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  • Articles  (1,677,625)
  • Other Sources  (45)
  • Springer Nature  (1,067,184)
  • American Institute of Physics  (610,486)
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  • 101
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    Author Correction: Annual cycle observations of aerosols capable of ice formation in central Arctic clouds (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 13(1), pp. 6010-6010, ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-08
    Description: The original version of this Article contained an error in Fig. 4, in which the y-axis should read “INPs (L−1 of air)” instead of “INPs x 10−3 (L−1 of air)”. This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 102
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    Tidal dissipation from free drift sea ice in the Barents Sea assessed using GNSS beacon observations (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Ocean Dynamics, Springer Nature, 72(8), pp. 577-597, ISSN: 1616-7341
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-08
    Description: One of the major challenges facing global hydrodynamic tidal models is the modelling of the interaction between sea ice and tides in high-latitude waters. Recent studies have shown strong seasonal correlation between sea ice and tides. Hence, it is important to accurately model the effect of sea ice in a tidal model. Presence of sea ice leads to a frictional dissipation of tides. Most models either completely ignore sea ice or partly include it by assuming a fixed sea ice cover (landfast ice). However, sea ice can also be drifting and the nature of dissipation between drifting sea ice and tides is partly unknown. We assess the dissipation of tides due to free drift sea ice. In the absence of wind, this is negligible in the deeper and open ocean. For the shallow water regions, however, this dissipation is unknown. Here, we evaluate this dissipation for the Spitzbergen Shelf region using a beacon dataset showing strong free drift subdaily sea ice oscillations and a physics based point ice model. Two analyses were done which compared the model and observed motion. The analyses showed that for winds speeds below 8m/s and with low subdaily signals, the subdaily free drift sea ice motion is strongly connected to the tides and that the frictional dissipation is low. In the context of global tide and storm surge models, the dissipation from free drift sea ice on tides should be evaluated based on the region (deep ocean or shallow water) and existing wind conditions. In the presence of strong winds the dissipation between free drift sea ice and air can be significant on a subdaily scale even if there are no subdaily signals in the wind itself.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 103
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    Harnessing the microbiome to prevent global biodiversity loss (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Microbiology, Springer Nature, 7(11), pp. 1726-1735, ISSN: 2058-5276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-02
    Description: Global biodiversity loss and mass extinction of species are two of the most critical environmental issues the world is currently facing, resulting in the disruption of various ecosystems central to environmental functions and human health. Microbiome-targeted interventions, such as probiotics and microbiome transplants, are emerging as potential options to reverse deterioration of biodiversity and increase the resilience of wildlife and ecosystems. However, the implementation of these interventions is urgently needed. We summarize the current concepts, bottlenecks and ethical aspects encompassing the careful and responsible management of ecosystem resources using the microbiome (termed microbiome stewardship) to rehabilitate organisms and ecosystem functions. We propose a real-world application framework to guide environmental and wildlife probiotic applications. This framework details steps that must be taken in the upscaling process while weighing risks against the high toll of inaction. In doing so, we draw parallels with other aspects of contemporary science moving swiftly in the face of urgent global challenges.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 104
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    Microbial metabolites in the marine carbon cycle (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Microbiology, Springer Nature, 7(4), pp. 508-523, ISSN: 2058-5276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: One-quarter of photosynthesis-derived carbon on Earth rapidly cycles through a set of short-lived seawater metabolites that are generated from the activities of marine phytoplankton, bacteria, grazers and viruses. Here we discuss the sources of microbial metabolites in the surface ocean, their roles in ecology and biogeochemistry, and approaches that can be used to analyse them from chemistry, biology, modelling and data science. Although microbial-derived metabolites account for only a minor fraction of the total reservoir of marine dissolved organic carbon, their flux and fate underpins the central role of the ocean in sustaining life on Earth.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 105
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    Megadroughts in the Common Era and the Anthropocene (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, Springer Nature, 3(11), pp. 741-757, ISSN: 2662-138X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: Exceptional drought events, known as megadroughts, have occurred on every continent outside Antarctica over the past ~2,000 years, causing major ecological and societal disturbances. In this Review, we discuss shared causes and features of Common Era (Year 1–present) and future megadroughts. Decadal variations in sea surface temperatures are the primary driver of megadroughts, with secondary contributions from radiative forcing and land–atmosphere interactions. Anthropogenic climate change has intensified ongoing megadroughts in south-western North America and across Chile and Argentina. Future megadroughts will be substantially warmer than past events, with this warming driving projected increases in megadrought risk and severity across many regions, including western North America, Central America, Europe and the Mediterranean, extratropical South America, and Australia. However, several knowledge gaps currently undermine confidence in understanding past and future megadroughts. These gaps include a paucity of high-resolution palaeoclimate information over Africa, tropical South America and other regions; incomplete representations of internal variability and land surface processes in climate models; and the undetermined capacity of water-resource management systems to mitigate megadrought impacts. Addressing these deficiencies will be crucial for increasing confidence in projections of future megadrought risk and for resiliency planning.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 106
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    Last Interglacial decadal sea surface temperature variability in the eastern Mediterranean (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Geoscience, Springer Nature, 15(10), pp. 812-818, ISSN: 1752-0894
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-29
    Description: The Last Interglacial (~129,000–116,000 years ago) is the most recent geologic period with a warmer-than-present climate. Proxy-based temperature reconstructions from this interval can help contextualize natural climate variability in our currently warming world, especially if they can define changes on decadal timescales. Here, we established a ~4.800-year-long record of sea surface temperature (SST) variability from the eastern Mediterranean Sea at 1–4-year resolution by applying mass spectrometry imaging of long-chain alkenones to a finely laminated organic-matter-rich sapropel deposited during the Last Interglacial. We observe the highest amplitude of decadal variability in the early stage of sapropel deposition, plausibly due to reduced vertical mixing of the highly stratified water column. With the subsequent reorganization of oceanographic conditions in the later stage of sapropel deposition, when SST forcing resembled the modern situation, we observe that the maximum amplitude of reconstructed decadal variability did not exceed the range of the recent period of warming climate. The more gradual, centennial SST trends reveal that the maximal centennial scale SST increase in our Last Interglacial record is below the projected temperature warming in the twenty-first century.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 107
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    Expanding beaver pond distribution in Arctic Alaska, 1949 to 2019 (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, 12(1), pp. 7123-7123, ISSN: 2045-2322
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-30
    Description: Beavers were not previously recognized as an Arctic species, and their engineering in the tundra is considered negligible. Recent findings suggest that beavers have moved into Arctic tundra regions and are controlling surface water dynamics, which strongly influence permafrost and landscape stability. Here we use 70 years of satellite images and aerial photography to show the scale and magnitude of northwestward beaver expansion in Alaska, indicated by the construction of over 10,000 beaver ponds in the Arctic tundra. The number of beaver ponds doubled in most areas between ~ 2003 and ~ 2017. Earlier stages of beaver engineering are evident in ~ 1980 imagery, and there is no evidence of beaver engineering in ~ 1952 imagery, consistent with observations from Indigenous communities describing the influx of beavers over the period. Rapidly expanding beaver engineering has created a tundra disturbance regime that appears to be thawing permafrost and exacerbating the effects of climate change.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 108
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    Degrading permafrost river catchments and their impact on Arctic Ocean nearshore processes (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Ambio, Springer Nature, ISSN: 0044-7447
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-22
    Description: Arctic warming is causing ancient perennially frozen ground (permafrost) to thaw, resulting in ground collapse, and reshaping of landscapes. This threatens Arctic peoples' infrastructure, cultural sites, and land-based natural resources. Terrestrial permafrost thaw and ongoing intensification of hydrological cycles also enhance the amount and alter the type of organic carbon (OC) delivered from land to Arctic nearshore environments. These changes may affect coastal processes, food web dynamics and marine resources on which many traditional ways of life rely. Here, we examine how future projected increases in runoff and permafrost thaw from two permafrost-dominated Siberian watersheds—the Kolyma and Lena, may alter carbon turnover rates and OC distributions through river networks. We demonstrate that the unique composition of terrestrial permafrost-derived OC can cause significant increases to aquatic carbon degradation rates (20 to 60% faster rates with 1% permafrost OC). We compile results on aquatic OC degradation and examine how strengthening Arctic hydrological cycles may increase the connectivity between terrestrial landscapes and receiving nearshore ecosystems, with potential ramifications for coastal carbon budgets and ecosystem structure. To address the future challenges Arctic coastal communities will face, we argue that it will become essential to consider how nearshore ecosystems will respond to changing coastal inputs and identify how these may affect the resiliency and availability of essential food resources.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 109
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    The deglacial forest conundrum (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 13(1), pp. 6035-6035, ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-19
    Description: How fast the Northern Hemisphere (NH) forest biome tracks strongly warming climates is largely unknown. Regional studies reveal lags between decades and millennia. Here we report a conundrum: Deglacial forest expansion in the NH extra-tropics occurs approximately 4000 years earlier in a transient MPI-ESM1.2 simulation than shown by pollen-based biome reconstructions. Shortcomings in the model and the reconstructions could both contribute to this mismatch, leaving the underlying causes unresolved. The simulated vegetation responds within decades to simulated climate changes, which agree with pollen-independent reconstructions. Thus, we can exclude climate biases as main driver for differences. Instead, the mismatch points at a multi-millennial disequilibrium of the NH forest biome to the climate signal. Therefore, the evaluation of time-slice simulations in strongly changing climates with pollen records should be critically reassessed. Our results imply that NH forests may be responding much slower to ongoing climate changes than Earth System Models predict.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 110
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    Larix species range dynamics in Siberia since the Last Glacial captured from sedimentary ancient DNA (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Communications Biology, Springer Nature, 5(1), pp. 570-570, ISSN: 2399-3642
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-20
    Description: Climate change is expected to cause major shifts in boreal forests which are in vast areas of Siberia dominated by two species of the deciduous needle tree larch (Larix). The species differ markedly in their ecosystem functions, thus shifts in their respective ranges are of global relevance. However, drivers of species distribution are not well understood, in part because paleoecological data at species level are lacking. This study tracks Larix species distribution in time and space using target enrichment on sedimentary ancient DNA extracts from eight lakes across Siberia. We discovered that Larix sibirica, presently dominating in western Siberia, likely migrated to its northern distribution area only in the Holocene at around 10,000 years before present (ka BP), and had a much wider eastern distribution around 33 ka BP. Samples dated to the Last Glacial Maximum (around 21 ka BP), consistently show genotypes of L. gmelinii. Our results suggest climate as a strong determinant of species distribution in Larix and provide temporal and spatial data for species projection in a changing climate.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 111
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    Vertical redistribution of principle water masses on the Northeast Greenland Shelf (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 13(1), pp. 7660-7660, ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: The Northeast Greenland shelf (NEGS) is a recipient of Polar Water (PW) from the Arctic Ocean, Greenland Ice Sheet melt, and Atlantic Water (AW). Here, we compile hydrographical measurements to quantify long-term changes in fjords and coastal waters. We find a profound change in the vertical distribution of water masses, with AW shoaling 〉60 m and PW thinning 〉50 m since early 2000’s. The properties of these waters have also changed. AW is now 1 °C warmer and the salinity of surface waters and PW are 1.8 and 0.68 lower, respectively. The AW changes have substantially weakened stratification south of ~74°N, indicating increased accessibility of heat and potentially nutrients associated with AW. The Atlantification earlier reported for the eastern Fram Strait and Barents Sea region has also propagated to the NEGS. The increased presence of AW, is an important driver for regional change leading to a likely shift in ecosystem structure and function.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 112
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    Lessons Learned in the Digital Earth Project (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Springer Nature, pp. 145-148, ISBN: 9783030995454
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: 〈jats:title〉Abstract〈/jats:title〉〈jats:p〉The Digital Earth project aimed for the integration of data science and Earth science. Here, we reflect on the main lessons learned that include the need for interdisciplinary collaboration, thinking out of the box, the concept of ‘thinking in workflows’ and models for the sustainable implementation of scientific software, data infrastructure and policies.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 113
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    Data Science and Earth System Science (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Springer Nature, pp. 1-6, ISBN: 9783030995454
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: 〈jats:title〉Abstract〈/jats:title〉〈jats:p〉Data-driven science has turned into a fourth fundamental paradigm of performing research. Earth System Science, following a holistic approach in unraveling the complex network of processes and interactions shaping system Earth, particularly profits from embracing data-driven approaches next to observation and modeling. At the end, increasing digitalization of Earth sciences will lead to cultural transformation towards a Digital Earth Culture.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 114
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    The Digital Earth Project: Focus and Agenda (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Springer Nature, pp. 7-16, ISBN: 9783030995454
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: 〈jats:title〉Abstract〈/jats:title〉〈jats:p〉Digital Earth is a project funded by the German Helmholtz Association with all centers of the research field Earth and Environment involved. The main goal of the Digital Earth project is to develop and bundle data science methods in extendable and maintainable scientific workflows that enable natural scientists in collaboration with data scientists to achieve a deeper understanding of the Earth system. This has been achieved by developing solutions for data analysis and exploration with visual and computational approaches with data obtained in a SMART monitoring approach and modeling studies, accompanied by a continuous evaluation of the collaboration processes. In this chapter, the history, setup, and focus of the Digital Earth project are described.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 115
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    Animal behavior is central in shaping the realized diel light niche (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Communications Biology, Springer Nature, 5(1), pp. 562-, ISSN: 2399-3642
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-10
    Description: Animal behavior in space and time is structured by the perceived day/night cycle. However, this is modified by the animals’ own movement within its habitat, creating a realized diel light niche (RDLN). To understand the RDLN, we investigated the light as experienced by zooplankton undergoing synchronized diel vertical migration (DVM) in an Arctic fjord around the spring equinox. We reveal a highly dampened light cycle with diel changes being about two orders of magnitude smaller compared to the surface or a static depth. The RDLN is further characterized by unique wavelength-specific irradiance cycles. We discuss the relevance of RDLNs for animal adaptations and interactions, as well as implications for circadian clock entrainment in the wild and laboratory.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 116
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    A Cryptochrome adopts distinct moon- and sunlight states and functions as sun- versus moonlight interpreter in monthly oscillator entrainment (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 13(1), pp. 5220-, ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-10
    Description: The moon’s monthly cycle synchronizes reproduction in countless marine organisms. The mass-spawning bristle worm Platynereis dumerilii uses an endogenous monthly oscillator set by full moon to phase reproduction to specific days. But how do organisms recognize specific moon phases? We uncover that the light receptor L-Cryptochrome (L-Cry) discriminates between different moonlight durations, as well as between sun- and moonlight. A biochemical characterization of purified L-Cry protein, exposed to naturalistic sun- or moonlight, reveals the formation of distinct sun- and moonlight states characterized by different photoreduction- and recovery kinetics of L-Cry’s cofactor Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide. In Platynereis, L-Cry’s sun- versus moonlight states correlate with distinct subcellular localizations, indicating different signaling. In contrast, r-Opsin1, the most abundant ocular opsin, is not required for monthly oscillator entrainment. Our work reveals a photo-ecological concept for natural light interpretation involving a “valence interpreter” that provides entraining photoreceptor(s) with light source and moon phase information.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 117
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    On the correlation between solar activity and large earthquakes worldwide (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-03
    Description: Large earthquakes occurring worldwide have long been recognized to be non Poisson distributed, so involving some large scale correlation mechanism, which could be internal or external to the Earth. Till now, no statistically significant correlation of the global seismicity with one of the possible mechanisms has been demonstrated yet. In this paper, we analyze 20 years of proton density and velocity data, as recorded by the SOHO satellite, and the worldwide seismicity in the corresponding period, as reported by the ISC-GEM catalogue. We found clear correlation between proton density and the occurrence of large earthquakes (M 〉 5.6), with a time shift of one day. The significance of such correlation is very high, with probability to be wrong lower than 10-5. The correlation increases with the magnitude threshold of the seismic catalogue. A tentative model explaining such a correlation is also proposed, in terms of the reverse piezoelectric effect induced by the applied electric field related to the proton density. This result opens new perspectives in seismological interpretations, as well as in earthquake forecast.
    Description: Published
    Description: 11495
    Description: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e precursori sismici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: correlation ; solar activity ; large earthquakes worldwide
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 118
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    Tracking the recent dynamics of Mt. Vesuvius from joint investigations of ground deformation, seismicity and geofluid circulation (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-15
    Description: We reconstruct the composite dynamics of Mt. Vesuvius volcano in the period 2012–2019 from the study of ground deformation, seismicity, and geofluid (groundwater and fumarolic fluids) circulation and recognize complex spatio-temporal variations in these observables at medium (years) and short (months) time-scales. We interpret the observed patterns as the combined effect of structural changes affecting the volcanic edifice and variations of the dynamics of the hydrothermal system. In particular, we identify a change in the activity state of Mt. Vesuvius. After the activity reached minimum levels in 2014, the centroid of the surface manifestations migrated towards the SE. Episodic variations of co-seismic and aseismic deformation and fluid release, if analysed separately, would likely have been interpreted as pseudo-random oscillations of the background geophysical and geochemical signals. When organised in a comprehensive, multiparametric fashion, they shed light on the evolution of the volcano in 4D (x,y,z, time) space. These inferences play a crucial role in the formulation of civil protection scenarios for Mt. Vesuvius, a high risk, densely urbanized volcanic area which has never experienced unrest episodes in the modern era of instrumental volcanology.
    Description: Published
    Description: 965
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: recent dynamics ; Mt. Vesuvius ; investigations ; ground deformation ; seismicity ; geofluid circulation
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 119
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    Vulnerability of the North Water ecosystem to climate change (2021)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 12, pp. 4475, ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-02
    Description: High Arctic ecosystems and Indigenous livelihoods are tightly linked and exposed to climate change, yet assessing their sensitivity requires a long-term perspective. Here, we assess the vulnerability of the North Water polynya, a unique seaice ecosystem that sustains the world’s northernmost Inuit communities and several keystone Arctic species. We reconstruct mid-tolate Holocene changes in sea ice, marine primary production, and little auk colony dynamics through multi-proxy analysis of marine and lake sediment cores. Our results suggest a productive ecosystem by 4400–4200 cal yrs b2k coincident with the arrival of the first humans in Greenland. Climate forcing during the late Holocene, leading to periods of polynya instability and marine productivity decline, is strikingly coeval with the human abandonment of Greenland from c. 2200–1200 cal yrs b2k. Our long-term perspective highlights the future decline of the North Water ecosystem, due to climate warming and changing sea-ice conditions, as an important climate change risk.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 120
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    A new global ice sheet reconstruction for the past 80 000 years (2021)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 12(1199), pp. 1-9, ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-01
    Description: The evolution of past global ice sheets is highly uncertain. One example is the missing ice problem during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 26 000-19 000 years before present) – an apparent 8-28 m discrepancy between far-field sea level indicators and modelled sea level from ice sheet reconstructions. In the absence of ice sheet reconstructions, researchers often use marine δ 18 O proxy records to infer ice volume prior to the LGM. We present a global ice sheet reconstruction for the past 80 000 years, called PaleoMIST 1.0, constructed inde- pendently of far-field sea level and δ 18 O proxy records. Our reconstruction is compatible with LGM far-field sea-level records without requiring extra ice volume, thus solving the missing ice problem. However, for Marine Isotope Stage 3 (57 000-29 000 years before present) - a pre-LGM period - our reconstruction does not match proxy-based sea level reconstructions, indicating the relationship between marine δ 18 O and sea level may be more complex than assumed.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 121
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    Thermal reaction norms of key metabolic enzymes reflect divergent physiological and behavioral adaptations of closely related amphipod species (2021)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, 11(4562)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-08
    Description: Lake Baikal is inhabited by more than 300 endemic amphipod species, which are narrowly adapted to certain thermal niches due to the high interspecific competition. In contrast, the surrounding freshwater fauna is commonly represented by species with large‐scale distribution and high phenotypic thermal plasticity. Here, we investigated the thermal plasticity of the energy metabolism in two closely‐related endemic amphipod species from Lake Baikal (Eulimnogammarus verrucosus; stenothermal and Eulimnogammarus cyaneus; eurythermal) and the ubiquitous Holarctic amphipod Gammarus lacustris (eurythermal) by exposure to a summer warming scenario (6–23.6 °C; 0.8 °C d−1). In concert with routine metabolic rates, activities of key metabolic enzymes increased strongly with temperature up to 15 °C in E. verrucosus, whereupon they leveled off (except for lactate dehydrogenase). In contrast, exponential increases were seen in E. cyaneus and G. lacustris throughout the thermal trial (Q10‐values: 1.6–3.7). Cytochrome‐c‐oxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, and 3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase activities were found to be higher in G. lacustris than in E. cyaneus, especially at the highest experimental temperature (23.6 °C). Decreasing gene expression levels revealed some thermal compensation in E. cyaneus but not in G. lacustris. In all species, shifts in enzyme activities favored glycolytic energy generation in the warmth. The congruent temperature‐ dependencies of enzyme activities and routine metabolism in E. verrucosus indicate a strong feedback‐ regulation of enzymatic activities by whole organism responses. The species‐specific thermal reaction norms reflect the different ecological niches, including the spatial distribution, distinct thermal behavior such as temperature‐dependent migration, movement activity, and mating season.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 122
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    Iron and sulfate reduction structure microbial communities in (sub-)Antarctic sediments (2021)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3The ISME Journal, Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-30
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 123
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    Observed interannual changes beneath Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf linked to large-scale atmospheric circulation (2021)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 12(1), ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-16
    Description: Floating ice shelves are the Achilles’ heel of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. They limit Antarctica’s contribution to global sea level rise, yet they can be rapidly melted from beneath by a warming ocean. At Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, a decline in sea ice formation may increase basal melt rates and accelerate marine ice sheet mass loss within this century. However, the understanding of this tipping-point behavior largely relies on numerical models. Our new multi-annual observations from five hot-water drilled boreholes through Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf show that since 2015 there has been an intensification of the density-driven ice shelf cavity-wide circulation in response to reinforced wind-driven sea ice formation in the Ronne polynya. Enhanced southerly winds over Ronne Ice Shelf coincide with westward displacements of the Amundsen Sea Low position, connecting the cavity circulation with changes in large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns as a new aspect of the atmosphere-ocean-ice shelf system.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Year-round population dynamics of Limacina spp. early stages in a high-Arctic fjord (Adventfjorden, Svalbard) (2021)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Polar Biology, Springer Nature, 44(8), pp. 1605-1618, ISSN: 0722-4060
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-27
    Description: The thecosome pteropods Limacina helicina and L. retroversa are important contributors to the zooplankton community in high-latitude environments but little is known about their distribution and life cycle under polar conditions. We collected the early life stages (〈 1 mm) of the thecosome population in 2012 and 2013 at a bi-weekly to monthly resolution in fjord highly influenced by Arctic waters as well as Atlantic inflows (Adventfjorden, Svalbard, 78°N), together with environmental parameters. L. retroversa only occurred episodically, in association with the inflow of Atlantic water, with low numbers and random size distributions. This suggests that this boreal species does not fulfill its life cycle in Adventfjorden. In contrast, young specimens of L. helicina were present during the entire study. Veligers hatched in late summer/autumn and measured 0.14 mm on average. They grew with rates of 0.0006 mm day− 1 over the 10–11 months of development. Only thereafter, growth accelerated by one order of magnitude and maximal rates were reached in autumn (0.0077 mm day− 1). Our results indicate that L. helicina reaches a size of 1 mm after approximately 1.5 years in Adventfjorden. We therefore suggest that L. helicina overwinters the first year as a small juvenile and that it needs at least 2 years to reach an adult size of 5 mm in Adventfjorden. This reveals an complex and delicate aspect of the life-cycle of L. helicina and further research is needed to determine if it makes the population especially vulnerable towards climate changes.
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  • 125
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    Mediterranean heat injection to the North Atlantic delayed the intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciations (2021)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Communications Earth & Environment, Springer Nature, 2(1), ISSN: 2662-4435
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-16
    Description: The intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciations at the end of the Pliocene epoch marks one of the most substantial climatic shifts of the Cenozoic. Despite global cooling, sea surface temperatures in the high latitude North Atlantic Ocean rose between 2.9–2.7 million years ago. Here we present sedimentary geochemical proxy data from the Gulf of Cadiz to reconstruct the variability of Mediterranean Outflow Water, an important heat source to the North Atlantic. We find evidence for enhanced production of Mediterranean Outflow from the mid-Pliocene to the late Pliocene which we infer could have driven a sub-surface heat channel into the high-latitude North Atlantic. We then use Earth System Models to constrain the impact of enhanced Mediterranean Outflow production on the northward heat transport in the North Atlantic. In accord with the proxy data, the numerical model results support the formation of a sub-surface channel that pumped heat from the subtropics into the high latitude North Atlantic. We further suggest that this mechanism could have delayed ice sheet growth at the end of the Pliocene.
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  • 126
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    Earthquake location in tectonic structures of the Alpine Chain: the case of the Constance Lake (Central Europe) seismic sequence (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-22
    Description: A set of four magnitude Ml≥3.0 earthquakes including the magnitude Ml=3.7 mainshock of the seismic sequence hitting the Lake Constance, Southern Germany, area in July–August 2019 was studied by means of bulletin and waveform data collected from 86 seismic stations of the Central Europe-Alpine region. The frst single-event locations obtained using a uniform 1-D velocity model, and both fxed and free depths, showed residuals of the order of up±2.0 s, systematically afecting stations located in diferent areas of the study region. Namely, German stations to the northeast of the epicenters and French stations to the west exhibit negative residuals, while Italian stations located to the southeast are characterized by similarly large positive residuals. As a consequence, the epicentral coordinates were afected by a signifcant bias of the order of 4–5 km to the NNE. The locations were repeated applying a method that uses diferent velocity models for three groups of stations situated in diferent geological environments, obtaining more accurate locations. Moreover, the application of two methods of relative locations and joint hypocentral determination, without improving the absolute location of the master event, has shown that the sources of the four considered events are separated by distances of the order of one km both in horizontal coordinates and in depths. A particular attention has been paid to the geographical positions of the seismic stations used in the locations and their relationship with the known crustal features, such as the Moho depth and velocity anomalies in the studied region. Signifcant correlations between the observed travel time residuals and the crustal structure were obtained.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1163–1175
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Deep carbon degassing in the Matese massif chain (Southern Italy) inferred by geochemical and isotopic data (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-22
    Description: The Italian Apennines are among the most important sources of freshwater for several Italian regions. With evidences of deep CO2-rich fluids intruding into aquifers in the nearby central-southern Apennines, a thorough investigation into the geochemistry of groundwater became critical to ensure the water quality in the area. Here, we show the main hydrogeochemical processes occurring in the Matese Massif (MM) aquifer through the investigation of 98 water samples collected from springs and water wells. All waters were classified as HCO3 type with Ca dominance (from 50% up to 97%) and variable amount of Mg (from 1% up to 49%). A multivariate statistical approach through the application of the factor analysis (FA) highlighted three main hydrogeochemical processes: (i) water-carbonate rock interactions mostly enhanced in peripheral areas of the MM by CO2 deep degassing; (ii) addition of NaCl-rich components linked to recharging process and to water mixing processes of the groundwater with a thermal component relatively rich in Cl, Na, and CO2; (iii) anthropogenic activities influencing groundwater composition at the foothills of MM. Furthermore, the first detailed TDIC, pCO2, and δ13C-TDIC distribution maps of the MM area have been created, which track chemical and isotopic anomalies in several peripheral areas (Pratella, Ailano, and Telese) throughout the region. These maps systematically highlight that the greater the amount of dissolved carbon occurs the heavier the C isotope enrichment, especially in the peripheral areas. Conversely, spring waters emerging at higher altitudes within MM are only slightly mineralized and associated with δ13C-TDIC values mainly characterized by recharging processes with the addition of biogenic carbon during the infiltration process through the soil.
    Description: Published
    Description: 46614–46626
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: CO2 degassing; Factor analysis; Mineral springs; Total dissolved inorganic carbon; δ13C-TDIC ; 03.02. Hydrology ; 04.04. Geology
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    High geothermal heat flow beneath Thwaites Glacier in West Antarctica inferred from aeromagnetic data (2021)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Communications Earth & Environment, Springer Nature, 2(162), pp. 1-6
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-31
    Description: Geothermal heat flow in the polar regions plays a crucial role in understanding ice-sheet dynamics and predictions of sea level rise. Continental-scale indirect estimates often have a low spatial resolution and yield largest discrepancies in West Antarctica. Here we analyse geophysical data to estimate geothermal heat flow in the Amundsen Sea Sector of West Antarctica. With Curie depth analysis based on a new magnetic anomaly grid compilation, we reveal variations in lithospheric thermal gradients. We show that the rapidly retreating Thwaites and Pope glaciers in particular are underlain by areas of largely elevated geothermal heat flow, which relates to the tectonic and magmatic history of the West Antarctic Rift System in this region. Our results imply that the behavior of this vulnerable sector of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is strongly coupled to the dynamics of the underlying lithosphere.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Exploring Employee Perceptions towards Smart Working during the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Comparative Analysis of Two Italian Public Research Organizations (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: Of all the socio-economic changes caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, the disruption to workforce organizations will probably leave the largest indelible mark. The way work will be organized in the future will be closely linked to the experience of work-ing under the same institution’s response to the pandemic. This paper aims to fill the gap in knowledge about smart working (SW) in public organizations, with a focus on the experience of the employees of two Italian research organizations, CNR and INGV. Analysing primary data, it explored and assessed how SW had been experi-enced following the implementation of governmental measures aimed at limiting the spread of COVID-19
    Description: Published
    Description: 815–833
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Combining audio and visual displays to highlight temporal and spatial seismic patterns (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: Data visualization, and to a lesser extent data sonification, are classic tools to the scientific community. However, these two approaches are very rarely combined, although they are highly complementary: our visual system is good at recognizing spatial patterns, whereas our auditory system is better tuned for temporal patterns. In this article, data representation methods are proposed that combine visualization, sonification, and spatial audio techniques, in order to optimize the user’s perception of spatial and temporal patterns in a single display, to increase the feeling of immersion, and to take advantage of multimodal integration mechanisms. Three seismic data sets are used to illustrate the methods, covering different physical phenomena, time scales, spatial distributions, and spatio-temporal dynamics. The methods are adapted to the specificities of each data set, and to the amount of information that the designer wants to display. This leads to further developments, namely the use of audification with two time scales, the switch from pure audification to time-modulated noise, and the switch from pure audification to sonic icons. First user feedback from live demonstrations indicates that the methods presented in this article seem to enhance the perception of spatio-temporal patterns, which is a key parameter to the understanding of seismically active systems, and a step towards apprehending the processes that drive this activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 125–142
    Description: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e "precursori"
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.06. Seismology
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    Interglacial Antarctic–Southern Ocean climate decoupling due to moisture source area shifts (2021)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Geoscience, Springer Nature, ISSN: 1752-0894
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
    Description: Succession of cold glacials and warm interglacials during the Quaternary results from large global climate responses to variable orbital configurations, accompanied by fluctuating greenhouse gas concentrations. Despite the influences of sea ice and atmospheric and ocean circulations in the Southern Ocean on atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate, past changes in this region remain poorly documented. Here, we present the 800 ka deuterium excess record from the East Antarctica EPICA Dome C ice core, tracking sea surface temperature in evaporative regions of the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean from which moisture precipitated in East Antarctica is derived. We find that low obliquity leads to surface warming in evaporative moisture source regions during each glacial inception, although this relative temperature increase is counterbalanced by global cooling during glacial maxima. Links between the two regions during interglacials depends on the existence of a temperature maximum at the interglacial onset. In its absence, temperature maxima in the evaporative moisture source regions and in East Antarctica were synchronous. For the other interglacials, temperature maxima in the source areas lag early local temperature maxima by several thousand years, probably because of a change in the position of the evaporative source areas.
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  • 132
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    Selective feeding in Southern Ocean key grazers—diet composition of krill and salps (2021)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Communications Biology, Springer Nature, 4(1), ISSN: 2399-3642
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
    Description: Over the past decades, two key grazers in the Southern Ocean (SO), krill and salps, have experienced drastic changes in their distribution and abundance, leading to increasing overlap of their habitats. Both species occupy different ecological niches and long-term shifts in their distributions are expected to have cascading effects on the SO ecosystem. However, studies directly comparing krill and salps are lacking. Here, we provide a direct comparison of the diet and fecal pellet composition of krill and salps using 18S metabarcoding and fatty acid markers. Neither species’ diet reflected the composition of the plankton community, suggesting that in contrast to the accepted paradigm, not only krill but also salps are selective feeders. Moreover, we found that krill and salps had broadly similar diets, potentially enhancing the competition between both species. This could be augmented by salps’ ability to rapidly reproduce in favorable conditions, posing further risks to krill populations.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Short-term clustering modeling of seismicity in Eastern Aegean Sea (Greece): a retrospective forecast test of the 2017 Mw = 6.4 Lesvos, 2017 Mw = 6.6 Kos and 2020 Mw = 7.0 Samos earthquake sequences (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-03
    Description: Short-term earthquake clustering properties in the Eastern Aegean Sea (Greece) area investigated through the application of an epidemic type stochastic model (Epidemic Type Earthquake Sequence; ETES). The computations are performed in an earthquake catalog covering the period 2008 to 2020 and including 2332 events with a completeness threshold of Mc = 3.1 and separated into two subcatalogs. The first subcatalog is employed for the learning period, which is between 2008/01/01 and 2016/12/31 (N = 1197 earthquakes), and used for the model’s parameters estimation. The second subcatalog from 2017/01/01 to 2020/11/10 (1135 earthquakes), in which the sequences of 2017 Mw = 6.4 Lesvos, 2017 Mw = 6.6 Kos and 2020 Mw = 7.0 Samos main shocks are included, and used for a retrospective forecast testing based on the constructed model. The estimated model parameters imply a swarm like behavior, indicating the ability of earthquakes of small to moderate magnitude above Mc to produce their own offsprings, along with the stronger earthquakes. The retrospective evaluation of the model is examined in the three aftershock sequences, where lack of foreshocks resulted in low predictability of the mainshocks, with estimated daily probabilities around 10– 5. Immediately after the mainshocks occurrence the model adjusts with notable resemblance between the expected and observed aftershock rates, particularly for earthquakes with M ≥ 3.5.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1085–1099
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Simulation of non-stationary stochastic ground motions based on recent Italian earthquakes (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-29
    Description: This work presents an up-to-date model for the simulation of non-stationary ground motions, including several novelties compared to the original study of Sabetta and Pugliese (Bull Seism Soc Am 86:337–352, 1996). The selection of the input motion in the framework of earthquake engineering has become progressively more important with the growing use of nonlinear dynamic analyses. Regardless of the increasing availability of large strong motion databases, ground motion records are not always available for a given earthquake scenario and site condition, requiring the adoption of simulated time series. Among the different techniques for the generation of ground motion records, we focused on the methods based on stochastic simulations, considering the time- frequency decomposition of the seismic ground motion. We updated the non-stationary stochastic model initially developed in Sabetta and Pugliese (Bull Seism Soc Am 86:337–352, 1996) and later modified by Pousse et al. (Bull Seism Soc Am 96:2103–2117, 2006) and Laurendeau et al. (Nonstationary stochastic simulation of strong ground-motion time histories: application to the Japanese database. 15 WCEE Lisbon, 2012). The model is based on the S-transform that implicitly considers both the amplitude and frequency modulation. The four model parameters required for the simulation are: Arias intensity, significant duration, central frequency, and frequency bandwidth. They were obtained from an empirical ground motion model calibrated using the accelerometric records included in the updated Italian strong-motion database ITACA. The simulated accelerograms show a good match with the ground motion model prediction of several amplitude and frequency measures, such as Arias intensity, peak acceleration, peak velocity, Fourier spectra, and response spectra.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3287–3315
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Insights on the Italian Seismic Network from location uncertainties (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-01
    Description: Probabilistic earthquake locations provide confidence intervals for the hypocentre solutions such as errors encountered in the position, the origin time, and in magnitude. If the relationship of the parameters relative to the local arrangement of the seismic network is considered, such as the node distance, the number of stations, the seismic gap, and the quality of phase readings), the uncertainties can then provide insights on the location capability of the network. In this paper, we collect the earthquake data recorded from the Italian Seismic Network for a time span of 5 years. The data pertain to three different catalogues according to the progressive refinement phases of the location procedure: automatic location, revised location, and published location. By means of spatial analysis,we assess the distribution of the location-related and network-related estimators across the study area. These estimators are subsequently combined to assess the existence of spatial correlations at a local scale. The results indicate that the Italian network is generally able to provide robust locations at the national scale and for smaller earthquakes, and the elongated shape of Italy (and of its network) does not cause systematic bias in the locations. However, we highlight the existence of subregions in which the performance of the network is weaker. At present, a unique 2D, 3-layer velocity model is used for the earthquake location procedure, and this could represent the main limitation for the improvement of the locations. Therefore, the assessment of locally optimized velocity models is the priority for the homogenization and the improvement of the Italian Seismic Network performance.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1061–1076
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 136
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    New trenching results along the İznik segment of the central strand of the North Anatolian Fault (Turkey): an integration with preexisting data (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-06
    Description: This paper provides a new contribution to the construction of the complex and fragmentary mosaic of the Late Holocene earthquakes history of the İznik segment of the central strand of the North Anatolian Fault (CNAF) in Turkey. The CNAF clearly displays lower dextral slip rates with respect to the northern strand however, surface rupturing and large damaging earthquakes (M 〉 7) occurred in the past, leaving clear signatures in the built and natural environments. The association of these historical events to specific earthquake sources (e.g., Gemlik, İznik, or Geyve fault segments) is still a matter of debate. We excavated two trenches across the İznik fault trace near Mustafali, a village about 10 km WSW of İznik where the morphological fault scarp was visible although modified by agricultural activities. Radiocarbon and TL dating on samples collected from the trenches show that the displaced deposits are very recent and span the past 2 millennia at most. Evidence for four surface faulting events was found in the Mustafali trenches. The integration of these results with historical data and previous paleoseismological data yields an updated Late Holocene history of surface-rupturing earthquakes along the İznik Fault in 1855, 740 (715), 362, and 121 CE. Evidence for the large M7 + historical earthquake dated 1419 CE generally attributed to this fault, was not found at any trench site along the İznik fault nor in the subaqueous record. This unfit between paleoseismological, stratigraphic, and historical data highlights one more time the urge for extensive paleoseismological trenching and offshore campaigns because of the high potential to solve the uncertainties on the seismogenic history (age, earthquake location, extent of the rupture and size) of this portion of NAFZ and especially on the attribution of historical earthquakes to the causative fault.
    Description: Published
    Description: 115–128
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: N/A or not JCR
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    Checking the site categorization criteria and amplification factors of the 2021 draft of Eurocode 8 Part 1–1 (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-29
    Description: In this paper the site categorization criteria and the corresponding site amplification factors proposed in the 2021 draft of Part 1 of Eurocode 8 (2021-draft, CEN/TC250/SC8 Working Draft N1017) are first introduced and compared with the current version of Eurocode 8, as well as with site amplification factors from recent empirical ground motion prediction equations. Afterwards, these values are checked by two approaches. First, a wide dataset of strong motion records is built, where recording stations are classified according to 2021-draft, and the spectral amplifications are empirically estimated computing the site-to-site residuals from regional and global ground motion models for reference rock conditions. Second, a comprehensive parametric numerical study of one-dimensional (1D) site amplification is carried out, based on randomly generated shear-wave velocity profiles, classified according to the new criteria. A reasonably good agreement is found by both approaches. The most relevant discrepancies occur for the shallow soft soil conditions (soil category E) that, owing to the complex interaction of shear wave velocity, soil deposit thickness and frequency range of the excitation, show the largest scatter both in terms of records and of 1D numerical simulations. Furthermore, 1D numerical simulations for soft soil conditions tend to provide lower site amplification factors than 2021-draft, as well as lower than the corresponding site-to-site residuals from records, because of higher impact of non-linear (NL) site effects in the simulations. A site-specific study on NL effects at three KiK-net stations with a significantly large amount of high-intensity recorded ground motions gives support to the 2021-draft NL reduction factors, although the very limited number of recording stations allowing such analysis prevents deriving more general implications. In the presence of such controversial arguments, it is reasonable that a standard should adopt a prudent solution, with a limited reduction of the site amplification factors to account for NL soil response, while leaving the possibility to carry out site-specific estimations of such factors when sufficient information is available to model the ground strain dependency of local soil properties.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4199–4234
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Exceedance of design actions in epicentral areas: insights from the ShakeMap envelopes for the 2016–2017 central Italy sequence (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-29
    Description: ShakeMap is the tool to evaluate the ground motion effect of earthquakes in vast areas. It is useful to delimit the zones where the shaking is expected to have been most significant, for civil defense rapid response. From the earthquake engineering point of view, it can be used to infer the seismic actions on the built environment to calibrate vulnerability models or to define the reconstruction policies based on observed damage vs shaking. In the case of long-lasting seismic sequences, it can be useful to develop ShakeMap envelopes, that is, maps of the largest ground intensity among those from the ShakeMap of (selected) events of a seismic sequence, to delimit areas where the effects of the whole sequence have been of structural engineering relevance. This study introduces ShakeMap envelopes and discusses them for the central Italy 2016–2017 seismic sequence. The specific goals of the study are: (i) to compare the envelopes and the ShakeMap of the main events of the sequence to make the case for sequence-based maps; (ii) to quantify the exceedance of design seismic actions based on the envelopes; (iii) to make envelopes available for further studies and the reconstruction planning; (iv) to gather insights on the (repeated) exceedance of design seismic actions at some sites. Results, which include considerations of uncertainty in ShakeMap, show that the sequence caused exceedance of design hazard in thousands of square kilometers. The most relevant effects of the sequence are, as expected, due to the mainshock, yet seismic actions larger than those enforced by the code for structural design are found also around the epicenters of the smaller magnitude events. At some locations, the succession of ground-shaking that has excited structures, provides insights on structural damage accumulation that has likely taken place; something that is not accounted for explicitly in modern seismic design. The envelopes developed are available as supplemental material.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5391–5414
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Automatic inspection and analysis of digital waveform images by means of convolutional neural networks (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-13
    Description: Analyzing seismic data to get information about earthquakes has always been a major task for seismologists and, more in general, for geophysicists. Recently, thanks to the technological development of observation systems, more and more data are available to perform such tasks. However, this data “grow up” makes “human possibility” of data processing more complex in terms of required efforts and time demanding. That is why new technological approaches such as artificial intelligence are becoming very popular and more and more exploited. In this paper, we explore the possibility of interpreting seismic waveform segments by means of pre-trained deep learning. More specifically, we apply convolutional networks to seismological waveforms recorded at local or regional distances without any pre-elaboration or filtering. We show that such an approach can be very successful in determining if an earthquake is “included” in the seismic wave image and in estimating the distance between the earthquake epicenter and the recording station.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1347–1359
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Midlatitude climatology of the ionospheric equivalent slab thickness over two solar cycles (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-25
    Description: Themain climatological features of the ionospheric equivalent slab thickness (τ ) for the Northern hemispheremidlatitudes are analyzed. F2-layer peak electron density values recorded at three midlatitude ionospheric stations (Chilton 51.5° N, 0.6° W, U.K.; Roquetes 40.8° N, 0.5° E, Spain;Wallops Island 37.9° N, 75.5°W, USA) and vertical total electron content values from colocated ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System receivers are used to calculate a dataset of τ values for the last two solar cycles, considering only magnetically quiet periods. Results are presented both as grids of binned medians and as boxplots as a function of local time and month of the year, for different solar activity levels. Corresponding trends are first compared to those output by the midlatitude empirical model developed by Fox et al. (Radio Sci 26:429–438, 1991) and then discussed in the light of what is known so far. From this investigation, the strong need to implement an improved empirical model of τ has emerged. Both Space Weather and Space Geodesy applications might benefit from such model. Therefore, both the dataset and the methodology described in the paper represent a first fundamental step aimed at implementing an empirical climatological model of the ionospheric equivalent slab thickness. The study highlighted also that at midlatitudes τ shows the following main patterns: daytime values considerably smaller than nighttime ones (except in summer); well-defined maxima at solar terminator hours; a greater dispersion during nighttime and solar terminator hours; no clear and evident solar activity dependence.
    Description: Published
    Description: 124
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Fracturing and healing of basaltic magmas during explosive volcanic eruptions (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-26
    Description: The eruption of basaltic magmas dominates explosive volcanism on Earth and other planets within the Solar System. The mechanism through which continuous magma fragments into volcanic particles is central in governing eruption dynamics and the ensuing hazards. However, the mechanism of fragmentation of basaltic magmas is still disputed, with both viscous and brittle mechanisms having been proposed. Here we carry out textural analysis of the products of ten eruptions from seven volcanoes by scanning electron microscopy. We find broken crystals surrounded by intact glass that testify to the brittle fragmentation of basaltic magmas during explosive activity worldwide. We then replicated the natural textures of broken crystals in laboratory experiments where variably crystallized basaltic melt was fragmented by rapid deformation. The experiments reveal that crystals are broken by the propagation of a network of fractures through magma, and that afterwards the fractures heal by viscous flow of the melt. Fracturing and healing affect gas mobility, stress distribution, and bubble and crystal size distributions in magma. Our results challenge the idea that the grain size distribution of basaltic eruption products reflects the density of fractures that initially fragmented the magma and ultimately indicate that brittle fracturing and viscous healing of magma may underlie basaltic explosive eruptions globally.
    Description: Published
    Description: 248–254
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Neapolitan volcanoes (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-24
    Description: This book serves as a guide to discovering the most interesting volcano sites in Italy. Accompanied by some extraordinary contemporary images of active Neapolitan volcanoes, it explains the main volcanic processes that have been shaping the landscape of the Campania region and influencing human settlements in this area since Greek and Roman times and that have prompted leading international scientists to visit and study this natural volcanology laboratory. While volcanology is the central topic, the book also addresses other aspects related to the area’s volcanism and is divided into three sections: 1) Neapolitan volcanic activity and processes (with a general introduction to volcanology and its development around Naples together with descriptions of the landscape and the main sites worth visiting); 2) Volcanoes and their interactions with local human settlements since the Bronze Age, recent population growth and the transformation of the territory; 3) The risks posed by Neapolitan Volcanoes, their recent activity and the problem of forecasting any future eruption.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
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    Northern Hemisphere drought risk in a warming climate (2021)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, Springer Nature, 4(1), ISSN: 2397-3722
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-15
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Discovery and quantification of anaerobic nitrogen metabolisms among oxygenated tropical Cuban stony corals (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Babbin, A. R., Tamasi, T., Dumit, D., Weber, L., Rodríguez, M. V. I., Schwartz, S. L., Armenteros, M., Wankel, S. D., & Apprill, A. Discovery and quantification of anaerobic nitrogen metabolisms among oxygenated tropical Cuban stony corals. ISME Journal, (2020), doi:10.1038/s41396-020-00845-2.
    Description: Coral reef health depends on an intricate relationship among the coral animal, photosynthetic algae, and a complex microbial community. The holobiont can impact the nutrient balance of their hosts amid an otherwise oligotrophic environment, including by cycling physiologically important nitrogen compounds. Here we use 15N-tracer experiments to produce the first simultaneous measurements of ammonium oxidation, nitrate reduction, and nitrous oxide (N2O) production among five iconic species of reef-building corals (Acropora palmata, Diploria labyrinthiformis, Orbicella faveolata, Porites astreoides, and Porites porites) in the highly protected Jardines de la Reina reefs of Cuba. Nitrate reduction is present in most species, but ammonium oxidation is low potentially due to photoinhibition and assimilatory competition. Coral-associated rates of N2O production indicate a widespread potential for denitrification, especially among D. labyrinthiformis, at rates of ~1 nmol cm−2 d−1. In contrast, A. palmata displays minimal active nitrogen metabolism. Enhanced rates of nitrate reduction and N2O production are observed coincident with dark net respiration periods. Genomes of bacterial cultures isolated from multiple coral species confirm that microorganisms with the ability to respire nitrate anaerobically to either dinitrogen gas or ammonium exist within the holobiont. This confirmation of anaerobic nitrogen metabolisms by coral-associated microorganisms sheds new light on coral and reef productivity.
    Description: Research was conducted in the Gardens of the Queen, Cuba in accordance with the requirements of the Republic of Cuba, conducted under permit NV2370 and NV2568 issued by the Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. We gratefully acknowledge funding for this research by MIT Sea Grant award #2018-DOH-49-LEV, Simons Foundation award #622065, and MIT ESI seed funding to ARB, the MIT Montrym, Ferry, and mTerra Seed Grant Funds, and the generous contributions by Dr Bruce L. Heflinger.
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    Time-series transcriptomics from cold, oxic subseafloor crustal fluids reveals a motile, mixotrophic microbial community (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Seyler, L. M., Trembath-Reichert, E., Tully, B. J., & Huber, J. A. Time-series transcriptomics from cold, oxic subseafloor crustal fluids reveals a motile, mixotrophic microbial community. Isme Journal, (2020), doi:10.1038/s41396-020-00843-4.
    Description: The oceanic crustal aquifer is one of the largest habitable volumes on Earth, and it harbors a reservoir of microbial life that influences global-scale biogeochemical cycles. Here, we use time series metagenomic and metatranscriptomic data from a low-temperature, ridge flank environment representative of the majority of global hydrothermal fluid circulation in the ocean to reconstruct microbial metabolic potential, transcript abundance, and community dynamics. We also present metagenome-assembled genomes from recently collected fluids that are furthest removed from drilling disturbances. Our results suggest that the microbial community in the North Pond aquifer plays an important role in the oxidation of organic carbon within the crust. This community is motile and metabolically flexible, with the ability to use both autotrophic and organotrophic pathways, as well as function under low oxygen conditions by using alternative electron acceptors such as nitrate and thiosulfate. Anaerobic processes are most abundant in subseafloor horizons deepest in the aquifer, furthest from connectivity with the deep ocean, and there was little overlap in the active microbial populations between sampling horizons. This work highlights the heterogeneity of microbial life in the subseafloor aquifer and provides new insights into biogeochemical cycling in ocean crust.
    Description: The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation sponsored most of the observatory components at North Pond through grant GBMF1609. This work was supported by NSF OCE-1062006, OCE-1745589 and OCE-1635208 to J.A.H. E.T.R. was supported by a NASA Postdoctoral Fellowship with the NASA Astrobiology Institute and a L’Oréal USA For Women in Science Fellowship. The Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations (C-DEBI OCE-0939564) also supported the participation of J.A.H. and B.T. This is C-DEBI contribution number 548.
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    Quantifying the effects of hydrogen on carbon assimilation in a seafloor microbial community associated with ultramafic rocks (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Coskun, O. K., Vuillemin, A., Schubotz, F., Klein, F., Sichel, S. E., Eisenreich, W., & Orsi, W. D. Quantifying the effects of hydrogen on carbon assimilation in a seafloor microbial community associated with ultramafic rocks. Isme Journal. (2021), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-01066-x.
    Description: Thermodynamic models predict that H2 is energetically favorable for seafloor microbial life, but how H2 affects anabolic processes in seafloor-associated communities is poorly understood. Here, we used quantitative 13C DNA stable isotope probing (qSIP) to quantify the effect of H2 on carbon assimilation by microbial taxa synthesizing 13C-labeled DNA that are associated with partially serpentinized peridotite rocks from the equatorial Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The rock-hosted seafloor community was an order of magnitude more diverse compared to the seawater community directly above the rocks. With added H2, peridotite-associated taxa increased assimilation of 13C-bicarbonate and 13C-acetate into 16S rRNA genes of operational taxonomic units by 146% (±29%) and 55% (±34%), respectively, which correlated with enrichment of H2-oxidizing NiFe-hydrogenases encoded in peridotite-associated metagenomes. The effect of H2 on anabolism was phylogenetically organized, with taxa affiliated with Atribacteria, Nitrospira, and Thaumarchaeota exhibiting the most significant increases in 13C-substrate assimilation in the presence of H2. In SIP incubations with added H2, an order of magnitude higher number of peridotite rock-associated taxa assimilated 13C-bicarbonate, 13C-acetate, and 13C-formate compared to taxa that were not associated with peridotites. Collectively, these findings indicate that the unique geochemical nature of the peridotite-hosted ecosystem has selected for H2-metabolizing, rock-associated taxa that can increase anabolism under high H2 concentrations. Because ultramafic rocks are widespread in slow-, and ultraslow-spreading oceanic lithosphere, continental margins, and subduction zones where H2 is formed in copious amounts, the link between H2 and carbon assimilation demonstrated here may be widespread within these geological settings.
    Description: This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)—Project-ID 364653263—TRR 235 to WDO and WE, and under Germany’s Excellence Strategy—EXC 2077-390741603. The work was also supported by the Dalio Explore Fund and LMU Mentoring Program. Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
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    Degradation of biological macromolecules supports uncultured microbial populations in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Castro, S. P., Borton, M. A., Regan, K., de Angelis, I. H., Wrighton, K. C., Teske, A. P., Strous, M., & Ruff, S. E. Degradation of biological macromolecules supports uncultured microbial populations in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments. Isme Journal. (2021), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-01026-5.
    Description: Hydrothermal sediments contain large numbers of uncultured heterotrophic microbial lineages. Here, we amended Guaymas Basin sediments with proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids or lipids under different redox conditions and cultivated heterotrophic thermophiles with the genomic potential for macromolecule degradation. We reconstructed 20 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of uncultured lineages affiliating with known archaeal and bacterial phyla, including endospore-forming Bacilli and candidate phylum Marinisomatota. One Marinisomatota MAG had 35 different glycoside hydrolases often in multiple copies, seven extracellular CAZymes, six polysaccharide lyases, and multiple sugar transporters. This population has the potential to degrade a broad spectrum of polysaccharides including chitin, cellulose, pectin, alginate, chondroitin, and carrageenan. We also describe thermophiles affiliating with the genera Thermosyntropha, Thermovirga, and Kosmotoga with the capability to make a living on nucleic acids, lipids, or multiple macromolecule classes, respectively. Several populations seemed to lack extracellular enzyme machinery and thus likely scavenged oligo- or monomers (e.g., MAGs affiliating with Archaeoglobus) or metabolic products like hydrogen (e.g., MAGs affiliating with Thermodesulfobacterium or Desulforudaceae). The growth of methanogens or the production of methane was not observed in any condition, indicating that the tested macromolecules are not degraded into substrates for methanogenesis in hydrothermal sediments. We provide new insights into the niches, and genomes of microorganisms that actively degrade abundant necromass macromolecules under oxic, sulfate-reducing, and fermentative thermophilic conditions. These findings improve our understanding of the carbon flow across trophic levels and indicate how primary produced biomass sustains complex and productive ecosystems.
    Description: We are grateful to the captain and crew of the R/V Atlantis AT37-06 as well as the crew of the human occupied vehicle Alvin for their tireless support. Sampling at Guaymas Basin was supported by NSF (OCE-1357238).
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    Metabolic versatility of the nitrite-oxidizing bacterium Nitrospira marina and its proteomic response to oxygen-limited conditions (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Bayer, B., Saito, M. A., McIlvin, M. R., Lucker, S., Moran, D. M., Lankiewicz, T. S., Dupont, C. L., & Santoro, A. E. (2020). Metabolic versatility of the nitrite-oxidizing bacterium Nitrospira marina and its proteomic response to oxygen-limited conditions. Isme Journal, doi:10.1038/s41396-020-00828-3.
    Description: The genus Nitrospira is the most widespread group of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria and thrives in diverse natural and engineered ecosystems. Nitrospira marina Nb-295T was isolated from the ocean over 30 years ago; however, its genome has not yet been analyzed. Here, we investigated the metabolic potential of N. marina based on its complete genome sequence and performed physiological experiments to test genome-derived hypotheses. Our data confirm that N. marina benefits from additions of undefined organic carbon substrates, has adaptations to resist oxidative, osmotic, and UV light-induced stress and low dissolved pCO2, and requires exogenous vitamin B12. In addition, N. marina is able to grow chemoorganotrophically on formate, and is thus not an obligate chemolithoautotroph. We further investigated the proteomic response of N. marina to low (∼5.6 µM) O2 concentrations. The abundance of a potentially more efficient CO2-fixing pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (POR) complex and a high-affinity cbb3-type terminal oxidase increased under O2 limitation, suggesting a role in sustaining nitrite oxidation-driven autotrophy. This putatively more O2-sensitive POR complex might be protected from oxidative damage by Cu/Zn-binding superoxide dismutase, which also increased in abundance under low O2 conditions. Furthermore, the upregulation of proteins involved in alternative energy metabolisms, including Group 3b [NiFe] hydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase, indicate a high metabolic versatility to survive conditions unfavorable for aerobic nitrite oxidation. In summary, the genome and proteome of the first marine Nitrospira isolate identifies adaptations to life in the oxic ocean and provides insights into the metabolic diversity and niche differentiation of NOB in marine environments.
    Description: We thank John B. Waterbury and Frederica Valois for providing the culture of Nitrospira marina Nb-295T and for continued advice about cultivation. The N. marina genome was sequenced as part of US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute Community Sequencing Project 1337 to CLD, AES, and MAS in collaboration with the user community. We thank Claus Pelikan for bioinformatic assistance. This research was supported by a Simons Foundation Early Career Investigator in Marine Microbiology and Evolution Award (345889) and US National Science Foundation (NSF) award OCE-1924512 to AES. Proteomics analysis was supported by NSF awards OCE-1924554 and OCE-1850719, and NIH award R01GM135709 to MAS. BB was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) Project Number: J4426-B (“The influence of nitrifiers on the oceanic carbon cycle”), SL by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) grant 016.Vidi.189.050, and CLD by NSF award OCE-125999.
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    Orbital- and millennial-scale Antarctic Circumpolar Current variability in Drake Passage over the past 140,000 years (2021)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 12(1), pp. 1-9, ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) plays a crucial role in global ocean circulation by fostering deep-water upwelling and formation of new water masses. On geological timescales, ACC variations are poorly constrained beyond the last glacial. Here, we reconstruct changes in ACC strength in the central Drake Passage in vicinity of the modern Polar Front over a complete glacial-interglacial cycle (i.e., the past 140,000 years), based on sediment grain-size and geochemical characteristics. We found significant glacial-interglacial changes of ACC flow speed, with weakened current strength during glacials and a stronger circulation in interglacials. Superimposed on these orbital-scale changes are high-amplitude millennialscale fluctuations, with ACC strength maxima correlating with diatom-based Antarctic winter sea-ice minima, particularly during full glacial conditions. We infer that the ACC is closely linked to Southern Hemisphere millennial-scale climate oscillations, amplified through Antarctic sea ice extent changes. These strong ACC variations modulated Pacific-Atlantic water exchange via the “cold water route” and potentially affected the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and marine carbon storage.
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    The contribution of Geomatics to increase safety and security in ports (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-03
    Description: In this paper, the advantages achievable from the use of two prototype systems that are being developed to increase safety and security in ports are shown. Both systems start by monitoring environmental parameters in harbors, and then process data acquired. The first system has been conceived to be helpful to port communities (port authorities, pilots) to optimize harbor waterside management (ship’s navigation and cargo, dock performances, boat moorings, refloating of stranded ships, water quality control). By monitoring and processing sea level and atmospheric pressure in port areas, it can help port communities, e.g., to choose the best time when a ship with a certain draft can enter or leave a harbor, or to plan the best route inside the basin for that vessel (port safety). The second system, instead, has been designed for port protection purposes: by monitoring and processing the Earth’s magnetic field below the sea surface in harbors (where the natural field is disturbed by a high artificial component), it is able to detect the possible presence of intruders (e.g., divers) swimming underwater in prohibited areas (port security). Here, the results of monitoring and processing activities of the two systems performed in Livorno and La Spezia harbors are shown (Italy). The processing procedures and the graphical interfaces of the systems are based on applications under development by the research team the author belongs to, by using C# and C++ languages; Matlab environment has been employed for simulations.
    Description: Published
    Description: 647–658
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: 3A. Geofisica marina e osservazioni multiparametriche a fondo mare
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Krill and salp faecal pellets contribute equally to the carbon flux at the Antarctic Peninsula (2021)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 12, pp. 7168
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Krill and salps are important for carbon flux in the Southern Ocean, but the extent of their contribution and the consequences of shifts in dominance from krill to salps remain unclear. We present a direct comparison of the contribution of krill and salp faecal pellets (FP) to vertical carbon flux at the Antarctic Peninsula using a combination of sediment traps, FP production, carbon content, microbial degradation, and krill and salp abundances. Salps produce 4-fold more FP carbon than krill, but the FP from both species contribute equally to the carbon flux at 300 m, accounting for 75% of total carbon. Krill FP are exported to 72% to 300 m, while 80% of salp FP are retained in the mixed layer due to fragmentation. Thus, declining krill abundances could lead to decreased carbon flux, indicating that the Antarctic Peninsula could become a less efficient carbon sink for anthropogenic CO2 in future.
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    A baseline study of spatial variability of bacteria (total coliform, E. coli, and Enterococcus spp.) as biomarkers of pollution in ten tropical Atlantic beaches: concern for environmental and public health (2021)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Springer Nature, 28(36), pp. 50941-50965, ISSN: 0944-1344
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-07
    Description: Coastal water quality in urban cities is increasingly impacted by human activities such as agricultural runoff, sewage discharges, and poor sanitation. However, environmental factors controlling bacteria abundance remain poorly understood. The study employed multiple indicators to assess ten beach water qualities in Ghana during minor wet seasons. Environmental parameters (e.g. temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids) were measured in situ using the Horiba multiple parameter probe. Surface water samples were collected to measure total suspended solids, nutrients, and chlorophyll-a via standard methods and bacteria determination through membrane filtration. Environmental parameters measured showed no significant variation for the sample period. However, bacteria loads differ significantly (p = 0.024) among the beaches and influenced significantly by nitrate (55.3%, p = 0.02) and total dissolved solids (17.1%, p = 0.017). The baseline study detected an increased amount of total coliforms and faecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp.) in beach waters along the coast of Ghana, suggesting faecal contamination, which can pose health risks. The mean ± standard deviations of bacteria loads in beach water are total coliforms (4.06 × 103 ± 4.16 × 103 CFU/100 mL), E. coli (7.06 × 102 ± 1.72 × 103 CFU/100 mL), and Enterococcus spp. (6.15 × 102 ± 1.75 × 103 CFU/100 mL). Evidence of pollution calls for public awareness to prevent ecological and health-related risks and policy reforms to control coastal water pollution. Future research should focus on identifying the sources of contamination in the tropical Atlantic region.
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    Reply to: Empirical pressure-response relations can benefit assessment of safe operating spaces (2021)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Ecology & Evolution, Springer Nature, 5(8), pp. 1080-1081, ISSN: 2397-334X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-22
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    Investigating financial statements in hospitality: a quantitative approach (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-28
    Description: The aim of this paper is to investigate, through fnancial-statement analyzes, the economic fnancial performance of Italian hotels, after the international economic crisis, also con sidering the possible macro-regional diferences. The study focuses the fnancial state ments of 5473 hotels from 2009 to 2018. National data are also disaggregated in the three macro-areas that characterize Italy for diferent social and economic aspects. Anova test and Tukey–Kramer test are used. Results show that the crisis afected proftability. Ital ian hotels have a low capitalization, unable to cope with the large structural investments that require signifcant debts. The proftability indicators record similar trends in the three macro-areas, while the fnancial independence index and the coverage index show signif cant diferent values in the three observed areas. Therefore, in the digital era, Italian hotel industry has all the potential to restructure itself. Here fve ratios are considered to observe medium sized hotels. Future research with other variables will be useful, even on smaller hotels, and the analysis of their trends by cohorts of companies is necessary, as well as the integration of quantitative data with qualitative evidence. This paper encourages the cul ture of temporal sector comparison, re-evaluating the potential of accounting information systems, in order to promote data-based growth and development strategies. Furthermore, it contains indications for government ofcials, as well as for countries in the process of developing the hospitality sector following the example of the Italian experience.
    Description: Published
    Description: 383–407
    Description: OSA5: Energia e georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Italian hotels ; Tourism in Italy ; Economic-fnancial performance ; Crisis
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    Taxonomic and functional analyses of intact microbial communities thriving in extreme, astrobiology-relevant, anoxic sites (2021)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Microbiome, Springer Nature, 9(1)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-23
    Description: Background: Extreme terrestrial, analogue environments are widely used models to study the limits of life and to infer habitability of extraterrestrial settings. In contrast to Earth’s ecosystems, potential extraterrestrial biotopes are usually characterized by a lack of oxygen. Methods: In the MASE project (Mars Analogues for Space Exploration), we selected representative anoxic analogue environments (permafrost, salt-mine, acidic lake and river, sulfur springs) for the comprehensive analysis of their microbial communities. We assessed the microbiome profile of intact cells by propidium monoazide-based amplicon and shotgun metagenome sequencing, supplemented with an extensive cultivation effort. Results: The information retrieved from microbiome analyses on the intact microbial community thriving in the MASE sites, together with the isolation of 31 model microorganisms and successful binning of 15 high-quality genomes allowed us to observe principle pathways, which pinpoint specific microbial functions in the MASE sites compared to moderate environments. The microorganisms were characterized by an impressive machinery to withstand physical and chemical pressures. All levels of our analyses revealed the strong and omnipresent dependency of the microbial communities on complex organic matter. Moreover, we identified an extremotolerant cosmopolitan group of 34 poly-extremophiles thriving in all sites. Conclusions: Our results reveal the presence of a core microbiome and microbial taxonomic similarities between saline and acidic anoxic environments. Our work further emphasizes the importance of the environmental, terrestrial parameters for the functionality of a microbial community, but also reveals a high proportion of living microorganisms in extreme environments with a high adaptation potential within habitability borders.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Thawing Yedoma permafrost is a neglected nitrous oxide source (2021)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 12(1), ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-30
    Description: In contrast to the well-recognized permafrost carbon (C) feedback to climate change, the fate of permafrost nitrogen (N) after thaw is poorly understood. According to mounting evidence, part of the N liberated from permafrost may be released to the atmosphere as the strong greenhouse gas (GHG) nitrous oxide (N2O). Here, we report post-thaw N2O release from late Pleistocene permafrost deposits called Yedoma, which store a substantial part of permafrost C and N and are highly vulnerable to thaw. While freshly thawed, unvegetated Yedoma in disturbed areas emit little N2O, emissions increase within few years after stabilization, drying and revegetation with grasses to high rates (548 (133–6286) μg N m−2 day−1; median with (range)), exceeding by 1–2 orders of magnitude the typical rates from permafrost-affected soils. Using targeted metagenomics of key N cycling genes, we link the increase in in situ N2O emissions with structural changes of the microbial community responsible for N cycling. Our results highlight the importance of extra N availability from thawing Yedoma permafrost, causing a positive climate feedback from the Arctic in the form of N2O emissions.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Geophysics (2021)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Springer Nature, pp. 349-381, ISBN: 9783030425821
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-13
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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    Seasonal variation in UVA light drives hormonal and behavioural changes in a marine annelid via a ciliary opsin (2021)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Ecology & Evolution, Springer Nature, 5(2), pp. 204-218, ISSN: 2397-334X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-10
    Description: The right timing of animal physiology and behaviour ensures the stability of populations and ecosystems. To predict anthropogenic impacts on these timings, more insight is needed into the interplay between environment and molecular timing mechanisms. This is particularly true in marine environments. Using high-resolution, long-term daylight measurements from a habitat of the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii, we found that temporal changes in ultraviolet A (UVA)/deep violet intensities, more than longer wavelengths, can provide annual time information, which differs from annual changes in the photoperiod. We developed experimental set-ups that resemble natural daylight illumination conditions, and automated, quantifiable behavioural tracking. Experimental reduction of UVA/deep violet light (approximately 370–430 nm) under a long photoperiod (16 h light and 8 h dark) significantly decreased locomotor activities, comparable to the decrease caused by a short photoperiod (8 h light and 16 h dark). In contrast, altering UVA/deep violet light intensities did not cause differences in locomotor levels under a short photoperiod. This modulation of locomotion by UVA/deep violet light under a long photoperiod requires c-opsin1, a UVA/deep violet sensor employing Gi signalling. C-opsin1 also regulates the levels of rate-limiting enzymes for monogenic amine synthesis and of several neurohormones, including pigment-dispersing factor, vasotocin (vasopressin/oxytocin) and neuropeptide Y. Our analyses indicate a complex inteplay between UVA/deep violet light intensities and photoperiod as indicators of annual time.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Publisher Correction: Gephyrin: a scaffold that builds a phase at the inhibitory postsynapses (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Print ISSN: 1001-0602
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-7838
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Retraction: “Sedimentation of general shaped particles using a multigrid fictitious boundary method” [Phys. Fluids 32, 063301 (2020)] (2021)
    American Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-01
    Print ISSN: 1070-6631
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7666
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics
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    Improved uniformity and threshold voltage in NbOx-ZrO2 selectors (2021)
    American Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-16
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics
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    Weak magnetohydrodynamic turbulence (2021)
    American Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-01
    Print ISSN: 1070-664X
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7674
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics
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    Highly efficient diamond electromechanical transducer based on released metal–oxide–semiconductor structure (2021)
    American Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-16
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics
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    The mutation that helps Delta spread like wildfire (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Safety and pharmacodynamics of an engineered E. coli Nissle for the treatment of phenylketonuria: a first-in-human phase 1/2a study (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-22
    Electronic ISSN: 2522-5812
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Daily briefing: Health researchers report pressure to suppress results (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-19
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    USP14 maintains HIF1-α stabilization via its deubiquitination activity in hepatocellular carcinoma (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-21
    Description: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common visceral neoplasms with its heterogeneity and high rate of recurrence. HCC is characterized to be delayed diagnosis and the development of resistant disease. However, the molecular mechanism for HCC pathogenesis and progression remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that ubiquitin-specific protease14 (USP14) is highly expressed in HCC samples, and the higher expression of USP14 is positively correlated with poor prognosis. Interestingly, USP14 is involved in the maintenance of HIF1-α stability to activate HIF1-α-induced transactivation via its deubiquitinase activity. USP14 depletion or its specific inhibitor IU1 treatment decreased cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and Vascular Mimicry (VM) formation even under hypoxia conditions in HCC cell lines. Moreover, we provided the evidence to show that knockdown of USP14 or USP14 inhibitor (IU1) treatment inhibited tumor growth in tumor-bearing nude mice. Our findings suggest that USP14 maintains HIF1-α stability through its deubiquitination activity, providing a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis and therapy of HCC.
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4889
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Reply to: Craniofacial morphology does not support a pre-contact Carib “invasion” of the northern Caribbean (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Environmental complexity positively impacts affective states of broiler chickens (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Description: Affective state can bias an animal’s judgement. Animals in positive affective states can interpret ambiguous cues more positively (“optimistically”) than animals in negative affective states. Thus, judgement bias tests can determine an animal’s affective state through their responses to ambiguous cues. We tested the effects of environmental complexity and stocking density on affective states of broiler chickens through a multimodal judgement bias test. Broilers were trained to approach reinforced locations signaled by one color and not to approach unreinforced locations signaled by a different color. Trained birds were tested for latencies to approach three ambiguous cues of intermediate color and location. Broilers discriminated between cues, with shorter latencies to approach ambiguous cues closest to the reinforced cue than cues closest to the unreinforced cue, validating the use of the test in this context. Broilers housed in high-complexity pens approached ambiguous cues faster than birds in low-complexity pens–an optimistic judgement bias, suggesting the former were in a more positive affective state. Broilers from high-density pens tended to approach all cues faster than birds from low-density pens, possibly because resource competition in their home pen increased food motivation. Overall, our study suggests that environmental complexity improves broilers’ affective states, implying animal welfare benefits of environmental enrichment.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Phages in the infant gut: a framework for virome development during early life (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Print ISSN: 1751-7362
    Electronic ISSN: 1751-7370
    Topics: Biology
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    A transparent waveguide chip for versatile total internal reflection fluorescence-based microscopy and nanoscopy (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Description: Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy is an imaging technique that, in comparison to confocal microscopy, does not require a trade-off between resolution, speed, and photodamage. Here, we introduce a waveguide platform for chip-based TIRF imaging based on a transparent substrate, which is fully compatible with sample handling and imaging procedures commonly used with a standard #1.5 glass coverslip. The platform is fabricated using standard complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor techniques which can easily be scaled up for mass production. We demonstrate its performance on synthetic and biological samples using both upright and inverted microscopes, and show how it can be extended to super-resolution applications, achieving a resolution of 116 nm using super resolution radial fluctuations. These transparent chips retain the scalable field of view of opaque chip-based TIRF and the high axial resolution of TIRF, and have the versatility to be used with many different objective lenses, microscopy methods, and handling techniques. We see this as a technology primed for widespread adoption, increasing both TIRF’s accessibility to users and the range of applications that can benefit from it.
    Electronic ISSN: 2662-4443
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Multi-omics integration analysis identifies novel genes for alcoholism with potential overlap with neurodegenerative diseases (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Description: Identification of causal variants and genes underlying genome-wide association study (GWAS) loci is essential to understand the biology of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and drinks per week (DPW). Multi-omics integration approaches have shown potential for fine mapping complex loci to obtain biological insights to disease mechanisms. In this study, we use multi-omics approaches, to fine-map AUD and DPW associations at single SNP resolution to demonstrate that rs56030824 on chromosome 11 significantly reduces SPI1 mRNA expression in myeloid cells and lowers risk for AUD and DPW. Our analysis also identifies MAPT as a candidate causal gene specifically associated with DPW. Genes prioritized in this study show overlap with causal genes associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Multi-omics integration analyses highlight, genetic similarities and differences between alcohol intake and disordered drinking, suggesting molecular heterogeneity that might inform future targeted functional and cross-species studies.
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Majority scoring with backward elimination in PLS for high dimensional spectrum data (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Description: Variable selection is crucial issue for high dimensional data modeling, where sample size is smaller compared to number of variables. Recently, majority scoring of filter measures in PLS (MS-PLS) is introduced for variable selection in high dimensional data. Filter measures are not greedy for optimal performance, hence we have proposed majority scoring with backward elimination in PLS (MSBE-PLS). In MSBE-PLS we have considered variable importance on projection (VIP) and selectivity ratio (SR). In each iteration of backward elimination in PLS variables are considered influential if they were selected by both filter indicator. The proposed method is implemented for corn’s and diesel’s content prediction. The corn contents include protein, oil, starch and moisture while diesel contents include boiling point at 50% recovery, cetane number, density, freezing temperature of the fuel, total aromatics, and viscosity. The proposed method outperforms in terms of RMSE when compared with reference methods. In addition to validating the spectrum models, data properties are also examined for explaining prediction behaviors. Moreover, MSBE-PLS select the moderate number of influential variables, hence it presents the parsimonious model for predicting contents based on spectrum data.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Population-based study and a scoping review for the epidemiology and seasonality in and effect of weather on Bell’s palsy (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Description: The association between weather-related variables or seasons and the development of Bell’s palsy (BP) is controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence and clinical characteristics of BP and assess the effects of meteorological factors on seasonal and monthly incidence. This retrospective population-based study used data from the Korean Health Insurance claims database (NHICD) from 2010 to 2018, in which annual, seasonal, and monthly incidence rates and age and sex distributions were calculated. A multivariate linear regression and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model was used to determine the association between the seasonal and monthly incidence of BP and meteorological factors, including average wind speed, temperature, relative humidity, and atmospheric pressure. We also conducted a scoping review of the literature on epidemiological and seasonality studies of BP in the past 30 years and summarized them in a table for easy comparison with other studies. In this study, the incidence rate of BP increased over 9 years (from 12.86 to 19.92 per 100,000 persons) and was the highest in patients in their 60s (31.6/100,000 persons). The seasonal incidence of BP was the highest in autumn and showed a significant difference compared with spring (coefficient − 0.318, p = 0.003) and summer (coefficient − 0.463, p 
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Submarine canyon systems focusing sub-surface fluid in the Canterbury Basin, South Island, New Zealand (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Description: This work uses a high-quality 3D seismic volume from offshore Canterbury Basin, New Zealand, to investigate how submarine canyon systems can focus sub-surface fluid. The seismic volume was structurally conditioned to improve the contrast in seismic reflections, preserving their lateral continuity. It reveals multiple pockmarks, eroded gullies and intra-slope lobe complexes occurring in association with the Waitaki Submarine Canyon. Pockmarks are densely clustered on the northern bank of the canyon and occur at a water depth of 500–900 m. In parallel, near-seafloor strata contain channel-fill deposits, channel lobes, meandering channel belts and overbank sediments deposited downslope of the submarine canyon. We propose that subsurface fluid migrates from relatively deep Cretaceous strata through shallow channel-fill deposits and lobes to latter seep out through the canyon and associated gullies. The new, reprocessed Fluid Cube meta-attribute confirms that fluids have seeped out through the eroded walls of the Waitaki Canyon, with such a seepage generating seafloor depressions in its northern bank. Our findings stress the importance of shallow reservoirs (channel-fill deposits and lobes) as potential repositories for fluid, hydrocarbons, or geothermal energy on continental margins across the world.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Asymmetric binomial statistics explains organelle partitioning variance in cancer cell proliferation (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Description: Asymmetric inheritance of organelles and compounds between daughter cells is considered a hallmark for differentiation and rejuvenation in stem-like and cancer cells, as much as a mechanism for enhancing resistance in bacteria populations. In non-differentiating homogeneous cancer cells, asymmetric division is still poorly investigated. Here, we present a method based on the binomial partitioning process that allows the measurement of asymmetric organelle partitioning with multiple live cell markers without genetically mutating the cells. We demonstrate our method by measuring simultaneously the partitioning of three cellular elements, i.e., cytoplasm, membrane, and mitochondria in human Jurkat T-cells. We found that although cell cytoplasm is partitioned symmetrically, mitochondria and membrane lipids are asymmetrically partitioned between daughter cells. Moreover, we observe that mitochondria and membrane lipids present a stable positive correlation with cytoplasm, incompatibly with a binomial partition mechanism produced by two independent partitioning processes. Our experimental apparatus, combined with our theoretical framework, could be generalized to different cell kinds, providing a tool for understanding partitioning-driven biological processes.
    Electronic ISSN: 2399-3650
    Topics: Physics
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    Pollen antigens and atmospheric circulation driven seasonal respiratory viral outbreak and its implication to the Covid-19 pandemic (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Description: The patterns of respiratory virus illness are expressed differently between temperate and tropical climates. Tropical outbreaks often peak in wet seasons. Temperate outbreaks typically peak during the winter. The prevailing causal hypotheses focus on sunlight, temperature and humidity variations. Yet no consistent factors have been identified to sufficiently explain seasonal virus emergence and decline at any latitude. Here we demonstrate close connections among global-scale atmospheric circulations, IgE antibody enhancement through seasonal pollen inhalation, and respiratory virus patterns at any populated latitude, with a focus on the US. Pollens emerge each Spring, and the renewed IgE titers in the population are argued to terminate each winter peak of respiratory illness. Globally circulated airborne viruses are postulated to subsequently deposit across the Southern US during lower zonal geostrophic winds each late Summer. This seasonally refreshed viral load is postulated to trigger a new influenza outbreak, once the existing IgE antibodies diminish to a critical value each Fall. Our study offers a new and consistent explanation for the seasonal diminishment of respiratory viral illnesses in temperate climates, the subdued seasonal signature in the tropics, the annually circulated virus phenotypes, and the northerly migration of influenza across the US every year. Our integrated geospatial and IgE hypothesis provides a new perspective for prediction, mitigation and prevention of the outbreak and spread of seasonal respiratory viruses including Covid-19 pandemic.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    A strategic sampling design revealed the local genetic structure of cold-water fluvial sculpin: a focus on groundwater-dependent water temperature heterogeneity (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Print ISSN: 0018-067X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2540
    Topics: Biology
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    MicroRNA expression profile in Lampetra morii upon Vibrio anguillarum infection and miR-4561 characterization targeting lip (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Description: As a critical evolutionary pivot between invertebrates and vertebrates, lampreys provide rich genetic information. Lamprey immune protein (LIP) is a key immune regulator. MicroRNAs, well-conserved in the response to immunological stress, remain understudied in lamprey immunity. We generated a lamprey microRNA expression atlas, using deep sequencing, upon Vibrio anguillarum infection. Using comparative methods, we found that miR-4561 potentially regulates innate immunity via interaction with lip. We found a sequence in the 3′-UTR region of LIP mRNA complementary to the miR-4561 seed region; miR-4561 expression was negatively correlated with LIP. During V. anguillarum infection, miR-4561 inhibited LIP expression and bacterial clearance. Notably, LIP expression in supraneural body cells was necessary for the Gram-negative immune response. Additionally, we observed that overexpression of miR-4561 induced apoptosis in embryonic cells, suggesting a role in embryonic development. Collectively, we show lamprey microRNAs may significantly affect gene regulation and provide new insights on LIP-mediated immune regulation.
    Electronic ISSN: 2399-3642
    Topics: Biology
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    Insula activity in resting-state differentiates bipolar from unipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Description: Symptomatic overlap of depressive episodes in bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) is a major diagnostic and therapeutic problem. Mania in medical history remains the only reliable distinguishing marker which is problematic given that episodes of depression compared to episodes of mania are more frequent and predominantly present at the beginning of BD. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) is a non-invasive, task-free, and well-tolerated method that may provide diagnostic markers acquired from spontaneous neural activity. Previous rs-fMRI studies focused on differentiating BD from MDD depression were inconsistent in their findings due to low sample power, heterogeneity of compared samples, and diversity of analytical methods. This meta-analysis investigated resting-state activity differences in BD and MDD depression using activation likelihood estimation. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar databases were searched for whole-brain rs-fMRI studies which compared MDD and BD currently depressed patients between Jan 2000 and August 2020. Ten studies were included, representing 234 BD and 296 MDD patients. The meta-analysis found increased activity in the left insula and adjacent area in MDD compared to BD. The finding suggests that the insula is involved in neural activity patterns during resting-state that can be potentially used as a biomarker differentiating both disorders.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    4210 Da and 1866 Da polypeptides as potential biomarkers of liver disease progression in hepatitis B virus patients (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Description: HBV infection is recognized as a serious global health problem, and hepatitis B virus infection is a complicated chronic disease leading to liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). New biochemical serum markers could be used to advance the diagnosis and prognosis of HBV-associated liver diseases during the progression of chronic hepatitis B into cirrhosis and HCC. We determined whether the 4210 Da and 1866 Da polypeptides are serum metabolite biomarkers of hepatopathy with hepatitis B virus. A total of 570 subjects were divided into five groups: healthy controls, those with natural clearance, and patients with CHB, LC, and HCC. The 1866 Da and 4210 Da polypeptides were measured by Clin-ToF II MALDI-TOF–MS. There were significant differences in 4210 Da and 1866 Da levels among the five groups (P 
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    The retinoid X receptor α modulator K-80003 suppresses inflammatory and catabolic responses in a rat model of osteoarthritis (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Description: Osteoarthritis (OA), a most common and highly prevalent joint disease, is closely associated with dysregulated expression and modification of RXRα. However, the role of RXRα in the pathophysiology of OA remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate whether RXRα modulator, such as K-80003 can treat OA. Experimental OA was induced by intra-articular injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) in the knee joint of rats. Articular cartilage degeneration was assessed using Safranin-O and fast green staining. Synovial inflammation was measured using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Expressions of MMP-13, ADAMTS-4 and ERα in joints were analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. Western blot, RT-PCR and co-Immunoprecipitation (co-IP) were used to assess the effects of K-80003 on RXRα-ERα interaction. Retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) modulator K‐80003 prevented the degeneration of articular cartilage, reduced synovial inflammation, and alleviated osteoarthritic pain in rats. Furthermore, K-80003 markedly inhibited IL-1β‐induced p65 nuclear translocation and IκBα degradation, and down-regulate the expression of HIF-2α, proteinases (MMP9, MMP13, ADAMTS-4) and pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6 and TNFα) in primary chondrocytes. Additionally, knockdown of ERα with siRNA blocked these effects of K-80003 in chondrocytes. In conclusion, RXRα modulators K-80003 suppresses inflammatory and catabolic responses in OA, suggesting that targeting RXRα‐ERα interaction by RXRα modulators might be a novel therapeutic approach for OA treatment.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Perceived stress during labor and its association with depressive symptomatology, anxiety, and pain catastrophizing (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Description: Perceived stress is a dimension of the maternal stress response, however little data is available on perceived stress levels and its associated psychological risk factors during labor. In this secondary data analysis from a prospective study evaluating epidural regimens, we investigated the potential associations between depressive symptomatology, anxiety, and pain catastrophizing with perceived stress during labor. Healthy nulliparous adult women with term singleton pregnancies requesting for epidural analgesia in early labor were included. Assessments were administered after epidural analgesia and adequate pain relief were achieved. Perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale, PSS, high PSS ≥ 16), depressive symptomatology (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, EPDS, high EPDS ≥ 10), and pain catastrophizing (Pain Catastrophizing Scale, PCS, high total PCS ≥ 25) were assessed as categorical variables. Additionally, anxiety (State-trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI), PCS total and its subscales (rumination, magnification and helplessness) were analyzed as continuous variables. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with high PSS. Of 801 women included, 411 (51.9%) had high PSS. High EPDS (OR 2.16, 95%CI 1.36–3.44), increasing trait anxiety (OR 1.17, 95%CI 1.14–1.20), and increasing pain magnification (OR 1.12, 95%CI 1.05–1.19) were independently associated with high PSS. Depressive symptomatology, trait anxiety, and pain magnification were associated with perceived stress during labor, providing impetus for future research aimed at detecting and alleviating stress and its psychological or pain association factors.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Study on regulators of purifying magnesite ore by cationic reverse flotation (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Description: The floatability of magnesite, dolomite and quartz is a major factor affecting the removal of silicon and calcium from magnesite ore. The effect of the regulators sodium hexametaphosphate (SH), sodium silicate (SS), trisodium phosphate (TP), tannic acid (TN) and monoammonium oxalate (OA) on the floatability of magnesite, dolomite, and quartz under the ether amine (EAH) system was studied. The results show that the five regulators have relatively little influence on the floatability of quartz and magnesite. Dolomite can be activated when the dosage of SH is less than 40 mg/L; however, dolomite can be inhibited when the SH dosage is greater than 40 mg/L. The other four regulators have inhibitory effects on dolomite, and TN and TP have strong inhibitory effects on dolomite. Under the conditions of optimum grinding fineness, pH and collector dosage, a recovery of approximately 70% and a concentrate with a grade of over 47% were obtained by three stages of reverse flotation using sodium hexametaphosphate and water glass as regulators and Haicheng magnesite ore with an SiO2 content of 2.38% and a CaO content of 0.75%. Potentiometric measurements and infrared spectroscopy analysis show that physical adsorption occurs between the three minerals and collectors, while the interaction of magnesite and dolomite with SH and SS involves both physical adsorption and chemical adsorption.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Flow characteristics of low pressure chemical vapor deposition in the micro-channel (2021)
    American Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-01
    Print ISSN: 1070-6631
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7666
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics
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  • 186
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    Self-sealing hyaluronic acid-coated 30-gauge intravitreal injection needles for preventing vitreous and drug reflux through needle passage (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Description: Self-sealing hyaluronic acid (HA)-coated self-sealing 30-gauge needles exhibiting instant leakage prevention of intravitreal humor and injected drug were developed in this study. Ninety New Zealand rabbits were used in this study. We assessed dye regurgitation in intravitreal ICG dye injections using HA-coated needles (HA needle group) and conventional needles (control group). Vitreous humor levels of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were compared between groups one, three, and seven days after intravitreal bevacizumab (0.016 mL) injections. Expression levels of inflammatory cytokines in the aqueous humor and vitreous humor, including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-8, were compared between HA needle, control, and normal (in which intravitreal injection was not performed) groups following 12 intravitreal injections over a period of one week. In the HA needle group, HA remained at the injection site and blocked the hole after intravitreal injection. Dye regurgitation occurred significantly less frequently in the HA needle group (16.7%) than the control group (55.6%) after intravitreal ICG dye injection. Meanwhile, vitreous anti-VEGF levels were markedly higher in the HA needle group than the control group one and three days after intravitreal bevacizumab injections. After 12 intravitreal injections, expression levels of aqueous and vitreous IL-8 significantly increased in the control group compared to the HA needle and normal groups. Conversely, there were no significant differences in the expression of the other seven cytokines among the three groups. Intravitreal injections using HA-coated self-sealing 30-gauge needles can block the outflow of vitreous humor and drugs through the needle passage.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Bio-mimetic synthesis of catalytically active nano-silver using Bos taurus (A-2) urine (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Description: Herein we have synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using liquid metabolic waste of Bos taurus (A-2 type) urine. Various bio-molecules present in cow urine, are effectively used to reduce silver (Ag) ions into silver nanoparticles in one step. This is bio-inspired electron transfer to Ag ion for the formation of base Ag metal and is fairly prompt and facile. These nanoparticles act as a positive catalyst for various organic transformation reactions. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the as-synthesized Ag NPs are widely characterized by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, Fourier transmission infra-red spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The as-synthesized bio-mimetic Ag NPs show potential activity for several reduction reactions of nitro groups. The Ag NPs were also used for degradation of hazardous dyes such as Methylene blue and Crystal violet with good degradation rate constant.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Description of larval morphology and phylogenetic relationships of Heterotemna tenuicornis (Silphidae) (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Description: Providing clear and detailed morphological descriptions of endemic species in limited areas enables new knowledge of their biology and ecology to be obtained through citizen science. This information can be further used for their protection. Our study presents the first morphological description of the larvae of all three instars of Heterotemna tenuicornis (Brullé, 1836), an endemic species of the Canary Islands that, together with H. britoi García & Pérez, 1996 and H. figurata (Brullé, 1839), belongs to the peculiar genus Heterotemna Wollaston, 1864. Furthermore, we present the first sequences of two mitochondrial genes (COI, 16S) obtained from larval specimens, and cross reference them with sequences from an adult specimen. Phylogenetic analysis of molecular data placed the genus Heterotemna within the genus Silpha Linnaeus, 1758, suggesting paraphyly of Silpha. In our study, we underline the importance of using a combination of morphological description and molecular data, that can be used for barcoding developmental stages which could not otherwise be definitely associated.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 189
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    Influence of the pivot location on the thrust and propulsive efficiency performance of a two-dimensional flapping elliptic airfoil in a forward flight (2021)
    American Institute of Physics
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-01
    Print ISSN: 1070-6631
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7666
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics
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  • 190
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    Isolation of viable Babesia bovis merozoites to study parasite invasion (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Description: Babesia parasite invades exclusively red blood cell (RBC) in mammalian host and induces alterations to host cell for survival. Despite the importance of Babesia in livestock industry and emerging cases in humans, their basic biology is hampered by lack of suitable biological tools. In this study, we aimed to develop a synchronization method for Babesia bovis which causes the most pathogenic form of bovine babesiosis. Initially, we used compound 2 (C2), a specific inhibitor of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), and a derivative of C2, ML10. While both inhibitors were able to prevent B. bovis egress from RBC and increased percentage of binary forms, removal of inhibitors from culture did not result in a synchronized egress of parasites. Because using PKG inhibitors alone was not efficient to induce a synchronized culture, we isolated viable and invasive B. bovis merozoites and showed dynamics of merozoite invasion and development in RBCs. Using isolated merozoites we showed that BbVEAP, VESA1-export associated protein, is essential for parasite development in the RBC while has no significant role in invasion. Given the importance of invasion for the establishment of infection, this study paves the way for finding novel antigens to be used in control strategies against bovine babesiosis.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 191
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    Author Correction: Incorporating false negative tests in epidemiological models for SARS-CoV-2 transmission and reconciling with seroprevalence estimates (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 192
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    Recovery of high specific activity molybdenum-99 from accelerator-induced fission on low-enriched uranium for technetium-99m generators (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-06-24
    Description: A new process was developed to recover high specific activity (no carrier added) 99Mo from electron-accelerator irradiated U3O8 or uranyl sulfate targets. The process leverages a novel solvent extraction scheme to recover Mo using di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid following uranium and transuranics removal with tri-n-butyl phosphate. An anion-exchange concentration column step provides a final purification, generating pure 99Mo intended for making 99Mo/99mTc generators. The process was demonstrated with irradiated uranium targets resulting in more than 95% 99Mo recovery and without presence of fission products or actinides in the product.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 193
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    Between worlds (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 194
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    The animal that doesn’t forget has tentacles, not a trunk (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-17
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ultrahigh-speed graphene-based optical coherent receiver (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Description: Graphene-based photodetectors have attracted significant attention for high-speed optical communication due to their large bandwidth, compact footprint, and compatibility with silicon-based photonics platform. Large-bandwidth silicon-based optical coherent receivers are crucial elements for large-capacity optical communication networks with advanced modulation formats. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate an integrated optical coherent receiver based on a 90-degree optical hybrid and graphene-on-plasmonic slot waveguide photodetectors, featuring a compact footprint and a large bandwidth far exceeding 67 GHz. Combined with the balanced detection, 90 Gbit/s binary phase-shift keying signal is received with a promoted signal-to-noise ratio. Moreover, receptions of 200 Gbit/s quadrature phase-shift keying and 240 Gbit/s 16 quadrature amplitude modulation signals on a single-polarization carrier are realized with a low additional power consumption below 14 fJ/bit. This graphene-based optical coherent receiver will promise potential applications in 400-Gigabit Ethernet and 800-Gigabit Ethernet technology, paving another route for future high-speed coherent optical communication networks.
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Dynamic landscape of chromatin accessibility and transcriptomic changes during differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into dopaminergic neurons (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Description: Chromatin architecture influences transcription by modulating the physical access of regulatory factors to DNA, playing fundamental roles in cell identity. Studies on dopaminergic differentiation have identified coding genes, but the relationship with non-coding genes or chromatin accessibility remains elusive. Using RNA-Seq and ATAC-Seq we profiled differentially expressed transcripts and open chromatin regions during early dopaminergic neuron differentiation. Hierarchical clustering of differentially expressed genes, resulted in 6 groups with unique characteristics. Surprisingly, the abundance of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) was high in the most downregulated transcripts, and depicted positive correlations with target mRNAs. We observed that open chromatin regions decrease upon differentiation. Enrichment analyses of accessibility depict an association between open chromatin regions and specific functional pathways and gene-sets. A bioinformatic search for motifs allowed us to identify transcription factors and structural nuclear proteins that potentially regulate dopaminergic differentiation. Interestingly, we also found changes in protein and mRNA abundance of the CCCTC-binding factor, CTCF, which participates in genome organization and gene expression. Furthermore, assays demonstrated co-localization of CTCF with Polycomb-repressed chromatin marked by H3K27me3 in pluripotent cells, progressively decreasing in neural precursor cells and differentiated neurons. Our work provides a unique resource of transcription factors and regulatory elements, potentially involved in the acquisition of human dopaminergic neuron cell identity.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Gold-like activity copper-like selectivity of heteroatomic transition metal carbides for electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Description: An overarching challenge of the electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (eCO2RR) is finding an earth-abundant, highly active catalyst that selectively produces hydrocarbons at relatively low overpotentials. Here, we report the eCO2RR performance of two-dimensional transition metal carbide class of materials. Our results indicate a maximum methane (CH4) current density of −421.63 mA/cm2 and a CH4 faradic efficiency of 82.7% ± 2% for di-tungsten carbide (W2C) nanoflakes in a hybrid electrolyte of 3 M potassium hydroxide and 2 M choline-chloride. Powered by a triple junction photovoltaic cell, we demonstrate a flow electrolyzer that uses humidified CO2 to produce CH4 in a 700-h process under one sun illumination with a CO2RR energy efficiency of about 62.3% and a solar-to-fuel efficiency of 20.7%. Density functional theory calculations reveal that dissociation of water, chemisorption of CO2 and cleavage of the C-O bond—the most energy consuming elementary steps in other catalysts such as copper—become nearly spontaneous at the W2C surface. This results in instantaneous formation of adsorbed CO—an important reaction intermediate—and an unlimited source of protons near the tungsten surface sites that are the main reasons for the observed superior activity, selectivity, and small potential.
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The promise(s) of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in averting preclinical diabetes: lessons from in vivo and in vitro model systems (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Description: Obesity (Ob) poses a significant risk factor for the onset of metabolic syndrome with associated complications, wherein the Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) therapy shows pre-clinical success. Here, we explore the therapeutic applications of human Placental MSCs (P-MSCs) to address Ob-associated Insulin Resistance (IR) and its complications. In the present study, we show that intramuscular injection of P-MSCs homed more towards the visceral site, restored HOMA-IR and glucose homeostasis in the WNIN/GR-Ob (Ob-T2D) rats. P-MSC therapy was effective in re-establishing the dysregulated cytokines. We report that the P-MSCs activates PI3K-Akt signaling and regulates the Glut4-dependant glucose uptake and its utilization in WNIN/GR-Ob (Ob-T2D) rats compared to its control. Our data reinstates P-MSC treatment's potent application to alleviate IR and restores peripheral blood glucose clearance evidenced in stromal vascular fraction (SVF) derived from white adipose tissue (WAT) of the WNIN/GR-Ob rats. Gaining insights, we show the activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway by P-MSCs both in vivo and in vitro (palmitate primed 3T3-L1 cells) to restore the insulin sensitivity dysregulated adipocytes. Our findings suggest a potent application of P-MSCs in  pre-clinical/Ob-T2D management.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Saturated very long chain fatty acid configures glycosphingolipid for lysosome homeostasis in long-lived C. elegans (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Description: The contents of numerous membrane lipids change upon ageing. However, it is unknown whether and how any of these changes are causally linked to lifespan regulation. Acyl chains contribute to the functional specificity of membrane lipids. In this study, working with C. elegans, we identified an acyl chain-specific sphingolipid, C22 glucosylceramide, as a longevity metabolite. Germline deficiency, a conserved lifespan-extending paradigm, induces somatic expression of the fatty acid elongase ELO-3, and behenic acid (22:0) generated by ELO-3 is incorporated into glucosylceramide for lifespan regulation. Mechanistically, C22 glucosylceramide is required for the membrane localization of clathrin, a protein that regulates membrane budding. The reduction in C22 glucosylceramide impairs the clathrin-dependent autophagic lysosome reformation, which subsequently leads to TOR activation and longevity suppression. These findings reveal a mechanistic link between membrane lipids and ageing and suggest a model of lifespan regulation by fatty acid-mediated membrane configuration.
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Structural basis for proficient oxidized ribonucleotide insertion in double strand break repair (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Description: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) oxidize cellular nucleotide pools and cause double strand breaks (DSBs). Non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) attaches broken chromosomal ends together in mammalian cells. Ribonucleotide insertion by DNA polymerase (pol) μ prepares breaks for end-joining and this is required for successful NHEJ in vivo. We previously showed that pol μ lacks discrimination against oxidized dGTP (8-oxo-dGTP), that can lead to mutagenesis, cancer, aging and human disease. Here we reveal the structural basis for proficient oxidized ribonucleotide (8-oxo-rGTP) incorporation during DSB repair by pol μ. Time-lapse crystallography snapshots of structural intermediates during nucleotide insertion along with computational simulations reveal substrate, metal and side chain dynamics, that allow oxidized ribonucleotides to escape polymerase discrimination checkpoints. Abundant nucleotide pools, combined with inefficient sanitization and repair, implicate pol μ mediated oxidized ribonucleotide insertion as an emerging source of widespread persistent mutagenesis and genomic instability.
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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