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  • Artikel  (102.206)
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  • Ethnologie  (1.866)
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  • 101
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 18 (1989), S. 203-226 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 102
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 18 (1989), S. 267-306 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 103
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 18 (1989), S. 401-444 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 104
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 19 (1990), S. 17-37 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 105
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 19 (1990), S. 187-210 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 106
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 19 (1990), S. 283-307 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 107
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 19 (1990), S. 395-417 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 108
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 19 (1990), S. 453-505 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 109
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 1 (1972), S. 151-178 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
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  • 110
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 1 (1972), S. 247-270 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 111
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 1 (1972), S. 309-328 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 112
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 1 (1972), S. 411-424 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 113
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 20 (1991), S. 25-53 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 114
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 20 (1991), S. 187-209 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 115
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 20 (1991), S. 395-431 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 116
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 21 (1992), S. 43-66 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 117
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 21 (1992), S. 125-141 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 118
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 21 (1992), S. 205-229 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 119
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 21 (1992), S. 331-353 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 120
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 21 (1992), S. 435-460 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 121
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 21 (1992), S. 537-564 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 122
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 22 (1993), S. 35-54 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 123
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 22 (1993), S. 201-220 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 124
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 22 (1993), S. 273-291 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 125
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 23 (1994), S. 325-345 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 126
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 23 (1994), S. 347-377 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 127
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 23 (1994), S. 379-405 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 128
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 23 (1994), S. 407-434 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 129
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 23 (1994), S. 457-480 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 130
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 23 (1994), S. 483-506 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 131
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1995), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 132
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 23 (1994), S. 509-526 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 133
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1995), S. 21-45 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 134
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1995), S. 119-140 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 135
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1995), S. 215-235 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 136
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1995), S. 313-342 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 137
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1995), S. 423-446 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 138
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1995), S. 525-546 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 139
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 25 (1996), S. 1-18 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: In this professional memoir I trace my career and the changes that occurred after World War II in the biological anthropology studies of human populations. I describe my academic training at the University of New Mexico and Harvard University and my research training at the US Climatic Research Laboratory. During my academic career at The Pennsylvania State University, I directed two multidisciplinary research efforts as part of the International Biological Programme and Man in the Biosphere Program. These were the high-altitude studies in Nunoa, Peru, and the migration and modernization studies of Samoan communities. I describe my participation in the development of these international science programs as well as the effects on the discipline of biological anthropology. In conclusion, I reflect on the growth and development of biological anthropology, particularly in human population biology.
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  • 140
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 25 (1996), S. 81-103 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The 1990 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act requires universities, museums, and federal agencies to inventory their archeological collections to prepare for the repatriation of skeletons to their Native American descendants. The loss of these collections will be a detriment to the study of North American osteology, but the inventory and repatriation process has increased the number of skeletons studied from about 30% to nearly 100%. The availability of funds stimulated by this law produced osteological data collection and systematization unprecedented in the history of osteology. The possibility of forming partnerships between Native Americans and osteologists has the potential of producing a vibrant future for North American osteology and the new bioarcheology.
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  • 141
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 25 (1996), S. 179-200 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This review discusses changes in Amazonian indigenous anthropology since the synthesis presented in the Handbook of South American Indians. The past few years have seen the emergence of an image of Amazonia characterized by a growing emphasis on the complexity of indigenous social formations and the ecological diversity of the region. This new image of society and nature is taking shape in a theoretical context characterized by the synergistic interaction between structural and historical approaches, by an attempt to go beyond monocausal explanatory models (whether naturalistic or culturalistic) in favor of a dialectical view of the relations between society and nature, and by hopes of a "new synthesis" that could integrate the knowledge accumulated in the fields of human ecology, social anthropology, archeology, and history.
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  • 142
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 25 (1996), S. 253-274 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Over the past decade anthropologists and epidemiologists have begun to move beyond the "benign neglect" that characterized their prior relationship. Some of the most important collaborations between these disciplines concern themes of culture change and stress, social stratification, and the unpacking of other social and cultural variables. Anthropologists have criticized and expanded epidemiological notions of risk and vulnerability. Multidisciplinary teams of anthropologists and epidemiologists have constructed new measures and used multiple methods to increase the validity of their results. Disputes about classification have also linked the two disciplines. Collaborative projects between anthropologists and epidemiologists are leading to more nuanced and accurate descriptions of human behavior and more appropriate and effective interventions. Epidemiological techniques and ideas are also being used for anthropological ends, because disease often spreads along the framework of social structure. These many forms of collaboration create the foundations of a cultural epidemiology.
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  • 143
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 25 (1996), S. 353-382 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This review describes some recent, unexpected findings concerning variation in spatial language across cultures, and places them in the context of the general anthropology of space on the one hand, and theories of spatial cognition in the cognitive sciences on the other. There has been much concern with the symbolism of space in anthropological writings, but little on concepts of space in practical activities. This neglect of everyday spatial notions may be due to unwitting ethnocentrism, the assumption in Western thinking generally that notions of space are universally of a single kind. Recent work shows that systems of spatial reckoning and description can in fact be quite divergent across cultures, linguistic differences correlating with distinct cognitive tendencies. This unexpected cultural variation raises interesting questions concerning the relation between cultural and linguistic concepts and the biological foundations of cognition. It argues for more sophisticated models relating culture and cognition than we currently have available.
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  • 144
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 26 (1997), S. 25-46 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This essay explores the continuing relevance of Marx's work in anthropological theory by examining three dimensions of his thought, concentrating on a central text in each: historical materialism (The German Ideology), the analysis of capitalism (Volume 1 of Capital), and political analysis (The Eighteenth Brumaire). Each of these dimensions is related to present-day discussions in anthropological and social theory, but the emphasis remains on an interpretation of Marx's work.
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  • 145
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 26 (1997), S. 109-128 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The integration of gesture with speech production is described, and the various ways in which-in conversational settings-gesture functions in relation to spoken discourse are discussed. Cultural differences in gesture use are outlined, and the possible relationship between these differences and language differences, on the one hand, and the microecology of social life, on the other, are considered. Conventionalization in speech-associated gestures and in gestures that can be used without speech is discussed. Various kinds of "gesture systems" and sign languages used in speaking communities (alternate sign languages) are described along with their relationships to spoken language. Fully autonomous sign languages, as developed among the deaf, are briefly considered in regard to how signs and signing may be related to gestures and gesturing.
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  • 146
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 26 (1997), S. 291-312 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The linguistic relativity hypothesis, the proposal that the particular language we speak influences the way we think about reality, forms one part of the broader question of how language influences thought. Despite long-standing historical interest in the hypothesis, there is relatively little empirical research directly addressing it. Existing empirical approaches are classified into three types. 1. Structure-centered approaches begin with language differences and ask about their implications for thought. 2. Domain-centered approaches begin with experienced reality and ask how different languages encode it. 3. Behavior-centered approaches begin with some practical concern and seek an explanation in language. These approaches are compared, and recent methodological improvements highlighted. Despite empirical advances, a theoretical account needs to articulate exactly how languages interpret experiences and how those interpretations influence thought. This will entail integrating theory and data concerning both the general relation of language and thought and the shaping influence of specific discursive structures and practices.
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  • 147
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 26 (1997), S. 313-335 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Many measures in human biology that are studied as immutable traits are actually fluctuating physiological functions that adjust body systems to rapid changes in the environment. This overview discusses what has been learned about the response to the stressors inherent in continuously changing microenvironments in modern Western societies of two related physiological functions: the release of catecholamines and blood pressure. The review shows that many factors that are part of or influence lifestyle-including perception and cognitive state, the nature of the social situation, foods, stimulants and exercise-and external conditions such as temperature, continuously alter catecholamine levels and blood pressure. Because lifestyle stress may be an important selective force in human populations, studies of dynamic functions that react to it, such as catecholamine release and blood pressure, may be important in understanding the ongoing dynamics of human evolution.
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  • 148
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 26 (1997), S. 411-437 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In the past decade, archaeologists have given considerable attention to research on gender in the human past. In this review, we attempt to acknowledge much of this diverse and abundant work from an explicitly feminist perspective. We focus on reviewing a selection of approaches to gender that are anchored to specific theoretical standpoints. In addition, we highlight several approaches that challenge an archaeology of gender that does not explicitly engage with the implications of this topic for research, practice, and interpretation. From our perspective, we suggest the value of situating gender research within an explicitly feminist framework, and we draw attention to some of the important insights for archaeology from the wider field of feminist critiques of science. Last, we draw attention to the crucial implications for the practice of archaeology.
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  • 149
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 26 (1997), S. 515-540 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Humans are only one of the species produced by the hominoid evolutionary radiation. Common and pygmy chimpanzees (our closest relatives), gorillas, orangutans, and the lesser apes also belong to this group. In humans, patterns of genetic variation are becoming increasingly better characterized by modern molecular methods. Understanding human variation in an evolutionary context, however, requires comparison of human patterns with those of other hominoids, to reveal features shared among hominoids and those unique to humans. Genetic variation among chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans is beginning to be characterized, so that comparisons are now possible. From genetic data, several different kinds of information can be reconstructed, including the evolutionary relatedness of subspecies and populations, time estimates for evolutionary divergences, past population dynamics, extent of gene flow over geographical landscapes, and group social structure. Knowledge of hominoid genetic variation is also relevant to applied fields such as primate conservation and medicine.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 26 (1997), S. 591-621 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This review essay illustrates how changes in the conception of gender define the historical production of feminist ethnography in four distinct periods. In the first period (1880-1920), biological sex was seen to determine social roles, and gender was not seen as separable from sex, though it was beginning to emerge as an analytical category. The second period (1920-1960) marks the separation of sex from gender as sex was increasingly seen as indeterminative of gender roles. In the third period (1960-1980), the distinction between sex and gender was elaborated into the notion of a sex/gender system-the idea that different societies organized brute biological facts into particular gender regimes. By the contemporary period (1980-1996), critiques of "gender essentialism" (the reification of "woman" as a biological or universal category) suggest that the analytical separation between sex and gender is miscast because "sex" is itself a social category.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. xiii 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: In this brief account of my childhood introduction to anthropology and the subsequent ways I began acquiring a more intimate and analytical understanding of languages, cultures, societies, and impinging relevant surroundings, I acknowledge my indebtedness to the people and institutions that have facilitated this enduring process and note how informal influences and associations-some from nonanthropological domains-may be of invaluable assistance to the field-oriented ethnologist. First educated in public schools on eastern Long Island, I went for my undergraduate and graduate work to Berkeley and Yale, respectively. Since then, I have been on the anthropology faculties at Columbia (1954-1962) and Yale (1962 to the present). Since World War II, my principal ethnographic, linguistic, and ecological field sites have been on Mindoro (Hanunoo) and Luzon (Ifugao), in the Philippines.
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  • 152
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 83-104 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The late twentieth century has seen far-reaching changes in the translocal cultural regimes known as world religions. This review examines the politics and meanings of recent changes in three such religions: Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism. It highlights the nature of the forces reshaping religious meanings and authority, the processes promoting conversion and standardization, and the implications of these religious refigurations for our understanding of late modernity itself. Though modernity is multiple and every tradition unique, this review suggests that all contemporary religions confront a similar structural predicament, related to the globalization of mass societies and the porous pluralism of late modernity.
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  • 153
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 153-169 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This article summarizes recent genetic evidence about the population history of our species. There is a congruence of evidence from different systems showing that the genetic effective size of humans is about 10,000 reproducing adults. We discuss how the magnitude and fluctuation of this number over time is important for evaluating competing hypotheses about the nature of human evolution during the Pleistocene. The differences in estimates of effective size derived from high mutation rate and low mutation rate genetic systems allow us to trace broad-scale changes in population size. The ultimate goal is to produce a comprehensive history of our own gene pool and its spread and differentiation over the world. The genetic evidence should also complement archaeological evidence of our past by revealing aspects of our history that are not readily visible from the archaeological record, such as whether hominid populations in the Pleistocene were different species.
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  • 154
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 247-271 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We use an expanded framework of multiple epidemiologic transitions to review the issues of re/emerging infection. The first epidemiologic transition was associated with a rise in infectious diseases that accompanied the Neolithic Revolution. The second epidemiologic transition involved the shift from infectious to chronic disease mortality associated with industrialization. The recent resurgence of infectious disease mortality marks a third epidemiologic transition characterized by newly emerging, re- emerging, and antibiotic resistant pathogens in the context of an accelerated globalization of human disease ecologies. These transitions illustrate recurring sociohistorical and ecological themes in human-disease relationships from the Paleolithic Age to the present day.
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 301-328 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Cultural primatology is hypothesized on the basis of social learning of group-specific behavior by nonhuman primates, especially in nature. Scholars ask different questions in testing this idea: what? (anthropologists), how? (psychologists), and why? (zoologists). Most evidence comes from five genera: Cebus (capuchin monkeys), Macaca (macaque monkeys), Gorilla (gorilla), Pongo (orangutan), and Pan (chimpanzees). Two species especially, Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), show innovation, dissemination, standardization, durability, diffusion, and tradition in both subsistence and nonsubsistence activities, as revealed by decades of longitudinal study.
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 273-300 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Genetics has become the major tool of the life sciences. This is driven partly by technology, and partly by the belief that genes are the ultimate units of biomedical or evolutionary information. The search for variation associated with disease has motivated the Human Genome Project to construct a detailed road map of the entire set of human genetic material, and some additional form of globally representative human genome diversity resource has been proposed for the anthropological purposes of reconstructing human population history. Any such resource raises complex societal and ethical issues as well as scientific ones. However, the amount and complexity of genetic variation has frustrated hopes for simple genetic answers to important biomedical or anthropological questions, and a consequent converging of these differing interests suggests that developing a genetic variation resource will be important in many disciplines.
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  • 157
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 329-346 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Why should archaeologists deal with symbols and how can they do so? This article outlines three major traditions archaeologists have followed in conceptualizing symbols, each with its own preferred topics of study, understanding of power and social relations, and epistemology. These include the processual view of symbols as tokens that represent reality, the structuralist view of symbols as mental girders framing a cultural reality, and the postmodern view of symbols as arbitrary fragments incorporated into phenomenological experience. The primary conclusions are that (a) any serious consideration of ancient society requires us to deal with its symbols; (b) human symbolism is so diverse (it includes cognitive structures; ritual icons; identities such as gender, prestige, and ethnicity; technological knowledge; and political ideologies) that multiple approaches are needed to deal adequately with it; and (c) a major problem in the archaeology of symbols is understanding how varied kinds of symbols relate to each other.
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 347-374 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Evolutionary ecology of human reproduction is defined as the application of natural selection theory to the study of human reproductive strategies and decision-making in an ecological context. The basic Darwinian assumption is that humans-like all other organisms-are designed to maximize their inclusive fitness within the ecological constraints to which they are exposed. Life history theory, which identifies trade-off problems in reproductive investment, and evolutionary physiology and psychology, which analyzes the adaptive mechanisms regulating reproduction, are two crucial tools of evolutionary reproductive ecology. Advanced empirical insights have been obtained mainly with respect to the ecology of fecundity, fertility, child-care strategies, and differential parental investment. Much less is known about the ecology of nepotism and the postgenerative life span. The following three theoretical aspects, which are not well understood, belong to the desiderata of future improvement in evolutionary human reproductive ecology: (a) the significance of and the interactions between different levels of adaptability (genetic, ontogenetic, and contextual) for the adaptive solution of reproductive problems; (b) the dialectics of constraints and adaptive choices in reproductive decisions; and (c) the dynamics of demographic change.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 375-399 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Current methods in skeletal biology have improved significantly our ability to estimate the demographic parameters of extinct populations. Gross morphological and histological age indicators have been developed and tested in a variety of contexts, revealing great variation in the levels of accuracy of age prediction of each indicator. Primary attention is given here to the best-performing hard-tissue indicators of age and to composite methods of recovering the age and sex distribution of a cemetery. It is becoming increasingly apparent that some cemetaries should not be used for demographic reconstruction. Such collections have no bearing on the feasibility of paleodemographic research. Our review concludes with discussions about the role of comparing modern mortality patterns to those of paleodemography, and the issue and impact of departures from stationary demographic conditions during prehistoric times.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 401-426 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract An emergent focus of linguistic anthropological research is discernible in the investigation of the causes and consequences of contact of local language communities with forces of the wider polities in which they have become incorporated. This focus can be sketched by surveying a number of its component conceptual approaches, such as anthropological linguistics, ethnography of communication, variationist sociolinguistics, and the sociology and politics of languages. Its consideration of language as a total cultural fact is outlined by reference to studies that differentially emphasize language structure, entextualization/contextualization of language, and language ideology.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 427-449 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In the last decade, anthropology has faced challenges to its self-definition associated both with new worldly circumstances and scholarly trends inside and outside the discipline. Recent interest in globalization has provoked discussion concerning what anthropology should be about, how it might be done, and what its relationships are to other bodies of literature and knowledge practices. Unsettling questions have been raised about working concepts of culture, ethnography, the field, fieldwork, and comparative analysis. Extending the rethinking of "place" in anthropology begun by Appadurai, I consider the future of "culture areas" as discursive frameworks for organizing disciplinary practices. Some characteristics of anthropological regionalism are located by contrasting them to interdisciplinary area studies, insofar as globalization poses apparently similar challenges to each. Because of its iconic disciplinary status as an exemplar of "real" anthropology, Melanesianist ethnography is given extended consideration as a particularly interesting case.
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 451-472 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The genealogical classification of languages has been the subject of investigation for more than two centuries, and progress continues to be made in deepening our understanding of language change, both in theoretical terms and in the study of specific language families. In recent years, as in the past, many new proposals of linguistic relationships have been constructed, some promising to various degrees and others clearly untenable. The debate about specific recent proposals is part of the healthy process needed to evaluate proposed relationships, discard those that prove incorrect, and refine those of merit. Rather than evaluating the relative linguistic "distance" between potentially related languages, with temporal distance leading to some point where we cannot distinguish real relationships from chance similarities, we propose a scale of easy to difficult relationships in which temporal distance is only one factor that makes some relationships more recognizable than others.
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 473-502 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In the past several decades, biological sciences have been revolutionized by their increased understanding of how life works at the molecular level. In what ways, and to what extent, will this scientific revolution affect the human societies within which the science is situated? The legal, ethical, and social implications of research in human genetics have been discussed in depth, particularly in the context of the Human Genome Project and, to a lesser extent, the proposed Human Genome Diversity Project. Both projects could have significant effects on society, the former largely at the level of individuals or families and the latter primarily at the level of ethnic groups or nations. These effects can be grouped in six broad categories: identity, prediction, history, manipulation, ownership and control, and destiny.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 27 (1998), S. 503-532 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Since the mid-1980s, there has been an explosion of dance studies as scholars from a variety of disciplines have turned their attention to dance. Anthropologists have played a critical role in this new dance scholarship, contributing comparative analyses, critiquing colonial and ethnocentric categories, and situating studies of dance and movement within broader frameworks of embodiment and the politics of culture. This review highlights ethnographic and historical studies that foreground dance and other structured movement systems in the making of colonial cultures; the constitution of gender, ethnic and national identities; the formation of discourses of exoticization; and the production of social bodies. Several works that employ innovative approaches to the study of dance and movement are explored in detail.
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. i 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Figure 1 Figure 1 A broad reflection on some of the major surprises to anthropological theory occasioned by the history, and in a number of instances the tenacity, of indigenous cultures in the twentieth century. We are not leaving the century with the same ideas that got us there. Contrary to the inherited notions of progressive development, whether of the political left or right, the surviving victims of imperial capitalism neither became all alike nor just like us. Contrary to the "despondency theory" of mid-century, the logical and historical precursor of dependency theory, surviving indigenous peoples aim to take cultural responsibility for what has been done to them. Across large parts of northern North America, even hunters and gatherers live, largely by hunting and gathering. The Eskimo are still there, and they are still Eskimo. Around the world the peoples give the lie to received theoretical oppositions between tradition and change, indigenous culture and modernity, townsmen and tribesmen, and other cliches of the received anthropological wisdom. Reports of the death of indigenous cultures-as of the demise of anthropology-have been exaggerated.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 27-50 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Ingested nutrients and nonnutrients are presented as determinants in human evolution. The amount and quality of energy, including fat, various foods supply are important criteria in governing selection. Oxidative stress associated with respiration of energy is a factor in the etiology of dietary diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer, and in aging. Evolutionary trends such as gains in brain and body sizes, greater ingestion of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol, heating of fatty food, and greater longevity increased oxidative stress while greater reliance on animals foods and less on plants decreased ingestion of exogenous antioxidants. The hypothesis that selection for nonnutrient ingestive behaviors was a compensatory mechanism for increasing antioxidants is presented within the context of a four-factor model on the origins of human medicine.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 1-25 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The interaction of nutritional status with political structure in prehistoric New World societies is examined through bioarchaeological analysis. Overall, a general correlation is seen between political complexity and patterns of morbidity among various subsegments of the population. This relationship is strongest among egalitarian societies, in which few differences exist, and state-level societies, in which differences are readily apparent and appear to widen over time. At intermediate levels of political complexity, a less consistent picture emerges; various explanations are considered as to why the dietary differences predicted by the ethnohistorical and archaeological records are not reflected in the osteological record. Also addressed are patterns of differences in access to nutritional resources by gender at the various levels of political organization, as well as patterns of access between rural and urban centers. Future directions of study are suggested.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 51-71 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This article reviews some of the major archeological research and resulting current debates that center around the nature of the formation of Islamic society in the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula from the seventh century AD through the later Middle Ages. Over the last two decades, archeology has played an increasingly important role in working out the details of how this great cultural transformation occurred and has led to considerable revision of historical interpretations of the medieval period in the western Mediterranean region. On a more general anthropological level, research in both regions presents a remarkable potential to contribute to the literature on the archeology of ethnicity, and to research into the impact of changing religion and ideology on such diverse areas of human activity as household organization, gender relations, settlement location and spatial organization, and ceramic production and distribution.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 73-108 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract War is a fraught subject. Those who study it often fight about it. This chapter examines the current state of the study of war, described and analyzed by anthropologists and nonanthropologists who employ concepts like culture in writing about the future of war. Warfare seems bound to keep us revisiting certain aspects of the past. At the same time, nothing induces change quite like conflict. Does war have a future? The preponderance of evidence-biological, archeological, ethnological-suggests that it does. But not all anthropologists agree. This in and of itself represents one of a series of gaps that begs further consideration.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 109-153 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract To better understand both the shared and special features of human growth, this article explores the evolution of growth patterns of mammals in general and primates in particular. Special attention is paid to several competing hypotheses concerning the adaptive value of the juvenile stage to the life history of the social mammals. One hypothesis claims that all social mammals have a juvenile stage of life, but although most primate species are social, not all primates show a juvenile stage of life history. There is also controversy over whether the adolescent growth spurt is a uniquely human feature. On the basis of empirical observations and evolutionary considerations, I conclude that the human adolescent growth spurt in stature and skeletal maturation is species specific, not found in any other primate species. Finally, data and theory are used to advance a philosophy of human growth. An acceptable philosophy must acknowledge the mammalian and primate foundations for the human pattern of growth. But a robust philosophy of human growth must also account for the ecology to which the human species, indeed any species, is adapted. Accordingly, a philosophy of human growth must allow for the evolution of variations on common themes and of new stages of growth that may be unique to the human species.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 155-174 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The professionalization of archaeology in the late nineteenth century was linked to the growth of antiquities markets and the development of museums as institutions of education and social reproduction. Professional archaeologists moved into the universities in large numbers after World War II and then increasingly into the private sector after the mid-1970s. In the United States, archaeologists currently confront a highly segmented labor market with significant wage and benefits differentials, and increasing numbers face marginal employment. At the same time, descendant communities and government regulations are transforming the ways by which archaeologists have traditionally conducted their investigations.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 175-199 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This paper provides an overview of the main approaches to the discursive analysis of racist utterances. Moreover, we discuss the notions of racism and race historically and from the point of view of different cultures and languages. We restrict ourselves to the discourse analytical concepts and methodologies, which vary greatly, both in theory and in analysis. We present one example and analyze it in detail as an illustration of the linguistic tools that help make hidden and latent meanings transparent.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 201-224 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Humans' relationships with animals, increasingly the subject of controversy, have long been of interest to those whose primary aim has been the better understanding of humans' relationships with other humans. Since this topic was last reviewed here, human-animal relationships have undergone considerable reexamination, reflecting key trends in the history of social analysis, including concerns with connections between anthropology and colonialism and with the construction of race, class, and gender identities. There have been many attempts to integrate structuralist or symbolic approaches with those focused on environmental, political, and economic dimensions. Human-animal relationships are now much more likely to be considered in dynamic terms, and consequently, there has been much interdisciplinary exchange between anthropologists and historians. Some research directly engages moral and political concerns about animals, but it is likely that sociocultural research on human-animal relationships will continue to be as much, if not more, about humans.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 285-310 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Apocalypticism and millennialism are the dark and light sides of a historical sensibility transfixed by the possibility of imminent catastrophe, cosmic redemption, spiritual transformation, and a new world order. This essay briefly surveys work by anthropologists and like-minded scholars that focuses directly on endtime movements. It then reviews at more length a varied literature focusing on American apocalypticisms and millennialisms. Turning to contemporary America, we survey the ways in which an apocalyptic/millennial sensibility-as a mode of attention, mode of knowing, and voice-has come to inhabit and structure modern American life across a wide range of registers.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 253-284 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract With the concept of environment as its organizing motif, this review focuses on two general fields of anthropological environmental research: ecological anthropology and the anthropology of environmentalism. Analysis of the complementary political and human ecology research programs is structured around four theoretical and methodological areas: transformations in the ecological paradigm, levels of analysis and articulation, the use of history, and the reemergence of space. Ethnographic analyses of the social forces of environmentalism point to civil society as an emerging and important protagonist with regard to environmental issues, and these social forces are reviewed within the categories of environmental movements, rights, territories, and discourses. A final prospective section looks at contemporary urban, viral, virtual, and warfare environments and postulates that the combination of empirical and political approaches can provide for anthropology an expanded role, one that has strong bioethical implications, in environmental debates and issues.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 225-252 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The proposal that linguistic sounds such as phonemes, features, syllables, or tones can be meaningful, or sound-symbolic, contradicts the principles of arbitrariness and double articulation that are axiomatic to structural linguistics. Nevertheless, a considerable body of research that supports principles of sound symbolism has accumulated. This review discusses the most widely attested forms of sound symbolism and the research programs linked to sound symbolism that have influenced linguists and anthropologists most. Numerous reports of magnitude sound symbolism in the form of experimental studies and comparative surveys have been integrated into a biologically based theory of its motivation. Magnitude sound symbolism also catalyzed a number of experimental studies by psychologists and linguists in search of a universal sound-symbolic substrate underlying all languages. Although the search for a sound-symbolic substrate has been abandoned, the success rates of these studies have never been satisfactorily explained. Sound-symbolic processes have had a definitive impact on morphological analyses of phonesthemes and on historical linguists' understandings of diachronic processes. A typologically widespread form of sound symbolism occurs as a kind of lexical class known as the ideophone, which is conspicuously underdeveloped in standard average European languages, and highly perplexing for linguists and anthropologists. Although it has always been a respectable domain of inquiry in ethnopoetics and interpretive ethnography, the case for sound symbolism has of late been argued with renewed vigor on the part of psychological anthropologists and philosophers who see a paradigm shift under way.
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 311-339 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Primatology in anthropology began with morphological comparisons of primates to reconstruct the evolution of humans. Naturalistic studies started in the mid-twentieth century and contributed to understanding the functions of morphological variations. Today, research in primatology employs the new paradigm of behavioral ecology and sociobiology for analysis and interpretation of variation in behavior and ecology. Grouping and group sizes of primates are explained with reference to effects of predation, defense of resources, and female defense against male infanticide. Primates avoid close consanguineous mating, usually by dispersal of males from the birthplace, though in bonobos and chimpanzees males are philopatric. In many primates, nepotistic relations among females are explained by kin selection operating on the philopatric sex. In chimpanzees, nepotism is clearest among the philopatric males. Sexual dimorphism, dominance hierarchies, intrasexual competition, and particularly infanticide by males are best explained by the action of sexual selection. Comparative studies of primates indicate that the large brains of the genus Homo (enlarged cerebral cortex) evolved after bipedalism and human dental characters and probably depended on high-quality diets. Broad comparative studies have supported the hypothesis that large brains may have evolved in response to complex social environments, but comparisons within the apes only may not support the hypothesis. Although dominant themes of current anthropology are not compatible with the epistemology, theory, or methodology of primate research and interpretation, primate studies fit easily within the future of anthropology as a four-field evolutionary study of the origins of humans and human nature.
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  • 178
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 375-395 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Issues in the linguistic study of US Latinos are reviewed, with an emphasis on recent work in sociolinguistics. Predominant models of language contact are evaluated, as are factors contributing to variation. Among these factors are (a) the state of changes in progress; (b) the complexity of historical, socioeconomic, and demographic conditions of US Latinos; (c) the community's degree of contact with other ethnic/linguistic groups; (d) language attitudes toward the matrix and embedded languages; (e) the local evaluation and patterns of use of particular variants; and (f) the possibility of autochthonous innovation within the dialect. Questions of US Latino participation in changes beyond those in their immediate communities are addressed. The need to connect linguistic variation with other aspects of semiotic meaning is emphasized.
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  • 179
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 341-373 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This review describes a paradigmatic shift in anthropological studies of human movement, from an observationist view of behavior to a conception of body movement as dynamically embodied action. After outlining the scope of such study, historical and cultural reasons for the relative neglect of body movement in anthropological enquiry are examined critically and placed in the wider context of recent social and cultural theorizing about the body and the problem of dynamic embodiment. A historical overview situates earlier approaches, such as kinesics and proxemics, in relation to more recent developments in theory and method, such as those offered by semasiology and the concept of the "action sign." Overlapping interests with linguistic and cognitive anthropology are described. The emergence of a holistic "anthropology of human movement" has raised new research questions that require new resources. Theoretical insights have challenged researchers to devise new methods and to adopt or devise new technologies, such as videotape and an adequate transcription system. An example of the latter illustrates the analytic advantages of literacy in the medium.
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  • 180
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 397-430 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Life history theory offers evolutionary explanations for the timing of life events, with a particular focus on age-schedules of fertility and mortality and growth. Traditional models examine trade-offs between current and future reproduction and quality versus quantity of offspring. These models can be used to understand questions concerning time of gestation, age of weaning, juvenile mortality profiles, age at maturation, adult body size, fertility rates, senescence, menopause, and the length of the life span. The trajectory of energy acquisition and its allocations is also an important part of life history theory. Modifications of these models have been developed to examine the period of learning, postweaning parental investment, and patterns of development. In this article, we combine energetic and demographic approaches in order to examine the human life course from an optimality perspective. The evolved life history solves related problems across two generations. The first set of decisions concerns how to maximize own lifetime net energy production that can be used for reproduction. The second set of decisions concerns how to maximize total offspring energy production (summed over all offspring).
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  • 181
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 431-454 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Southeast Asia is probably the part of the world most closely associated by anthropologists with an interpretive concept of culture. Yet do such ideas as culture areas or local cultures retain their analytical salience when our attention turns to processes of domination, displacement, and diaspora? This article considers the state of culture theory in the anthropology of Southeast Asia today, focusing on the themes of gender, marginality, violence, and the state. Culture is increasingly viewed as an attribute of the state-an object of state policy, an ideological zone for the exercise of state power, or literally a creation of the state-whereas the state itself is comprehended in ways analogous to totalizing models of culture.
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  • 182
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 509-529 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Human beings are biologically adapted for culture in ways that other primates are not, as evidenced most clearly by the fact that only human cultural traditions accumulate modifications over historical time (the ratchet effect). The key adaptation is one that enables individuals to understand other individuals as intentional agents like the self. This species-unique form of social cognition emerges in human ontogeny at approximately 1 year of age, as infants begin to engage with other persons in various kinds of joint attentional activities involving gaze following, social referencing, and gestural communication. Young children's joint attentional skills then engender some uniquely powerful forms of cultural learning, enabling the acquisition of language, discourse skills, tool-use practices, and other conventional activities. These novel forms of cultural learning allow human beings to, in effect, pool their cognitive resources both contemporaneously and over historical time in ways that are unique in the animal kingdom.
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  • 183
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 455-478 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Anthropologies of late modernity (also called postmodernity, postindustrial society, knowledge society, or information society) provide a number of stimulating challenges for all levels of social, cultural, and psychological theory, as well as for ethnographic and other genres of anthropological writing. Three key overlapping arenas of attention are the centrality of science and technology; decolonization, postcolonialism, and the reconstruction of societies after social trauma; and the role of the new electronic and visual media. The most important challenges of contemporary ethnographic practice include more than merely (a) the techniques of multilocale or multisited ethnography for strategically accessing different points in broadly spread processes, (b) the techniques of multivocal or multiaudience-addressed texts for mapping and acknowledging with greater precision the situatedness of knowledge, (c) the reworking of traditional notions of comparative work for a world that is increasingly aware of difference, and (d) acknowledging that anthropological representations are interventions within a stream of representations, mediations, and unequally inflected discourses competing for hegemonic control. Of equal importance are the challenges of juxtaposing, complementing, or supplementing other genres of writing, working with historians, literary theorists, media critics, novelists, investigative or in-depth journalists, writers of insider accounts (e.g. autobiographers, scientists writing for the public), photographers and film makers, and others.
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  • 184
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 479-507 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This review asks the question: What new avenues of social science enquiry are suggested by new ecological thinking, with its focus on nonequilibrium dynamics, spatial and temporal variation, complexity, and uncertainty? Following a review of the emergence of the "new ecology" and the highlighting of contrasts with earlier "balance of nature" perspectives, work emerging from ecological anthropology, political ecology, environmental and ecological economics, and debates about nature and culture are examined. With some important exceptions, much social science work and associated popular and policy debates remain firmly wedded to a static and equilibrial view. This review turns to three areas where a more dynamic perspective has emerged. Each has the potential to take central elements of new ecological thinking seriously, sometimes with major practical consequences for planning, intervention design, and management. First is the concern with spatial and temporal dynamics developed in detailed and situated analyses of "people in places," using, in particular, historical analysis as a way of explaining environmental change across time and space. Second is the growing understanding of environment as both the product of and the setting for human interactions, which link dynamic structural analyses of environmental processes with an appreciation of human agency in environmental transformation, as part of a "structuration" approach. Third is the appreciation of complexity and uncertainty in social-ecological systems and, with this, the recognition of that prediction, management, and control are unlikely, if not impossible.
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 553-575 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Studying human behavior in the light of evolutionary theory involves studying the comparative evolutionary history of behaviors (phylogeny), the psychological machinery that generates them (mechanisms), and the adaptive value of that machinery in past reproductive competition (natural selection). To show the value of a phylogenetic perspective, I consider the ethology of emotional expression and the cladistics of primate social systems. For psychological mechanisms, I review evidence for a pan-human set of conceptual building blocks, including innate concepts of things, space, and time, of number, of logic, of natural history, and of "other minds" and social life, which can be combined to generate a vast array of culture-specific concepts. For natural selection, I discuss the sexual selection of sex differences and similarities, and the social selection of moral sentiments and group psychology.
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 531-552 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Optimality theory was introduced in the early 1990s as an alternative model of the organization of natural human language sound systems. This article provides an introduction to the model for the nonlinguist. The basic principles of optimality theory are introduced and explained (GEN, CON, and EVAL). Three important constraint families are explored (Faithfulness, Alignment, and Markedness). Illustrations are provided involving syllabification and vowel harmony in Tibetan and prosodic phonotactics in Tonkawa. The article closes with two general discussions. The first addresses recurring issues in phonological and linguistic analysis and sketches how optimality theory might account for these. The second points out how the explanations arrived at through optimality theory are providing new answers to familiar questions, as well as raising new questions for study.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 29 (2000), S. xv 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Figure 1 Figure 1 This essay summarizes the four careers of George and Louise Spindler over a 50-year period-psychological anthropology, anthropology and education, teaching, and editing. Our relations with Indian tribes with which we worked are described. Special attention is given to illusions affecting the construction of education in American schools, to the use of projective techniques in studies among Native American communitites, and to studies in urbanizing German villages. The concept of cultural therapy is introduced. Publications from each of our four careers are sampled.
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999), S. 577-598 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract As an artifact of imperial culture, Africanist anthropology is historically associated with the colonization of Africa in ways that undermine the subdiscipline's claims of neutrality and objectivity. A critical literature on the ideological and discursive inventions of Africa by the West challenges the very possibility of Africanist anthropology, to which a variety of responses have emerged. These range from historical reexaminations of imperial discourses, colonial interactions, and fieldwork in Africa, including dialogical engagements with the very production of ethnographic texts, to a more dialectical anthropology of colonial spectacle and culture as it was coproduced and reciprocally determined in imperial centers and peripheries. Understood philologically, as an imperial palimpsest in ethnographic writing, the colonial legacy in Africanist ethnography can never be negated, but must be acknowledged under the sign of its erasure.
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 29 (2000), S. 25-38 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This article reviews neo-Weberian, neo-institutionalist economic, and neo-Marxian approaches to the analysis of capitalism in late modern societies. It argues that all make important contributions to the understanding of the increasing economic variability reported in capitalist societies. The approaches also may be profitably combined to assess the degree to which specific cases identified deviate in significant ways from current hegemonic patterns of capitalist development. Finally, consumption theory is assessed for its value in revising standard capitalist development theory.
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 29 (2000), S. 1-24 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This article reviews the history of British social anthropology, concentrating on the expansion of the discipline in the British university sector since the 1960s. Particular emphasis is placed on the relationship between social anthropology and the main source of its funding, the British government, in particular the Economic and Social Research Council. After a particularly difficult time in the 1980s, social anthropology in the 1990s has grown swiftly. In this period of growth, formerly crucial boundaries-between academic anthropology and practical policy-related research, between "social" and "cultural" anthropology-appear to have withered away. Yet British social anthropology retains much of its distinctive identity, not least because of the peculiar institutional structures, such as the research seminar, in which the social anthropological habitus is reproduced in new generations of researchers.
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 29 (2000), S. 39-60 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Property determines exclusive rights to things. It is a key theoretical concept in the social sciences and a material reality in human societies. Since the defining work of Lewis Henry Morgan, property has been studied by anthropologists interested in human economies, societies, and social evolution. Cross-cultural studies suggest systematic associations of contrasting property rights with particular characteristics of social institutions and resource developments. From the works of Childe, Adams, and Renfrew, archaeologists have considered property as related to ecological concepts of territoriality and to Marxist concepts of control and alienation. Techniques to study property archaeologically included patterns of labor investment, warfare, settlement distributions, and physical marking. Although each technique is open to alternative interpretations, combining the techniques provides a robust description of property regimes in prehistory.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 29 (2000), S. 61-87 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The aim of this review is to contribute to a dialogue between anthropologists and sociolinguists who work on the Arab world. One of the most distinctive features of the Arab world is that Classical Arabic co-exists with national vernaculars such as Egyptian, Syrian, Jordanian, and so on. The first is the language of writing, education, and administration, whereas the latter are the media of oral exchanges, nonprint media, poetry, and plays. The proximity or distance between the "Classical" and the "colloquials," whether the latter are also "Arabic" or have been so accepting of foreign borrowings that they ceased to be so, whether they are languages or "inferior dialects" are all contentious issues that continue to be debated within the Arab world. In fact, such debates have become inseparable from the central concerns and dilemmas of social and intellectual movements in this century. After providing a broad outline of work in Arabic sociolinguistics, the review moves to the literature on education. Debates on education are intimately linked with larger questions regarding colonialism, nationalism, and modernization. The last part of the review is devoted to anthropological works on the region. The complexities of the sociolinguistic settings in the Arab world provide promising and challenging grounds for contributions to anthropological theory.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 29 (2000), S. 89-106 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This article examines the relationship between history and anthropology in South Asia during the past two decades, a relationship that has done much to shape the emerging intellectual practices of postcolonial anthropology. After locating the current conjuncture in an earlier moment of American anthropology in South Asia-village studies of the 1950s-the article reviews a body of interdisciplinary scholarship published during the 1980s and 1990s, paying specific attention to the impact of debates in Indian historiography generated by subaltern studies. The article goes on to identify five interlinked sets of themes in the literature for discussion: the "problem" of Europe, the interpenetration of power and knowledge in the colonial archive, the search for indigenous forms of knowledge, the phenomenon of violence and ethnic conflict, and the specific concerns of gender and feminist criticism. It argues that it is no longer feasible to do anthropology in South Asia without attending to one or more of these five themes. Any concern with contemporary transnational or cultural configurations in South Asia, or with the future of the postcolonial nation state, must be considered in relation to colonial history and the specific formations of modernity it generated.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 29 (2000), S. 107-124 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract As we enter the twenty-first century, the terrain on which social policy is made is changing rapidly. This has resulted in anthropologists, in combination with other social scientists, giving serious attention to the impact of this new phase of globalization on changes in social and environmental policies. This review focuses on the ways in which anthropology as a field has contributed, and continues to contribute, to social policy research, practice, and advocacy in the current international context. Given the limited space allotted, we have selected the following six arenas of public policy for analysis and description: (a) links between globalization processes and policy on the national and local levels; (b) social welfare policy, including employment and family welfare survival strategies; (c) the impact of structural adjustment and economic restructuring on migration and labor force incorporation; (d) policies in the north and south related to global agriculture, social inequality, and the manipulations of some multinational corporations; (e) policies affecting sustainable agriculture; and (f) the role of anthropologists in examining the impact of political and economic hegemony on the environment.
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    Annual Review of Anthropology 29 (2000), S. 125-146 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Significant changes occurred in human evolution between 2.5 and 1.8 million years ago. Stone tools first appeared, brains expanded, bodies enlarged, sexual dimorphism in body size decreased, limb proportions changed, cheek teeth reduced in size, and crania began to share more unique features with later Homo. Although the two earliest species of Homo, H. habilis and H. rudolfensis, retained many primitive features in common with australopithecine species, they both shared key unique features with later species of Homo. Two of the most conspicuous shared derived characters were the sizes of the brain and masticatory apparatus relative to body weight. Despite the shared derived characters of H. habilis and H. rudolfensis, one unexpected complication in the transition from australopithecine to Homo was that the postcranial anatomy of H. habilis retained many australopithecine characteristics. H. rudolfensis, however, seems to have had a more human-like body plan, similar to later species of Homo. H. rudolfensis may therefore represent a link between Australopithecus and Homo.
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 29 (2000), S. 147-194 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Anthropoidea is a clade of primates including Platyrrhini and Catarrhini. Definitive fossil anthropoids include the early Oligocene Propliopithecidae and the late Eocene-early Oligocene Parapithecidae and Oligopithecidae. Middle Eocene Eosimiidae are probable fossil anthropoids from Asia. Relationships of anthropoids to other primates are debated, although parsimony argues for a tarsier-anthropoid clade (Haplorhini) arising within omomyiforms. Distinctive features of the anthropoid visual system related to diurnality include highly convergent orbits, small corneal diameter/posterior nodal distance, high concentrations of cones and ganglion cells, and extreme magnification of foveal and parafoveal regions of the visual field in the visual cortex. Anthropoid origins was associated with a shift from a nocturnal visually predatory ancestor to diurnal visual predation at small body size (〈100 g). This shift may have occurred in the stem lineage of the tarsier-anthropoid clade. The early anthropoids were insectivore-frugivores with unfused mandibular symphyses, small brains, and either dichromatic or trichromatic vision. The evolution of larger brains, symphyseal fusion, and definitive trichromacy occurred later in anthropoid evolution.
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 29 (2000), S. 195-216 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Ethnographies and anthropological analyses of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union published in the last decade have been shaped by two major circumstances. First, they reflect the discursive possibilities opened up by the political upheavals of November 1989 in Eastern Europe and of August 1991 in the Soviet Union; second, they express and represent the theoretical heterogeneity of contemporary American anthropology. We can characterize anthropological work in the former Soviet Union as attempts to use and explore the concept of culture in various sites of social, economic, and political transformation. By contrast, anthropologists studying postsocialist societies in Eastern Europe have turned from analyses of the cultural practices of groups on the margins of modernizing state projects to accounts of how communities are shaped by systemic changes in the political economy of states.
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 29 (2000), S. 217-242 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Nucleic acids are preserved in prehistoric samples under a wide range of depositional environments. The development of new molecular methods, especially the polymerase chain reaction, has made possible the recovery and manipulation of these molecules, and the subsequent molecular genetic characterization of the ancient samples. The analysis of ancient (a)DNA is complicated by the degraded nature of ancient nucleic acids, as well as the presence of enzymatic inhibitors in aDNA extracts. We review aspects of ancient DNA preservation, a variety of methods for the extraction and amplification of informative DNA segments from ancient samples, and the difficulties encountered in documenting the authenticity of ancient DNA template. Studies using aDNA to address questions in human population history or human evolution are reviewed and discussed. Future prospects for the field and potential directions for future aDNA research efforts in physical anthropology are identified.
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 29 (2000), S. 243-285 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The past two decades have witnessed a minor explosion in publications dealing with the ways in which gay men and lesbians use language. In fact, though, work on the topic has been appearing in several disciplines (philology, linguistics, women's studies, anthropology, and speech communication) since the 1940s. This review charts the history of research on "gay and lesbian language," detailing earlier concerns and showing how work of the 1980s and 1990s both grows out of and differs from previous scholarship. Through a critical analysis of key assumptions that guide research, this review argues that gay and lesbian language does not and cannot exist in the way it is widely imagined to do. The review concludes with the suggestion that scholars abandon the search for gay and lesbian language and move on to develop and refine concepts that permit the study of language and sexuality, and language and desire.
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    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 29 (2000), S. 329-355 
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This review inverts the idiom "family values" to show the value of the family. It grounds this value in family economic activity but advocates an interactive approach in which cultural commitments to the family influence economic and political outcomes. Historical and ethnographic research on the family is mustered to illustrate the interaction and then combined with theories of capitalism and nationalism to account for the resonance of the family values discourse. A final section reviews the potential dangers of family-focused research. That tradesman who does not delight in his family will never long delight in his business. D. Defoe
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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