of the jellyfish valve (0.5D downstream). The values of shear stress were 0–27 N/m2 for a flow of 151/min and 3–109 N/m2 for a flow of 261/min. However, as the flow progresses downstream, shear stresses decay rapidly and return to the upstream undisturbed level at about 4D downstream, but at a slower rate than the RMS axial velocities. In general, for all operating flow conditions tested here, the jellyfish valve performed better than the St. Vincent valve when velocity and shear stress distributions are compared at locations more than 0.5D downstream from the valve.
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    Applied mathematics and mechanics 15 (1994), S. 1047-1053 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: Turbulence ; LES (large eddy simulation) ; turbulence model
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper the database obtained from LES is used to examine the algebraic turbulence model in Demuren and Rodi’s work. The results show that the prediction of normal Reynolds stresses and turbulence energy by means of turbulence modeling is better than that of shear Reynolds stresses. The comparison shows the LES method can be used to examine turbulence modelling.
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 42 (1998), S. 382-390 
    ISSN: 1573-1626
    Keywords: Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) ; Turbulence ; Magnetic fields ; Galaxies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present simulations of the 3D nonlinear induction equation in order to investigate the temporal evolution of large-scale magnetic fields in spiral galaxies. Our model includes differential rotation, ambipolar diffusion and, based on small-scale turbulence, eddy diffusivity and the tensorial α-effect with magnetic feedback. The nonaxisymmetric spiral pattern and – if considered – the vertical stratification of the galaxy are represented in its density and turbulence profile. Neglecting vertical stratification the lifetime and geometry of an initial magnetic field depend on the correlation time of interstellar turbulence τ corr . Short correlation times increase the lifetime of the initial magnetic field, but the field is rapidly wound up. Its pitch-angles develop to zero. The magnetic field has disappeared after at most 1 to 1.5 Gyr. A resonance like phenomenon is found by tuning the pattern velocity of the galactic spiral. The simulations then show an exceptional amplification of the magnetic field in the case that the pattern speed and a magnetic drift velocity have similar values. Considering a vertical stratification we achieve sufficiently long living grand-designed magnetic fields excited by dynamo action. The behaviour and geometry of the resulting field is again significantly influenced by the correlation time τ corr . Small values of τ corr lead to axisymmetric fields with small pitch-angles and field-concentration between the spiral arms. Increasing the correlation time the solutions show larger pitch-angles; and depending on very large correlation times the galactic dynamo rather generates fields clearly within the spiral arms and having a bisymmetric structure.
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    Journal of scientific computing 13 (1998), S. 323-367 
    ISSN: 1573-7691
    Keywords: Turbulence ; filtering ; multilevel methods ; direct numerical simulation ; small scales
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract In turbulence simulations, the small scales of motion, even if they carry only a very small percentage of the whole kinetic energy, must be taken into account in order to accurately reproduce the statistical properties of the flows. This induces strong computational restrictions. In an attempt to understand and model the nonlinear interaction between the small and large scales, a dynamic multilevel procedure is proposed and applied to homogeneous turbulence. As in large eddy simulation, filtering operators are used to separate the different scales of the velocity field. In classical models (Smagorinsky), only the large scale equation is resolved. A different approach is proposed here. Indeed, by analyzing the nonlinear interaction term in the large scale equation, we show that they locally have a very small contribution to the whole dynamic of the flow. We then propose to treat them less accurately. Specific treatments for these terms are achieved by a space and time adaptative procedure; the cut-off value (filter width) which defines the scale separation varies as time evolves. Simulations at Re λ in the range of 60 to 150 have been performed until statistical steady states are reached, i.e. over long time period. Comparisons with direct simulations (DNS) show that this numerical modeling provides an efficient resolution of the nonlinear interaction term. The multilevel algorithm is shown to be stable; the corresponding simulated flows reach a statistically steady state very close to the DNS ones. The shape of the energy spectrum functions as well as the characteristic statistical properties of the velocity and its derivatives are accurately recovered.
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    Journal of scientific computing 9 (1994), S. 369-403 
    ISSN: 1573-7691
    Keywords: Turbulence ; transport model ; Reynolds stress ; realizability ; second-order closure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The realizability of Reynolds stress models in homogeneous turbulence is critically assessed from a theoretical standpoint. It is proven that a well known second-order closure model formulated using the strong realizability constraints of Schumann (1977) and Lumley (1978) is, in fact, not a realizable model. The problem arises from the failure to properly satisfy the necessary positive second time derivative constraint when a principal Reynolds stress vanishes-a flaw that becomes apparent when the nonanalytic terms in the model are made single-valued as required on physical grounds. More importantly, arguments are advanced which suggest that it is impossible to identically satisfy the strong from of realizability in any version of the present generation of second-order closures. On the other hand, models properly formulated to satisfy the weak form of realizability—wherein states of one or two component turbulence are made inaccessible in finite time via the imposition of a positive first derivative condition—are found to be realizable. However, unlike the simpler and more commonly used second-order closures, these models can be ill-behaved near the extreme limits of realizable turbulence due to the way that higher-degree nonlinearities are often unnecessarily introduced to satisfy realizability. Illustrative computations of homogeneous shear flow are presented to demonstrate these points which can have important implications for turbulence modeling.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-7691
    Keywords: Turbulence ; passive scalar ; renormalization group ; ∈-expansion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The validity of the ∈-expansion in the turbulence problem is discussed using the example of diffusion of a passive scalar in a random velocity field. A generalization of Wilson's rule for calculating a diagram of arbitrary order is introduced. The resulting perturbation series, while having zero radius of convergence, is summed exactly yielding amplitudes which differ from those obtained to lowest order in the ∈-expansion by only a few percent. The properties of the expansion are analyzed in detail and it is shown that various subsets of diagrams, while differing by an infinite number of terms, give close results in the vicinity of the fixed point. This indicates nontrivial compensation of high-order interactions in turbulence. The irrelevance of high-order couplings is demonstrated for arbitrary values of ∈. The quality the approximation is tested by comparison with numerical experiments on diffusion of a passive scalar in a band-limited random velocity field in the limit of infinite Peclet number.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1573-7691
    Keywords: Turbulence ; probability distributions ; temperature fluctuations ; vorticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract A phenomenological theory of single-point probability distributions in turbulence is presented. Expressions for the probability distribution functions are derived and analyzed for a decaying passive scalar, temperature fluctuations in Bénard convection and vorticity fluctuations in both stationary and decaying homogeneous, isotropic turbulence. The predictions of the theory are compared with the results of physical and numerical experiments.
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    Journal of scientific computing 3 (1988), S. 139-147 
    ISSN: 1573-7691
    Keywords: Turbulence ; renormalization group ; numerical simulation
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The results of numerical simulations of random-force-driven Navier-Stokes turbulence designed to test predictions of the renormalization group theory of turbulence are presented. By specially choosing the random force, we generate fully developed turbulence with a relatively long inertial range. The results of these simulations provide direct numerical verification of the correspondence principle [V. Yakhot and S.A. Orszag,Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 1722 (1986)] and agree with the theoretical predictions based on the ɛ-expansion to about 2%–5%.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 88 (1998), S. 211-237 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Aircraft measurements ; Compositing ; Rayleigh-Bénard convection ; Spectral energetics ; Thermals ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A turbulence data set collected by the research aircraft Hercules and Falcon in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) over the North Sea during Rayleigh-Bénard convection (RBC) is analysed. Altogether nearly three hundred cell passages at different levels and in two different flight directions were sampled. The convective boundary-layer height (H) was about 1 km, and the RBC cells had a diameter D of roughly 2–3 km, resulting in an aspect ratio A = D/H ≈ 2–3. This value is also found in the case of RBC in laboratory-scale flows, whereas most of the recent PBL experimental work reports convection PBL rolls with A ≈ 3 and mesoscale cellular convection (MCC) with A ≈ 10–40 over the oceans. The large number of RBC cell passages made it possible to composite their average structure. Due to the more complex three-dimensional structure and the importance of thermals to the RBC dynamics, spectral, temporal and spatial decompositions and model calculations were necessary to illuminate structure, dynamics, energetics and organisation. The final impression is that the structure of RBC in the PBL is given by a honeycomb-like arrangement of short-lived mixed-layer thermals with more passive downward motions in between. The regularity of the Cu-cloud cover results partly from the more stationary flow in the cloud-free cell centres. On the other hand it is shown that active as well as inactive clouds contribute to the cloud cover. Thus, the PBL flow and the cloud cover are decoupled, at least temporarily and locally. Due to sparse observational and measured information about RBC occurrence and structure in the PBL, additional material was gathered, resulting in the impression that RBC is one additional realised mode of organised convection in the PBL, as has already been clarified for PBL rolls and MCC by recent investigations.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Heterodyne Doppler lidar ; Organized large eddies ; Planetary boundary laye ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In an experiment investigating the planetary boundary layer (PBL) wind and temperature fields, and PBL inversion height recorded by various instruments, the results reveal the presence of organized large eddies (OLE) or rolls. The measurements by lidars, anemometers, soundings and sodar gave an overview of the characteristics of the rolls and sources of energy production that maintain them. The experimental results obtained on two consecutive days are compared to model outputs. The agreement is excellent, showing that thermal stratification and wind shear are important factors in the structure and dynamics of OLE. A heterodyne Doppler lidar (HDL) is shown to be a useful tool in the study of OLE.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 89 (1998), S. 47-74 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Canopy closure model ; Pine forest ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Simultaneous triaxial sonic anemometer velocity measurements vertically arrayed at six levels within and above a uniform pine forest were used to examine two parameterization schemes for the triple-velocity correlation tensor employed in higher-order closure models. These parameterizations are the gradient-diffusion approximation typically used in second-order closure models, and the full budget for the triple-velocity correlation tensor typically employed in third-order closure models. Both second- and third-order closure models failed to reproduce the measured profiles of the triple-velocity correlation within and above the canopy. However, the Reynolds stress tensor profiles (including velocity variances) deviated greatly from the measurements only within the lower levels of the canopy. It is shown that the Reynolds stresses are most sensitive to the parameterization of the triple-velocity correlation in these lower canopy regions where local turbulent production is negligible and turbulence is mainly sustained by the flux transport term. The failure of the third-order closure model to reproduce the measured third moments in the upper layers of the canopy-top contradicts conclusions from a previous study over shorter vegetation but agrees with another study for a deciduous forest. Whether the third-order closure model failure is due to the zero-fourth-cumulant closure approximation is therefore considered. Comparisons between measured and predicted quadruple velocity correlations suggest that the zero-fourth-cumulant approximation is valid close to the canopy-atmosphere in agreement with recent experiments.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Atmospheric surface layer ; Longitudinal velocity fluctuations ; Multifractals ; Spectra ; Statistical analysis ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The multiscaling statistics of atmospheric surface-layer winds at low wavenumbers above farmland and in the lee of a mountain range were examined using a hot-wire and lightweight cup anemometer. It was found that the horizontal velocity spectra could be broken into high and low-wavenumber regimes according to the parameters given by this analysis. The low-wavenumber end of the spectrum possessed a spectral slope parameter that varied between values of 0.8 and 1.35 at the farmland site during the period of the experiment, and the high-wavenumber end – corresponding to the inertial range – possessed a spectral slope slightly greater than -5/3. The larger values for this parameter for the low-wavenumber end appeared to coincide with unstable conditions. In the lee of the mountain range, the low-wavenumber spectral slope parameter was larger still, at 1.45. The low-wavenumber signals over farmland were much less intermittent than inertial-range signals, but in the lee of the mountain range the intermittency increased. From this analysis, it was shown that the statistical properties of the recorded wind signal could be reproduced using a bounded random multiplicative cascade. The model was successfully used to simulate the wind velocity field directly, rather than simulating the energy dissipation field. Since the spectral slope parameter for low wavenumbers appeared to be a function of atmospheric stability, the method presented is a simple way of generating wind signals characteristic of a variety of atmospheric conditions.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 92 (1999), S. 99-121 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Displacement height ; Ice surface roughness ; Katabatic flow ; Stable boundary layer ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Wind profile and eddy-correlation data obtained at two sites on a melting glacier surface in Iceland during the summer of 1996 are presented. Throughout the experiment the surface roughness increased rapidly from smooth to very rough, with the largest roughness element height obtained being about 1.7 m. In a layer close to the rough surface we find that the wind speed profiles were disturbed showing horizontal inhomogeneities as in a roughness sublayer. Its height was approximately two times the height of the main roughness elements (h) at both sites throughout the experiment. From the wind profiles and eddy-correlation data we calculated corrections for the displaced zero plane as a function of time and compared these with results obtained from a drag partitioning model. In general, the agreement was reasonable considering the ranges of uncertainty but the results indicate that the increasing horizontal anisotropy of the surface probably limits the use of the model. The values obtained for the roughness lengths are in good agreement with those calculated from a simple linear model, i.e., z0/h = 0.5λ with λ the frontal area index. Above the roughness sublayer the wind profiles, normalised standard deviations of wind speed, and the balance of the turbulence kinetic energy budget behaved as over an ideal homogeneous surface thereby confirming similarity of the flow.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 94 (2000), S. 139-163 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Coherent eddies ; Plant canopy ; Plane mixing layer ; Canopy shear scale ; Atmospheric stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An analogy has been established between a plane mixing layer and the atmospheric flow near the top of a vegetation canopy. It is based on a common feature, a strong inflection in the mean velocity profile, responsible for hydrodynamical instabilities that set the pattern for the coherent eddies and determine the turbulence length scales. In an earlier study, this analogy was tested using a small data set from thirteen experiments, all in near-neutral conditions. It provided a good prediction of the streamwise spacing Λw of the dominant canopy eddies (evaluated from time series of vertical velocity) that appears to depend on a shear length scale Ls = U(h)/U'(h), where h is canopy height, U is mean velocity and U' the vertical gradient dU/dz. The present analysis utilizes an extensive data set of approximately 700 thirty-minute runs, from six experiments on two forest sites and a maize crop, with a large range of stability conditions. Λw was estimated for each run using the wavelet transform as an objective, automated detection method. First, the variations of Λw and Ls with atmospheric stability are discussed. Neutral and unstable values exhibit a large scatter whereas in stable conditions both variables decrease with increasing stability. It is subsequently found that Λw is directly related to Ls, in a way close to the neutral prediction Λw /h = 8.1Ls/h.The Strouhal number Str = Ls /Λw is then shown to vary with atmospheric stability, weakly in unstable conditions, more significantly in stable conditions. Altogether these results suggest that, to some extent, the plane mixing-layer analogy can be extended to non-neutral conditions. It is argued that the primary effect of atmospheric stability, at least in stable conditions, is to modify the shear length scale Ls through changes in U(h) and U'(h), which in turn determines the streamwise spacing of the active, coherent motions.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Field measurements ; Thinned forests ; Turbulence ; Wind tunnel
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    Notes: Abstract Many forest management methods alterstand density uniformly. The effectsof such a change on the wind andturbulence regimes in the forest arecritical to a number of processes governingthe stability of the stand and itsmicroclimate. We measured wind speed andturbulence statistics with a Dantec tri-axialhot-film probe in model forests of variousdensities (31–333 trees m-2), created byremoving whole trees in a regular pattern in awind tunnel, and compared them with similarmeasurements made with propeller anemometers insimilarly thinned plots (156–625 trees ha-1)within a Sitka spruce stand in Scotland. The results agree well, in general, with measurements made inother such studies with diverse canopy types.The systematic variations with density and verticalleaf-area distribution (which differed betweenwind-tunnel and field trees) in our work can explainmuch of the variability shown in scaled profiles ofbasic turbulence statistics reported in theliterature. The wind tunnel and field results are shown to be in good agreement overalldespite the difference in vertical leaf-areadistribution. Within-canopy and isolated-treedrag coefficients in the wind tunnel showthat tree-scale shelter effects increase astree density increases. The measurements indicatethat turbulence in the canopy is dominated bylarge-scale structures with dimensions of the sameorder as the height of the canopy as found inother studies but suggest that inter-tree spacing also modulates the size of these structures. These structures are associated with the sweeps that dominatemomentum exchange in the canopy and it is thisfact that allows the tri-axial probe to operate sowell despite the relatively narrow range of anglesin which the wind vector is correctly measured. Theratio of streamwise periodicity of these structuresto vorticity thickness varies systematically withtree density in the range 2.7–5.1, which spans theexpected range of 3.5–5 found in a laboratorymixing-layer, suggesting that tree spacing imposes another relevant length scale. This test andothers show that the results are in agreement withthe idea that canopy turbulence resembles that of a mixing layer even though they disagree with, and challenge the linear relationship between, streamwise periodicity andshear length scale presented recently in theliterature. The measurements are also in goodoverall agreement with simple drag models presented recently by other researchers.
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  • 67
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    Boundary layer meteorology 96 (2000), S. 211-255 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Canopy ; Characteristic eddy ; Empirical-orthogonal-function ; Shear flow ; Turbulence ; Wind tunnel
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have conducted an Empirical Orthogonal Functionanalysis (EOF) of a three dimensional, 2-pointvelocity covariance field, measured in a wind tunnel. The rate of convergence of the EOF sequence was usedas an objective test for the presence of distinctlarge turbulent structures. We found that in theroughness sublayer (2h 〉 z 〉 0) the sequence convergedmuch more rapidly than in the lower surface layer(6h 〉 z 〉 0), 75% of the total velocity variancebeing captured by the first three of 42 eigenmodes;h is the canopy height. The analysis was extended to three dimensions, whereover 50% of the variance and most of the spatialstructure of the covariance fields were captured by aneven smaller fraction of the total number ofeigenmodes. With some relatively weak additionalassumptions we were able to construct the velocityfield of a ‘characteristic eddy’ or large coherentstructure. This consisted of a pair ofcounter-rotating streamwise vortices centred above thecanopy. The sense of rotation of the vortex pair wasopposite to that found in the wall region of boundarylayers but matched that found in plane mixing layers. A strong gust or sweep motion generated between thevortices was responsible for most of the shear stresscarried by the large eddies. The region of significanttransport of streamwise momentum by the characteristiceddy is much smaller than the region of coherence of theeddy's velocity field.
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  • 68
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    Boundary layer meteorology 97 (2000), S. 331-357 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Aircraft measurements ; Entrainment ; Stratocumulus ; Structure functions ; Turbulence
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract During the Dynamics and Chemistry of the MarineStratocumulus (DYCOMS) experiment in July–August 1985, the NCAR Electra aircraft flew a series of flight legs just at the top of the marinestratocumulus cloud decks that cap the mixed layer off the coast of southernCalifornia. Because of the corrugated structure of the cloud-top, the aircraft, which was flown at a nearly constant level and adjusted only to maintain its altitude at the average cloud-top height, was alternately within and above the clouds – roughly half the time in each domain. These legs were used to examine the structure of the cloud-top by compositing the segments on either side of the cloud/clear-air interface, which was identified by the transitions of liquid water measured by the Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (either increasing or decreasing) through a threshold of 0.04 × 10-3 kg m-3.An equivalent vertical distance (EVD) from the cloud-top was obtained from the horizontal flight legs by estimating the average slope of the cloud-top from the cloud-top radiation temperature. The results show that a near discontinuity occurs in variables across cloud top over an EVD of 0.3 m, but that above this, the air has already been modified by boundary-layer air. Thus, cloud-top is not the limit of mixing of boundary-layer air. This mixing may extend to tens of metres or more. The bulk Richardson number in the vicinity of cloud-top increases from near zero within the cloud to about 1.2 at an EVD of 3–6 m above cloud. Fluctuations of the three velocity components within cloud are nearly equal; above cloud the vertical component structure function is about half the horizontal components. The scalar structure functions are about an order of magnitude higher above cloud than in cloud. The structure parameters of temperature and humidity measured just below cloud-top agree reasonably well with predicted values based on a previously-developed model for the clear convective boundary layer. Above cloud, the scalar structure parameters are much larger, but their interpretation is questionable, since this region does notcontain isotropic turbulence.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 81 (1996), S. 399-410 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Coherence ; Taylor’s hypothesis ; Surface layer
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experimentally obtained time coherence has traditionally been interpreted as streamwise one-dimensional spatial coherence through Taylor’s hypothesis. We calculate corrections to the highwavenumber part of the coherence to account for the errors caused by the deviation from Taylor’s hypothesis in high-intensity turbulent flows. The small-scale turbulence is assumed to be frozen and convected by a fluctuating convection velocity. Both Lumley’s two-term approximation and the Gaussian approximation are used in the calculations. In general, we find that the coherence for crossstream separations is significantly overestimated by the direct use of Taylor’s hypothesis, the error increasing with wavenumber; that for streamwise separations is underestimated. The analyses are compared with cross-stream coherence measurements in the atmospheric surface layer. Our results indicate that predictions from Lumley’s approximation yield better agreement with experimental data for cross-stream separations than those from the Gaussian model. Our study suggests that reliable measurement of two-point spatial coherence can be achieved only for scales not too small compared to the sensor separation.
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  • 70
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    Boundary layer meteorology 83 (1997), S. 43-73 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Model evaluation ; Mesoscale ; Turbulence ; Dispersion ; Convective boundary layer ; Complex terrain
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A prognostic three-dimensional mesoscale model has been developed andused in one- and two-dimensional modes to evaluate ten local turbulenceclosure schemes. The schemes ranged from first-order to the two-equationprognostic schemes. Predictions by the models were compared for aone-dimensional convective boundary layer using mixed layer scaling andmeasurements to interpret the results. Two-dimensional simulations were alsoperformed for a sea-breeze flow and for flow over a hill. The results showedthat for all of the models considered, minor differences were produced in themean meteorological fields and in the vertical scalar fluxes, but majordifferences were apparent in the velocity variances and dissipation rate.Predicted tracer concentrations were very sensitive to the turbulence modelformulation for dispersion from a point source in the convective boundarylayer, particularly for the prediction of maximum concentrations. Predictedtracer concentrations from a surface volume source for the two-dimensionalsimulations were similar for all models, although the degree of mixing in themorning growth period produced some differences. Generally, good results forthe mean meteorological fields can be obtained with first-order schemes, evenif they underpredict the magnitude of turbulence in the convective boundarylayer, and reasonable tracer concentrations can also be obtained with thesemodels provided near-source effects are not important. The two-equationprognostic models performed best for the prediction of turbulence in theconvective boundary layer.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 84 (1997), S. 1-22 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Large-eddy simulation ; Turbulence ; Non-local closure ; Convective boundary layer
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recently Frech and Mahrt proposed a closure scheme which includes alarge-scale stress term to represent the effects of non-local momentummixing in the convective boundary layer. Here large-eddy simulation (LES)datasets are used to evaluate the performance of this scheme across a rangeof stabilities between neutral and highly convective conditions, and as afunction of baroclinity. Generally the inclusion of the non-local term inthe closure model leads to results in better agreement with LES, althoughsome modifications to the model formulation are suggested.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 85 (1997), S. 35-52 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Atmospheric convective boundary layer ; Correlation function
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A three-dimensional model for correlation functions and spectra in theatmospheric, convective boundary layer (CBL) is presented. The modelincludes vertical inhomogeneities introduced by eddy-blocking at the ground.By assuming the disturbance to the turbulent flow resulting from the groundblocking is irrotational, an equation is developed which allows one to writethe inhomogeneous, two-dimensional (2D) cross spectra for the blocked flowin terms of the 2D cross spectra for a homogeneous flow. VonKármán's energy spectrum then is used to determine thehomogeneous, 2D cross spectra. Although there are only two adjustableparameters in the model, the variance and a length scale, the model is shownto agree quite well with a diversity of previous results for the CBL.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 89 (1998), S. 141-159 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Radiation ; Stable conditions ; Turbulence
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The interaction between longwave radiation and temperature fluctuations plays a role in the dissipation of temperature variance. This interaction is most easily described by spectral models of atmospheric turbulence and a spectral radiative dissipation function which gives the intensity of the damping at each radiative wavelength λ and wavenumber k. We have used a Corrsin–Pao closure for the spectral budgets of turbulent kinetic energy and temperature to study the coupling of radiation to turbulence. The spectral radiative dissipation function and a related integral have been fitted by analytical approximations with the correct asymptotic behavior. This resulted in a simple analytical formula for the dimensionless temperature spectrum as a function of Monin-Obukhov stability, and a new dimensionless parameter describing the relative importance of radiation in the temperature spectral budget. The radiative effects both on the temperature spectrum and on the dimensionless temperature variance can then be calculated. Based on typical values of the radiative dimensionless parameters for the surface layer, we conclude that radiative dissipation is probably negligible there.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 89 (1998), S. 109-140 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: BOREAS ; Eddy correlation ; Eddy covariance ; Turbulence ; Understory
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Turbulent flux measurements both above and beneath the canopy of a boreal aspen forest are described. Velocity skewness showed that, beneath the aspen canopy, turbulence was dominated by intermittent, downward penetrating gusts. Eulerian horizontal length scales calculated from integration of the autocorrelation function or spectral peaks were 9.0 and 1.4 times the mean aspen height of 21.5 m respectively. Above-canopy power spectral slopes for all velocity components followed the -2/3 power law, whereas beneath-canopy slopes were closer to -1 and showed a spectral short cut in the horizontal and vertical components. Cospectral patterns were similar both above and beneath the canopy. The Monin–Obukhov similarity function for the vertical wind velocity variance was a well-defined function of atmospheric stability, both above and beneath the canopy. Nocturnal flux underestimation and departures of this similarity function from that expected from Monin–Obukhov theory were a function of friction velocity. Energy balance closure greater than 80% was achieved at friction velocities greater than 0.30 and 0.10 m s-1, above and below the aspen canopy, respectively. Recalculating the latent heat flux using various averaging periods revealed a minimum of 15 min were required to capture 90% of the 30-min flux. Linear detrending reduced the flux at shorter averaging periods compared to block averaging. Lack of energy balance closure and erratic flux behaviour led to the recalculation of the latent and sensible heat fluxes using the ratio of net radiation to the sum of the energy balance terms.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 90 (1999), S. 397-421 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Gravity waves ; Planetary boundary layer ; Turbulence ; Wind structure
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The stably-stratified planetary boundary layer contains small-vertical-scale, step-like structures, waves on a multitude of scales, large horizontal eddies and small-scale turbulence, all of which constantly interact with, and modify, one another. Current knowledge of how the various components act in the vicinity of the step-like structures is surveyed. It is concluded that packets of internal waves are the main conduit for interaction within and across the boundary layer, and low-intensity critical-level absorption at the fringes of their spectrum probably maintains the step-like structures. Further investigation of the processes requires intensive observations of the four-dimensional structure of the region, but such an investigation will need a new generation of high-resolution sensing systems.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 92 (1999), S. 263-291 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Convective adjustment ; Turbulence ; Mixing ; Nonlocal mixing ; Parameterization ; Numerical weather prediction
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A nonlocal turbulent mixing parameterization is introduced in this study and denoted by the acronym NTAC, which stands for Nonlocal parameterization of Turbulent mixing using convective Adjustment Concepts. NTAC uses the average value of quantities in the turbulent domain in much the same way that local convective adjustment schemes use the average potential temperature. Averages are determined in the region with non-convective turbulence using information from the two end layers (denoted by TLA, Two Layer Average), while all layers contribute to the average in regions with convective turbulence (denoted by CLA, Convective Layer Average). The NTAC parameterization estimates the mixing percentage and uses this percentage as a mixing coefficient. These percentages are determined from a simplified turbulent kinetic energy equation. The scheme is versatile, conservative, and when programmed efficiently the proposed parameterization is a computationally acceptable nonlocal procedure that can be used in many existing numerical weather prediction forecast models. Numerical weather forecast model simulations using the NTAC parameterization and traditional K-theory are compared against radiosonde data. The accuracy of the proposed NTAC parameterization is found to be competitive with K theory. The greatest improvement of the NTAC over K-theory occurs during the daytime and early nighttime hours when (dry) convective activity is high. Also, areal cloud coverage is increased by the NTAC parameterization. Our findings show that the greatest nonlocal vertical mixing occurs between the layer nearest the earth's surface and the remaining layers making up the planetary boundary layer.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 83 (1997), S. 117-137 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Reynolds averaging ; Turbulence ; Time series ; Cospectra ; Sampling error
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Geophysical variables are orthogonally decomposed by averaging timeseries using different averaging lengths, referred to as a (Haar)multiresolution decomposition. This simple and economic decomposition isassociated with cospectra that formally satisfy Reynolds averaging rules foreach averaging length. The multiresolution decomposition provides a naturalestimate of the random error in estimating a mean turbulent flux. The Fourierand multiresolution decompositions are compared using aircraft data fromBOREAS.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Canopies ; Temperature ramps ; Structure functions
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Air temperature time series within and above canopies reveal ramp patternsassociated with coherent eddies that are responsible for most of thevertical transport of sensible heat. Van Atta used a simple step-changeramp model to analyse the coherent part of air temperature structurefunctions. However, his ocean data, and our own measurements for aDouglas-fir forest, straw mulch, and bare soil, reveal that even withoutlinearization his model cannot account for the observed decrease of thecubic structure function for small time lag. We found that a ramp model inwhich the rapid change at the end of the ramp occurs in a finite microfronttime can describe this decrease very well, and predict at least relativemagnitudes of microfront times between different surfaces. Averagerecurrence time for ramps, determined by analysis of the cubic structurefunction with the new ramp model, agreed well with values determined usingthe Mexican Hat wavelet transform, except at lower levels within theforest. Ramp frequency above the forest and mulch scaled very well withwind speed at the canopy top divided by canopy height. Within the forest,ramp frequency did not vary systematically with height. This is inaccordance with the idea that large-scale canopy turbulence is mostlygenerated by instability of the mean canopy wind profile, similar to aplane mixing layer. The straw mulch and bare soil experiments uniquelyextend measurements of temperature structure functions and ramp frequencyto the smallest scales possible in the field.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Key words Drag reduction ; Poly(ethylene oxide) ; Hydrodynamic volume ; Ocean thermal energy conversion ; Rotating disk flow ; Turbulence
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  Polymer-induced turbulent drag reduction in a rotating disk apparatus was investigated using nonionic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in a synthetic saline solution with novel application to ocean thermal energy conversion technology. A maximum total (skin friction plus form) drag reduction of 30% was obtained with 50 wppm of PEO with molecular weight 5.0 × 106. The concentration dependence of the percentage drag reduction for the PEO/saline solution system is found to fit Virk's empirical correlation, and a universal correlation for various molecular weights and Reynolds numbers is also presented. Furthermore, hydrodynamic volume fraction was introduced to correlate drag reduction efficiency with molecular parameters in this PEO/saline solution system.
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    Space science reviews 68 (1994), S. 63-74 
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Keywords: Solar Wind ; MHD ; Turbulence
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The possibility to perform in-situ measurements of velocity, magnetic field, density and temperature fluctuations in the Solar Wind has greatly improved our knoweledge of MHD turbulence not only from the point of view of space physics but also from the more general point of view of plasma physics. These fluctuations on the one hand extend over a wide range of frequencies (about 5 decades), a fact which seems to be the signature of turbulent non-linear energy cascade, on the other hand display, mainly in the trailing edge of high speed streams, a number of striking features: (i) a high degree of correlation between magnetic and velocity field fluctuations, (ii) a very low level of fluctuations in mass density and magnetic field intensity, (iii) a considerable anisotropy revealed by minimum variance analysis of the magnetic field correlation tensor. More recently it has been stressed that MHD turbulence in the Solar Wind displays a clear intermittent character. The picture which emerges from the most recent analytical theories and numerical simulations is presented. In particular the observations which give us informations about the dissipation mechanism, which remains yet largely unknown, are discussed.
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    Journal of statistical physics 1 (1969), S. 25-40 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Nonlinear Processes ; Stochastic ; Turbulence ; Wiener
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The use of polynomial functionals of the white noise process is discussed for the treatment of nonlinear random processes. It is noted that such treatments are useful for nearly-Gaussian processes. Applications of such representations to nonlinear systems and to nonlinear fluid mechanics problems (turbulence) are reviewed.
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    Journal of statistical physics 24 (1981), S. 345-358 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Lorenz model ; random behavior of nonlinear differential equations ; response to external random forces ; dynamic correlation and response functions
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of external random forces on the static and dynamic behavior of the Lorenz model is investigated. Results of a numerical calculation in the conductive, convective, and turbulent regimes are reported. The properties of static and time-dependent correlation functions of the three degrees of freedom of the model are analyzed for varying strength of the external noise level and compared with the behavior of the unforced system.
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    Journal of statistical physics 61 (1990), S. 865-868 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Turbulence ; screening ; vortices ; XY model ; Debye-Hückel theory
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The statistical mechanics of some electric models predicts exponential decay of space correlations (screening). This suggests that one look also for screening in 2- and 3-dimensional hydrodynamic turbulence.
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    Journal of statistical physics 67 (1992), S. 203-228 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Turbulence ; biorthogonal decomposition ; self-similarity ; fractals ; multifractals ; wavelets
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The scaling invariance of the Navier-Stokes equations in the limit of infinite Reynolds number is used to derive laws for the inertial range of the turbulence spectrum. Whether the flow is homogeneous or not, the spectrum is chosen to be that given by a well-chosen biorthogonal decomposition. If the flow is hoogeneous, this spectrum coincides with the classical Fourier (energy) spectrum which exhibits Kolmogorov's k−5/3 power law if the scaling exponent is assumed to be 1/3. In the more general case where the homogeneity assumption is relaxed, the spectrum is discrete and decays exponentially fast under the assumption that the flow is invariant (in a deterministic or statistical sense) under only one subgroup of the scaling coefficientλ of one scaling group of the equations (corresponding to one value of the scaling exponent). If the flow is invariant under two subgroups of scaling coefficientsλ andλ′, the spectrum becomes maximal, equal toR +. Finally, when a full symmetry, namely an invariance under a whole group, is assumed and the spectrum becomes continuous, the decaying law for the spectral density is derived and found to be independent of the specific value ofh These ideas are then applied to locally self-similar flows with multiple dilation centers (localized in space and time) and multiple scaling exponents, extending the concept of multifractals to space and time.
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    Journal of statistical physics 68 (1992), S. 379-400 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Lattice gas ; lattice Boltzmann ; three-dimensional flows ; Turbulence
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The recent development of the lattice gas method and its extension to the lattice Boltzmann method have provided new computational schemes for fluid dynamics. Both methods are fully paralleled and can easily model many different physical problems, including flows with complicated boundary conditions. In this paper, basic principles of a lattice Boltzmann computational method are described and applied to several three-dimensional benchmark problems. In most previous lattice gas and lattice Boltzmann methods, a face-centered-hyper-cubic lattice in four-dimensional space was used to obtain an isotropic stress tensor. To conserve computer memory, we develop a model which requires 14 moving directions instead of the usual 24 directions. Lattice Boltzmann models, describing two-phase fluid flows and magnetohydrodynamics, can be developed based on this simpler 14-directional lattice. Comparisons between three-dimensional spectral code results and results using our method are given for simple periodic geometries. An important property of the lattice Boltzmann method is that simulations for flow in simple and complex geometries have the same speed and efficiency, while all other methods, including the spectral method, are unable to model complicated geometries efficiently.
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    Journal of statistical physics 78 (1995), S. 311-333 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Turbulence ; cascades ; turbulent energy transfer ; multiscale interaction ; nonlinear interaction ; multipliers ; multiplier distributions ; statistical physics of turbulence
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    Notes: Abstract Turbulent cascades at high Reynolds numbers are explained briefly in terms of multipliers and multiplier distributions. Two properties of the multipliers ensure the existence of power laws for locally averaged energy dissipation rate: (a) the existence of a multiplier probability density function that is independent of the level of the cascade, and (b) the statistical independence of multipliers at one level on those at previous levels. Under certain conditions described in the paper, the same two properties of multipliers guarantee that velocity increments over inertial-range separation distances also possess power laws. This work is specifically motivated by the need to understand the influence on scaling of the experimental observations that property (a) is true for turbulence, but property (b) is not; and additional motivation is the need to relate cascade models to intermittent vortex stretching (and folding). This effect has been modeled by allowing the multiplier distribution to depend on the magnitude of the local strain rate, and it is demonstrated that this rate-dependent model accounts for the statistical dependence observed in experiments. It is also shown that this model is consistent with the uncorrelated cascade models except for very weak singularity strengths (or for negative moments below a certain order), leading to the conclusion that, for all practical purposes, the uncorrelated level-independent multipliers abstract the essence of the breakdown process in turbulence.
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    Journal of statistical physics 78 (1995), S. 335-351 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Navier-Stokes equations ; multifractal model
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we demonstrate the locality of energy transport for incompressible Euler equations both in space and in scale. The key to the proof is the proper definition of a “local subscale flux,”Π t (r), which is supposed to be a measure of energy transfer to length scales 〈l at the space point r. Kraichnan suggested that for such a quantity the ”refined similarity hypothesis” will hold, which Kolmogorov originally assumed to hold instead for volume-averaged dissipation. We derive a local energy-balance relation for the large-scale motions which yields a natural definition of such a subscale flux. For this definition a precise form of the “refined similarity hypothesis” is rigorously proved as a big-O bound. The established estimate isΠ t (r)=O(l 3h-1) in terms of the local Hölder exponenth at the point r, which is also the estimate assumed in the Parisi-Frisch “multifractal model.” Our method not only establishes locality of energy transfer, but it also clarifies the physical reason that convection effects, which naively violate locality, do not contribute to the subscale flux. In fact, we show that, as a consequence of incompressibility, such effects enter into the local energy balance only as the divergence of a spatial current. Therefore, they describe motion of energy in space and cancel in the integration over volume. We also discuss theorems of Onsager, Eyink, and Constantinet al. on energy conservation for Euler dynamics, particularly to explain their relation with the Parisi-Frisch model. The Constantinet al. proof may be interpreted as giving a bound on the total flux,Π t =∫d d rΠ t (r), of the formΠ t (r)=O(l z3h-1), wherez 3 is the third-order scaling exponent (or Besov index), in agreement with the “multifractal model.” Finally, we discuss how the local estimates are related to the results of Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg on partial regularity for solutions of Navier-Stokes equations. They provide some heuristic support to a scenario proposed recently by Pumir and Siggia for singularities in the solutions of Navier-Stokes with small enough viscosity.
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  • 88
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    Journal of statistical physics 8 (1973), S. 197-212 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Turbulence ; random processes ; noises
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A theory for the generation of aerodynamic sound, stated in terms of convected simple sources and dipoles, is presented. The sources are found to depend upon convective derivatives of the hydrodynamic pressure within the turbulent source region. The results are similar to earlier efforts involving simple sources, sometimes called dilatational sources. The results are modified for effects involving measurements on moving flows. The theory shows explicitly the refractive effects of shear flow within the source region, as well as of temperature changes (if any) within the source region. The oscillating cylinder problem is discussed and the results of the present theory are found to agree with those obtained by Lauvstad using a matched asymptotic expansion for the same problem. The theory is used to predict the temperature dependence of sound power for hot jets.
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  • 89
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    Journal of statistical physics 80 (1995), S. 579-602 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Turbulence ; temporal velocity fluctuations ; statistical power spectra ; analyticity ; ergodicity ; invariant probability measure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The analyticity on a strip of the solutions of Navier-Stokes equations in 2D is shown to explain the observed fast decay of the frequency power spectrum of the turbulent velocity field. Some subtleties in the application of the Wiener-Khinchine method to turbulence are resolved by showing that the frequency power spectrum of turbulent velocities is in fact a measure exponentially decaying for frequency →±∞. Our approach also shows that the conventional procedures used in analyzing data in turbulence experiments are valid even in the absence of the ergodic property in the flow.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Turbulence ; universal statistics ; anomalous scaling ; multi-fractals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We develop a consistent closure procedure for the calculation of the scaling exponents ζ n of the nth-order correlation functions in fully developed hydro-dynamic turbulence, starting from first principles. The closure procedure is constructed to respect the fundamental rescaling symmetry of the Euler equation. The starting point of the procedure is an infinite hierarchy of coupled equations that are obeyed identically with respect to scaling for any set of scaling exponents ζ n . This hierarchy was discussed in detail in a recent publication by V. S. L'vov and I. Procaccia. The scaling exponents in this set of equations cannot be found from power counting. In this paper we present in detail the lowest non-trivial closure of this infinite set of equations, and prove that this closure leads to the determination of the scaling exponents from solvability conditions. The equations under consideration after this closure are nonlinear integro-differential equations, reflecting the nonlinearity of the original Navier–Stokes equations. Nevertheless they have a very special structure such that the determination of the scaling exponents requires a procedure that is very similar to the solution of linear homogeneous equations, in which amplitudes are determined by fitting to the boundary conditions in the space of scales. The renormalization scale that is necessary for any anomalous scaling appears at this point. The Hölder inequalities on the scaling exponents select the renormalization scale as the outer scale of turbulence L. We demonstrate that the solvability condition of our equations leads to non-Kolmogorov values of the scaling exponents ζ n . Finally, we show that this solutions is a first approximation in a systematic series of improving approximations for the calculation of the anomalous exponents in turbulence.
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  • 91
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    Journal of statistical physics 20 (1979), S. 695-709 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Rayleigh-Bénard layer ; random behavior of nonlinear differential equations ; fluctuation spectra ; stochastic differential equations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We use the theory of stochastic differential equations with rapidly fluctuating coefficients to study the statistical dynamics of the Lorenz model in the turbulent region. On the assumption that the system is ergodic we are able to calculate self-consistently several basic statistical quantities in terms of the parameters of the model. Our results are in good agreement with numerical computations.
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  • 92
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    Journal of statistical physics 53 (1988), S. 95-108 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Turbulence ; self-organization ; helicity ; incompressible fluids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The stability of incompressible turbulent fluids with respect to weak mean flow perturbations is discussed. It is shown that for a statistically homogeneous, isotropic, and stationary model such perturbations will decay. This is in marked contrast to the compressible case.
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  • 93
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    Journal of statistical physics 53 (1988), S. 1261-1271 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Turbulence ; probability density function ; generating functional ; Hopf's equation ; microscopic phase density ; Vlasov's equation ; functional integration ; Bogolyubov's functional formalism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A generating functional for the equal-time spatial probability density functions which represent the ensemble of turbulent incompressible Navier-Stokes fluids is introduced. By formally solving the linear evolution equation satisfied by this functional, the probability densities are represented as functional integrals. It is shown that the generating functional can be regarded as the space characteristic functional of a generalized random field defined on the phase space spanned by the material position and velocity fields of a fluid particle. The interpretation of this random field, which satisfies a dynamical equation similar to Vlasov's, is clarified through the formal analogies between the statistics of molecules and fluid particles at the functional level. A class of statistically realizable and solvable models is also considered within the context of the present formalism.
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  • 94
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    Journal of statistical physics 51 (1988), S. 949-963 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Karhunen-Loeve ; Liapunov ; decimation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Navier-Stokes turbulence at ordinarily large Reynolds numbers can involve excitation of perhaps 1018 Fourier modes. A variety of proposals for reduced description have been offered, both to gain physical insight and to make computation feasible. The present brief and idiosyncratic survey discusses Galerkin approximations, Liapunov bases, Karhunen-Loeve decompositions, and statistically based decimation techniques.
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  • 95
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    Journal of statistical physics 83 (1996), S. 933-954 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Turbulence ; combustion ; fractal fields
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Rigorous upper bounds are derived for large-scale turbulent flame speeds in a prototypical model problem. This model problem consists of a reaction-diffusion equation with KPP chemistry with random advection consisting of a turbulent unidirectional shear flow. When this velocity field is fractal with a Hurst exponentH with 0〈H〈1, the almost sure upper bounds suggest that there is an accelerating large-scale turbulent flame front with the enhanced anomalous propagation lawy=C H t 1+H for large renormalized times. In contrast, a similar rigorous almost sure upper bound for velocity fields with finite energy yields the turbulent flame propagation law $$y = \mathop C\limits^ \sim _H t$$ within logarithmic corrections. Furthermore, rigorous theorems are developed here which show that upper bounds for turbulent flame speeds with fractal velocity fields are not self-averaging, i.e., bounds for the ensemble-averaged turbulent flame speed can be extremely pessimistic and misleading when compared with the bounds for every realization.
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  • 96
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    Meccanica 35 (2000), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Wind ; Aeroelasticity ; Bridge ; Turbulence ; Mechanics of structures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Non-stationary aeroelastic wind force processes on a streamlined bridge deck are modelled for use within computations in the range of statistically stationary girder oscillation and for the mathematical investigation of the limit of aeroelastic stability. Time Domain (TD) methods, as the direct integration on a finite-element (FE) model, are applied in structural analyses for taking into consideration both geometric and physical nonlinearities. The FE method requires a continuous form of the force model, which permits an arbitrary discretization in time. The present model is based on continuous step response functions of Wagner-type, taking advantage of modern advances of that theory. Special emphasis is put on the continuity and the existence of equivalent representations in time and frequency domains. A realistic wind load model must include measured force functions and effects from the wind turbulence. For that reason, the force functions are calibrated in wind tunnel tests on section models in grid turbulence and boundary layer flow. The aeroelastic in-phase and out-of-phase forces are identified from highly accurate calibrations experiments on section models up to high frequencies which permits to decrease the time step increment. Turbulence effects on the aeroelastic coefficients are included in mean terms.
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  • 97
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    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 411-425 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Adsorption ; Desorption ; Diffusion ; Nitrate ; Nutrients ; Phosphate ; Sediments ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Cultural eutrophication from excessive input of nutrients is a major problem for many water bodies around the world. Phosphorus and to a lesser degree nitrogen constitute the limiting elements for growth of plankton cells. Mobility, speciation and partition of nutrients in aquatic ecosystems depend on a number of physicochemical parameters. Experiments have been conducted for quantification of nutrient partition between ambient water and cohesive sediments. The experiments included nitrate and soluble phosphorus (superphosphate - 46% P2O5 fertilizer) partitioned between tap water and sediment slurries. The slurries involved kaolinite and bentonite as well as natural organic rnud from, Lake Okeechobee, Florida. The nutrient exchange was promoted by sediment resuspension. Resuspension was induced either under homogeneous turbulent conditions in an oscillating-grid tank or by shear flow in a lock-exchange flume. The effects of phosphorus or nitrogen concentration, sediment concentration, water temperature, pH and salinity on nutrient partition were quantified. The results obtained through this study appear to be in agreement with data from other similar laboratory or field studies.
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  • 98
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 12 (1984), S. 357-369 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Oscillatory flow ; High frequency ventilation ; Unsteady pipe flow ; Turbulence ; Pulsatile flow ; Transition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Turbulence during pulsatile flow has been suggested as a possible mechanism to enchance the transport of gases during high-frequency ventilation. Experimental studies on oscillatory flow in straight, circular tubes have identified three types of flow: (a) laminar; (b) conditionally turbulent, in which high-frequency disturbances occur during the decelerating phase of the flow cycle but relaminarize by the beginning of the subsequent accelerating phase; and (c) fully turbulent flow, in which disturbances occur throughout the flow cycle. Fully turbulent flow has been observed only when a mean flow is present, and only laminar or conditionally turbulent flow has been observed for purely oscillatory flow. A critical Reynolds number based on the Stokes layer can be defined, and transition Reynolds numbers between 400 and 550 have been experimentally determined for purely oscillatory flow in a circular tube, although lower values are expected for physiological flows. There are some indications that the structure of oscillating turbulent flow is similar to steady turbulent flow, and preliminary work in our laboratory shows that the spectral content of flows during high-frequency ventilation is similar to that in steady turbulent flow.
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  • 99
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 23 (1995), S. 21-28 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Hemolysis ; Reynolds stress ; Viscous dissipation ; Kolmogorov scales
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Viscous shearing is examined as a mechanism by which turbulent flows can cause cellular damage. The use of Reynolds stress as an indicator of hemolysis is considered, and an alternative measure based on viscous dissipation is proposed. It is shown that under simple flow conditions the Reynolds stresses can be related to viscous dissipation. Data from the literature show that the instantaneous viscous shear stress at which hemolysis occurs is similar to the shear stress thresholds obtained from laminar flow studies. Also, the Kolmogorov length scales for most of the turbulent hemolysis studies are similar to the size of a red blood cell. These observations indicate that, for the jet and couette experiments examined, viscous shearing is an important mechanism in the destruction of erythrocytes by turbulence. However, pressure fluctuations may also contribute to damage for these cells and for cells of similar or larger size.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Aneurysm ; Blood flow ; Velocity ; Turbulence ; Wall stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Abdominal aortic aneurysms occur in as much as 2–3% of the population, and their rupture produces a mortality rate of 78–94% (1), causing 15,000 deaths per year in the U.S. alone. As an investigation into the mechanical factors that lead to aneurysm rupture, flow field measurements are presented for steady flow through a range of aneurysm sizes and Reynolds numbers. Seven rigid symmetric models of aneurysms were constructed with uniform lengths of 4d and diameters that ranged from 1.4 to 3.3d, whered is the inner diameter of the undilated entrance tube. Color Doppler flow imaging was used to visualize the flow fields, while laser Doppler velocimetry was used to quantify the flow field velocities and to determine critical Reynolds numbers for the onset of, and complete transition to, turbulent flow. Estimates of mean and peak wall shear stresses were derived from velocity measurements. Flow in these models varied from fully laminar to fully turbulent over the range of Reynolds numbers corresponding toin vivo flows. There was a large range over which the flow was intermittently turbulent. High wall shear occurred in the models when the flow was turbulent, suggesting that turbulence inin vivo aneurysms may contribute significantly to their risk of rupture.
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