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  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae  (759)
  • Springer  (734)
  • MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute  (25)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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  • 1
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    Insecticides for Mosquito Control: Strengthening the Evidence Base (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: The eradication of vector-borne diseases is threatened by the limited range of available insecticides, leading, inevitably, to the development of resistance. This is particularly concerning for malaria control, which relies heavily on insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual sprays (IRS). New chemistries are being developed, and innovative deployment of insecticides may play a role in overcoming resistance, either through new types of tools or new means of distribution. A variety of novel product types and vector control strategies are under development and evaluation, which is to be celebrated, but a strong evidence base is needed to guide effective operational deployment decisions. Novel approaches should be supported by robust data collected using appropriate and validated methods to monitor efficacy, durability, and any emerging resistance. This reprint presents original research into developing and characterizing new vector control products, as well as understanding and monitoring insecticide resistance. Review articles explore the impact of insecticide resistance and offer guidance on insecticide choice in the face of pyrethroid resistance. Consensus methodologies are presented, in the form of standard operating procedures (SOPs) designed to be adopted and used to generate reproducible data that can be compared and interpreted across and between studies. It is hoped that this collection of articles offers inspiration and guidance on how consistent data can be generated to inform more effective development, evaluation, and use of new and existing vector control tools.
    Keywords: prallethrin ; insecticide ; spatial treatment ; mosquito fitness ; protection ; pyrethroids ; Aedes albopictus ; Culex pipiens ; life tables ; mosquito ; bite-proof garment ; model ; textile ; non-insecticidal ; physical barrier ; insecticide selection ; out-crossing ; strain authentication ; laboratory screening ; pyrethroid ; pyrethroid resistance ; insecticide resistance ; insecticide resistance management ; vector control ; malaria ; malaria control ; Anopheles ; host-seeking behavior ; insecticide exposure ; pathogen transmission ; Aedes aegypti ; Anopheles gambiae ; ATSB ; Culex quinquefasciatus ; Iroquois ; RNAi ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; yeast ; Anopheles mosquito ; fertility ; ovary development ; pyriproxyfen (PPF) ; side-effects ; machine learning ; image classification ; automated identification ; convolutional neural network ; insecticide-treated net (ITN) ; PBO ITN ; synergist ITN ; dual-AI ITN ; insecticide resistance management (IRM) ; method validation ; durability monitoring ; bioinsecticide ; disease transmission ; insecticide-resistance ; mosquito-borne disease ; mosquito control ; natural compounds ; phytochemical ; malaria vector ; insecticide treated nets ; cytochrome P450s ; kdr ; cuticular resistance ; deltamethrin ; imidacloprid ; bifenthrin ; β-cyfluthrin ; etofenprox ; α-cypermethrin ; λ-cyhalothrin ; thiacloprid ; mosquitoes ; Attractive Toxic Sugar Bait (ATSB) ; Attractive Targeted Sugar Bait (ATSB) ; diagnostic bioassay ; resistance monitoring ; insecticide-treated nets (ITN) ; strain characterisation ; method development ; product evaluation ; quality control (QC) ; dual active ingredients (dual-AI) ; bioefficacy ; IRS ; application technology ; broflanilide ; clothianidin ; pirimiphos-methyl ; WHO tube ; WHO tunnel test ; ITNs ; interceptor ; interceptor G2 ; membrane ; human arm ; rabbit ; bioassay ; bio-efficacy ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
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  • 2
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    Food Waste Valorization (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Food waste is becoming an important and growing concern at both local and global levels. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), one-third of all food production is wasted globally, and in particular, 1.3 billion tons of food produced for human consumption is wasted per year, representing an economic loss of EUR 800 billion. The main foods wasted are represented by vegetables, fruits, meat, and fish. Considering the high availability and the composition of food waste, there is an increasing interest in their bio-valorization. Moreover, according to the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 12 and 13), an appropriate waste management represents an essential prerequisite for the sustainable development.This reprint collects interesting manuscripts regarding innovative research focused on food waste valorization through fermentation processes for obtaining value-added products such as enzymes, feed additives, biofuels, animal feeds as well as other useful chemicals or products, food-grade pigments, and single-cell protein (SCP), enhancing food security and environmentally sustainable development.
    Keywords: industrial food waste ; valorization ; biorefinery ; bioenergy ; biobased materials ; promotion policy ; rice husk ; pyrolysis ; porous biochar ; pore property ; surface composition ; microbial red pigment ; Monascus purpureus ; simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation ; sustainability ; whey ; RSM ; bioethanol ; yeast fermentation ; sugar beet molasses ; industrial by-product ; scale-up ; agricultural waste ; wastewater ; microbial fuel cell ; techno-economic ; commercialization ; life cycle assessment ; Neurospora intermedia ; bread ; process development ; cheese whey ; Aspergillus awamori ; β-galactosidase ; lactose hydrolysis ; Acetobacter xylinum ; bacterial cellulose ; biosurfactant ; bioemulsifier ; waste frying oil ; Bacillus cereus ; food additives ; cookie ; microalgae ; DHA ; lignocellulosic biomass ; organosolv fractionation ; liquid fraction ; solid pulp ; omega-3 fatty acids ; soap ; olives ; olive oil ; fermentation ; food waste ; fish waste ; citrus peel ; aquafeed ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Lactobacillus reuteri ; whey product ; proteins ; ultrafiltration ; nanofiltration ; keratinocytes scratch assay ; mozzarella cheese manufacturing ; pressing residue ; grape ; apple ; silage ; animal production ; enzyme production ; polyphenols ; Juglans regia L. ; walnut green husk ; agricultural wastes ; soil conditions ; glucans ; pectins ; Aspergillus oryzae ; rice hull ; paper mill wastewater ; bioremediation ; amylase ; solid-state fermentation (SSF) ; goat feeding ; durian peel ; silage additives ; propionate ; methane mitigation ; nitrogen balance ; waste management ; biofuel production ; circular economy ; single cell protein ; value-added product ; food and feed production ; yeast ; probiotics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TC Biochemical engineering::TCB Biotechnology
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  • 3
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    Biomass Derived Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Catalysts (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: In this book, the performance of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts applied in biomass processing was assessed, paying special attention to the main advantages and challenges related to their use. Indeed, these challenges are opportunities to develop new research lines that could be fruitful in the near future. Thus, different studies are included, dealing with diverse subjects, with one main goal in common: the improvement of different aspects related to biomass processing through the use of catalysts.
    Keywords: nanospheroids ; zinc-doped CaO ; natural triglycerides ; aminolysis ; heterogeneous catalyst ; recyclability ; catalyst ; sodium hydroxide ; fatty acid methyl ester ; central composite rotatable design ; operational conditions ; aerated irrigation ; soil enzyme activity ; soil microbial biomass ; soil respiration ; bio-derived phenol ; Ni-Cu-Co/Al2O3 ; in-situ hydrodeoxygenation ; cyclohexane ; hydrogenolysis ; biomass ; 5-hydroxymethylfurfural ; 2,5-furandicrboxylic acid ; aerobic oxidation ; metal catalysts ; acid catalysis ; biodiesel ; biofuel ; esterification ; fatty acid ; methanolysis ; molybdenum oxide ; transesterification ; vegetable oil ; fatty acid methyl esters ; 2-ethyl-1-hexanol ; 1-heptanol ; 4-methyl-2-pentanol ; viscosity ; flash and combustion points ; methyl oleate ; methyl ricinoleate ; cellulase ; cellulose ; paper sludge ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; synergism ; furfural ; carbon-supported catalyst ; xylose conversion ; iron ; heterogeneous catalysts ; thermoset polymer ; epoxy ; cellulose nanofiber ; curing characteristics ; thermal properties ; mechanical properties ; RSM ; numerical optimization ; keratinase ; feather ; Bacillus sp. ; amino acids ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 4
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    TRP Channels in Health and Disease (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Almost 25 years ago, the first mammalian transient receptor potential (TRP) channel was cloned and published. TRP channels now represent an extended family of 28 members fulfilling multiple roles in the living organism. Identified functions include control of body temperature, transmitter release, mineral homeostasis, chemical sensing, and survival mechanisms in a challenging environment. The TRP channel superfamily covers six families: TRPC with C for “canonical”, TRPA with A for “ankyrin”, TRPM with M for “melastatin”, TRPML with ML for “mucolipidin”, TRPP with P for “polycystin”, and TRPV with V for “vanilloid”. Over the last few years, new findings on TRP channels have confirmed their exceptional function as cellular sensors and effectors. This Special Book features a collection of 8 reviews and 7 original articles published in “Cells” summarizing the current state-of-the-art on TRP channel research, with a main focus on TRP channel activation, their physiological and pathophysiological function, and their roles as pharmacological targets for future therapeutic options.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; n/a ; transient receptor potential channels ; photochromic ligands ; elementary immunology ; Purkinje cell ; EPSC ; substance P ; chemicals ; organ toxicity ; lymphocytes ; HSP70 ; physiology ; bioavailable ; inflammatory bowel disease ; platelets ; pollutants ; yeast ; regulatory T cells ; kinase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; manganese ; cerebellum ; TRP channel ; NHERF ; inflammation ; nanoHPLC-ESI MS/MS ; TRPM7 ; chemical probes ; TRPM8 ; dorsal column nuclei ; TRPV2 ; TRPV3 ; calcitonin gene-related peptide ; TRPV1 ; ion channels ; transient receptor potential ; 2D gel electrophoresis ; MALDI-TOF MS(/MS) ; TRPV4 ; overproduction ; sulfur mustard ; oxidative stress ; graft versus host disease ; menthol ; topical ; chemosensor ; AP18 ; calcium signalling ; mucosal epithelium ; cuneate nucleus ; production platform ; TRPC channels ; ulcerative colitis ; channel structure ; xerostomia ; neutrophils ; cardiovascular system ; TRPC5 ; TRPC6 ; TRPC3 ; TRPC4 ; calcium signaling ; protein purification ; adipose tissue ; transient receptor potential (TRP) channels ; sodium ; TH17 ; diacylglycerol ; hypersensitivity ; TRPY1 ; GABAB ; HEK293 ; thrombosis ; ion channel ; TRPC ; pathophysiology ; SMAD ; toxicology ; endothelium ; calcium ; proteomics ; TRPA1 ; salivary glands ; TRP channels ; lipid mediators ; sensors ; radiation ; TRPM4 channel ; human medulla oblongata ; mGluR1 ; small molecules ; TRPC3 pharmacology ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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  • 5
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    Mitochondria: From Physiology to Pathology (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Mitochondria play an increasingly central role in the context of cellular physiology. These organelles possess their own genome (mtDNA), which is functionally coordinated with the nuclear genome. Mitochondrial gene expression is mediated by molecular processes (replication, transcription, translation, and assembly of respiratory chain complexes) that all take place within the mitochondria. Several aspects of mtDNA expression have already been well characterized, but many more either are under debate or have yet to be discovered. Understanding the molecular processes occurring in mitochondria also has clinical relevance. Dysfunctions affecting these important metabolic ‘hubs’ are associated with a whole range of severe disorders, known as mitochondrial diseases. In recent years, significant progress has been made to understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction; however, to date, mitochondrial diseases are complex genetic disorders without any effective therapy. Current therapeutic strategies and clinical trials are aimed at mitigating clinical manifestations and slowing the disease progression to improve the quality of life of patients. The goal of the Special Issue ‘Mitochondria: from Physiology to Pathology’ published in Life (ISSN: 2075-1729) was to collect research and review articles covering the physiological and pathological aspects related to mtDNA maintenance and gene expression, mitochondrial biogenesis, protein import, organelle metabolism, and quality control.
    Keywords: atherosclerosis ; carotid intima-media thickness ; mitochondrial mutations ; cardiovascular risk factors ; mitochondria ; mtDNA ; cristae ; mitochondrial fission ; mitochondrial fusion ; mitochondrial diseas ; mitochondrial dynamics ; mitoenergetics ; mitosteroidogenesis ; LH ; cAMP ; Leydig cell ; mitochondrial DNA segregation ; heteroplasmy ; selective elimination ; mitophagy ; mitochondrial engineered nucleases ; kinases ; phosphorylation ; disease ; PINK1 ; Parkinson’s disease ; mitochondria homeostasis ; Cterm ; MELAS ; transmitochondrial cybrids ; aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases ; LARS2 ; mitochondrial disease ; therapeutic peptides ; FAD synthase ; FAD1 ; mitochondria localization ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; mRNA ; mitochondrial localization motif ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 6
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    Animal Nutrition and Productions (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-08
    Description: The externalization of animals’ genetic potential is determined by a number of external factors, of which feeding plays a major role. Animals’ nourishment is one of the most important levers to ensure the efficiency of animal production due to both the high share of feed costs in the total cost of products and the influence this has on the growth, reproduction, and health of animals as well as the quality of products obtained from these. This field is one of the most dynamic in the field of husbandry sciences due to the takeover and permanent use of numerous results obtained from research on energy metabolism and nutrients related to the composition of feed and its influence on animal products. This is also due to the great advances in genetics, which create new types of animals with increasing productive potential, but also with different food requirements. This Special Issue collated innovative papers on animal nutrition, physiology, chemistry, biochemistry, genetics, reproduction, and breeding technologies. The articles covered a wide range of topics related to feed quality, the influence of food on the production level, the quality of production, and also on animals’ health.
    Keywords: carcass yield ; commercial cuts ; low cost ; neutral detergent fiber ; non-fiber carbohydrate ; Yucca schidigera ; antimicrobial ; secondary metabolites ; sustainability ; pollution ; production ; food animals ; Ajuga iva ; chemical composition ; nutritive value ; unconventional feeds ; phenolic ; growing conditions ; dairy buffaloes ; farming environment ; reproductive and productive performances ; feeding trial ; mozzarella cheese ; sensory properties ; alternative feed ; degradability ; fractions ; ram ; sperm quality ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; apparent digestibility ; honey ; quality ; phenolic content ; flavonoid content ; Pearson’s correlation ; female camels ; milk ; minerals ; heavy metals ; winter ; total mixed ration ; paddlefish ; meat quality ; fatty acids ; biological value ; body condition score ; ewes ; reproductive traits ; flushing ; animal production ; genetic diversity ; grey cattle ; mitochondrial DNA ; Podolian cattle ; European catfish ; somatometry ; corporal indice ; flesh yield ; nutritional quality ; lactation ; manganese ; reproductive performance ; sows ; AP monitoring ; IoT ; AP estimation ; decision support ; livestock farming ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; meat ; chicken ; duck ; turkey ; phenols ; flavonoids ; FTIR ; rearing system ; birds’ welfare condition ; biochemical analysis ; productive parameters ; food and feed safety ; yeasts and molds ; Salmonella spp. ; Escherichia coli ; Clostridium perfringens ; rabbit ; hare ; lipid health indices ; water-holding capacity ; cooking loss ; egg weight ; shell weight ; fractional reduction ; deletion method ; reproduction ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 7
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    Wine Aromas (2024)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Wine has a complex matrix with many volatile compounds present, which evolves over time. These volatile compounds are important to wine quality as they contribute to the aroma and varietal characteristics of wine. Recent development in the analysis of volatile compounds in wine has greatly improved our understanding of the complexity of wine aroma. Analytical methods used for wine aroma fingerprinting have shown potential in determining the origin and quality of wine. Thus, research on volatile compounds responsible for wine aroma and their correlation with wine provenance and wine quality have increasingly attracted great interest from researchers and winegrowers. This Special Issue presents the latest research regarding wine aroma compounds, including, but not limited to, the topics on the characterization of aroma compounds in grapes and wine, factors influencing the production of aroma compounds in wine during fermentation and maturation, and analytical methods for wine aroma analysis.
    Keywords: marselan wine ; aroma compounds ; indigenous yeast strains ; Saccharomyces ; non-Saccharomyces ; icewine ; Vidal ; yeast ; sensory analysis ; amino acid ; fruity ester ; wine aroma ; nitrogen management ; Pearson correlation analysis ; carbon metabolism ; Vitis davidii Foёx ; spend coffee grounds ; fermentation ; sensory property ; volatile profile ; yeast protein hydrolysate ; nitrogen supplementation ; volatile compounds ; wine higher alcohols ; wine esters ; monoterpenes ; triangle test ; check-all-that-apply ; correspondence analysis ; Cochran’s Q-test ; nutrients ; central composite design ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; wine ; strain effect ; aromas ; non-Saccharomyces yeasts ; ethanol tolerance ; ultraviolet irradiation ; diethyl sulfate mutagenesis ; vineyard mechanization ; phenolics ; sensory properties ; anthocyanins ; bentonite ; cold soaking ; colour ; pathogenesis-related proteins ; Pinot noir ; tannin ; antioxidants ; glutathione ; glutathione-enriched inactivated dry yeasts ; methoxypyrazines ; oxidation ; Sauvignon Blanc ; thiols ; aroma profile ; grape pomace ; model juice ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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  • 8
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    Yeast Biotechnology 2.0 (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Yeasts are truly fascinating microorganisms. Due to their diverse and dynamic activities, they have been used for the production of many interesting products, such as beer, wine, bread, biofuels, and biopharmaceuticals. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewers’ or bakers’ yeast) is the yeast species that is surely the most exploited by humans. Saccharomyces is a top-choice organism for industrial applications, although its use for producing beer dates back to at least the 6th millennium BC. Bakers’ yeast has been a cornerstone of modern biotechnology, enabling the development of efficient production processes. Today, diverse yeast species are explored for industrial applications. This Special Issue “Yeast Biotechnology 2.0” is a continuation of the first Special Issue, “Yeast Biotechnology” (https://www.mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/324). It compiles the current state-of-the-art of research and technology in the area of “yeast biotechnology” and highlights prominent current research directions in the fields of yeast synthetic biology and strain engineering, new developments in efficient biomolecule production, fermented beverages (beer, wine, and honey fermentation), and yeast nanobiotechnology.]
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; TP248.13-248.65 ; bioethanol production ; mead ; nanobiotechnology ; fermentation-derived products ; flavor ; citric acid production ; enzyme production ; non-Saccharomyces yeasts ; fermented beverages ; bioreactors ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; wine ; beer ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 9
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    Microbiology of Fermented Foods and Beverages (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: Fermented foods are consumed all over the world and their consumption shows an increasing trend. They play many roles, from preservation to food security, improved nutrition and social well-being. Different microorganisms are involved in the fermentation process and the diversity of the microbiome is high.Fermented foods are food substrates that are invaded or overgrown by edible microorganisms whose enzymes hydrolyze polysaccharides, proteins and lipids to nontoxic products with flavors, aromas, and textures that are pleasant and attractive to the human consumer. Fermentation plays different roles in food processing, including the development of a wide diversity of flavors, aromas, and textures in food, lactic acid, alcoholic, acetic acid, alkaline and high salt fermentations for food preservation purposes, biological enrichment of food substrates with vitamins, protein, essential amino acids, and essential fatty acids and detoxification during food fermentation processing.
    Keywords: fermented foods ; nutritional guidelines ; legislation ; national food guides ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; biomass ; date extract ; optimization ; response surface methodology ; kinetic models ; antifungal ; bioprotection ; bread ; Lactobacillus plantarum ; phenyllactic acid ; Aspergillus ; Penicillium ; Fusarium ; sauerkraut ; microbiome ; fermentation ; probiotics ; high-throughput sequencing ; nutrition ; health benefits ; microbiology ; health ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 10
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    Fungi and Fungal Metabolites for the Improvement of Human and Animal Nutrition and Health (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: The purpose of this book was not to provide a comprehensive overview of the vast arena of how fungi and fungal metabolites are able to improve human and animal nutrition and health; rather, we, as Guest Editors, wished to encourage authors working in this field to publish their most recent work in this rapidly growing journal in order for the large readership to appreciate the full potential of wonderful and beneficial fungi. Thus, this Special Issue welcomed scientific contributions on applications of fungi and fungal metabolites, such as bioactive fatty acids, pigments, polysaccharides, alkaloids, terpenoids, etc., with great potential in human and animal nutrition and health.
    Keywords: fungal pigment ; natural dye ; spalting ; Scytalidium cuboideum ; dramada ; sustainable clothing ; selenium ; biofortification ; transporters ; mycorrhizal fungi ; plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) ; fungal pigments ; textile dyeing ; toxicity testing ; biotechnological approaches ; challenges ; limits ; Saccharomyces boulardii ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; probiotics ; gastrointestinal tract ; Alginate ; β-glucan ; oligosaccharides ; elicitation ; Sargassum species ; Sparassis latifolia ; polyphenol ; antioxidant ; agave mezcalero bagasse ; apple bagasse ; solid-state fermentation ; secondary metabolites ; Pleurotus ostreatus ; Endophytic fungi ; Hyptis dilatata ; Pestalotiopsis mangiferae ; Pestalotiopsis microspora ; chemical elicitors ; antibacterial activity ; LC–ESI–Q–TOF–MS ; yeast ; biological control ; postharvest decay ; fruit ; mycorrhizae ; elevated CO2 ; Thymus vulgare ; growth ; photosynthesis ; metabolites ; biological activity ; Candida albicans ; non-albicans Candida species ; Candida auris ; aromatic alcohols ; fungi ; metabolomics ; NTCD ; additives ; functional foods ; nutraceuticals ; sustainability ; healthy aging ; Mortierella alpina ; animal fat by-product ; arachidonic acid ; ATR-FTIR spectroscopy ; Mucor circinelloides ; high-throughput screening ; metal ions ; phosphorus ; lipids ; biofuel ; FTIR spectroscopy ; bioremediation ; co-production ; natural colorants ; filamentous fungi ; stirred-tank bioreactor ; biodegradable films ; food package ; bioactive compounds ; FIP ; human health ; immunomodulation ; induced apoptosis ; lectin ; medicinal mushrooms ; polysaccharide ; terpenes and terpenoids ; melanin ; carotenoids ; polyketides ; azaphilones ; antitumor ; medical roles ; sphinganine-analog mycotoxins ; fumonisins ; AAL-toxin ; chemical structure ; toxicity ; genetics and evolution ; biosynthesis ; livestock ; ewes ; energy ; cytokines ; yeasts ; liquid swine diets ; MALDI-TOF ; biochemical identification ; growth temperature Ancom Gas Production System ; Candida krusei ; Candida lambica ; M. purpureus ; red yeast rice ; cholesterol reduction ; probiotic potential ; natural colorant ; extraction ability ; marine fungi ; Talaromyces albobiverticillius ; aqueous two-phases system extraction ; ionic liquids ; feed additive ; probiotic ; Sporidiobolus ruineniae ; tannase ; micro-fungi ; macro-fungi ; Ganoderma ; kombucha ; anticancer ; carotenoid ; medicinal mushroom ; mycobiome ; antimicrobial ; antifungal ; bioconversion ; cheese ; dairy ; Sclerotinia ; secondary metabolite ; endophytic fungi ; uncommon secondary metabolites ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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    High-Yielding Dairy Cows (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-24
    Description: The milk industry is largely based on dairy cattle production. After decades of great advancements in genetics, nutrition, and management, today, one cow can reach unprecedented levels of milk production. New challenges have been posed to preserving the health and welfare of these domestic animals. “High-Yielding Dairy Cows” is a collection of scientific papers focusing on three main areas: metabolic diseases, reproduction diseases, and herd (heath) management in confined and pasture production systems. This book aggregates knowledge from a molecular level to a more holistic approach on disease prevention and management, giving the reader an accurate overview of the current state of the art of this topic. It intends to contribute to ensuring the supply of ethical and responsible animal protein for about eight billion of people.
    Keywords: dairy cow ; fatty liver ; lipid metabolism ; oxidative stress ; SIRT1 ; dairy cows ; PPARγ ; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ; genetic factor ; dairy industry ; milking system ; work routine ; parlor ; milking model ; small dairy ; reproductive strategy ; parity ; season ; rank of AI ; type of AI ; heat stress ; whole transcript sequencing ; immune response ; stress response ; myostatin gene ; variation ; milk ; fatty acid ; cattle ; milk production ; metabolomics ; biomarkers ; flaxseed ; dry period ; enterolactone ; milk fatty acids ; peak of lactation ; lipolysis ; fatty acids ; casein ; postpartum diseases ; activin ; inhibin ; cytokines ; endometrium ; subclinical endometritis ; cow ; milk beta-hydroxybutyrate ; fat to protein content ratio ; left displaced abomasum ; negative energy balance ; alpha-tocopherol/vitamin E-related gene ; calving ; colostrum ; high-yield dairy cows ; inflammation ; health ; lactation ; liver ; mammary gland ; ultrasonography ; pregnancy proteins ; embryonic mortality ; fetal mortality ; body condition score ; urea ; β-hydroxybutyrate ; metabolism ; urea in milk ; primiparous cows ; lactation curves ; feeding system ; herd management ; protein metabolism ; amino acids ; milk protein ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; high-yield cows ; pH ; VFA ; inflammatory cytokines ; transition period ; ketosis ; RNA-Seq ; clustering ; liver metabolism ; Jersey ; oral calcium bolus ; calcium ; hypocalcemia ; mastitis ; culling ; reproduction ; herd health ; milking management ; production systems ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    The Fungal Cell Wall Integrity Pathway (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: Adaptation to external changes is necessary for all cells to survive and thrive in diverse environments. Key to these responses are the MAPK-mediated signaling pathways, intracellular communication routes that sense stimuli at the cell surface, and are ubiquitous in all eukaryotic organisms. In the case of fungi, MAPKs mediate essential processes, such as adaptation to environmental stresses, morphology regulation, or developmental processes. First studied in the early nineties in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the fungal cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway has proven to be a central MAPK-mediated signaling cascade conserved in the fungal kingdom. Cells need to sense cell wall-perturbing conditions and mount the appropriate salvage response. Understanding this CWI pathway-mediated compensatory mechanism is key for the development of cell wall-targeted antifungal therapies. Moreover, its functional roles go beyond the maintenance of this essential structure, reaching many other physiological aspects that have major implications in development or virulence.In this Special Issue, expert researchers in this relevant subject have contributed with seven reviews and eleven original articles to advance our understanding of the CWI pathway by covering different structural, regulatory, and functional aspects in distinct yeasts and filamentous fungi.
    Keywords: Wsc1 ; membrane sensor ; SMALP ; detergent-free extraction ; fluorescence correlation spectroscopy ; transmission electron microscopy ; 3D reconstruction ; fission yeast ; MAPK ; cell integrity pathway ; S. japonicus ; S. pombe ; protein kinase C ; Pmk1 ; dimorphism ; hyphae ; yeast ; cell wall integrity ; phosphorylation ; azoles ; clotrimazole ; cytokinesis ; actomyosin ring ; septum ; cell integrity ; fungi ; cell wall ; cell wall proteins ; signaling pathways ; stress tolerance ; mannoprotein ; budding yeast ; morphology ; CalMorph ; cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway ; PKC ; GTPases ; MAP kinase ; morphogenesis ; virulence ; pathogenesis ; Hrr25 ; Mec1 ; Tel1 ; Pkc1 ; hydroxyurea ; UV irradiation ; cell wall integrity (CWI) ; Mtl1 ; autophagy ; glucose ; mitophagy ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; histidine kinase ; Paracoccidioides ; paracoccidioidomycosis ; cell cycle ; Slt2 ; checkpoint ; DNA damage ; conjugation ; ploidy ; lysis ; Cell Integrity Pathway ; stress ; CWI pathway ; UPR ; glucosamine ; tunicamycin ; N-glycosylation ; cell wall integrity pathway ; MAPK substrate ; kinase assay ; fungal cell wall ; cysteine-rich domain ; PAN domain ; aromatic clusters ; filamentous fungi ; signaling pathway ; surface sensor ; mitogen-activated protein kinase ; plant pathogen ; application ; fungicide ; drug target ; culture ; productivity ; stress response ; screening ; transcription ; essential genes ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    Modern Technologies and Their Influence in Fermentation Quality (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: During the last few years, industrial fermentation technologies have advanced in order to improve the quality of the final product. Some examples of those modern technologies are the biotechnology developments of microbial materials, such as Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts or lactic bacteria from different genera. Other technologies are related to the use of additives and adjuvants, such as nutrients, enzymes, fining agents, or preservatives and their management, which directly influence the quality and reduce the risks in final fermentation products. Other technologies are based on the management of thermal treatments, filtrations, pressure applications, ultrasounds, UV, and so on, which have also led to improvements in fermentation quality in recent years. The aim of the issue is to study new technologies able to improve the quality parameters of fermentation products, such as aroma, color, turbidity, acidity, or any other parameters related to improving sensory perception by the consumers. Food safety parameters are also included.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; TX341-641 ; low-ethanol wines ; wine-related fungi ; non-Saccharomyces ; yeasts ; narince ; wine quality ; tryptophol ; low ethanol wine ; serotonin ; non-conventional yeasts ; Bombino bianco ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; volatile compounds ; ethyl carbamate ; phthalates ; autochthonous ; meta-taxonomic analysis ; Pichia kluyveri ; pH control ; IAA ; Torulaspora delbrueckii ; chemical analyses ; aroma profile ; yeast ; enzymatic patterns ; wine flavor ; fermentation ; must replacement ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; malolactic fermentation ; wine ; HACCP ; food quality ; sequential inoculation ; alcoholic beverages ; itaconic acid ; biocontrol application ; white wine ; hydroxytyrosol ; tryptophan ; glucose ; kinetic analysis ; wine aroma ; amino acid decarboxylation ; lactic acid bacteria ; vineyard soil ; wine color ; tyrosol ; Saccharomyces ; Gompertz-model ; sequential culture ; biogenic amines ; SO2 reduction ; climate change ; Vineyard Microbiota ; A. terreus ; sulfur dioxide ; human health-promoting compounds ; Hanseniaspora guilliermondii ; non-Saccharomyces screening ; aromatic/sensorial profiles ; Malvar (Vitis vinifera L. cv.) ; probiotics ; Yeasts ; native yeast ; color ; glutathione ; hot pre-fermentative maceration ; technological characterization ; wine-related bacteria ; Riesling ; Torulaspora microellipsoides ; Lachancea thermotolerans ; Metschnikowia pulcherrima ; cashew apple juice ; resveratrol ; biocontrol ; shiraz ; Tannat ; ochratoxin A ; aroma compound ; trehalose ; wine composition ; Hanseniaspora uvarum yeast ; food safety ; acidity ; sensory evaluation ; viticulture ; melatonin ; alcoholic fermentation ; aroma ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    10th Anniversary of Cells—Advances in Plant, Algae and Fungi Cell Biology (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Explore a decade of groundbreaking research in "10th Anniversary of Cells—Advances in Plant, Algae, and Fungi Cell Biology." This reprint offers a comprehensive journey into the realms of plant, algae, and fungi cell biology. Delve into the world of genomics, cellular defense mechanisms, mycorrhizal fungi, and the physiology of extremophile algae. A celebration of scientific excellence, this reprint is a valuable resource for researchers, educators, and enthusiasts passionate about these fascinating domains. Join us in commemorating a decade of discovery and advancement in cellular biology.
    Keywords: membrane proteins ; overproduction ; production platform ; protein purification ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; solute carrier 39 ; SLC39 ; family ; yeast ; zinc ; zinc transporters ; ZIPs ; Agave americana ; crassulacean acid metabolism ; genetic engineering ; Nicotiana sylvestris ; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase ; photosynthesis ; drought tolerance ; salt tolerance ; microalgae ; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ; starch ; supraoptimal temperature ; cell cycle ; pilot-scale production ; DNA methylation ; Fusarium graminearum ; in vitro subcultures ; virulence reduction ; ddRAD-MCSeEd ; virulence genes ; 13C ; 14C ; aldol ; Calvin-Benson cycle ; light respiration ; isotope labeling ; cytokinin ; endocytosis ; cytoskeleton ; actin ; plant immunity ; induced resistance ; Parachlorella kessleri ; supra-optimal temperature ; energy reserves ; growth processes ; reproduction events ; deuterium ; deuterated starch ; deuterated lipid ; soft scale insects ; Ophiocordyceps ; symbiosis ; transovarial transmission ; Verticillium wilt ; Glomus viscosum Nicolson ; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ; oxidative stress ; antioxidant systems ; defense ability ; ABI5 ; ABF ; AREB ; abiotic stress response ; abscisic acid ; phytohormone crosstalk ; salinity stress ; chloroplast ; plastid ; osmolytes ; osmotic adjustment ; reactive oxygen species ; herbivory ; membrane potential ; ion channel ; Arthrospira ; haloalkalotolerant cyanobacteria ; metagenomics ; phylogenomics ; fatty acid ; enveloped virus ; Ebola virus ; HIV ; herpes simplex virus ; human cytomegalovirus ; influenza virus ; MERS-CoV ; SARS-CoV-2 ; N-glycosite ; O-glycosite ; high-mannose glycan ; complex N-glycans ; Vicieae man-specific lectin ; T/Tn-specific lectin ; specific interaction ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    Yeast Biotechnology 3.0 (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Yeasts are truly fascinating microorganisms. Due to their diverse and dynamic activities, they have been used for the production of many interesting products, such as beer, wine, bread, biofuels and biopharmaceuticals. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bakers’ yeast) is the yeast species that is surely the most exploited by man. Saccharomyces is a top choice organism for industrial applications, although its use for producing beer dates back to at least the 6th millennium BC. Bakers’ yeast has been a cornerstone of modern biotechnology, enabling the development of efficient production processes for antibiotics, biopharmaceuticals, technical enzymes, and ethanol and biofuels. Today, diverse yeast species are explored for industrial applications, such as e.g. Saccharomyces species, Pichia pastoris and other Pichia species, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Hansenula polymorpha, Yarrowia lipolytica, Candida species, Phaffia rhodozyma, wild yeasts for beer brewing, etc. This Special Issue is focused on recent developments of yeast biotechnology with topics including recent techniques for characterizing yeast and their physiology (including omics and nanobiotechnology techniques), methods to adapt industrial strains (including metabolic, synthetic and evolutionary engineering) and the use of yeasts as microbial cell factories to produce biopharmaceuticals, enzymes, alcohols, organic acids, flavours and fine chemicals, and advances in yeast fermentation technology and industrial fermentation processes.
    Keywords: coffee processing ; coffee fermentation ; starter culture ; coffee beverage ; yeast ; Icewine ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; hyperosmotic stress ; CRISPR-Cas9 ; glycerol transport ; STL1 ; brewing ; Cyberlindnera ; NABLAB ; non-alcoholic beer ; non-conventional yeast ; non-Saccharomyces yeast ; response surface methodology ; Ustilago ; itaconic acid ; process improvement ; lignocellulosic feedstock ; yeasts ; grape ; federweisser ; wine ; microbiota identification ; MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper ; Torulaspora delbrueckii ; craft beer ; microbrewery plant ; mixed fermentation ; aroma profile ; strain collection ; aroma profiling ; gas chromatography ; wine yeast ; Saccharomyces ; fermentation ; volatile aroma compounds ; Simultaneous inoculation ; Alcoholic fermentation ; Malolactic fermentation ; Sacccharomyces cerevisiae ; Oenococcus oeni ; PN4TM ; OmegaTM ; Aroma profile ; antioxidant ; coffee ; W. anomalus ; industrial brewer’s strains ; adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) ; snowflake phenotype ; beer fermentation ; wine yeasts ; lactic acid bacteria ; co-inoculation ; sequence inoculation ; flavor compounds ; color pigments ; cell printing ; piezoelectric dispensing ; GFP-tagged yeast clone collection ; living cell microarrays ; microfluidic chip ; dynamic single-cell analysis ; Candida albicans ; adhesion ; fibronectin ; nanomotion ; atomic force microscope (AFM) ; xylose metabolism ; genetic engineering ; biofuel ; Spathaspora passalidarum ; Pichia stipitis ; volatile organic compounds ; proton-transfer reaction-mass spectrometry ; Metschnikowia pulcherrima ; flavor ; non-Saccharomyces yeasts ; fermentation-derived products ; fermented beverages ; beer ; coffee bean fermentation ; itaconic acid production ; bioethanol production ; bioreactors ; yeast micro- and nanobiotechnology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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    Biotechnology Applications of Microalgae (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This Special Issue, “Biotechnology Applications of Microalgae”, is focused on the latest novel advances related to the production of different bioactive compounds from microalgae and their biotechnological use.
    Keywords: enzymatic activity ; fluid dynamics ; microalgae ; oxidative stress ; static magnetic fields ; violaxanthin ; reactive oxygen species ; ascorbic acid ; glutathione ; tocopherols ; phenolic compounds ; carotenoids ; thraustochytrids ; antioxidants ; saturated fatty acids ; polyunsaturated fatty acids ; transcriptomics ; sustainability ; industrial valorization ; carbon dioxide fixation ; biological activities ; phytosterol ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Phaeodactylum tricornutum ; Sparus aurata ; β-glucans ; pulse feeding ; immune tolerance ; salt stress ; seawater cultivation ; Internet of Things ; proteomics ; blue light ; astaxanthin ; fatty acid ; heme ; cell wall ; salicylic acid ; fucoxanthin ; green consumption ; food consumption ; amino acids ; carbohydrates ; radical scavenging activity (RSA) ; RP-HPLC ; Chromochloris zofingiensis ; lutein ; CO2 aeration ; cGMP-dependent kinase ; biodiesel ; microalgal biotechnology ; natural antioxidants ; Yarrowia lipolytica ; Chlorella vulgaris ; growth ; fatty acids ; Spirulina ; healthcare ; space missions ; medicine applications ; microgravity effects ; humic substances ; microalgae cultivation ; hormetic effects ; increased nutrient availability ; improved protection against abiotic stress ; higher accumulation of bioactive ingredients ; enhanced microalgal productivity ; Dunaliella salina ; chlorpropham ; herbicide ; phytoene ; Nannochloropsis ; mixotrophy ; photobioreactors ; CHN analysis ; metabolomics ; bioassay ; cell death pathway ; autophagy ; antitumoral activity ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TC Biochemical engineering::TCB Biotechnology
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    Biological Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation, Biomolecular Condensates, and Membraneless Organelles (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: This reprint presents recent developments in the field of biological liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS, also known as biomolecular condensation). LLPS and related biogenesis of various membraneless organelles (MLOs) and biomolecular condensates (BMCs) represent fundamental molecular mechanisms governing the spatio-temporal organization of the intracellular space. In fact, MLOs and BMCs, being liquid droplets, represent specific compartments within a cell that are not enclosed by a lipid membrane. Most biological LLPS processes are reversible, and many MLOs/BMCs exist transiently; they rapidly emerge when conditions are changed and rapidly disintegrate as soon as the original conditions are restored, thereby showing a characteristic “now you see me, now you don’t” behavior. Numerous MLOs/BMCs are found inside eukaryotic cells, where they exist as liquid droplets (or cellular bodies, puncta, etc.) in the cytoplasm, nucleoplasm, mitochondrial matrix, and stroma of chloroplasts. Furthermore, MLOs/BMCs are commonly observed in Archaea, bacteria, and, likely, viruses. MLOs/BMCs have numerous crucial functions, and their biogenesis is known to be controlled by various external factors and environmental cues, such as changes in temperature, pH, and ionic strength of the solution. All of these have garnered the close attention of many researchers to biological LLPS, MLOs, and BMCs.
    Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease ; amyloid aggregation ; lipid bilayer ; cholesterol ; time-lapse AFM imaging ; molecular dynamics ; liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) ; membraneless organelles ; phase-separated condensates ; human diseases ; liquid–liquid phase separation ; intrinsically disordered proteins ; proteins with low complexity ; P-body ; Nst1 ; polyampholyte domain ; aggregation-prone domain ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; membrane-less organelle ; nuclear speckle ; nucleolus ; phase separation ; chromatin organization ; nuclear condensate ; intrinsically disordered region ; transcription ; DNA damage repair ; super-enhancer ; quantitative imaging ; CTP synthase ; cytoophidium ; fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) ; stimulated emission depletion (STED) ; Drosophila ; epithelium ; follicle cell ; ingression ; paramyxoviruses ; Hendra virus ; amyloid-like fibrils ; Taylor Dispersion Analysis (TDA) ; negative staining Transmission Electron Microscopy (ns-TEM) ; Polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation assays ; Congo Red ; Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) ; actin ; actin polymerization ; actin-binding proteins ; coacervate ; membrane ; signaling proteins ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    Gluten Related Disorders (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2022-10-25
    Description: Among gluten-related disorders, coeliac disease (CD) is the best-known one to date, a chronic immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by exposure to gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. It is a common disease, occurring at all ages and characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, affecting any organ or tissue. The diagnosis rate of this pathology has increased in the last 10 years, so worldwide epidemiologic data are now available that show that CD is ubiquitous, with a prevalence of 1.4%, higher in female than male individuals. Currently, the only effective treatment for CD is strict and lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD). However, CD research is changing rapidly due to the continuous advancing of knowledge. For this reason, the main goal of this Special Issue has been to address the existing knowledge gaps and help advance such important aspects as the pathophysiology, diagnosis, follow-up, and therapeutic options of this pathology. This Special Issue includes 12 peer-reviewed articles reporting on the latest research findings in and evidence related to CD. The published articles cover a range of topics central to CD and GFDs.
    Keywords: celiac disease ; relatives ; microbiota ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Pseudomonas fluorescens ; Bacteroides caccae ; coeliac disease ; oral diseases ; oral prevention ; gingival bleeding ; sleep-related breathing disorders ; oral health ; enamel defects ; interceptive orthodontics ; data mining gluten free diet ; gluten proteins ; immunogenicity ; evidence-based practice ; case management ; treatment adherence and compliance ; anemia ; iron transporter ; IgA nephropathy ; tissue transglutaminase autoantibody ; tissue transglutaminase-targeted IgA deposits ; flow cytometry ; age ; sex ; lesion grade ; intraepithelial lymphocytes TCRγδ+ ; functional bowel disease ; gluten-free diet ; tissue biomarkers ; non-coeliac gluten sensitivity ; FODMAP diet ; dietitian ; rural health services ; gluten ; gliadin ; gluten immunogenic peptides ; non-dietary therapies ; gluten cross-contaminations ; dietary adherence ; vital gluten ; oat ; hidden gluten ; patients with CD ; symptoms ; gluten excretion urine ; gluten-free diet monitoring ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Tryptophan in Nutrition and Health (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: Tryptophan is a rate-limiting essential amino acid and a unique building block of peptides and proteins. This largest amino acid serves as the precursor for the important endogenous indoleamines serotonin, N-acetylserotonin, and melatonin that act as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and neurohormones. Kynurenic acid is the most potent endogenous antiexitotoxic agent. Other highly relevant pathways of tryptophan are the reversible transamination to indole-3-pyruvate with formation related indolic acids that act as potent antioxidant agents. Tryptophan metabolites, such as melatonin, and structurally related agents, such as indole-3-propionic acid, act as potent catalytic antioxidants and bioenergetic agents that facilitate regeneration and protection against stress and aging. Several indole compounds act as uremic toxins since these agents can induce radical formation that is associated with enhanced oxidative stress and damage. The exploration of the effects of these protective and toxic tryptophan derived agents has revealed important molecular mechanisms and mediators of adaptation and aging. Research on tryptophan in nutrition and health can facilitate the development of new approaches to extend human health and life span. Amino acids are the building blocks of life that enable repair, as well as recycling and regeneration. Research on nutrients like amino acids, such as tryptophan and its metabolites, as well as peptides and proteins, or extracts containing this molecular metabolism modifiers can improve health. Research into the indololome is a new emerging and rapidly growing field of utmost relevance to science and society.
    Keywords: tryptophan ; kynurenine ; kynurenic acid ; FICZ ; AhR ; melanoma ; proliferation ; cell death ; aryl hydrocarbon receptor ; chronic kidney disease ; developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) ; hypertension ; indole ; melatonin ; serotonin ; uremic toxin ; virus ; immunity ; codon ; depression ; chronic mild stress ; oxidative stress ; tryptophan catabolites pathway ; methylation ; expression ; escitalopram ; 5-hydroxytryptophan ; natural sources ; microbial production ; biosynthetic pathways ; physiological effects ; animal ; human ; kynurenine pathway ; MEL biosynthesis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; yeast ; tryptophan extraction ; LC-MS/MS ; soybean ; skin ; atopic dermatitis ; psoriasis ; severe acute respiratory syndrome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19 ; malignant melanoma ; urine ; autofluorescence ; transplantation ; ischemia-reperfusion ; tolerance ; rejection ; indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase ; L-tryptophan ; amino acids ; MAC-T cell ; proteomics ; omics ; β-casein ; mTOR ; systemic inflammation ; dysbiosis ; gut ; microbiota ; obesity ; mice ; tyrosine ; cytokines ; behavior ; inflammation ; liver morphology ; color ; cell culture media ; LC-MS ; antioxidant ; cytotoxicity ; biomanufacturing ; 5-hydroxytryptamine ; secretion ; metabolism ; nitrofurantoin ; antibiotics ; human serum albumin ; molecular interactions ; FTIR ; fluorescence ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MM Other branches of medicine::MMG Pharmacology
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    Pressure Perturbation Approach in Biochemistry and Structural Biology. In memoriam of Dr. Gaston Hui Bon Hoa (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2022-11-17
    Description: This Special Issue focuses on the effects of hydrostatic pressure on biological systems and the use of these effects for exploring the structure, function, and molecular dynamics of biological macromolecules and their ensembles. Here, we present a selection of papers highlighting new experimental findings and new theoretical concepts in high-pressure biosciences. In these studies, the authors combine pressure perturbation approaches with NMR and optical spectroscopy, kinetic and thermodynamic techniques, functional genomics and transcriptomics, and molecular dynamics simulations to gain new insights into the conformational dynamics of proteins and nucleic acids and to better understand the mechanisms of high-pressure adaptation in piezophiles. The articles collected in this issue demonstrate the unique exploratory potential of the pressure perturbation approach for biochemistry, biophysics, mechanistic enzymology, and evolutionary biology.
    Keywords: protein folding ; NMR ; high hydrostatic pressure ; thermodynamic stability ; protein–ligand binding ; high pressure ; Martian salts ; perchlorate ; BSA ; ANS ; viroid ; hydrostatic pressure ; temperature ; structure–activity relationship ; RNA World ; n/a ; G-quadruplex ; i-motif ; volumetric properties ; pressure-temperature phase diagram ; thermodynamics ; hepatitis B ; DNA ; oligo ; FRET ; FTIR ; spectroscopy ; pressure ; volume change ; TMPyP4 ; deep-sea adaptations ; compressibility ; cavities ; potential energy landscape ; yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; high-pressure response ; genetic manipulation ; transcriptomics ; piezophysiology ; Anfinsen’s dogma ; native state N ; unfolded state U ; fibril state F ; protofibrils ; hen lysozyme ; circular dichroism ; 1H NMR spectroscopy ; atomic force microscopy ; cytochrome P450 reductase ; conformational change ; pressure-perturbation spectroscopy ; protein hydration ; reduction kinetics ; stop-flow spectroscopy ; Sorghum bicolor ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
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    CFD Modeling of Complex Chemical Processes: Multiscale and Multiphysics Challenges (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), which uses numerical analysis to predict and model complex flow behaviors and transport processes, has become a mainstream tool in engineering process research and development. Complex chemical processes often involve coupling between dynamics at vastly different length and time scales, as well as coupling of different physical models. The multiscale and multiphysics nature of those problems calls for delicate modeling approaches. This book showcases recent contributions in this field, from the development of modeling methodology to its application in supporting the design, development, and optimization of engineering processes.
    Keywords: pumped hydroelectric storage ; inlet/outlet ; surrogate model selection ; multi-objective optimization process ; thermal environment ; numerical simulations ; ventilation cooling ; duct position ; the heat dissipation of LHD ; auxiliary ventilation ; triboelectric separation ; particle size distribution ; particle charge ; binary mixture ; in situ particle size measurement ; charge estimation ; computational fluid dynamics ; membrane module ; gas separation ; concentration polarization ; coal mining ; radon concentration ; ventilation ; occupational exposure assessment ; gasification ; fluidized bed ; CFD ; hydrodynamics ; multiphase flow ; surface tension modelling ; VOF ; rising bubbles ; capillary rise ; high pressure bubble column ; the critical bubble diameter ; the gas holdup ; the large bubbles ; the small bubbles ; Stirred fermenter ; dual-impeller ; Segment impeller ; Optimization ; rotating packed bed ; natural gas desulfurization ; droplet characteristic ; Eulerian–Lagrangian approach ; heat transport ; optimized design ; dynamic numerical simulation ; evaporative cooling system ; water recycling ; temperature ; humidity ; n/a ; gas–solid ; cyclone separator ; elevated temperature process ; pneumatic conveying ; large coal particles ; Euler–Lagrange approach ; DPM ; pressure drop ; swirling burner ; combustion characteristics ; industrial pulverized coal furnace ; scale-up ; scale-down ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; mechanistic kinetic model ; bioreactor ; concentration gradients ; digital twin ; bioprocess engineering ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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    Insecticides for Mosquito Control: Strengthening the Evidence Base (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2023-03-07
    Description: The eradication of vector-borne diseases is threatened by the limited range of available insecticides, leading, inevitably, to the development of resistance. This is particularly concerning for malaria control, which relies heavily on insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual sprays (IRS). New chemistries are being developed, and innovative deployment of insecticides may play a role in overcoming resistance, either through new types of tools or new means of distribution. A variety of novel product types and vector control strategies are under development and evaluation, which is to be celebrated, but a strong evidence base is needed to guide effective operational deployment decisions. Novel approaches should be supported by robust data collected using appropriate and validated methods to monitor efficacy, durability, and any emerging resistance. This reprint presents original research into developing and characterizing new vector control products, as well as understanding and monitoring insecticide resistance. Review articles explore the impact of insecticide resistance and offer guidance on insecticide choice in the face of pyrethroid resistance. Consensus methodologies are presented, in the form of standard operating procedures (SOPs) designed to be adopted and used to generate reproducible data that can be compared and interpreted across and between studies. It is hoped that this collection of articles offers inspiration and guidance on how consistent data can be generated to inform more effective development, evaluation, and use of new and existing vector control tools.
    Keywords: prallethrin ; insecticide ; spatial treatment ; mosquito fitness ; protection ; pyrethroids ; Aedes albopictus ; Culex pipiens ; life tables ; mosquito ; bite-proof garment ; model ; textile ; non-insecticidal ; physical barrier ; insecticide selection ; out-crossing ; strain authentication ; laboratory screening ; pyrethroid ; pyrethroid resistance ; insecticide resistance ; insecticide resistance management ; vector control ; malaria ; malaria control ; Anopheles ; host-seeking behavior ; insecticide exposure ; pathogen transmission ; Aedes aegypti ; Anopheles gambiae ; ATSB ; Culex quinquefasciatus ; Iroquois ; RNAi ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; yeast ; Anopheles mosquito ; fertility ; ovary development ; pyriproxyfen (PPF) ; side-effects ; machine learning ; image classification ; automated identification ; convolutional neural network ; insecticide-treated net (ITN) ; PBO ITN ; synergist ITN ; dual-AI ITN ; insecticide resistance management (IRM) ; method validation ; durability monitoring ; bioinsecticide ; disease transmission ; insecticide-resistance ; mosquito-borne disease ; mosquito control ; natural compounds ; phytochemical ; malaria vector ; insecticide treated nets ; cytochrome P450s ; kdr ; cuticular resistance ; deltamethrin ; imidacloprid ; bifenthrin ; β-cyfluthrin ; etofenprox ; α-cypermethrin ; λ-cyhalothrin ; thiacloprid ; mosquitoes ; Attractive Toxic Sugar Bait (ATSB) ; Attractive Targeted Sugar Bait (ATSB) ; diagnostic bioassay ; resistance monitoring ; insecticide-treated nets (ITN) ; strain characterisation ; method development ; product evaluation ; quality control (QC) ; dual active ingredients (dual-AI) ; bioefficacy ; IRS ; application technology ; broflanilide ; clothianidin ; pirimiphos-methyl ; WHO tube ; WHO tunnel test ; ITNs ; interceptor ; interceptor G2 ; membrane ; human arm ; rabbit ; bioassay ; bio-efficacy ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science
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    Toxins (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2023-05-11
    Description: Toxins are biologically active substances produced by most kinds of living organisms, bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They present a vast diversity of molecular structures and target a wide variety of receptors involved in a range of physiological processes. As toxins are selected during evolution to acquire/improve their disabling/lethal effects, they display finely tuned functional properties often associated with high affinities and selectivity. Moreover, toxins are valuable tools to unravel cellular processes due to their extreme specificity for cell surface and/or intracellular targets. Therefore, toxins are very attractive compounds because of their Janus-like character; while they mostly act as deadly poisons like monstrous Mr. Hyde, they can also be tamed into good remedies like admirable Dr. Jekyll. As such, they have been primarily investigated not only for the light they can throw on fundamental physiological processes but also for their potential therapeutic applications. This reprint, emerging from the 27th Annual Meeting of the French Society of Toxinology (SFET, http://sfet.asso.fr/international), will be of great interest for those in the scientific community who want to know more about the fascinating world of toxins.
    Keywords: toxins ; peptide chemistry ; native chemical ligation ; α-bungarotoxin ; click chemistry ; automated patch-clamp ; fluorescent peptide ; TE671 cells ; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ; animal toxin ; bacterial toxin ; marine toxin ; medical application ; plant toxin ; toxin function/activity ; toxin receptor/target ; toxin structure ; Debaryomyces hansenii ; Wickerhamomyces anomalus ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; PDR transporters ; killer toxin ; fetal adrenomedullary chromaffin cell ; gambierol ; potassium currents ; calcium-activated K+ channels ; ATP-sensitive K+ channels ; catecholamine release ; Clostridium tetani ; Clostridium botulinum ; botulinum neurotoxin ; tetanus neurotoxin ; toxin gene regulation ; two-component system ; small RNA ; adenylate cyclase toxin ; Bordetella pertussis ; cyclic nucleotide ; cAMP ; spectrophotometric enzymatic assay ; ASIC ; sodium channels ; peptide ; PcTx1 ; APETx2 ; MitTx ; mambalgin ; pain ; nociception ; clostridial C3 toxin ; C3bot ; C3botE174Q ; dendritic cells ; macrophages ; monocytes ; stimulated emission depletion (STED) ; super-resolution microscopy ; trained immunity ; effector-triggered immunity ; effector-triggered trained immunity ; staphylococcal superantigen ; enterotoxin ; toxin pathogenicity ; immunomodulation ; molecular and cellular targets ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MM Other branches of medicine::MMG Pharmacology::MMGT Medical toxicology
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    Biological and Pharmacological Activity of Plant Natural Compounds II (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-06
    Description: The Special issue "Biological and Pharmacological Activity of Plant Natural Compounds II" is continuing the intriguing research on the use of natural plant products. The second edition follows the aim of the first one.
    Keywords: Bergenia species ; botanical description ; traditional uses ; phytochemistry ; pharmacology ; anti-urolithiatic activity ; bergenin ; Flaxseed oil ; linusorb B3 ; anti-cancer ; apoptosis ; actin polymerization ; Src ; glioblastoma ; chlorogenic acid ; coffee ; cyclooxygenase ; espresso ; instant coffee ; platelet aggregation ; Rubia tinctorum L. ; antioxidants ; polyphenols ; ethylene glycol ; urolithiasis ; histophatology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; β-glucan ; antimicrobial and anticancer activities ; detoxification ability ; immunomodulatory effect ; Aquilaria sinensis ; pheophorbide A ; MMP-2 ; MMP-9 ; HT-1080 ; advanced glycation end product (AGE) ; oxidative stress ; epithelial to mesenchymal transition ; AGE-inhibitor ; swertiamarin ; diabetic nephropathy ; astragaloside IV ; Astragalus membranaceus ; huang qi ; Astragali Radix ; liver ; liver regeneration ; 70% partial hepatectomy ; proliferation ; rat ; memory ; object recognition ; Ginkgo biloba ; dorsal hippocampus formation ; brain-derived neurotrophic factor ; Diclofenac ; γ-lactone ; nano-emulsion ; methylcellulose ; Ostrich oil ; Struthio camelus ; Caenorhabditis elegans ; leaf extract ; neuroprotection ; antioxidant activity ; DAF-16 ; Clerodendrum infortunatum ; terpenoids ; phenylpropanoids ; antidiabetic ; breast cancer ; Combretum indicum L. ; antidiabetic activity ; histopathology ; UPLC-QTOF/ESI-MS ; network pharmacology ; Biebersteinia heterostemon ; galegine ; hypotensive ; toxicity ; Sage ; Salvia officinalis ; cytotoxicity ; hepatoprotection ; MDA ; TAOxC ; MCF-7 ; HeLA cells ; HepG-2 cells ; Peganum harmala ; anti-inflammatory activity ; antioxidant ; LC-ESI-MS/MS ; traditional medicine ; rheumatoid arthritis ; rosmanol ; carnosol ; Callicarpa longissima ; TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK ; synergistic effect ; diabetes mellitus ; anti-diabetic drugs ; monoterpenes ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MM Other branches of medicine::MMG Pharmacology
    Language: English
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    Unknown
    Impaired Mitochondrial Bioenergetics under Pathological Conditions (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-12
    Description: Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells; however, mitochondrial dysfunction causes energy depletion and cell death in a variety of diseases. Altered oxidative phosphorylation and ion homeostasis are associated with ROS production resulting from the disassembly of respiratory supercomplexes and the disruption of electron transfer chains. In pathological conditions, the dysregulation of mitochondrial homeostasis promotes Ca2+ overload in the matrix and ROS accumulation, which induces the mitochondrial permeability transition pore formation responsible for mitochondrial morphological changes linked to membrane dynamics, and ultimately, cell death. Finally, studies on the impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics in pathology could provide molecular tools to counteract diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
    Keywords: aging heart ; Bcl-2 family ; mitochondria ; programmed cell death ; fatty acid oxidation ; palmitate ; oleate ; m.3243A&gt ; G mutation ; MT-ATP6 ; m.8909T&gt ; C ; ATP synthase ; nephropathy ; oxidative phosphorylation ; mitochondrial disease ; cardiolipin ; Barth syndrome ; Sengers syndrome ; respiratory chain ; Dilated Cardiomyopathy with Ataxia ; cardiomyopathy ; mammalian complex I ; NADH dehydrogenase ; complex I assembly ; complex I structure ; complex I deficiency ; supernumerary subunits ; electron transport chain ; mitochondrial dysfunction ; Leigh syndrome ; mitochondrial diseases ; yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; pet mutants ; pancreatic endocrine cells ; mathematical model ; cellular bioenergetics ; diabetes ; glucagon ; insulin ; exercise ; immune system ; metabolic disease ; COVID-19 ; mitochondrial dynamics ; viral infections ; MAVS ; RIG-I ; MDA5 ; innate immune response ; SARS CoV-2 ; RSV ; influenza ; respiratory supercomplexes ; ROS ; ATP synthase/hydrolase ; mitochondrial permeability transition pore ; cristae ; cellular signaling ; human disease ; mitochondrial dynamic ; cell signaling ; cancer ; respiratory complexes ; oxidative stress ; mitochondrial DNA ; MTCYB mutations ; cytochrome b ; complex III ; aging ; energy metabolism ; entorhinal cortex ; lipoxidation-derived damage ; neurodegeneration ; oxidative damage ; protein import ; respiratory complex assembly ; supercomplexes ; mitochondrial proteostasis ; heart failure ; bioenergetics ; assembly factor ; atypical myopathy ; high-resolution respirometry ; toxicity assays ; cell culture ; equine primary myoblasts ; fibroblasts ; frozen tissue ; leukocytes ; oxygen consumption ; platelets ; respirometry ; skeletal muscle ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
    Language: English
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biotransformation of aromatic aldehydes bySaccharomyces cerevisiae: Investigation of reaction rates (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 49-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: l-Phenylacetyl carbinol ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast ; Benzaldehyde ; Biotransformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The rate of production ofl-phenylacetyl carbinol bySaccharomyces cerevisiae in reaction mixtures containing benzaldehyde with sucrose or pyruvate as cosubstrate was investigated in short 1 h incubations. The effect of yeast dose rate, sucrose and benzaldehyde concentration and pH on the rate of reaction was determined. Maximum biotransformation rates were obtained with concentrations of benzaldehyde, sucrose and yeast of 6 g, 40 g and 60 g/l, respectively. Negligible biotransformation rates were observed at a concentration of 8 g/l benzaldehyde. The reaction had a pH optimum of 4.0–4.5. Rates of bioconversion of benzaldehyde and selected substituted aromatic aldehydes using both sucrose and sodium pyruvate as cosubstrate were compared. The rate of aromatic alcohol production was much higher when sucrose was used rather than pyruvate.o-Tolualdehyde and 1-chlorobenzaldehyde were poor substrates for aromatic carbinol formation although the latter produced significant aromatic alcohol in sucrose-containing media. Yields of 2.74 and 3.80 g/l phenylacetyl carbinol were produced from sucrose and pyruvate, respectively, in a 1 h reaction period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569693
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High solids fermentation of hydrolysates of wheat starch B in a continuous dynamic immobilized biocatalyst bioreactor (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 81-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Ethanol fermentation ; Wheat starch ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; immobilization ; Continuous dynamic immobilized biocatalyst bioreactor ; Biocatalyst bioreactor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A simple and efficient method of conversion of wheat starch B to ethanol was investigated. Employing a two-stage enzymatic saccharification process, 95% of the wheat starch was converted to fermentable sugars in 40 h. From 140 g/l total sugars in the feed solution, 63.6 g/l ethanol was produced continuously with a residence time of 3.3 h in a continuous dynamic immobilized biocatalyst bioreactor by immobilized cells ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. The advantages and the application of this bioreactor to continuous alcoholic fermentation of industrial substrates are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569698
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  • 28
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    Electronic Resource
    Der Einfluß von Cadmium, Zink, Blei und Quecksilber auf die Enzymaktivität beiSaccharomyces cerevisiae in vitro (1983)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 205-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Schwermetallwirkung ; Malatdehydrogenase ; Glutamatdehydrogenase ; Glycerinaldehyd-3-phosphatdehydrogenase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The difference between cadmium, zinc, lead, and mercury in regard of their effects on the activity of the enzymes tested is very slight. Concentrations higher than 10−5 M reduce significantly the activity of the enzymes, and concentrations of approximately 10−3 M inhibit it completely. An increase of the activity cannot be detected. The addition of combinations of cadmium, zinc, and lead results in a summing up of the toxic effects, whereas the interaction between mercury and the other three heavy metals shows a cumulative effect, which is appointed nearly completely by the heavy metal more toxic. The findings suggest that under in-vitro conditions there exists a direct interaction between the heavy metals and the enzymes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vier Schwermetalle Cadmium, Zink, Blei und Quecksilber unterscheiden sich in ihrer Wirkung auf die Aktivität der untersuchten Enzyme nur sehr wenig. Konzentrationen über 10−5 M vermindern die Enzymaktivität signifikant, und Konzentrationen von etwa 10−3 M unterbinden sie völlig. Eine Steigerung der Enzymaktivität läßt sich nicht feststellen. Die Zugabe von Cadmium-, Zink- und Bleikombinationen führt zu einer Addition der toxischen Effekte, während bei der Interaktion zwischen Quecksilber und den anderen drei Schwermetallen die Gesamtwirkung fast ausschließlich durch das stärker hemmende Schwermetall allein bestimmt wird. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, daß es unter Invitro-Bedingungen zu einer direkten Wechselwirkung zwischen den Schwermetallen und den Enzymen kommt.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02024695
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  • 29
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    Identification of a fungal triacetylfusarinine C siderophore transport gene (TAF1) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a member of the major facilitator superfamily (1999)
    Springer
    BioMetals 12 (1999), S. 301-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: iron ; siderophores ; transport ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Transport proteins of microorganisms may either belong to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily or to the major facilitator (MFS)-superfamily. MFS transporters are single-polypeptide membrane transporters that transport small molecules via uniport, symport or antiport mechanisms in response to a chemiosmotic gradient. Although Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a non-siderophore producer, various bacterial and fungal siderophores can be utilized as an iron source. From yeast genome sequencing data six genes of the unknown major facilitator (UMF) family were known of which YEL065w Sce was recently identified as a transporter for the bacterial siderophore ferrioxamine B (Sit1p). The present investigation shows that another UMF gene, YHL047c Sce, encodes a transporter for the fungal siderophore triacetylfusarinine C. The gene YHL047c Sce (designated TAF1) was disrupted using the kanMX disruption module in a fet3 background (strain DEY 1394 Δfet3), possessing a defect in the high affinity ferrous iron transport. Growth promotion assays and transport experiments with 55Fe-labelled triacetylfusarinine C showed a complete loss of iron utilization and uptake in the disrupted strain, indicating that TAF1 is the gene for the fungal triacetylfusarinine transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and possibly in other siderophore producing fungi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009252118050
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  • 30
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    A gene of the major facilitator superfamily encodes a transporter for enterobactin (Enb1p) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2000)
    Springer
    BioMetals 13 (2000), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: major facilitator superfamily ; iron transport ; siderophores ; enterobactin ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract While in fungi iron transport via hydroxamate siderophores has been amply proven, iron transport via enterobactin is largely unknown. Enterobactin is a catecholate-type siderophore produced by several enterobacterial genera grown in severe iron deprivation. By using the KanMX disruption module in vector pUG6 in a fet3Δ background of Saccharomyces cerevisiae we were able to disrupt the gene YOL158c Sce of the major facilitator super family (MFS) which has been previously described as a gene encoding a membrane transporter of unknown function. Contrary to the parental strain, the disruptant was unable to utilize ferric enterobactin in growth promotion tests and in transport assays using 55Fe-enterobactin. All other siderophore transport properties remained unaffected. The results are evidence that in S. cerevisiae the YOL158c Sce gene of the major facilitator super family, now designated ENB1, encodes a transporter protein (Enb1p), which specifically recognizes and transports enterobactin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009250017785
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  • 31
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    Electronic Resource
    Manganese accumulation in yeast cells (1989)
    Springer
    BioMetals 2 (1989), S. 6-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: Manganese ; Electron spin resonance ; Superoxide dismutase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Manganese accumulation was studied by room-temperature electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy inSaccharomyces cerevisiae grown in the presence of increasing amounts of MnSO4. Mn2+ retention was nearly linear in intact cells for fractions related to both low-molecular-mass and macromolecular complexes (‘free’ and ‘bound’ Mn2+, respectively). A deviation from linearity was observed in cell extracts between the control value and 0.1 mM Mn2+, indicating more efficient accumulation at low Mn2+ concentrations. The difference in slopes between the two straight lines describing Mn2+ retention at concentrations lower and higher than 0.1 mM, respectively, was quite large for the free Mn2+ fraction. Furthermore it was unaffected by subsequent dialyses of the extracts, showing stable retention in the form of low-molecular-mass complexes. In contrast, the slope of the line describing retention of ‘bound’ Mn2+ at concentrations higher than 0.1 mM became less steep after subsequent dialyses of the cell extracts. This result indicates that the macromolecule-bound Mn2+ was essentially associated with particulate structures. In contrast to Cu2+, Mn2+ had no effect on the major enzyme activities involved in oxygen metabolism except for a slight increase of cyanide-resistant Mn-superoxide dismutase activity, due to dialyzable Mn2+ complexes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01116194
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  • 32
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    Electronic Resource
    Adaptation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain to high copper concentrations (1994)
    Springer
    BioMetals 7 (1994), S. 221-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: catalase ; copper resistance ; pH-dependent growth ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; superoxide dismutase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been adapted to increasing concentrations of copper at two different pH values. The growth curve at pH 5.5 is characterized by a time generation increasing with the amount of added copper. A significant decrease of cell volume as compared with the control is also observed. At pH 3 the cells grow faster than at pH 5.5 and resist higher copper concentrations (3.8 against 1.2 mm). Experimental evidence indicates that, after copper treatment, the metal is not bound to the cell wall, but is localized intracellularly. A significant precipitation of copper salts in the medium was observed only at pH 5.5. Increased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were observed in copper-treated cells and which persisted after 20 subsequent inocula in a medium without added metal. On the contrary, catalase activity was not stimulated by copper treatment and, hence, not correlated with SOD levels. The mechanism of copper resistance, therefore, probably involves a persistent induction of SOD, but not of catalase, and it is strongly pH-dependent.
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  • 33
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    Electron paramagnetic resonance studies and effects of vanadium in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1996)
    Springer
    BioMetals 9 (1996), S. 91-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: EPR ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; uptake ; vanadate ; vanadyl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Vanadium uptake by whole cells and isolated cell walls of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied. When orthovanadate was added to wild-type S. cerevisiae cells growing in rich medium, growth was inhibited as a function of the VO4 3- concentration and the growth was completely arrested at a concentration of 20 mM of VO4 3- in YEPD. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to obtain structural and dynamic information about the cell-associated paramagnetic vanadyl ion. The presence of EPR signals indicated that vanadate was reduced by whole cells to the vanadyl ion. On the contrary, no EPR signals were detected after interaction of vanadate with isolated cell walls. A ‘mobile’ and an ‘immobile’ species associated in cells with small chelates and with macromolecular sites, respectively, were identified. The value of rotational correlation time τ r indicated the relative motional freedom at the macromolecular site. A strongly ‘immobilized’ vanadyl species bound to polar sites mainly through coulombic attractions was detected after interaction of VO2+ ions with isolated cell walls.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00188096
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  • 34
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    Inhibition ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae division by 5-trifluoro-methyl-6-azauracil (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1159-1161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 5-trifluoromethyl-6-àzauracil ; yeast cell cultures ; cell division ; inhibition of
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cell division, as studied in asynchronous cultures of yeast cells, is sensitive to 5-trifluoromethyl-6-azauracil (F3CAzU). Under defined conditions (10 mmoles l−1 F3CAzU) this compound blocks immediately and completely the process of cell division. Using synchronized cells, the time-point at which division process of yeast cell can be inhibited by F3CAzU has been determined. The inhibitor effect of this compound is completely reversed by thymine, thymidine and uracil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01971472
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  • 35
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    Protective effect of vitamins against trichothecene toxicity towardsSaccharomyces cerevisiae (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 886-888 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; trichothecenes ; mycotoxins ; vitamins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several trichothecene mycotoxins were shown to inhibit the growth ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. This effect was most pronounced with the macrocyclic trichothecenes, especially verrucarin A. Much less growth inhibition was observed with T-2 toxin. Verrucarol, diacetoxyscirpenol, acetyl T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, T-2 tetraol and neosolaniol were inactive at a concentration of 75 μg of toxin per disc. Incubation ofS. cerevisiae with verrucarin A together with vitamins resulted in a decrease in toxicity. Pyridoxine-HCl, Ca-pantothenate, thiamine-HCl and α-tocopheryl acetate were amongst the most potent of the vitamins tested which reversed growth inhibition, overcoming the inhibitory potential of the toxins.
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  • 36
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    Occurrence of thiaminase II inSaccharomyces cerevisiae (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 888-890 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Thiaminase ; thiamine ; thiamine antagonist ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It was found that cell-free extracts ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae contain thiaminase II which hydrolyzes thiamine and thiamine analogs. The possible involvement of this enzyme and thiamine-synthesizing enzymes in thiamine production from thiamine antagonists is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01951652
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  • 37
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    Translational control of endogenous and recoded nuclear genes in yeast mitochondria: Regulation and membrane targeting (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 1130-1135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; mitochondria ; mRNA-specific translational activation ; synthetic genes ; gene regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial gene expression in yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae, depends on translational activation of individual mRNAs by distinct proteins encoded in the nucleus. These nuclearly coded mRNA-specific translational activators are bound to the inner membrane and function to mediate the interaction between mRNAs and mitochondrial ribosomes. This complex system, found to date only in organelles, appears to be an adaptation for targeting the synthesis of mitochondrially coded integral membrane proteins to the membrane. In addition, mRNA-specific translational activation is a rate-limiting step used to modulate expression of at least one mitochondrial gene in response to environmental conditions. Direct study of mitochondrial gene regulation and the targeting of mitochondrially coded proteins in vivo will now be possible using synthetic genes inserted into mtDNA that encode soluble reporter/passenger proteins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01952112
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  • 38
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    Potentiation of antifungal activity of sesquiterpene dialdehydes againstCandida albicans and two other fungi (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 1162-1164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Polygodial ; warburganal ; antifungal activity ; Candida albicans ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Pityrosporum ovale ; enhancing effect ; antioxidants ; vitamin C ; BHA ; anethole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The antifungal activity of two drimane sesquiterpene dialdehydes, polygodial (1) and warburganal (2), alone and in combination with several other substances, was examined against three fungi,Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae andPityrosporum ovale employing a broth dilution method. Anethole significantly synergized the activity of the two sesquiterpenoids againstC. albicans andS. cerevisiae however, it had only an, additive effect againstP. ovale. By contrast, two antioxidants, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole), noticeably enhanced the activity of the sesquiterpenoids againstP. ovale, but had no, effect againstC. albicans andS. cerevisiae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01948015
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  • 39
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    Actin-, myosin- and ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 1033-1041 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ubiquitin ; yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Dictyostelium discoideum ; cytoskeleton ; mutants ; endocytosis ; actin ; myosin ; calmodulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Endocytosis is a general term that is used to describe the internalization of external and plasma membrane molecules into the cell interior. In fact, several different mechanisms exist for the internalization step of this process. In this review we emphasize the work on the actin-dependent pathways, in particular in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae, because several components of the molecular machinery are identified. In this yeast, the analysis of endocytosis in various mutants reveals a requirement for actin, calmodulin, a type I myosin, as well as a number of other proteins that affect actin dynamics. Some of these proteins have homology to proteins in animal cells that are believed to be involved in endocytosis. In addition, the demonstration that ubiquitination of some cell surface molecules is required for their efficient internalization is described. We compare the actin, myosin and ubiquitin requirements for endocytosis with recent results found studying these processes usingDictyostelium discoideum and animal cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01952099
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  • 40
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    Mitochondrial distribution and inheritance (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 1111-1116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; mitochondrial inheritance ; cytoskeleton ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; membrane proteins ; organelle movement ; mitochondrial morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mechanisms mediating the inheritance of mitochondria are poorly understood, but recent studies with the yeastsSaccharomyces cerevisiae andSchizosaccharomyces pombe have begun to identify components that facilitate this essential process. These components have been identified through the analysis of conditional yeast mutants that display aberrant mitochondrial distribution at restrictive conditions. The analysis of these mutants has uncovered several novel proteins that are localized either to cytoskeletal structures or to the mitochondria themselves. Many mitochondrial inheritance mutants also show altered mitochondrial morphology and defects in maintenance of the mitochondrial genome. Although some inheritance components and mechanisms appear to function specifically in certain types of cells, other conserved proteins are likely to mediate mitochondrial behavior in all eukaryotic cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01952109
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  • 41
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    Molecular genetics of the peptidyl transferase center and the unusual Var1 protein in yeast mitochondrial ribosomes (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 1148-1157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; mitochondrial ribosomes ; peptidyl transferase ; Varl ribosomal protein ; gene relocation ; posttranscriptional rRNA modification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondria posses their own ribosomes responsible for the synthesis of a small number of proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome. In yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the two ribosomal RNAs and a single ribosomal protein, Varl, are products of mitochondrial genes, and the remaining approximately 80 ribosomal proteins are encoded in the nucleus. The mitochondrial translation system is dispensable in yeast, providing an excellent experimental model for the molecular genetic analysis of the fundamental properties of ribosomes in general as well as adaptations required for the specialized role of ribosomes in mitochondria. Recent studies of the peptidyl transferase center, one of the most highly conserved functional centers of the ribosome, and the Varl protein, an unusual yet essential protein in the small ribosomal subunit, have provided new insight into conserved and divergent features of the mitochondrial ribosome.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01952114
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  • 42
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    Interaction of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with gold: toxicity and accumulation (1999)
    Springer
    BioMetals 12 (1999), S. 289-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: accumulation ; gold ; proton efflux ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the effects of ionic gold on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as determined by long-term (growth in gold-containing media) and short-term interactions (H+ efflux activity). An increasing gold concentration inhibited growth and at 〈0.2 mM Au, growth was not observed. Transmission electron microscopy revealed no differences in ultrastructure but fine electron dense particles were observed in unstained preparations from gold-containing medium. After glucose addition (to 10mM) to starved suspensions of S. cerevisiae, glucose-dependent reduction of external pH occurred as the cells extruded protons. In the presence of increasing gold concentrations, the lag time before proton extrusion did not change but the rate and duration decreased significantly with a marked influence on proton efflux rate being observed at ≤ 10 μM. Extension of preincubation time of yeast cells in gold-containing medium resulted in a decreasing proton efflux rate and colloidal phase formation in the cell suspensions, the time between gold addition and the beginning of colloidal phase formation depending on the gold concentration used. Both Ca and Mg enhanced the inhibitory effect of gold on the yeast cells with Ca showing a stronger inhibitory effect than Mg.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009210101628
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  • 43
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    Continuous production of fructose syrup and ethanol from hydrolysed Jerusalem artichoke juice (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 131-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Jerusalem artichoke ; High-fructose syrup ; Ethanol ; Immobilized yeast cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The results from this study showed that Jerusalem artichoke juice can be used for the production of very enriched fructose syrup by selective conversion of glucose to ethanol in a continuous process using immobilized cells ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 36859. The product contained up to 99% of the total carbohydrates as fructose compared to 76% in the feed. Using Jerusalem artichoke juice supplemented with some glucose a product was obtained with 7.5% w/v ethanol which made ethanol recovery economically favourable. It was found that some fructose was consumed in these continuous processes; the glucose/fructose conversion rate ratio was regulated by the glucose concentration in the product stream.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01576075
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    Analytical differentiation of wine fermentations using pure and mixed yeast cultures (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 181-189 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Torulaspora delbrueckii ; Aroma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Thirty-three fermentations of Pedro Ximénez grapes, collected in three degrees of ripeness, were carried out by inoculation with three types of inoculum: pure cultures ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae races and ofTorulaspora delbrueckii, indigenous yeasts, and mixed cultures of indigenous yeasts enriched with the pure cultures. By means of variance analysis 21 compounds were determined whose final concentrations in the wines significantly depended on the musts, the inocula or both. Eleven products that depended significantly on the inocula were subjected to a discriminant analysis in which most of the pure cultures gathered in a discriminant space area different from that occupied by the indigenous yeasts. The centroids corresponding to most of the mixed cultures were shifted to the central area of the discriminant space, moved away from their corresponding pure cultures and approached the indigenous yeasts. The results show a high similarity between the fermentations carried out with mixed cultures with the addedS. cerevisiae races and those fermentations carried out with the indigenous yeasts, with regard to those compounds which were significantly dependent on the inocula.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01575881
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    Control of the G1-G0 transition and G0 protein synthesis by cyclic AMP in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 12 (1987), S. 577-582 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Cell cycle ; Cyclic AMP ; G0 protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary When the cyr1-1 cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which require cyclic AMP (cAMP) for growth, were starved for cAMP, cell division was arrested at the G1 state of the mitotic cell cycle and the cells entered the resting state (G0) also observed in wild-type cells transferred to sulfur-free medium. The level of cAMP in wild-type cells decreased rapidly when the cells were starved for sulfur and subsequently increased following its addition. The cyr1-1 cells starved for cAMP preferentially synthesized nine G0 proteins. The synthesis of these G0 proteins in the sulfur-starved cells was repressed by the addition of cAMP. The RAS2 val19 or bcy1 cells, which produced an elevated level of cAMP or cAMP-independent protein kinase, did not synthesize the G0 proteins under the sulfur-starved condition. The results suggest that cAMP plays a role in the transition between the proliferating state and G0 state.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00368059
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    The OGD1 gene, affecting 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase in S. cerevisiae, is closely linked to HIS5 on chromosome IX (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 85-88 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; rad52-mediated chromosome loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ogd1 mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are deficient in mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity; they cannot grow on glycerol and produce an increased amount of organic acids during growth on glucose as substrate. Using gamma ray-induced rad52-mediated chromosome loss the ogd1 mutation can be assigned to chromosome IX. Tetrad analysis of crosses between ogd1 and other markers on chromosome IX revealed that the OGD1 gene maps on the left arm of this chromosome 1.9 cM from his5.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313254
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    Cloning and sequencing of URA10, a second gene encoding orotate phosphoribosyl transferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 105-111 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase ; Nucleotide sequence-5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (5PRPP)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRTase) catalyses the transformation of orotate to OMP in the pyrimidine pathway. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the URA5 gene is known to encode this enzyme activity. In this paper we present the cloning and sequencing of a yeast gene, named URA10, encoding a second OPRTase enzyme. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences between URA5 and URA10 genes shows more than 75% similarity. These sequences have also been compared to those of Escherichia coli, Podospora anserina, Sordaria macrospora and Dictyostelium discoideum. Remarkable similarities in the primary structure of these proteins have been found. Gene disruption experiments revealed that URA10 gene expression is responsible for the leaky phenotype of a ura5 mutant. Assays of OPRTase activity in extracts from ura5 and ura10 mutants indicate that the URA10 product contributes only 20% of the total activity found in wild type cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312853
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    High frequency FLP-independent homologous DNA recombination of 2 μ plasmid in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 191-199 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Site specific recombination ; 2 μ DNA plasmid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this work is to identify and quantitate in vivo 2 μ plasmid FLP-independent recombination in yeast, using a nonselective assay system for rapid detection of phenotypic expression of the recombination events. A tester plasmid was constructed such that in vivo recombination between 2 μ direct repeat sequences produces the resolution of the plasmid into two circular DNA molecules. This recombinational event is detected as a phenotypic shift from red to white colonies, due to the mitotic loss of the plasmid portion containing the yeast ADE8 gene in a recipient ade1 ade2 ade8 genetic background. In the absence of the 2 μ FLP recombinase and/or its target DNA sequence, recombination is not abolished but rather continues at a high frequency of about 17%. This suggests that the FLP-independent events are mediated by the chromosomally-encoded general homologous recombination system. We therefore conclude that the totality of 2 μ DNA recombination events occurring in FLP+ cells is the contribution of both FLP-mediated and FLP-independent events.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376739
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    Molecular cloning of the ARG7 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe encoding argininosuccinate lyase (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 381-385 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Argininosuccinate lyase ; Gene cloning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A gene bank of Sau3A partially restricted Schizosaccharomyces pombe DNA in YEp13 was used to transform an arg4 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One colony was recovered which contained the YEp13 plasmid bearing a large insert complementing the argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) mutation. As shown by restriction mapping and subcloning experiments, the DNA sequence required for complementation is localized on a 2 kb BamHI-BamHI fragment. The plasmid complemented several S. cerevisiae arg4 mutants of independent origin and a S. pombe arg7 mutant lacking ASL. Low but significant ASL activities were detected in crude extracts of these transformants. No complementation of the E. coli argH mutant was observed. Southern blot hybridizations showed that the insert originates from the S. pombe genome. No cross-hybridization was found between this sequence and S. cerevisiae DNA. It can be concluded that the cloned DNA fragment bears the S. pombe ARG7 gene coding for ASL.
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    Inheritance of chromosome length polymorphisms in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
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    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 413-418 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Chromosome length polymorphisms ; FIGE ; OFAGE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Although Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains generally have similar chromosomal band patterns as revealed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis, individual bands often move slightly differently from one strain to the other. Surveying strains from our stock collection, we found that nearly all the bands of a certain pair of strains differed in their mobility. Some of these chromosome length polymorphisms segregated in a 2:2 ratio, indicating that they resulted from single structural alterations (i.e. additions or deletions). One of these was mapped on the right arm of chromosome 1. Others did not segrate in a simple 2:2 ratio. That is, there were progenies which had bands not present in either parent. We suggest that these new bands are the products of recombination between homologous chromosomes having two or more structural alterations.
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    Comparison of Tetrahymena ARS sequence function in the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 225-233 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: ARS ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Tetrahymena thermophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have isolated several Tetrahymena thermophila chromosomal DNA fragments which function as autonomously replicating sequences (ARS) in the heterologous Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe selection systems. The Tetrahymena ARS sequences were first isolated in S. cerevisiae and were derived from non-ribosomal micro- and macronuclear DNA. Sequence analysis of the ARS elements identified either perfect or close matches with the 11 by S. cerevisiae ARS core consensus sequence. Subcloning studies of two Tetrahymena ARS elements defined functional regions ranging in size from 50 to 300 bp. Testing of the ARS elements in S. pombe revealed that most of the T. thermophila inserts confer ARS function in both yeasts, at least in the sense of promoting a high transformation frequency to plasmids which contain them. However, the actual sequences responsible for ARS activity were not always identical in the two yeasts.
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    Construction and characterization of a haploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that completely lacks all genomic CYH2 sequences (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 325-329 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Ribosomal protein genes ; CYH2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A diploid strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been constructed that has one copy of the ribosomal protein gene CYH2 completely deleted and replaced with the TRP1 gene using the method of Rothstein (1983). There are only small differences in growth rate and no detectable difference in steady state level of CYH2 mRNA between the diploid that is heterozygous for the CYH2 deletion and the parent diploid with two normal copies of this gene. This suggests that the diploid must partially compensate for the loss of one CYH2 gene. Tetrad dissection shows that haploid spores lacking the CYH2 gene cannot germinate. The lethality of this deletion can be rescued by a CYH2 cDNA on a low copy vector. Haploids which lack the genomic copy of the CYH2 gene, but contain a plasmid copy of the CYH2 cDNA are able to grow normally. These CYH2 deleted yeast haploids should be useful to analyze mutationally altered CYH2 genes and genes homologous to CYH2 from other organisms without interference from a genomic copy.
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    The glucose- and ethanol-dependent regulation of PDC1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae are controlled by two distinct promoter regions (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 337-344 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Gene regulation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; PDCI promoter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A 870 by promoter fragment of the PDC1 gene that includes the carbon source dependent regulatory regions was investigated using 5′ and 3′ promoter deletions. The results indicate that glucose and ethanol regulation of PDC1 transcription are independently controlled by distinct cis-acting regions. The consensus sequence AAATCGATA may play a role in this regulation, while the sequence (ATCA)AACCT may be important in transcription initiation.
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    Isolation and properties of yeast mutants affected in farnesyl diphosphate synthetase (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 41-46 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mutants ; Farnesyl diphosphate synthetase ; Ergosterol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two yeast mutant strains auxotrophic for ergosterol and blocked in farnesyl diphosphate synthetase (EC 2.5.1.1) were isolated. Genetic analysis has shown that these mutant strains carry additional mutations in the ergosterol pathway besides erg20-1 and erg20-2 which affect FPP synthetase. The novel feature of these mutants is their ability to excrete prenyl alcohols (farnesol and geraniol). As geraniol is toxic for yeast cells, the above leaky mutations in FPP synthetase have to be associated with others in the sterol pathway, in order to slow down geraniol synthesis.
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    Heterologous gene expression of the glyphosate resistance marker and its application in yeast transformation (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 15 (1989), S. 91-98 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Vector ; Glyphosate resistance ; Transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The E. coli aroA gene was inserted between yeast promoter and terminator sequences in different shuttle expression plasmids and found to confer enhanced EPSP synthase activity as well as resistance to glyphosate toxicity. Subsequently, a transformation system using these newly constructed vectors in yeast was characterized. The efficiency of the glyphosate resistance marker for transformation and selection with plasmid pHR6/20-1 in S. cerevisiae laboratory strain SHY2 was found to be relatively high when compared with selection for LEU2 prototrophy. The fate of the recombinant plasmid pHR6/20-1 in the transformants, the preservation of the aroA E. coli DNA fragment in yeast, mitotic stability, EPSP synthase activity, and growth on glyphosate-containing medium have been investigated. As this plasmid also allows direct selection for glyphosate resistant transformants on rich media, the glyphosate resistance marker was used for transforming both S. cerevisiae laboratory strain SHY2 and brewer's yeast strains S. cerevisiae var. “uvarum” BHS5 and BHS2. In all cases, the vector pHR6/20-1 was maintained as an autonomously replicating plasmid. The resistance marker is, therefore, suitable for transforming genetically unlabeled S. cerevisiae laboratory, wild, and industrial yeast strains.
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    Expression of the Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase gene in A. niger, A. nidulans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 531-536 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Glucose oxidase ; Aspergillus ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We report the cloning of the Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase gene and its use to elevate glucose oxidase productivity in A. niger by increasing the gene dosage. In addition, the gene has been introduced into A. nidulans where it provides the novel capacity to produce glucose oxidase. A plasmid, in which DNA encoding the mature form of glucose oxidase was preceded by a Saccharomyces cerevisiae secretion signal, effected high-level production of extracellular glucose oxidase in this yeast.
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    Sequence analysis of the ARG7 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe coding for argininosuccinate lyase (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 255-260 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Argininosuccinate lyase ; Sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The complete nucleotide sequence of the ARG7 gene, coding for argininosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.1), in the fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) has been determined. It consists of an open reading frame of 461 codons. The deduced protein has a molecular weight of 51 200 Da. The gene is devoid of introns which is confirmed by the fact that it is expressed in Escherichia coli after spontaneous insertion of a bacterial sequence probably bearing a prokaryotic promoter. A perfect “TATA” box is found at-72 and the major transcription initiation site in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is located at-11 as shown by primer extension experiments. Comparison of the S. pombe lyase with related proteins from other organisms reveals an important degree of conservation except in the carboxyterminal part of the polypeptide. Additionally, a deletion removing 66 amino acids of the carboxy terminus yields an enzyme exhibiting some biological activity. A unique 1500 b transcript was found in S. cerevisiae when the intact gene was present, but the deleted version of the gene gave rise to at least three transcripts of 1800, 2800 and 3900 b.
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    A hot-spot for transposition of various Ty elements on chromosome V in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 16 (1989), S. 247-252 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Chromosome V ; Ty elements ; tRNA genes ; Transposition hot-spots ; Yeast polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ty4 is a novel transposable element in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is present in only a few copies in the genome (Stucka et al. 1989). In strain C836 one of the three copies (Ty4-90) is contained in cosmid clone c90, where it resides on chromosome V. Analysis of this region reveals a “hot-spot” of transposition: in addition to Ty4-90, the locus contains a complete Ty3 element and seven singular delta, sigma and tau elements. Three tRNA genes (for His, Lys, and Ile) are located in this region, and these are closely associated with one or the other of the elements, a phenomenon commonly observed in yeast. A comparison of c90 with corresponding regions from other strains shows that the locus is highly polymorphic and that this polymorphism is explicitly associated with Ty transposition and recombination events.
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    Regulation of the pyrimidine salvage pathway by the FUR1 gene product of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 333-337 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Pyrimidine salvage pathway ; Semi-dominant mutants ; FUR1 ; Uracil phosphoribosyl transferase ; Regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the protein encoded by the FUR1 gene is absolutely required for the expression of uracil phosphoribosyl transferase activity. The occurrence of semi-dominant mutations for 5-fluorouracil-(5FU)-resistance at this locus led us to clone and sequence the semi-dominant fur 1–5 allele. A single point mutation, resulting in the substitution of arginine 134 for serine, is responsible for this mutant phenotype. The fur 1–5 allele is transcribed and expressed at the same level as the wild-type allele. But, in contrast with the wild-type, the UPR Tase activity of the fur 1–5 mutant strain is stimulated in vitro by UTP and does not, therefore, correspond to a loss of feedback of UPR Tase activity. We found that uracil, as a free base, induces a significative increase in transcription and UPR Tase activity in a wild-type strain as well as in uracil-overproducing mutants which principally explains the high efficiency of the pyrimidine salvage pathway in S. cerevisiae.
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    High frequency recombination and the expression of genes cloned on chimeric yeast plasmids: Identification of a fragment of 2-μm circle essential for transformation (1980)
    Springer
    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 17-251 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Gene cloning ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have carried out experiments aimed at explaining the observed variations in transformation frequencies when Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces carlbergensis are transformed with chimeric plasmids that contain one of 4 possible EcoRI fragments of the yeast 2-μm circle. These plasmids fall into 2 classes when used to transform 2 different yeast his3 auxotrophs, one (strain LL20) harbours indigenous 2-μm circle, and the other (strain YF233) is devoid of this plasmid. Hybrid plasmids containing either the 2.4 mega-dalton (mD) R-form EcoRI fragment (pYF88) or the l.4 mD L-form EcoRI fragment (pYF177) of 2-μm circle transform either of the two hosts at a high frequency (50,000 colonies per Mg in LL20 and 10,000 colonies per μg in YF233). Hybrid plasmids containing the 1.5 mD R-form EcoRI fragment (pYF87) or the 2.5 mD L-form EcoRI fragment (pYF178) of the 2-μm circle transform LL20 at a reduced frequency (6,000–16,000 colonies per μg) and YF233 at extremely low frequencies (1–5 colonies per μg). All plasmids retrieved from strain YF233 that had been transformed with pYF88 or pYF177 were identical to the original transforming plasmid. Of the plasmids retrieved from strain LL20 that had been transformed with pYF87 and pYF178, approximately half had acquired an extra copy of the 2-μm circle. Of the plasmids retrieved from strain LL20 that had been transformed with pYF88 and pYF177, an average of only approximately 13% had acquired an extra copy of 2-μm circle. Taken together, these observations indicate that the transformation of yeast by a plasmid lacking the ability to replicate (pYF87 and pYF1780) occurs by the recombinational acquisition of 1 copy of the host 2-μm circle, which serves to supply the incoming plasmid with missing essential sequences. A comparison of 2-μm circle DNA fragments carried by pYF88 and pYF177 indicates that the region of 2-μm circle required for high frequency transformation is a 1.2 mD segment that is common to the 2.4 mD R-form and 1.4 ml) L-form EcoRI fragments. This region extends from the EcoRI cut site adjacent to the PstI site, through to the end of the inverted repeat. However, the inverted repeat sequence alone is not sufficient to bestow high frequency transformation of yeast.
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    Effect of chromosome loss on the leavening ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in dough (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 401-403 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Baking yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Dough leavening ; Benomyl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To investigate the leavening ability of yeast in dough, chromosome loss was induced by benomyl treatment in YOY1037, a diploid between a baking strain and a laboratory strain, and its effect on the leavening ability was studied. When benomyl-treated cells were spread on plates with a dye indicator for ploidy, about 20% of the visible colonies were stained dark blue or dark purple; the rest stained pale blue, similar to the diploid YOY1037. Strains showing the MATα phenotype, and non-galactose fermenting strains, apparently having lost particular chromosomes, were observed only in those with darkcoloured colonies. Strains with dark-coloured colonies showed a wider range of leavening ability than did those with pale-coloured colonies.
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    Isolation and characterization of the Pichia stipitis xylitol dehydrogenase gene, XYL2, and construction of a xylose-utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae transformant (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 493-500 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Xylitol dehydrogenase gene ; Pichia stipitis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Xylose utilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A P. stipitis cDNA library in λgt11 was screened using antisera against P. stipitis xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase, respectively. The resulting cDNA clones served as probes for screening a P. stipitis genomic library. The genomic XYL2 gene was isolated and the nucleotide sequence of the 1089 bp structural gene, and of adjacent non-coding regions, was determined. The XYL2 open-reading frame codes for a protein of 363 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 38.5 kDa. The XYL2 gene is actively expressed in S. cerevisiae transformants. S. cerevisiae cells transformed with a plasmid, pRD1, containing both the xylose reductase gene (XYL1) and the xylitol dehydrogenase gene (XYL2), were able to grow on xylose as a sole carbon source. In contrast to aerobic glucose metabolism, S. cerevisiae XYL1-XYL2 transformants utilize xylose almost entirely oxidatively.
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    A gene tightly linked to CEN6 is important for growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
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    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Centromere flanking sequences ; tRNA modification enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Transcriptional analysis of the region flanking the left boundary of the centromere of chromosome VI revealed the presence of a gene immediately adjacent to CEN6. The transcription of the gene is directed toward the centromere, and nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the coding region terminates only 50 bp away from CEN6. Our results extend to chromosome VI the observation that centromere-flanking regions of S. cerevisiae are transcriptionally active. Disruption of the coding region of the gene showed that its product, whilst not essential for cell viability, is important for normal cell growth. The gene has been termed DEG1 (DEpressed Growth rate). Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of DEG1 with a protein sequence databank revealed homology with the enzyme tRNA pseudouridine synthase I of E. coli.
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    Altered patterns of protein synthesis induced by heat shock of yeast (1979)
    Springer
    Current genetics 1 (1979), S. 63-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Translation ; Coordinate regulation ; Electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The products of protein synthesis from exponential phase cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown at 23 °C or at 36 °C appear to be essentially identical. However, yeast cells respond to a shift in culture temperature from 23 °C to 36 °C with the rapid de novo synthesis of a polypeptide species of molecular weight 100,000. Within 60–90 min after the shift this polypeptide represents approximately 2.5% of the total cellular protein, a 5–10 fold increase over the preshift level. The level of this polypeptide then decreases with continued growth of the cells at 36 °C. Analyses by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of polypeptides obtained from cells pulse labeled with [35S]methionine demonstrate that following a temperature shift from 23 °C to 36 °C the synthetic rate of the 100,000 molecular weight polypeptide (as well as a number of other polypeptide species) increases to a level at least 10 fold higher than that observed prior to the shift. A concomittant decrease is observed in the synthesis of a large number of polypeptide species which were actively synthesized before the shift. Maximum changes in synthetic rates are observed 20–30 min after the shift and preshift synthetic patterns are regained within 60–90 min. Synthetic changes of the same magnitude and time course can be produced by short (20–30 min) exposures to 36 °C implicating a heat shock response. Several of the transiently induced polypeptides, including the 100,000 molecular weight species, show an affinity for DNA as determined by DNA-cellulose chromatography.
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    α-factor enhancement of hybrid formation by protoplast fusion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae II (1986)
    Springer
    Current genetics 10 (1986), S. 943-945 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; α-factor ; Protoplasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary When Mat a cells are treated with α-factor prior to being protoplasted and fused, the frequency of karyogamy is higher than in unarrested controls.
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    Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains sensitive to inorganic mercury (1985)
    Springer
    Current genetics 10 (1985), S. 179-185 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Resistance ; Mercury ; Tyrosine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary From a cross of two strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae, both of which had the same (wild type or normal) level of resistance to inorganic mercury, segregants having three distinguishable resistance levels, normal, sensitive and semi-sensitive, were obtained. Genetic analyses of the parents and the progeny indicated that the levels of inorganic mercury sensitivity were determined by three distinct loci,HGS1, HGS2 andMSM1. The recessive allele of theHGS1 locus,hgsl-1, and the codominant allele of theHGS2 locus,HGS2-1, were necessary for the sensitive phenotypes, and alleles in theMSM1 locus,MSMI-1 andmsml-2, were responsible for the different sensitivity levels. In short, the strains of genotypeshgs1-1 HGS2-1 msml-2 andhgsl-1 HGS2-1 MSMI-1 were sensitive and semi-sensitive, respectively, while the strains of all other genotypes were normal. Although thehgs1-1 allele was identified as thearo7-1 mutation which confers deficiency of tyrosine and phenylalanine, mutations such asaro1B (deficiency of tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan) andtyr1 (deficiency of tyrosine) had similar effects asaro7-1 on inorganic mercury sensitivity. From these results we conclude that theHGS2-1 allele causes inorganic mercury sensitivity when the cells are defective in the tyrosine biosynthesis. In fact, addition of tyrosine to the growth medium containing inorganic mercury resulted in increase of colony forming ability of the sensitive strains.
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    Genetic mapping of nuclear mucidin resistance mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1986)
    Springer
    Current genetics 10 (1986), S. 665-670 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Multiple drug resistance ; Genetic mapping ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, two nuclear pleiotropic drug resistance mutations pdr3-1 (former designation muc PR) and pdr3-2 (former designation DRI9/T7) have been selected as resistant to mucidin and as resistant to chloramphenicol plus cycloheximide, respectively. The pdr3 mutations were found not to affect the plasma membrane ATPase activity measured in a crude membrane fraction. Meiotic mapping using strains with standard genetic markers revealed that mutation pdr3-1 is centromere linked on the left arm of chromosome II at a distance of 5.9 ± 3.3 cM from its centromere and 11.6 ± 3.1 cM from the marker pet9. The centromere linked pdr3-2 mutation exhibited also genetic linkage to pet9 with a map distance of 9.8 ± 3.2 cM. These results indicate that pdr3-1 and pdr3-2 are alleles of the same pleiotropic drug resistance locus PDR3 which is involved in the control of the plasma membrane permeability in yeast.
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    Identification and characterization of four new GCD genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1986)
    Springer
    Current genetics 10 (1986), S. 657-664 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Amino acid biosynthesis ; General control ; GCD-genes ; GCN-genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutant strains, resistant against the amino acid analogues 5-methyltryptophan, 5-fluorotryptophan and canavanine were isolated, starting with a trp2 leaky auxotrophic strain. Of 10 such strains, only four turned out to be of the “general control derepressed” (gcd) mutant type. Three other isolates were shown to be defective in the general amino acid permease system, while the remaining three strains displayed low spore viability and were not further investigated. Complementation tests amongst the four new gcd-mutant strains, including strain RH558 gcd2-1 isolated earlier, yielded five complementation groups: GCD2, GCD3, GCD4, GCD5, and GCD6. All mutant strains showed a dual phenotype, which was not separable by wild type backcrosses: “constitutive derepression” and “slow growth”. Epistatis of all gcd mutations over gcn1-1, gcn2-1 and gcn3-1 was found with respect to both phenotypes, except for gcd5-1, which was lethal in these combinations. On the other hand gcn4-101 was found to be epistatic over all gcd mutations, but only with respect to the “constitutive derepression” phenotype, and not to “slow growth”; again the combination with gcd5-1 was lethal. Mutation gcd2-1 was mapped on chromosome VII, 50 cM from leu1 and 22 cM from ade6. A new model is discussed, in which GCD-genes are involved in the amino acid uptake into the vacuoles.
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    Induced cellular resistance to ultraviolet light in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is not accompanied by increased repair of plasmid DNA (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1987), S. 321-326 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Inducible repair ; Plasmid transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Many reports show that resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to a large UV dose can be enhanced by pre-induction with a smaller one given some hours before. This work tests if such increased cell survival is associated with increased DNA repair on UV damaged plasmid transformed into yeast. There was no change in transformation efficiency of UV-damaged plasmid DNA under conditions where RAD cell survival increased 5-fold, and where rad1-1 and rad6-1 survival increased 2-fold. It is concluded that DNA repair activity involving the RAD6 and RAD3 pathways is either not inducible or is unable to work on plasmid DNA. It is suggested that the enhancement of cellular survival detected may be based on changes in cell-cycle behaviour which permit cells generally proficient in repair a greater chance to recover.
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    Phenotypic differences between induced and spontaneous 2μ-plasmid-free segregants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1987), S. 415-418 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 2 μ plasmids ; Plasmid free segregants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The maximum specific growth rates (μmax) of 2 μ-plasmid-free ([cir°]) segregants of three haploid and one diploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been determined and compared with the μmax of their 2 μ-plasmid-containing ([cir +]) progenitors. Two classes of [cir°] strains have been examined: those induced by transformation with a 2 μ-based recombinant plasmid according to the method of Dobson et al. (1980) and those isolated as spontaneous [cir°] segregants from glucose-limited continuous cultures. The μmax of the spontaneous [cir°] segregants was not found to differ significantly from that of their [cir +] parents. In all cases, however, the induced [cir°] strains had a μmax which was significantly less than that of their [cir +] counterparts. This effect was particularly marked in the case of the diploid strain where a 34% reduction in μmax was observed. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of the effect of the transformation process on host yeast cells.
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    One member of the tRNA(Glu) gene family in yeast codes for a minor GAGtRNA(Glu) species and is associated with several short transposable elements (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 12 (1987), S. 323-328 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Minor tRNAs ; Codon usage ; Transposable elements ; Delta ; Tau
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary During characterization of the whole tRNA(Glu) family from the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we isolated one cosmid clone bearing a tRNA(Glu) gene copy that is deviant from the major tRNA(Glu3) gene members in only five positions. This divergent tRNA(Glu) is a minor species and is represented by a single gene copy. One of the nucleotide exchanges concerns the anticodon which is modified from T-T-C in the tRNA(Glu3) gene to C-T-C which implies that this tRNA serves the codon triplet G-A-G. Two other minor yeast tRNA species have been reported which appear to be particularly designed for the translation of those codons that have a G in its third (Wobble) position. The low abundance of such minor tRNA species correlates positively to the low occurrence of most of the N-N-G codons in yeast. Furthermore, the GAGtRNA(Glu) locus represents another case of the general phenomenon in which the majority of the tRNA genes in yeast are associated with one or several transposable elements forming complex patterns. In this particular case, divergent segments of delta and tau are present in the 5′ flanking region of the tRNA gene and arranged in a novel configuration. The sequence data lend support to the view that tau is not an evolutionary young element as was earlier anticipated.
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    Mutations in ADE3 reduce the efficiency of the omnipotent suppressor sup45-2 (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 16 (1989), S. 315-321 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Antisuppressor ; ADE3 ; Translation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutations in a known yeast gene, ADE3, were shown to act as an antisuppressor, reducing the efficiency of the omnipotent suppressor, sup45-2. The ADE3 locus encodes the trifunctional enzyme C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, which is required for the biosynthesis of purines, thymidylate, methionine, histidine, pantothenic acid and formylmethionyl-tRNAfmet. The role of this enzyme in translational fidelity had not previously been suspected.
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    Two new loci that give rise to dominant omnipotent suppressors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 16 (1989), S. 323-330 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Nonsense suppression ; Omnipotent suppressors ; Gene mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ten dominant omnipotent suppressors of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which were previously shown to be different from SUP46, have been examined. Nine are mapped in a region between lys5 and cyh2 on the left arm of chromosome VII. These suppressors, like SUP46, manifest sensitivity to increased temperature and the antibiotics paromomycin and hygromycin B. In addition, they have an identical action spectrum. These results strongly suggest that they are allelic to each other and they are designated SUP138. The tenth is mapped to a position between his1 and arg6 on the right arm of chromosome V. This suppressor, named SUP139, does not manifest temperature sensitivity nor antibiotic sensitivity. SUP139 and SUP138, which are clearly distinguished by means of action spectrum, act on much fewer nonsense mutations than SUP46. It is now clear that dominant omnipotent suppressors arising at a single locus are homogeneous and that their efficiency is locus-dependent. The order of efficiency is SUP46〉SUP138〉SUP139.
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    A colony procedure for transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 13 (1988), S. 21-23 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Transformation ; Plasmid ; Colony ; Polyethylene glycol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A rapid and simple yeast transformation procedure has been developed using colonies on agar plates. Saccharomyces cerevisiae SHY3 cells were picked up from colonies on YPD plates grown freshly or stored at 4 °C and incubated with M13RK9-T DNA at 30 °C for 1–2 h in a solution of Li+, Ca2+, Mg2+, triacetin and polyethylene glycol. About 3,500 transformants were obtained per µg of double stranded M13RK9-T DNA. Unlike the existing spheroplast techniques, single stranded M13RK9-T DNA transformed intact cells below one-hundredth frequency of the duplex form.
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    Cosmids carrying Aspergillus terreus DNA can integrate into Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XII via recombination between yeast and foreign DNAs (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 183-189 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Aspergillus terreus clonotheque ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Homologous integration ; 2 μ circledirected chromosome destabilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A genome clonotheque consisting of 25- to 40-kb Sau3A1 fragments of Aspergillus terreus DNA was constructed in the episomal cosmid vector pES33 containing the yeastARG4 gene. From the 475 transformants of cir° yeast strain ESH-0, 23 stable Arg + transformants were independently selected. Genetic and Southern analysis of these stable transformants showed that 39% arose as a result of recombination between cloned A. terreus DNA sequences and yeast chromosome XII. The recombination events most likely occurred in the regions of homology within the rDNA clusters of A. terreus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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    The Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD2 gene complements a Schizosaccharomyces pombe repair mutation (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 15 (1989), S. 27-30 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Repair ; Complementation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Gene cloning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes necessary for excision repair of UV damage in DNA, RAD1 and RAD2, were introduced individually, on a yeast shuttle vector, into seven Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutants — rads1, 2, 5, 13, 15,16 and 17. The presence of the cloned RAD1 gene did not affect survival of any of the S. pombe mutants. The RAD2 gene increased survival of S. pombe rad13 to near the wild-type level after UV irradiation and had no effect on any of the other mutants tested. S. pombe rad13 mutants are somewhat defective in removal of pyrimidine dimers so complementation by the S. cerevisiae RAD2 gene suggests that the genes may code for equivalent proteins in the two yeasts.
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    Introduction of nonselectible 2μ plasmid into [cir°] cells of the yeast S. cerevisiae by DNA transformation and in vivo site-specific resolution (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 15 (1989), S. 83-90 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: DNA transformation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Site-specific recombination ; 2μ DNA plasmid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The 2μ DNA plasmid of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not confer any known selectable phenotype to the host cell carrying it. Selection of cells transformed with purified 2μ DNA therefore cannot be achieved, and the intracellular presence of 2μ can only be assessed by molecular analysis of the DNA complement. In addition, 2μ alone does not replicate in bacterial hosts, thus rendering its amplification by conventional methods impossible. We have isolated a shuttle plasmid, pBH-2L, generated by in vivo sites-pecific recombination between the endogenous 2μ DNA plasmid and pRL, a pBR322 derivative containing the yeast LEU2 gene and one 2μ repeat sequence associated with the origin of replication. This new shuttle plasmid has the property, when transformed into yeast, of undergoing site-specific recombinational resolution between its two direct repeat sequences. This releases 2μ plasmid and pRL as individual molecules. The latter can undergo progressive mitotic loss during growth in nonselective medium, ultimately leaving leucine auxotrophic transformants that contain only 2μ DNA plasmid. This system can be utilized to introduce 2μ DNA alone into cells lacking it, thereby providing a novel means to study the biology and the molecular genetics of the plasmid and its potential practical applications as a vector.
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    A galactose-dependent cmd1 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: involvement of calmodulin in nuclear division (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 15 (1989), S. 113-120 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Calmodulin mutant ; Nuclear division ; Chromosome stability ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The coding region of a yeast calmodulin gene was fused to a galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter, and a conditional-lethal mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which the expression of calmodulin was regulated by galactose, was constructed. The mutant grew normally in galactose medium, but in glucose medium, in which the promoter was repressed, it ceased growing after 12–15 h. The growth arrest was associated with a decrease in intracellular calmodulin levels: after 12h, no intracellular calmodulin protein was detectable. Analysis of the terminal phenotype showed that when the cell stopped growing, it had a bud, a nucleus after S-phase and a short mitotic spindle. Thus, the defect was mainly in nuclear division. Bud growth was partially inhibited in these cells: 27% of the cells stopped growing with a small bud. Furthermore, calmodulin-deficient cells showed elevated rates of chromosome loss, possibly as the result of a defect in the precise segregation of chromosomes.
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    A rapid and simple method for extracting yeast mitochondrial DNA (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 15 (1989), S. 235-237 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Method of extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A rapid method for the extraction of yeast mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is described. In comparison with previous methods, it simplifies several steps, does not require either the isolation of mitochondria or phenol treatment and is less time consuming. This protocol gives a high yield of pure mtDNA (50–120 μg from a 100-ml culture), which can be directly used in various molecular applications: restriction enzyme digestion, electrophoresis, blotting, labeling, cloning and sequencing.
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    Molecular characterization of the two genes SNQ and SFA that confer Hyperresistance to 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide and formaldehyde in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 16 (1989), S. 65-74 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mutagen hyperresistance ; Southern, Northern analysis ; Gene transplacement ; Transposon mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The genes SNQ and SFA confer hyperresistance to 4-NQO and FA when present on a multi-copy plasmid in yeast. Both are non-essential genes since transplacement of SNQ by a disrupted snq-0::LEU2 yielded stable and viable haploid integrants. Southern analysis revealed that SNQ and SFA are single-loci genes, and OFAGE analysis showed that they are located on chromosome XIII and IV, respectively. Northern blot analysis of SNQ and SFA revealed poly(A)+ RNA transcripts of 2 kb and 1.7 kb, respectively. Nuclease S 1 mapping showed SNQ to have a coding region of 1.6 kb and SFA, one of 1.3 kb. The 5′ coding regions were determined for both genes, while the 3′ end could only be determined for gene SNQ. Both genes do not appear to contain introns. The SFA locus was also mapped by transposon mutagenesis. Tn10-LUK integrants disrupted the SFA gene function at sites that were determined by subcloning to lie within the SFA transcription unit.
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    Cloning and characterization of the SKI3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae demonstrates allelism to SKI5 (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 16 (1989), S. 139-143 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; SKI3 ; SKI5 ; M1 dsRNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have identified a mutant strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae which overproduces killer toxin. This strain contains a single mutation which fails to complement defects in both the SKI3 and SKI5 genes, while a cloned copy of this gene complements both the ski3 and ski5 defects. The level of secreted toxin from a cDNA based plasmid is not increased in a ski3 strain, showing that the overproduction phenotype is dependent upon an increased level of M1 dsRNA.
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    Reassessing the genotoxic potential of 8-MOP + UVA-induced DNA damage in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 16 (1989), S. 75-80 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Psoralen photoaddition ; Interstrand cross-link ; Repair deficiency ; Genotoxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two different UVA irradiation systems were initially biologically calibrated with two haploid yeast strains proficient and deficient, respectively, in nucleotide excision repair. The number of DNA lesions introduced into the cell's genome by the photoactivated bifunctional furocoumarin 8-MOP was then calculated by means of the applied UVA exposure doses. At LD37 the repair-proficient wild type had about 14 ICL and 34 furan-side monoadducts in its DNA, while doubly blocked repair mutant rad3-12 pso1-1 had 2 ICL and 3 monoadducts. Locus-specific reversion of lys1-1 followed two-hit kinetics in the repair-proficient wild type and one-hit kinetics in an excision-deficient rad2-20 mutant, as would be expected if ICL was the main type of mutagenic lesion in the wild type and monoadducts the main mutagenic lesion type in the excision-deficient strain. Quantitative comparison of 8-MOP + UVA-induced ICL with those induced by bifunctional mustard revealed the former to have a much higher genotoxicity.
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    A recessive mutant allele of the HNM1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is responsible for hyper-resistance to nitrogen mustard (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 187-192 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mutagen hyper-resistance ; Nitrogen mustard ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A screening of haploid yeast strains for enhanced resistance to nitrogen mustard (HN2) yielded a recessive mutant allele, hnm1, that conferred hyper-resistance (HYR) to HN2. Diploids, homo- or heterozygous for the HNM1 locus, exhibit normal wild-type like resistance while homozygosity for hnm1 leads to the phenotype HYR to HN2. The hnm1 mutation could be found in yeast strains proficient or deficient in different DNA repair systems. In these mostly HN2-sensitive haploid repair-deficient mutants, hnm1 acted as a partial suppressor of HN2 sensitivity. All isolated recessive mutations conferring hyper-resistance belonged to a single complementations group. The HYR to HN2 phenotype was maximally expressed in growing cells and was associated with reduced mutability by HN2. HNM1 most probably controls uptake of HN2 which would be impaired in the hnm1 mutants.
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    G418-resistance as a dominant marker and reporter for gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 303-313 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; G418 resistance ; Gene cartridges ; Heterologous Gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Coding sequence cartridges for aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (APT) were isolated from bacterial transposon Tn903. When incorporated into a heterologous gene construction utilising the PGK1 promoter and terminator, the heterologous APT gene provided a G418-resistance determinant that functioned efficiently as a dominant marker for yeast in both multiple- and single-copy. Transformant colonies on selective medium appeared rapidly, within 36–48 h, and growth rate of the transformed cells was normal. A simple and highly sensitive radiolabelling assay for APT enzyme activity was developed for use with crude cell protein extracts. Enzyme activity units were equated to the amount of APT protein present in the cells, and the APT protein was shown to be stable in yeast. Heterologous APT expression was 130-fold reduced compared with homologous PGK1. This resulted from an estimated two-fold decrease in mRNA level and a 65-fold decrease in translation efficiency. The latter was unaffected by AUG sequence context change, but corresponded with a high frequency of minor codons in the APT-coding sequence. APT can be used as a semi-quantitative reporter of gene expression, whose useful features are in vivo detection via the G418-resistance phenotype and powerful cell-free assay.
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    A novel mutation that affects utilization of galactose in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1980)
    Springer
    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 115-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Galactose fermentation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Regulatory mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A novel type of regulatory mutation for galactose metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is described. The mutation named gal11 was recessive, non-allelic to GAL4, GAL80, GAL2, or GAL3, and unlinked to the gene cluster of GAL1, GAL10, and GAL7. It caused a ‘coordinate’ reduction of galactokinase, galactose-1-P uridylyl transferase, and UDP-glucose 4-epimerase by a factor of more than 5, rendering the mutant cells galactose-nonfermenting. The effect of the mutation was manifested not only in cells grown on galactose but also in cells constitutively synthesizing the galactose-metabolizing enzymes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420623
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    Nucleotide sequence of the ERG12 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encoding mevalonate kinase (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 9-14 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mevalonate kinase ; Ergosterol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleotide sequence of the ERG12 gene, encoding mevalonate kinase, from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is presented. The longest open reading frame may code for a protein containing 443 amino acids with a deduced relative molecular mass of 48 500. The analysis of the nucleotide sequence reveals a complete identity with the yeast gene RAR1, isolated elsewhere by complementation of a rar1 mutation involved in the stability of plasmids with weak ARS. In addition, we show that mevalonate kinase is not a rate-limiting enzyme; however its sensitivity to FFP could be a key regulatory mechanism in the sterol pathway of yeast.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00362081
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    Transcriptional units of GAL genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae determined by ultraviolet light mapping (1980)
    Springer
    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 223-228 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Transcriptional Units ; GAL Genes ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; UV mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The size of the transcriptional unit of the structural genes for three galactose-metabolizing enzymes which form a cluster on chromosome II in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied by the ultraviolet light (UV)-mapping technique. Thus the size of the primary transcripts of GAL7 for galactose-1-phosphate uridylyl transferase, GAL10 for uridine diphosphoglucose 4-epimerase, or GAL1 for galactokinase were estimated to be 0.81 x 106, 1.1 x 106, or 1.3 x 106 respectively. In the light of these data together with the known directions of transcription of the genes, we concluded that each of three genes was transcribed from its own promoter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00435690
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    A mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with impaired maintenance of centromeric plasmids (1985)
    Springer
    Current genetics 10 (1985), S. 15-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast transformation ; Centromere-containing plasmids ; Mitotic stability of minichromosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A mutant with unstable maintenance of hybrid plasmids containing either one of the centromeric loci CEN3, CEN6, CEN11 and arsl or the replicator of the 2 μ plasmid has been obtained. The frequency of loss of hybrid plasmids in the mutant was up to 3 · 10−1 per one generation versus 10−2 in the original strain. The unstable maintenance of minichromosomes in the mutant is controlled by a recessive nuclear gene, named SMC for stability of minichromosomes. Loss of some minichromosomes is connected with impairment of their segregation in cell division. In diploids homozygous for smc mitotic chromosomal segregation is not affected but sporulation is impaired. The question of adequacy of usage of minichromosomes for selection of mutants with impaired function of centromeric loci is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00418488
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    Nuclear mutations affecting the stability of the mitochondrial genome inS. cerevisiae (1985)
    Springer
    Current genetics 10 (1985), S. 171-177 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Nuclear mutations ; Mitochondrial DNA stability ; Uncoupling of phenotypes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have studied a pleiotropic mutationpetD inS. cerevisiae which both confers the inability to grow on glycerol (Gly−) and greatly increases the frequency of cytoplasmic petites (Het). The first phenotype, Gly−, is recessive, whereas the second, Het, is dominant. Genetic and biochemical analysis showed that the majority of the petites inpetD strains are not of therho° type (completely lacking mit-DNA),but of therho − type (containing partially deleted mit-DNA). This finding and the fact that the phenotype Het is dominant argue in favour of the involvement of thepetD product in the excision process of the mit-DNA. Another nuclear mutation,mod, was shown to exhibit a dominant epistasy with respect to the Het phenotype of the mutationpetD. Two types of Gly+ revertants frompetD mutants were isolated:rpa revertants, which restore completely the wild-type phenotype, andrpb revertants, which restore only the growth on glycerol, but still allow the production of high frequencies of cytoplasmic petites. Thus the mutationsmod andrpb permit the genetic uncoupling of two phenotypes induced by the mutationpetD.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00798746
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    Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains sensitive to inorganic mercury (1985)
    Springer
    Current genetics 10 (1985), S. 187-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Inorganic mercury ; Catabolite regulation ; Sugar uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains sensitive to inorganic mercury (Ono and Sakamoto 1985) did not grow well on the medium rich in glucose and poor in peptone. This growth inhibition, like growth inhibition caused by inorganic mercury, was relieved by exogenous tyrosine. Sugars such as fructose and mannose were as inhibitory as glucose, but glycerol was not at all. Galactose was inhibitory but not so much as glucose. Agal2l mutation (defective in galactose uptake) partly relieved growth inhibition caused by excess galactose. Moreover, it was found that some of revertants which gained ability to grow well in the presence of excess glucose were defective in the glucose uptake. From these observations, we conclude that growth inhibition of the inorganic mercury sensitive strains by excess sugar is a consequence of the catabolite regulation. In other words, the inorganic mercury sensitive strains are hyper-sensitive to the catabolite regulation due to the presence of theHGS2-1 allele.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00798748
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    Genetic analysis of intergeneric hybrids obtained by protoplast fusion in yeasts (1986)
    Springer
    Current genetics 10 (1986), S. 491-494 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Protoplast fusion ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Schwanniomyces castellii ; Starch fermentability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Prototrophic hybrids have been obtained by the fusion of various auxotrophic haploid strains of Saccharomyces cerepisiae and Schwanniomyces castellii. The fusion hybrids showed starch fermentability which derived from one of the fusion parents, S. castellii. Surprisingly, these fusion hybrids were found to exhibit excellent sporulation and spore germination. The progenies of these fusion hybrids showed a few aberrant segregations, but mostly normal segregation for auxotrophic genetic markers. They also showed many tetrads with an apparently digenic segregation (2:2, 3:1 and 4:0) for starch fermentation. On the other hand, mating types of segregants of the fusion hybrids were determined by the prototrophic recovery method. Consequently, tetrad types for mating type were mostly 2a:1α:1 non-mater and several asci showed tetrad types of 2a:2 non-mater and 2a:2α. The 60 prototrophic fusion hybrids and its segregants did not secrete α-amylase on the starch agar plate. However, all of the data suggested that fusion hybrid could carry two dominant genes (STAB and STAC) to ferment starch, and that the two genes STAB and STA2 may be identical or allelic as may be the genes STAC and STA3.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00419879
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    Chromosomal mapping of the uracil permease gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1986)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1986), S. 93-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Uracil permease gene ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Chromosomal mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The gene FUR4, coding for the uracil permease in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was mapped on chromosome II, at a distance of 7.8 cM from the centromere on the right arm of the chromosome. In a first step, we used the chromosome loss mapping method developed by Falco and Botstein (1983) to determine on which chromosome the gene mapped. After the observation that FUR4 was closely linked to GAL10, one of the three genes forming the gal cluster (Bassel and Mortimer 1971), we could determine precisely the position of the gene on chromosome II.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378199
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    Induction of yeast DNA ligase genes in exponential and stationary phase cultures in response to DNA damaging agents (1986)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1986), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; DNA ligase ; DNA damage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary UV-irradiation of stationary phase cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe leads to a 9-fold and 90-fold increase in transcript levels from the respective DNA ligase genes CDC9 and CDC17, whereas exponential cells show only 3-fold and 2-fold increases. Induction of CDC9 after MMS treatment and γ-irradiation was also observed by using a CDC9-lacZ translational fusion and assaying for β-galactosidase. Surprisingly, irradiation of S. cerevisiae induces only a 50% increase in DNA ligase itself, probably reflecting the extremely high in vivo stability of the enzyme. The UV-induction of ligase may be part of a “fail-safe” mechanism which, together with the enzyme stability, ensures adequate supplies of this essential enzyme.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378201
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    Conserved and non-conserved features among the yeast T-y elements (1986)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1986), S. 193-200 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Ty elements ; Transposable elements ; Retroviruses ; tRNA genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have isolated and characterized a Ty element from a yeast cosmid library which exhibits several unsual features: it is flanked by non-homologous delta elements and directly associated with a singular delta element. A tRNA(Glu3) gene and tRNA(Cys) gene are found in conjunction with this element, located in opposite orientation on either end of it. The sequence information now available for several Ty elements has been used in a detailed comparative analysis to determine conserved features among the Ty elements, preferably between class I elements and a class II element. Highly conserved sequence motifs appear to be located at the borders of particular segments that correspond to the putative protein domains of the Tys. Furthermore, we include a comparison of the best-conserved amino acid homologies for these putative proteins of Ty elements, transposable elements from other organisms and several retroviral proviruses to confirm their close structural resemblance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420606
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    Isolation and characterization of a conditional mutant in Saccharomyces cerevisiae producing rho° petites at the non-permissive temperature (1986)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1986), S. 201-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Rho°-petites ; Lycorine ; Mitochondrial DNA replication ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper describes the isolation and characterization of mutants affected in the maintenance of the mitochondrial (mt) genome. The rationale of the screening procedure is based on the observation that the alkaloid lycorine inhibits growth of rho −-mutants, whereas rho°-mutants, devoid of mt DNA, are resistant to this drug (Del Giudice et al. 1984). Fourteen temperature sensitive mutants have been isolated that display the following phenotype: -Growth on fermentable medium at 23°C and 35°C (exclusion of general temperature-sensitive mutants). -no growth at 23°C and growth at 35°C on fermentable medium containing lycorine (selection for mutants producing rho°-petites). -growth at 23°C and no growth an 35°C on non-fermentable medium (selection for temperature-dependent loss of respiratory competence). These mutants were termed tmm (for temperature sensitive maintenance of mt genome). Mutant tmm1-1 was analyzed genetically and biochemically. It carries a recessive nuclear mutation which gives rise to 90–95% cytoplasmic petites at the non-permissive temperature. The population of petites consists of more than 95% rho°-petites as shown by their resistance to lycorine, by staining with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and by Southern hybridization with mt DNA probes. Wild-type control cultures produced approximately 1% petites with less than 10% rho°-mutants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420607
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    Hyperresistance to DNA damaging agents in yeast (1986)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1986), S. 211-215 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Hyperresistance ; DNA damaging agents ; Genotoxic effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In order to study resistance to DNA damaging agents, yeast DNA segments conferring hyperresistance in this organism to such genotoxic agents were selected for among yeast cells transformed by a yeast genome library based on the multi-copy vector plasmid YEp13. Genetic variants hyperresistant to 4-nitroquinohne-N-oxide, formaldehyde, and alkylating agents were isolated and the respective hyperresistance determinants shown to co-segregate with the vector plasmid. Phenotypical characterization indicated different degrees of resistance, few cases of cross-resistance and differing structural stability of the cloned DNA. By transfer to E. coli and subsequent retransformation of yeast a number of plasmids was shown to stably carry the genetic information for hyperresistance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420609
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    Cloning and expression on a multicopy vector of five invertase genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1986)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1986), S. 217-225 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Gene cloning ; Invertase genes ; Multicopy vector
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Six unlinked loci for invertase structural genes are known in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: SUC1-SUC5 and SUC7. These genes are similar in structure and expression but not identical. Different yeast strains possess none, one or several of these genes. We have isolated the genes SUC1-SUC5, subcloned them into the multicopy vector YEp24 and compared the expression of the five SUC genes in one recipient strain. SUC2 was isolated by transformation of a suc0 strain with a gene pool and complementation to sucrose fermentation. SUC4 was cloned from a minipool of chromosomal fragments which were shown to contain SUC4 by Southern hybridization. SUC1, SUC3 and SUC5 were isolated using the method of plasmid eviction. A plasmid containing regions flanking SUC4 was integrated next to these SUC genes. The plasmid together with the SUC genes were then cut out of the chromosome using an appropriate restriction endonuclease. The length of chromosomal DNA fragments containing the different SUC genes were 4.8 kb for SUC1, 5.2 kb for SUC2, 4.8 kb for SUC3, 12.8 kb for SUC4 and 17.2 kb for SUC5. Fragments containing the complete SUC genes and the sequences controlling their expression were subcloned into YEp24 and transformed into a strain without any active invertase gene. Invertase activity of transformants was measured after growth repressing (8% glucose) and derepressing (2% raffinose) conditions. As expected from results with strains carrying the individual SUC genes in a chromosomal location, the SUC genes were expressed to a different extent.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420610
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    Isolation and genetical and biochemical characterization of mutants resistant to the alkaloid lycorine (1986)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1986), S. 247-249 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Nucleo-mitochondrial interactions ; Mitochondrial status ; Dominant lycorine resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutants resistant to 200 µg/ml of the alkaloid lycorine (LYC R) in non-fermentable substrate were isolated after nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis. Tetrad analysis and growth of heterozygous (LYC R/lyc s) diploids from two different mutants revealed that a single nuclear and dominant mutation is responsible for the resistant phenotype. In the wild type total protein synthesis is only slightly inhibited, whereas DNA and RNA synthesis is lowered to about 30% of the control. In the lycorine resistant mutants all macromolecular syntheses are unaffected by the drug.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420614
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    Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains sensitive to inorganic mercury (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1987), S. 399-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mercury resistance ; Tyrosine uptake ; Catabolite regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the HGS2-1 allele confers sensitivities to inorganis mercury (Ono and Sakamoto 1985) and to excess fermentable sugars such as glucose (Sakamoto et al. 1985); exogenous tyrosine antagonizes both inorganic mercury and excess glucose. In this sutdy, the inorganic mercury sensitive strain has been shown to have about twice more glucose-1,6-bisphosphate and slightly less pyruvate than the normal strains, suggesting that the inorganic mercury sensitive strain has the reduced aldolase activity. It has been also shown that the growth retarded cells accumulate trehalose, by which the lower level of glucos-6-phosphate in the inorganic mercury sensitive strain is accounted for, and that inorganic mercury, presumably excess glucose also, causes growth inhibition via depletion of cellular tyrosine. The mechanism how cellular tyrosine is depleted by inorganic mercury or excess glucose is accounted for by the facts that (1) the tyrosine uptake activity is decreased with increase of glucose concentration in growth medium, (2) HGS2-1 enhances the effect of glucose on the tyrosine uptake activity, and (3) inorganic mercury inhibits the tyrosine uptake system by binding to its SH-group(s). Thus, it is concluded that the role of tyrosine is not to detoxify inorganic mercury nor excess fermentable sugars but simply to counteract depletion of cellular tyrosine induced by them.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378183
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    Genetic mapping of two pairs of linked ribosomal protein genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1987), S. 445-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Ribosomal protein genes ; Genetic mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have used the 2 μ mapping method described by Falco and Botstein (1983) and tetrad analysis to map four ribosomal protein genes (two linked pairs) in S. cerevisiae. One pair (rp28–rp55 copy 1) is on chromosome XV, 14 cM proximal to ARG8. The other pair (rp55–rp28 copy 2) is 19 cM from the centromere on the left arm of chromosome XIV. To map copy 1 we used the E. coli β-galactosidase gene rather than a yeast gene to mark the ribosomal protein chromosomal locus. This provided a more sensitive color screening assay for chromosome loss in the 2 μ method. It also removed the restriction that the mapping tester strains must be mutant for the plasmid marker.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384605
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