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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Nocturnal topoclimatology (1986)
    Geneva : ICSU, WMO
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: MOP Per844(117) ; MOP Per844(117) 2.Ex. ; MOP B 18639 ; MOP B 18640 ; MOP B 18641
    In: World Climate Programme
    In: WMO TD
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 76 S.
    Series Statement: World Climate Programme 117
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stratified Atmospheric Boundary Layers and Breakdown of Models (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and computational fluid dynamics 11 (1998), S. 263-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2250
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract: The goal of this study is to assess complications in atmospheric stable boundary layers which are not included in numerical models of the stably stratified boundary layer and to provide a formulation of surface fluxes for use in numerical models. Based on an extensive interpretive literature survey and new eddy correlation data for the stable boundary layer, this study defines two prototype stable boundary layers: the weakly stable case and the very stable case. The weakly stable boundary layer is amenable to existing models. The very stable boundary layer eludes modeling attempts due to breakdown of existing formulations of turbulence and due to features found in the atmosphere which are not normally included in models. The latter includes clear-air radiative cooling, low-level jets, surface heterogeneity, gravity waves, meandering motions, and other mesoscale motions which propagate from outside the local domain. While these mechanisms are not essential to understanding idealized or laboratory versions of the stable boundary layer, they complicate comparisons of numerical models and theories with actual atmospheric boundary layers. Statistics which describe various features of the stable boundary layer are offered for future comparison with modeling results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001620050093
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simple model of the atmospheric boundary layer; sensitivity to surface evaporation (1986)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 37 (1986), S. 129-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A simple formulation of the boundary layer is developed for use in large-scale models and other situations where simplicity is required. The formulation is suited for use in models where some resolution is possible within the boundary layer, but where the resolution is insufficient for resolving the detailed boundary-layer structure and overlying capping inversion. Surface fluxes are represented in terms of similarity theory while turbulent diffusivities above the surface layer are formulated in terms of bulk similarity considerations and matching conditions at the top of the surface layer. The boundary-layer depth is expressed in terms of a bulk Richardson number which is modified to include the influence of thermals. Attention is devoted to the interrelationship between predicted boundary-layer growth, the turbulent diffusivity profile, ‘countergradient’ heat flux and truncation errors. The model predicts growth of the convectively mixed layer reasonably well and is well-behaved in cases of weak surface heat flux and transitions between stable and unstable cases. The evolution of the modelled boundary layer is studied for different ratios of surface evaporation to potential evaporation. Typical variations of surface evaporation result in a much greater variation in boundary-layer depth than that caused by the choice of the boundary-layer depth formulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00122760
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observations of fluxes over heterogeneous surfaces (1994)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 67 (1994), S. 345-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This study analyzes data collected from repeated aircraft runs 30 m over alternating regions of irrigated and dry nonirrigated surfaces, each region on the order of 10 km across, during the California Ozone Deposition Experiment (CODE). After studying the scale dependence of the flow, the variables and their fluxes are decomposed into means for sublegs defined in terms of irrigated and nonirrigated regions and deviations from such subleg means. Since the repeated runs were flown over the same track, compositing the eight flight legs for each of the two days allows partial isolation of the influences of surface heterogeneity and transient mesoscale motions. A variance analysis is carried out to quantify the relative importance of surface heterogeneity and transient mesoscale motions on the variability of the turbulence fluxes. The momentum and ozone fluxes are more influenced by transient mesoscale motions while fluxes of heat, moisture and carbon dioxide are more influenced by surface heterogeneity. The momentum field is also influenced by a quasi-stationary mesoscale front and larger scale velocity gradients. For the present case, the mesoscale modulation of the turbulent flux is numerically more important than the direct mesoscale flux. This spatial modulation of the turbulent fluxes leads to extra Reynolds terms which act to reduce the area-averaged turbulent momentum flux and enhance the area-averaged turbulent heat flux.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705438
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modelling the depth of the stable boundary-layer (1981)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 21 (1981), S. 3-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A simple prognostic model of the depth of the stable boundary layer is developed which includes both the possibilities of growth due to entrainment and decreasing depth associated with turbulence decay. The model is designed to avoid requirement of surface fluxes and instead uses information on profiles of mean wind and temperature. Resulting coefficients for the model are estimated by comparisons with existing studies in the literature and comparison with Wangara data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00119363
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A two-layer model of soil hydrology (1984)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 29 (1984), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On propose un modèle d'hydrologie du sol à deux couches, spécialement élaboré pour des applications où le temps de calcul et la complexité doivent être aussi réduits que possible. Le contenu en eau du sol dans la mince couche de surface est utilisé pour évaluer l'évaporation, tandis que la réserve en eau est calculée pour la couche profonde, beaucoup plus épaisse. Afin d'estimer les erreurs de troncature et leurs effets dans le modèle à deux couches, des comparaisons sont faites avec le modèle à 100 niveaux de Boersma et al. (1983). Ces comparaisons portent sur des sols de natures variées (argile, terres végétales et sable) et incluent divers taux d'évaporation potentielle et de précipitation. Les effets des erreurs de troncature dans le modèle à 2 couches semblent peu importants par rapport à ceux associés à la mauvaise connaissance de la diffusivité hydraulique et de sa dépendance à l'égard du contenu en eau du sol. La réduction de l'influence de ces erreurs de troncature nécessite: (1) le choix d'une couche supérieure suffisamment fine; (2) le contrôle direct de l'évaporation vers l'atmosphère à partir de la répartition verticale du contenu en eau du sol; (3) l'utilisation d'une procédure particulière pour évaluer le flux d'eau entre les deux couches du sol.
    Notes: Abstract A two-layer model of soil hydrology is developed for applications where only limited computer time and complexity are allowed. Volumetric soil water is computed in a thin upper layer for use in calculation of surface evaporation. Storage of water is computed for an underlying deeper layer. In an effort to identify the influence of significant asymmetric truncation errors in the two-layer model, this model is compared with the 100-level model of Boersma et al. (1983). Comparisons are made for modelled soils with clay, loam and sand properties for various time dependencies of potential evaporation and precipitation. Truncation errors in the resulting two-layer model appear to be modest, at least compared to errors associated with difficulty in estimation of the hydraulic diffusivity and its strong dependence on soil water content. Minimization of the influence of truncation errors requires: (1) choosing the upper layer to be sufficiently thin, (2) allowing the soil water gradient to control surface evaporation directly and (3) using suitable numerical implementation of the evaluation of internal soil water flux.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00119116
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An observational study of the structure of the nocturnal boundary layer (1979)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 17 (1979), S. 247-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In an effort to describe the basic vertical structure of the nocturnal boundary layer, observations from four experiments are analyzed. During the night, the depth of significant cooling appears to increase with time while the depth of the turbulence and height of the low level wind maximum tend to remain constant or decrease with time. Since the inversion layer extends above the low level wind maximum and shear is small in the region of the low level jet, the Richardson number reaches a maximum at the jet level and then decreases again with height. As a result, turbulence is observed to be a minimum at the height of the low level wind maximum and then increases again above this height.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00117983
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coherent structures in the very stable atmospheric boundary layer (1989)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 47 (1989), S. 41-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This study examines the structure of horizontal modes (meandering, vortical modes or fossil turbulence) in a layer of intermittent turbulence occurring at the top of a strongly stratified nocturnal inversion layer as observed by fast response aircraft data. The spatial variation of the coefficients of the principal components identify regular coherent structures with mainly horizontal motions. Conditional sampling is formulated in terms of this spatial variation. The quasi-horizontal motions are characterized by relatively sharp edges (transition zones) where horizontal convergence or divergence, small-scale turbulence and vertical fluxes seem to be concentrated. Zones of horizontal divergence appear to be associated with ejection of cold air from the underlying surface inversion while the convergent zones might be due to random “collisions” between horizontal modes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00122321
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial variability of turbulent fluxes and roughness lengths in HAPEX-MOBILHY (1993)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 65 (1993), S. 381-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Surface-based and aircraft measured fluxes over the heterogeneous surface in HAPEX-MOBILHY are analyzed for the ten flight days when cloud cover above the boundary layer was minimal. The fair-weather climatology of the spatial variation of surface fluxes is estimated to provide an assessment of the generality of previous case studies appearing in the literature. For the 10-day averages, greater heating over the forest generates a forest breeze which leads to rising motion and a modest increase of boundary-layer cloud cover at the forest edge. The exchange coefficients and effective roughness lengths are computed for local averages (15 km scale) and for regional averages (100 km scale) intended to represent a range of grid sizes in numerical models of the atmosphere. The effective roughness length for momentum over the mixed agricultural region for both scales is on the order of 1 m, apparently due to bluff roughness effects associated with scattered trees, edges of small woods and other obstacles. This roughness length value is an order of magnitude larger than values used in numerical models for the same region, which are based on the dominant vegetation type. The spatially varying effective roughness length for heat is computed for use in those models which use surface radiation temperature to estimate surface heat flux. The effective roughness lengths for heat are found to be smaller than those typically used in numerical models of the atmosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00707034
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface Heterogeneity and Vertical Structure of the Boundary Layer (2000)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 96 (2000), S. 33-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Heterogeneity ; Surface fluxes ; Convective boundary layer ; Blending height ; Internal boundary layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The concepts of vertical structure of the boundary layer over homogeneous surfaces are discussed, including the roughness sublayer, surface layer (inertial layer) and outer layer. As an interpretive literature survey, the vertical depth of the influence of surface heterogeneity, relative to such vertical structure, is examined in terms of blending height theory, convective boundary-layer scaling and internal boundary-layer theory. These concepts are examined with data over different surface types. The rich variety of types of surface heterogeneity and background flow preclude description of their influence on the boundary layer by one single approach. Nonetheless, new scaling arguments offer promise for convective conditions. Internal boundary layers are found to form only in certain situationsand even then may exhibit more diffuse vertical structure comparedto the textbook internal boundary layer. New scaling arguments aredeveloped to describe the potential for internal boundary-layerdevelopment in flow of warm air over a cooler surface. These argumentsexplain some aspects of the observations but remain incomplete.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002482332477
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