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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (7.976)
  • SPACE SCIENCES  (6.789)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (5.929)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1970-1974  (17.542)
  • 1925-1929  (4.284)
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  • 1
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-02
    Beschreibung: The Pontryagin Maximum Principle is used to formulate the problem of finding optimum atmospheric vehicular reentry trajectories. The optimization problem is that of minimizing an integral which is a function of the state and control variables. The vehicle's motion is assumed to be influenced by a gravitational force and an aerodynamic force. The problem is formulated and the necessary equations are developed simultaneously for three sets of Euler angles. Computational procedures are suggested so that numerical trajectories may be generated.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Multivariant Function Model Generation; 93 p
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  • 2
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-02
    Beschreibung: The problem of predicting the minimum fuel trajectory for a six degree of freedom vehicle which has a motion characterized by the first order differential equations of translational and rotational dynamics is considered. The thrust direction and center of gravity of the vehicle are assumed to be fixed with respect to the vehicle. Thrust magnitude and the control moment are used as control variables and appear linearly in the equation of motion. Pontryagin's Maximum Principle is used to solve the variational problem. With this formulation, the extremal controls are bang-bang with the exception of the singular case.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Multivariant Function Model Generation; 18 p
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  • 3
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: A review of recent data on and conceptions of processes in which high energy particles are transported across magnetic shells in the earth's magnetosphere is presented. The processes discussed include adiabatic processes (with conservation of all three adiabatic invariants of charged particle motion in the magnetic field), diffusion processes (with violation of only the third or third and second invariants), and the so-called fast nonadiabatic processes, which appear to result from the action of strong electric fields.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Interplanet. Medium and Phys. of the Magnetosphere (NASA-TT-F-784); p 247-265
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  • 4
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The natural vibration period of the tail (regarded as bundle of magnetic line-of-force strings) and the characteristic time of recurrence of magnetospheric substorms are of the same order, suggesting the possibility of a relation between these phenomena. A model of the tail in the form of a plasma cylinder whose free boundary is immersed in the interplanetary plasma is examined. The nature of the natural oscillations of the tail excited by variations of the solar wind pressure is studied in this model. These vibrations have a total energy of approximately 10 to the 22nd power erg, which is sufficient to generate magnetospheric substorms.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Interplanet. Medium and Phys. of the Magnetosphere (NASA-TT-F-784); p 267-273
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  • 5
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The possibilities of calculating the shape and dimensions of the magnetopause are discussed. Initial equations are proposed. A review of existing methods is given.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Interplanet. Medium and Phys. of the Magnetosphere (NASA-TT-F-784); p 224-246
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  • 6
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Various methods of electric field strength measurements are examined and evaluated as to accuracy, and the requirements made of instrumentation for satellite measurements of electric field strength in the magnetosphere are indicated.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Interplanet. Medium and Phys. of the Magnetosphere (NASA-TT-F-784); p 68-82
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  • 7
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Properties of hydromagnetic waves propagating in the magnetosphere from a source of limited dimensions are considered. It is shown that they are closely related to electric currents flowing along geomagnetic lines of force. The notions developed form a theoretical basis for interpretation of fluctuations and polar bays.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Interplanet. Medium and Phys. of the Magnetosphere (NASA-TT-F-784); p 34-44
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  • 8
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: This field trip mostly involves volcanic features that can be seen from roads in the east Puna District. Most of the features are associated with the eruptions of 1750(?), 1790(?), 1840, 1955, 1960, and the recent flows from Mauna Ulu on the Keauhou Lava Plains during the years 1969 to 1973. Particular emphasis is given to the 1955 and 1960 volcanic activity that occurred near the village of Kapoho.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Res. Center Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Conf.; p 248-257
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  • 9
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The entrance to Kaumana Lava Tube is in a picnic ground next to Highway 20 (Kaumana Drive) about 6.5 km southwest of Hilo. The area is passed on the way to the Kona Coast via the Saddle Road and is identified by a Hawaii Visitors Bureau sign. Although it is not the largest lava tube in the islands, Kaumana Lava Tube is an interesting geological formation, displaying many of the features typical of lava tube interiors. It is accessible, relatively easy to walk through, and is in an excellent state of preservation. The tube developed in a historic lava flow (1881, from Mauna Loa), and many aspects of lava tube activity are observed.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Res. Center Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Conf.; p 233-238
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  • 10
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Mauna Kea, the highest of Hawaii's five volcanoes, is the only high landmass in the central Pacific Ocean basin to bear unmistakable signs of Pleistocene glaciation. The stratigraphic record indicates that a summit ice cap formed and disappeared at least four times in the last 250,000 years, and that volcanic eruptions characterized not only the interglacial intervals, but also two of the glacial periods as well. Exposed rock units on the upper slopes of Mauna Kea have been divided into two major groups based on gross lithologic character. The Hamakua Group comprises the bulk of the subaerial shield of the volcano and consists largely of thin-bedded pahoehoe flows of olivine basalt. The overlying Laupahoehoe Group consists of a thin cap of alkalic lavas and pyroclastic layers confined largely to the upper slopes of the mountain. Interstratified with the volcanic units are sedimentary formations that provide evidence of four episodes of ice cap glaciation.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Res. Center Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Conf.; p 239-246
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  • 11
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The field trip is divided into two sections: (1) Crater Rim Road; and (2) Chain of Craters Road. Most bibliographic references are omitted from the text, but a selected list of references to recent Hawaiian volcanic activity and to special studies is included.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Res. Center Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Conf.; p 200-215
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  • 12
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: This road guide briefly describes the points of geologic interest along the main roads on Hawaii. It begins at Hilo and proceeds around the island in a clockwise direction on State Route 11 to Kailua, then returns to Hilo on State Route 19 to Hilo via Waimea, with side excursions on the other principal roads. Minimum excursion time is two days, allowing only very brief time for the various stops. The return to Hilo from Waimea can be made via Route 19 along the Hamakua Coast (wet, leeward side of island, displaying typical tropical erosion) or via Route 20 over the Humuula Saddle (high, relatively dry and cool; young volcanic features).
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Res. Center Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Conf.; p 185-197
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  • 13
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The flight sequence in this guide is nominal and based on optimum weather conditions; it may be altered, depending upon weather and visibility. Also included at the end of the flight sequence for the island of Hawaii are sections for parts of Maui (Haleakala Volcano) and Molokai, which will be flown if Hawaii is completely obscured at flight time.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Its Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Conf.; p 113-183
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  • 14
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The account of the geology of the individual Hawaiian islands is only a progress report based very largely on the uppermost, visible parts of the Hawaiian volcanic range. The island of Hawaii today consists of five volcanic mountains. All of them are very young, and three of the volcanoes have been active in historic times. At least two other volcanoes which helped to build the island have been buried by more recent ones. Rocks exposed in the cliffs on the northeastern side of Kohala Mountain have been shown by the potassium-argon method to be about 700,000 years old.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Res. Center Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Conf.; p 88-111
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  • 15
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Recent eruptive activity at Kilauea has produced great changes in the landscape, modifying old landforms and creating new ones. Some of these landforms are observed fairly commonly in basaltic terrains, but many had rarely, if ever, been observed before in the process of development. The 1969-74 Mauna Ulu eruptions have provided the first historic opportunity at Kilauea to witness and record the development of features associated with flank activity of long duration. The photographs of new or modified landforms in this compilation place special emphasis on possible extraterrestrial analogs.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Res. Center Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Conf.; p 49-86
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  • 16
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Volcanic stratigraphic units are mappable layered units composed of volcanic rocks that are formed on land (subaerially) or under water (subaqueously) by volcanic processes. At least ten different types of volcanic stratigraphic units are recognized. The characteristics for each are discussed briefly and some typical examples are illustrated by diagrams to show their salient features.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Res. Center Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Conf.; p 38-48
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  • 17
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Recent studies indicate that the Hawaiian volcanic chain is a result of relative motion between the Pacific plate and a melting spot in the earth's mantle.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Res. Center Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Conf.; p 23-36
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  • 18
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Each of the eight principal Hawaiian Islands extending from Kauai on the northwestern end of the chain to Hawaii at the southeastern extremity represents the top of a great basaltic shield volcano that rises 4575 m above the ocean floor. The ages of the islands quite consistently decrease toward the southeast. Kauai is judged to be about 5.3 million years old, whereas Hawaii is less than 750,000 years in age. The ravages of time have had serious effects on the once domelike older volcanoes, so that the traditional shield shape is lost in a fretwork of peaks, ridges, palis, valleys, and plains. Age is not the only determinant of the degree of dissection by running water, waves, and chemical weathering. Another very important factor is the exposure of the particular side of island to excessive rainfall and mercilous trade-wind wave attack. The windward and high lee slopes receive 60 cm or more of rain annually, whereas the lower leeward slopes and coastal areas may receive 4 cm or less annually.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Res. Center Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Conf.; p 20-22
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  • 19
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The review outlines the early migration of Polynesian settlers from the Marquesa and Society Islands, develops the ancient societal hierachy, reports on the historic visits of Captain Cook, and describes the gradual weakening of the native culture and population by increased foreign trade and the final annexation of the islands by the United States of America.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Its Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Conf.; p 15-18
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  • 20
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Historical, geographical, and regional geological settings for the conference are presented that include volcanic stratigraphy, a photographic essay describing various landforms observed during eruptive activity at Kilauea Volcano, and a general discussion of the geology of the island of Hawaii. Also included are guides for field trips to interesting geographic features.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Res. Center Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Conf.; p 1-13
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  • 21
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Juridical aspects of space flights and international law are elaborated. Considered are manned orbital space stations, as well as lunar or planetary bases and the international exploration of extraterrestrial resources.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Inhabited Space, Pt. 2 (NASA-TT-F-820); p 170-175
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  • 22
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: It is shown that ionic relativistic rockets are most suitable for carrying out interstellar flights in comparison with photonic rockets or nuclear interstellar aircraft. Slow interstellar flights are much more probable than fast flights.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Inhabited Space, Pt. 2 (NASA-TT-F-820); p 154-160
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  • 23
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The probability of radio interchange with extraterrestrial civilizations is discussed. Difficulties constitute absorption, scattering, and dispersion of signals by the rarified interstellar medium as well as the deciphering of received signals and convergence of semantic concept. A cybernetic approach considers searching for signals that develop from astroengineering activities of extraterrestrial civilizations.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Inhabited Space, Pt. 2 (NASA-TT-F-820); p 83-110
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  • 24
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The numerous planetary systems in our galaxy appear to a high degree of probability to contain some planets with a biosphere similar to earth' environment. The possibility of communicating with those extraterrestrial alien planetary civilizations centers on the high level of technological development that is required to overcome the problem of distance. It is conceivable that advanced civilizations can produce energy at a level of 10 to the 43rd power erg/year and that an artificial biosphere can be developed within the limits of 10 to the 22nd power to 10 to the 23rd power cm.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Inhabited Space, Pt. 2 (NASA-TT-F-820); p 67-78
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  • 25
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Possible criteria characterizing extraterrestrial civilizations and their detection are: (1) deduction of their existence by evaluating astronomical prerequisites for the development of life in remote planetary systems; (2) detection and communication with extraterrestrial civilizations; and (3) the problem of language and content of information in transmitted signals.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Inhabited Space, Pt. 2 (NASA-TT-F-820); p 62-66
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  • 26
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: A computer program for computing the performance trajectory of spacecraft was developed. An analytical study of a minimum fuel flight for high speed aircraft was conducted. The computer program to compute a minimum time reentry into the atmosphere for an Apollo-type capsule is presented. A technical summary of the minimum fuel problem is provided.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Multivariant Function Model Generation; 34 p
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  • 27
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: It is found that areas affected by different noxious agents are within the limits traced for high noise level areas; consequently, it is suggested that high noise pressure levels should be used as the primary indication of environmental pollution. A complex methodology is reported for charting environmental pollution due to physical, chemical and biological noxious agents on the scale of an industrial district.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: The 4th Natl. Conf. on Acoustics Vol. 1A (NASA-TT-F-15375); p 192-197
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  • 28
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Based on world data for the period 1 January 1955 to 31 December 1968, reports of 894 SC cases and 2152 SI cases were collected. A study was made of the diurnal and seasonal trends in the incidence of their appearances. It is shown that the diurnal trend is pronounced for all events with a maximum at (06-8)h universal time. The diurnal trend for SC in the resultant period is more pronounced. The seasonal trend in incidence of appearances of SC and SI is absent. Thus, geomagnetic disturbances of both SC and SI are monitored by world time. These results lead to the conclusion that the presence or absence of SC and SI during geomagnetic storms is determined not only by the nature of the corpuscular flux, the presence of shock waves and tangential discontinuities, but also by purely terrestrial conditions.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: in its Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 54-68
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  • 29
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The results of observations of the moon and planets are presented and include: (1) data on the discovery of high porosity values and the broken terrain of the lunar surface, and (2) data on the coloration of lunar rocks. A comparative description is given of data obtained by astronomical and by satellite observations.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 29-43
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  • 30
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The radiophysical studies reported consist of direct measurements of certain effects induced in the propagation of radio waves from space objects. From measured effects and from data on the motion and position of space objects, physical parameters of the medium and bodies are determined.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 1-28
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  • 31
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Volcanic tuff from the Artik deposit in Armenia is especially suited for experiments in simulating lunar soil, with the aid of compaction by vibration.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Current Concepts Regarding the Moon (NASA-TT-F-766); p 186-191
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  • 32
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Study of evaporation, condensation and sputtering on the moon can provide information on the same processes on other planets, and reveal details of the formation of the lunar regolith. Simulation methods include vacuum evaporation, laser evaporation, and bubbling gas through melts.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Current Concepts Regarding the Moon (NASA-TT-F-766); p 155-185
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  • 33
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Lunar charts are classified with an eye toward solution of special problems of lunar cartography. The initial state of mapping the moon will require charts with scales of 1:5,000,000; 1:1,000,000; 1:250,000; 1:50,000; and 1:10,000.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Current Concepts Regarding the Moon (NASA-TT-F-766); p 139-154
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  • 34
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Compilation and labelling of geological and morphological charts on a scale of 1:1,000,000 are discussed with emphasis on the regions of Maria Tranquilitatis, Crisium, Fecunditatis, Humorum and Nukium as well as certain prominent craters.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Current Concepts Regarding the Moon (NASA-TT-F-766); p 97-138
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  • 35
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The intrinsic thermal radiation of the moon is an indicator of the temperature regime of the lunar surface, its physical conditions and structure, as indicated by data from Luna 9 and 13, as well as Surveyor 1 to 7.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Current Concepts Regarding the Moon (NASA-TT-F-766); p 63-96
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  • 36
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The results are described of geological and morphological interpretation of large-scale photographs of the surface of lunar maria. A morphological classification is proposed for small craters. It is shown that the classification of a crater in a given morphological category, reflecting the degree of its morphological maturity, is determined by the age of the given crater. A check on the nature of distribution of small craters, as done on the basis of the nearest neighbor method, show that the distribution is governed by a near-random law. It is found that variations of the probability density function for the craters conform to a normal distribution law. An empirical relation is found for the coefficient of variation as a function of crater diameter and the dimensions of the area on which the counts are made. The rockfalls near craters of various morphological classes are described.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Current Concepts Regarding the Moon (NASA-TT-F-766); p 25-62
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  • 37
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-23
    Beschreibung: The Earth Resources Technology Satellite Data Collection System has been shown to be, from the users vantage point, a reliable and simple system for collecting data from U.S. Geological Survey operational field instrumentation. It is technically feasible to expand the ERTS system into an operational polar-orbiting data collection system to gather data from the Geological Survey's Hydrologic Data Network. This could permit more efficient internal management of the Network, and could enable the Geological Survey to make data available to cooperating agencies in near-real time. The Geological Survey is conducting an analysis of the costs and benefits of satellite data-relay systems.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d ERTS-1 Symp., Vol. 1, Sect. B; p 1099-1111
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  • 38
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-23
    Beschreibung: A prototype multiparameter data acquisition network, installed and operated by the U.S. Geological Survey is a viable approach for obtaining near real-time data needed to solve hydrologic problems confronting nearly 2.5 million residents of south Florida. Selected water quantity and quality data obtained from ground stations are transmitted for relay via ERTS-1 to NASA receiving stations in virtual real time. This data relay system has been very reliable and, by coupling the ground information with ERTS imagery, a modeling technique is available for water resource management in south Florida. An ecological model has been designed for the Shark River Slough in Everglades National Park.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d ERTS-1 Symp., Vol. 1, Sect. B; p 1071-1088
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  • 39
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The instrument package for SEASAT-A possesses three tools that could give data greatly needed in ice cap research: the Compressed Pulse Radar Altimeter (CPRA), the Coherent Imaging Radar (CIR), and the Scanning Multifrequency Microwave Radiometer (SMMR). Certain problems that can be studied with each sensor are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Seasat-A Sci. Contrib.; p 45-46
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  • 40
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Data collected by SEASAT would be useful in developing predictive physical models for the drift and deformation of sea ice, for estimating the heat budget of the polar seas, for the optimum routing of shipping through pack ice areas, for the design of both offshore structures and shipping capable of surviving in heavy pack ice, and for the tracking of large icebergs and ice islands. The instrument package for SEASAT-A is particularly useful for studying sea ice in that the Coherent Imaging Radar (CIR), the Scanning Multifrequency Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and the Compressed Pulse Radar Altimeter (CPRA) are not limited by the presence of clouds.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Seasat-A Sci. Contrib.; p 134-135
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  • 41
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Oceanographic measurements taken by SEASAT-A are not only applicable to correct altimetry data for the desired geoid but also, as a result, they themselves are useful by-products for basic and applied research in the fields of sciences and engineering, exploratory development in sensor design and measurement techniques, and prediction products for operational fleet support. Among these measurements the important ones are current, sea state, and tides. Identified are parameters of the measurements which will be used to eliminate temporal environmental biases from geodetic measurements, and also to describe the physical processes involved.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Seasat-A Sci. Contrib.; p 47-49
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  • 42
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Whistler-triggered emissions and a narrowband hiss are described which were observed over Japan by ISIS 2 during the main phase of the geomagnetic storm of August 9, 1972. The characteristics of the narrowband hiss and increases in the whistler rate during the storm are discussed, and the ISIS-2 data are compared with data on whistler cutoffs and VLF noise breakups obtained by OGO 4 and Alouette I. Since the whistlers and narrowband hiss are usually observed inside and outside the plasmapause, it is thought that the plasmapause may have been located near the low-latitude end of the narrowband hiss during the main phase of the storm. It is suggested that the increases in the whistler rate may have been caused by the formation of whistler ducts in the disturbed plasmapause.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Radio Research Laboratories; vol. 21
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  • 43
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Glass from the West Clearwater Lake hypervelocity impact crater contains numerous spheroids, 10 to 500 microns across, which appear to have formed at high temperatures as fluids immiscible in the enclosing melt. The spheroids are distinguished from small, normal, largely void gas vesicles, which are also present, by being completely filled in all cases; by having fillings which vary in composition from spheroid to spheroid, even between spheroids in close association; and by indications that the present fillings are representative of the contents present before the matrix melt chilled. Most of the spheroids are classified petrographically into three types. The preservation of spheroids in the West Clearwater Lake glass is attributed mainly to the position of the glass masses within the breccias lining the crater floor. It is considered that the glass in this location did not achieve free flight but, as part of a large mass, cooled relatively slowly through the high temperature regime in which the spheroids were generated, and then, when detached, chilled rapidly to preserve a record of this transient stage in their history.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology; 46; 1974
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  • 44
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The Harang discontinuity, the area separating the positive and negative bay regions in the midnight sector of the auroral zone, is a focal point for changes in behavior of many phenomena. Through this region the electric field, in a frame corotating with the earth, rotates through the west from a basically northward field in the positive bay region to a basically southward field in the negative bay region, appearing as a reversal in a single-axis measurement of the north-south component. Thirty-two of these reversals have been identified in the Ogo 6 data from November and December 1969. The discontinuity is dynamic in nature, moving southward and steepening its latitudinal profile as magnetic activity is increased. As activity decreases, it relaxes poleward and spreads out in latitudinal width. It occurs over several hours of magnetic local time.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Nov. 1
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  • 45
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: An investigation is conducted of upper ionosphere molecular ion composition data, which because of the unexpected, abrupt enhancements sometimes exhibited at high latitudes, may indirectly offer additional clues to understanding the processes by which the lower atmosphere becomes perturbed. It is found that molecular ion irregularities are sometimes localized in a relatively narrow region of time and space. The abruptness of these events suggests that lower atmosphere energetic processes presumed responsible for the ion enhancements may also be narrowly distributed.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
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  • 46
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The San Andreas fault experiment (Safe), which employs two laser tracking systems for measuring the relative motion of two points on opposite sides of the fault, has been simulated for an 8-yr observation period. The two tracking stations are located near San Diego on the western side of the fault and near Quincy on the eastern side; they are roughly 900 km apart. Both will simultaneously track laser reflector equipped satellites as they pass near the stations. Tracking of the Beacon Explorer C spacecraft has been simulated for these two stations during August and September for 8 consecutive years. An error analysis of the recovery of the relative location of Quincy from the data has been made, allowing for model errors in the mass of the earth, the gravity field, solar radiation pressure, atmospheric drag, errors in the position of the San Diego site, and biases and noise in the laser systems. The results of this simulation indicate that the distance of Quincy from San Diego will be determined each year with a precision of about 10 cm. Projected improvements in these model parameters and in the laser systems over the next few years will bring the precision to about 1-2 cm by 1980.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Oct. 10
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  • 47
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The infrared spectral range extends approximately from 1 micron to 1000 microns. Observations in infrared astronomy are made with the aid of ground-based telescopes and telescopes flown in aircraft, balloons, or rockets. Advantages and drawbacks of infrared studies conducted by different approaches are discussed. Infrared astronomers are looking forward to observations made from orbiting spacecraft. Present plans call for placing a large telescope aboard the Space Shuttle Orbiter for short missions lasting from seven days to three weeks several times a year. However, the occurrence of a pollution of the spacecraft environment by dust particles and gases coming from the spacecraft might present a problem for the observations. Possible approaches for solving this problem are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 12; Oct. 197
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  • 48
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Data on galactic X-ray sources from rocket and balloon experiments and the UHURU satellite are reported. The outline emphasizes general discrete source models and begins with some a priori considerations about X-ray emission mechanisms and their applicability, after which contemporary data are interpreted according to these models. Topics covered include the production of X-rays by various mechanisms, source regimes, observational parameters, stellar distributions, individual stars, flare stars, supernovae and pulsars, the Crab nebula, old and young remnants, binary systems, and others.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
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  • 49
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The origins, generation, detection, and interpretation of radio signals are discussed for signals with an assumed random polarization. After defining the basic parameters, the discussion moves to such topics as synchrotron radiation, plasma effects, changes in the electron energy spectrum in the radiating regions, energy loss to ionization, bremsstrahlung, radio astronomical observations of high-energy particles, emission by energetic particles, observation of supernova remnants and pulsars, galactic background continuum radiation, and others.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
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  • 50
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Emission from Jupiter has been observed by the IMP-6 spacecraft at 19 frequencies between 600 and 9900 kHz covering the period from April 1971 to October 1972. The Jovian bursts were identified in the IMP-6 data through the phase of the observed modulated signal detected from the spinning dipole antenna. Initial data reduction has isolated 177 events over a span of 500 days. These events persisted over a period between 1 and 60 min. Of these events at least 48 occurred during times in which Jupiter emission was being observed at either 16.7 or 22.2 MHz by ground-based instruments of the Goddard Space Flight Center Jupiter monitoring system. Large bursts were detectable from 9900 kHz down to 600 kHz, while smaller bursts ranged down to 1030 kHz.-
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 192; Sept. 1
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  • 51
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The meteoroid penetration detectors on the Pioneer 10 spacecraft recorded 67 meteoroid penetrations through the 25-micron stainless steel test material while the spacecraft was between 1.0 and 5.1 AU. Ten of these penetrations occurred during the encounter with Jupiter. The cumulative spatial density of meteoroids with masses greater than 2 nanograms has been calculated from these data for interplanetary space and for the near-Jupiter space. The spatial density is found to be essentially constant in interplanetary space between 1 and 5 AU, approximately 1 meteoroid per cubic km, and 1-2 orders of magnitude greater near Jupiter. There was no increase in the spatial density of meteoroids in the asteroid belt and hence no evidence that there is a significant asteroidal component of 2-nanogram meteoroids. It is uncertain whether the meteoroids detected near Jupiter were in orbit about Jupiter or were gravitationally focused toward the planet from solar orbits.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 52
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: An investigation was conducted concerning the possible synthesis of a suite of dicarboxylic acids similar to that found in the Murchison meteorite. The investigation included the conduction of a chemical evolution experiment which simulated electric discharge through the primitive atmosphere of the earth. The suite of dicarboxylic acids obtained in the electric discharge experiment is similar to that of the Murchison meteorite, except for the fact that 2-chlorosuccinic acid is present in the spark discharge.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Nature; 251; Sept. 6
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  • 53
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The present work provides an outline of the history of the efforts to map the topography of the surface of the moon, from the days of pre-telescopic astronomy to the present. The first part of the book covers the time span from 1600 to 1960 and reproduces numerous examples of this early, earth-based selenographic work. The manned lunar missions in the 1960's revolutionized the science of lunar mapping with their high-resolution, close-range photography of the moon. In 1959, a comprehensive lunar mapping program was initiated by two DOD mapping agencies - the U.S. Air Force Aeronautical Chart and Information Center (ACIC) and the U.S. Army Map Service (AMS). In the course of this program, the cause of lunar mapping enlisted for the first time the services of professional cartographers; the outcome of their efforts speedily relegated all previous work into absolescence. The methods and results of this work are described, and the underlying principles of physical selenodesy are set forth, including the definition of lunar coordinates and the methods for a determination of three-dimensional coordinates of lunar features. A section is included on lunar mapping in the U.S.S.R.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
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  • 54
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The critical mass for stability against radial pulsations in rotating, homogeneous main-sequence stars is found to be greater than in the case of no rotation. Analytic and detailed numerical models show that the critical mass rises steeply with increasing concentration of angular momentum to the center of the star. For uniform rotation near breakup velocity at the star's equator the critical mass is about 850 solar masses if an electron-scattering opacity is used, or about 5000 solar masses if the opacities of Cox and Stewart are used. For nonuniform rotation with a constant ratio of centrifugal force to gravity in the star, the critical mass becomes 'infinite' long before breakup velocity is attained. The relevance of the present results to several observational problems is noted.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 192; Aug. 15
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  • 55
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: vol. 28; June 197
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  • 56
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The feasibility of using the data collection system on Earth Technology Satellite-1 to predict wheat leaf rust severity and resulting yield loss was tested. Ground-based data-collection platforms (DCPs), placed in two commercial wheat fields, transmitted to the satellite such meteorological information as maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity, and hours of free moisture. Meteorological data received from the two DCPs from April 23 to 29 were used to estimate the disease progress curve. Values from the curve were used to predict the percentage decrease in wheat yields resulting from leaf rust. Actual decrease in yield obtained by applying a zinc and maneb spray to control leaf rust, and then comparing yields of the controlled (healthy) and the noncontrolled (rusted) areas. In each field, a 9% decrease in yield was predicted by the DCP-derived data; actual decreases were 12% and 9%.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Remote Sensing of Environment; 3; 2, 19; 1974
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  • 57
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: In the plot of asteroids considered the mass density is substituted for the number density. This approach provides a better definition of the limits of the main belt, and demonstrates more clearly that the asteroids, like the Saturnian rings, have condensed from partially corotating plasma. A diagram shows that the whole main belt is located below 2/3 of Jupiter's orbit. This means that the main belt asteroids may have been derived from condensation which took place inside Jupiter's orbit.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Nature; 250; Aug. 23
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  • 58
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Review of the initial studies that define a challenging Mariner Jupiter Orbiter mission. Elegant and precise astrodynamics are shown to make possible a bravura examination of the entire Jovian system with two Mariner-class spacecraft to be launched in 1981. This mission is expected to advance considerably our understanding of the origin and evolution of the solar system.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 12; Sept
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  • 59
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: It is pointed out that the lunar magnetometer experiment has made important contributions to studies of the lunar interior. Numerical inversions of the lunar electromagnetic response have been carried out, taking into account a void region behind the moon. The amplitude of the transfer function of an eight-layer model is considered along with a model of the temperature distribution inside the moon and the amplitude of the transfer function of a semiconductor lunar model.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Nature; 250; Aug. 16
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  • 60
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: An extensive series of vertical incidence absorption measurements made at an equatorial station is analyzed in detail to provide information which will lead to a better understanding of the lower ionosphere. A quantitative empirical relationship is derived between absorption and 1-8 A solar flux for moderate levels of solar activity. It is shown that the threshold flux for D-region modification, at a solar zenith angle of 10 deg, is approximately 0.0005 erg per sq cm per sec. Attention is drawn to the incidence of days of high absorption even in the absence of solar X-ray activity. Available evidence points to variability of the order of 10-40 per cent in the intensity of the solar Lyman-alpha radiation as the most likely cause of these unusual, though infrequent, enhancements in absorption.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 36; Aug. 197
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  • 61
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: British Interplanetary Society; vol. 27
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  • 62
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The orbit of Vanguard 3 (1959-7A) is strongly resonant with eleventh-order and odd degree terms in the geopotential. It affords an excellent opportunity to determine a significant linear constraint between these terms. Tracking data on this satellite (in the form of mean Kepler elements) are analyzed over a 3.5-year period in the early 1960s, which ends with the orbit having just passed through perfect commensurability. The eccentricity e and inclination I show the deep resonance variations (up to .0002 in e and 0.02 deg in I) with great clarity. Previous and current geopotential solutions fail to explain these perturbations. A constraint for the deep resonant terms is determined in fully normalized harmonics.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Aug. 10
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  • 63
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Several numerical integration techniques for solving common aeronomic problems involving species rate equations are compared for speed and accuracy. A newer technique that defines families of species that are nearly conserved is found to be superior to an iterative technique when both methods are applied to simple test problems. The 'conservation' technique is also found to be more economical than the more complex Gear (1969) integration scheme for comparable accuracy.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Aug. 1
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  • 64
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Vector magnetic field measurements made during a sounding rocket flight in the polar cusp ionosphere show field fluctuations in the lower F region that are interpreted as being caused by the passage of the payload through a structured field-aligned current system. The field-aligned currents have a characteristic horizontal scale size of about 1 km. Analysis of one large field fluctuation gives a current density of .001 A/sq m.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Aug. 1
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  • 65
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Two rockets carrying electric field and low-energy particle instrumentation were launched near noon at 80 deg magnetic latitude. One flight encountered polar cap conditions only, whereas the other traversed part of the polar cusp. Although weak particle precipitation was measured on both flights, bursts of intense magnetosheath-type electron fluxes were detected on the latter. Strong electric fields such as would result from antisunward convection were observed during both flights. The measurements are compared with results obtained by other types of spacecraft and are interpreted in the light of those data. It is concluded that direct access of magnetosheath electrons is very variable and occurs in small regions within a larger overall region.-
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Aug. 1
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  • 66
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A Hylleraas bound-state wave function and 1s-2s-2p close-coupling continuum wave functions are used to calculate the absorption coefficient for the free-bound transition of H(1s) + e + quantum to a H anion in (2p2,3Pe) and the differential emission rate for the inverse process. The absorption and emission spectral maximum is found to be at a photon wavelength of 1219.5 A, an improvement of 2 A on other calculations. This free-bound absorption process appears to be a significant source of continuous ultraviolet opacity.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 191; Aug. 1
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  • 67
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The microscopic physics of the thermonuclear runaway in highly degenerate carbon-oxygen cores is investigated to determine if and how a detonation wave is generated. An expression for the electron-ion relaxation time is derived under the assumption of large degeneracy and extreme relativity of the electrons in a two-temperature plasma. Since the nuclear burning time proves to be several orders of magnitude shorter than the relaxation time, it is concluded that in studying the structure of the detonation wave the electrons and ions must be treated as separate fluids.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 191; Aug. 1
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  • 68
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Rate constants for the rotational excitation of HCN by collisions with He atoms at temperatures below 100 K were computed from first principles and are presented in tabular form. The potential energy surface was obtained by using the uniform electron gas model of Gordon and Kim (1972) and then joined smoothly to the asymptotic long-range perturbation theory potential valid at large separations. Quantum close-coupling theory was used to analyze the collision dynamics. Individual rates are believed to be accurate to within 50% above 30 K and within a factor of two below 20 K. The results should be extendable to excitation by collision with H2 and may therefore be of value in the study of interstellar clouds.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 191; Aug. 1
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  • 69
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The radio spectral data of OH471 and OQ172 are shown in a graph along with decompositions of the spectra into canonical self-absorbed synchrotron components. The minimum number of canonical components consistent with the data is used. Theoretically expected angular radii and time scales are presented in a table. The estimation of the angular size of a compact radio source with known spectral form rests upon the establishment of its maximum brightness temperature.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Nature; 250; Aug. 9
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  • 70
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Ozone co-appears with the clouds of the polar hood in the winter hemisphere of Mars, but each is variable from day to day and location to location. Both the appearance of ozone and the polar hood clouds correlate with the temperature of the atmosphere which varies from day to day and location to location. A cold, clean, dry atmosphere is conducive to the formation of ozone.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Icarus; 22; June 197
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  • 71
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: An ultraviolet spectral probe for a hydrogen-rich planetary atmosphere, such as that of Jupiter, is suggested, utilizing discrete lines in the H2(+) 2p pi u - /s sigma g electronic transition. For the Jovian atmosphere, the dominant mechanism for exciting H2(+) to its 2p pi u state appears to be photoexcitation, principally through absorption of the solar Lyman-alpha line. The critical role of corrections to the Born-Oppenheimer approximation in the use of an H2(+) probe is discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Icarus; 22; June 197
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  • 72
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Models of the giant planets were constructed based on the assumption that the hydrogen to helium ratio is solar in these planets. This assumption, together with arguments about the condensation sequence in the primitive solar nebula, yields models with a central core of rock and possibly ice surrounded by an envelope of hydrogen, helium, methane, ammonia, and water. These last three volatiles many be individually enhanced due to condensation at the period of core formation. Jupiter was found to have a core of about 40 earth masses and a water enhancement in the atmosphere of about 7.5 times the solar value. Saturn was found to have a core of 20 earth masses and a water enhancement in the atmosphere of about 25 times the solar value. Rock plus ice constitute 75-85% of the mass of Uranus and Neptune.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Icarus; 22; June 197
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  • 73
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Weather; 29; Jan. 197
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  • 74
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Estimation of the equilibrium vapor pressure over the ternary system H2SO4-HNO3-H2O to study the possibility of stratospheric aerosol formation involving HNO3. It is shown that the vapor pressures for the ternary system H2SO4-HNO3-H2O with weight composition around 70-80% H2SO4, 10-20% HNO3, 10-20% H2O at -50 C are below the order of 10 to the minus 8th mm Hg. It is concluded that there exists more than sufficient nitric acid and water vapor in the stratosphere to participate in ternary system aerosol formation at -50 C. Therefore, HNO3 should be present in stratospheric aerosols, provided that H2SO4 is also present.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Nature; 250; Aug. 2
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  • 75
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Tidal fission of both impacting and orbiting linear elastic solid bodies based on Kelvin's theory of earth tides is considered. It is shown that there can be more than one mutually exclusive modes of fracture - the particular mode in which a body fractures depending on its size and strength. The analysis gives a vivid picture of the propagation of the fracture with a decreasing distance from the planet. Expressions for the initiation and completion of fracture are obtained which are displayed graphically for a rigid body. The effect of elasticity on the breakup altitude is discussed. For orbiting solid bodies, the study gives the upper limit of the breakup altitude as 0.38R (where R is the radius of planet), which is much less than the value 1.44R used for such bodies in the past. The results presented include a previously given theory by Sekiguchi as a part. For the special case of a liquid body, comparison is made with Roche's calculation and the difference explained.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 15
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  • 76
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Development of a mechanism explaining the internal source of energy of comet outbursts. A mechanism is proposed which automatically provides a source of particulate matter which creates a huge surface area which contains a substantial percentage of amorphous ice, so that the phase transition of the amorphous ice to a cubic structure provides a release of energy which may be responsible for the outbursts observed in many comets. In addition, the volume into which the transition can propagate is estimated for a spherical comet with a radius of 5 km.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Nature; 250; July 26
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  • 77
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: It is suggested that the apparent lag of Jupiter's mean rotation rate in extratropical latitudes (System II) behind the rotation rate of Jupiter's radio emissions (System III) is caused by the difference between phase speeds and true speeds in extratropical latitudes. An estimate of the difference based on the formula for the phase speed of Rossby waves agrees with the difference calculated from the two rotation rates.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 31; July 197
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  • 78
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 1
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    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 79
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Transport calculations have been made to determine the emission of bremsstrahlung by electrons in the atmosphere and the penetration of this radiation to high altitudes where it can be detected by satellite-borne instruments. The calculations were done assuming uniform wide-area precipitation into the atmosphere of an electron flux isotropic over the downward hemisphere. The intensity and energy spectrum of the bremsstrahlung have been obtained for the case of incident monoenergetic electron beams at energies between 20 keV and 2 MeV, for incident electron beams with exponential spectra with e-folding energies between 5 and 200 keV.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 36; July 197
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  • 80
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The Jacchia models are represented in terms of spherical harmonic functions. This representation has the advantage of ease of comparison with other global theoretical and empirical models that use this mathematical form. Furthermore, it is analytic, continuous, and has continuous derivatives all over the globe. The representation of the exospheric temperatures shows clearly the amplitudes of the various periodic terms and uses relatively few constants. An example of a similar representation for the total mass density at a particular height and level of solar activity is given as well.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Planetary and Space Science; 22; June 197
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  • 81
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Calculation of the 2.2-MeV gamma-ray line intensity from the sun using a Monte Carlo method for neutron propagation in the solar atmosphere. Detailed results are provided concerning the total gamma-ray yield per neutron and the time profile of the 2.2-MeV line from an instantaneous and monoenergetic neutron source. The parameters which have the most significant effects on the line intensity are the energies of the neutrons, the position of the neutron source on the sun, and the abundance of He-3 in the photosphere. For an isotropic neutron source which is not too close to the limb of the sun, the gamma-ray yield is between about 0.02 to 0.2 photons per neutron, provided that the neutron energies are in the range from 1 to 100 MeV and the ratio He-3/H is less than about .00005.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Solar Physics; 36; May 1974
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  • 82
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Description of a method for deriving horizontal density fields at altitudes above 30 km directly from satellite radiation measurements. The method is applicable to radiation measurements from any instrument with suitable transmittance weighting functions. Data such as those acquired by the Satellite Infrared Spectrometers on satellites Nimbus 3 and 4 are employed for demonstrating the use of the method for estimating stratospheric-mesospheric density fields.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Monthly Weather Review; 102; Apr. 197
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  • 83
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Review of the currently available knowledge on Titan's atmosphere, based on the report of the 1973 Titan Atmosphere Workshop. The atmosphere composition, clouds, haze, and thermal structure are discussed, along with the photochemistry, escape, and recycling of the atmosphere.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Icarus; 22; May 1974
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  • 84
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: It is suggested that the distribution of separations between trench volcanos located along subduction zones reflects the depth of partial melting, and that the separation distribution for hot spot volcanoes near spreading centers provides a measure of the depth of mantle convection cells. It is further proposed that the lateral dimensions of mantle convection cells are also represented by the hot-spot separations (rather than by ridge-trench distances) and that a break in the distribution of hot spot separations at 3000 km is evidence for both whole mantle convection and a deep thermal plume origin of hot spots.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Nature; 249; June 28
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  • 85
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: In situ measurements of nitric oxide and ozone were carried out at altitudes up to 21 km during two flights of a U-2 aircraft on Dec. 6 and 18, 1973, over the west coast of the United States. A chemiluminescent detector based on the luminescent reaction of nitric acid with excess ozone was used in nitric acid measurements. Ozone concentration measurements were based on the absorption of the Hg line at 2,537 A in the Hartley continuum. The results are compared with available data.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Nature; 249; June 28
    Format: text
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  • 86
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The frequency dependence of the parameters of interstellar scattering between 837 and 8085 MHz for the Vela pulsar are consistent with thin-screen models of strong scattering. The magnitudes of the parameters indicate an anomalous turbulence along the path when they are compared with results for other pulsars with comparable column densities of free electrons in the line of sight. This anomaly is due presumably to the Gum Nebula. The decorrelation frequency, appropriately defined, is related to the pulse broadening time by 2 pi as predicted theoretically.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 190; June 15
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  • 87
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Radiometric measurements of Phobos at 10 and 20 microns show that the surface is covered by a material whose conductivity is extremely low, around .000001 cal per cm per sec per deg K. It is concluded that Phobos is covered with a layer of dust at least 1 mm thick.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 190; June 1
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  • 88
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The imaging photopolarimeter experiment aboard the Pioneer 10 spacecraft produced two-dimensional maps of intensity and polarization in red and blue light at high resolution during flyby of Jupiter in December 1973. The present article describes cloud forms seen in the equatorial zone and compares them with rotational periods as a function of latitude derived from earth-based observations of features on Jupiter. A striking new feature consists of a bright, well-defined nucleus in the equatorial zone, with a plume apparently drawn out from the core of the nucleus.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Science; 184; June 21
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  • 89
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Consideration of the use of remote sensing technology applied from satellites to obtain information for the rapid and continuing assessment of the hydrologic cycle. A detailed account is given of the hydrological information made available through the activities of the ERTS-1 satellite, an experimental satellite entirely devoted to earth resources observations, and the NOAA-2 satellite, a high-resolution operational environmental satellite. Following a description of the satellites and their payloads, it is shown how with their aid information can be obtained regarding atmospheric moisture, surface water and snow cover, glaciers, potential flood situations, and subsurface water fluctuations. In addition, the use of the ERTS-1 and NOAA-2 satellites in watershed characterization and modeling and in monitoring water quality is discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: vol. 55; July 197
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  • 90
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Some rocks of the Onverwacht Group, South Africa, have been analyzed for Rb and Sr concentrations and Sr isotopic composition. These rocks include volcanic rocks, layered ultramafic differentiates and cherty sediments. Whole rock data indicate that the Rb-Sr isotopic systems in many samples were open and yield no reasonable isochron relationships. However, the data of mineral separates from a basaltic komatiite define a good isochron of 3.50 (plus or minus .2) b.y. with an initial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio of 0.70048 plus or minus 5. The orthodox interpretation of this age is the time of the low grade metamorphism. It is reasonable to assume that the age of 3.50 b.y. might also represent the time of initial Onverwacht volcanism and deposition. The initial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio obtained above is important to an understanding of the Sr isotopic composition of the Archean upper mantle.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 38; June 197
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  • 91
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: This work determines criteria for stability of the lunar interior to thermal convection in the case of variable viscosity. The conditions necessary for solid convection to play an important role in the moon's revolution are determined by application of the calculated stability criteria to a variety of thermal history models. Most thermal history temperature profiles would be unstable to solid convection at the present time, if currently used estimates of the viscosity function are applicable. A possible explanation of lunar seismic data is that temperatures near the melting point of silicates exist at depths greater than 800 km. If this is the case, either the lunar interior is stable, or solid convection is occurring at a rate insufficient to cool the lunar interior substantially. If the former is true, the viscosity of lunar material is higher than that usually assumed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; July 10
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  • 92
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Heat transfer within the lunar surface layer depends on several thermophysical properties of the lunar regolith, including the thermal conductivity, the specific heat, the thermal diffusivity, and the thermal parameter. Results of property measurements on simulated lunar materials are presented where appropriate as well as measurements made on the actual samples themselves. The variation of temperature on the moon with depth is considered, taking into account various times of the lunar day. The daily variation in temperature drops to about 1 deg at a depth of only 0.172 meters. The steady temperature on the moon below this depth is 225 K.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
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  • 93
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The spectral identification of CH3CN and HCN provides the first support for the hypothesis first proposed by Wurm (1943), of chemically stable 'parent molecules' for the less stable radicals and ions seen in the coma and the tail. These two molecules were among the earliest discovered in dense interstellar clouds. Circumstantial evidence for the presence of water as the dominant volatile component in the nucleus has been growing for some time. However, a much more volatile species is required to explain the observed behavior of the comet. CO, formaldehyde, or methane would quickly evaporate as the comet approached the sun.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Nature; 249; June 7
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  • 94
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Solar Physics; 35; Apr. 197
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  • 95
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Approximate assessments are presented for the chemical state of the shock layer with respect to the hydrogen ionization reaction for representative entries into Saturn, Uranus, and Jupiter. It is shown that, except for a steep entry into the Saturn nominal atmosphere, the computation of all entry probe gascaps for the outer planets can probably be considered on either a frozen or chemical equilibrium basis.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: AIAA Journal; 12; June 197
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  • 96
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The MIT X-ray detectors aboard the OSO-7 spacecraft viewed Hercules X-1 from November 14 to 24, 1972. X-ray turn-on in the 35-day cycle was observed to occur between phases 0.67 and 0.70 (November 18.64-18.70). A significant decrease in the X-ray intensity occurred near mid-orbital phase, approximately 1.5 days after X-ray turn-on. Using the 1-6 keV data obtained during the 35-day off state, we conclude that if the optical light curve is due to heating of the large star by a blackbody source of soft X-rays, then the source must be large (radius greater than 5,000 km) and cool (temperature (kT) less than 90 eV). During one eclipse period (November 20.8-21.0) we find evidence for 1-6 keV X-ray emission.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 188; Feb. 15
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  • 97
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: New measurements of the Ca II/Ca I ratios in interstellar clouds lead to the conclusion that not only Ca, but also Na, is underabundant in these regions. Recent calculations of element depletion by accretion of atoms onto dust grains probably cannot account for the observed abundance range. The extreme underabundance of Ca, and some part of the abundance range, probably reflect the composition of the grain cores.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE SCIENCES
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 187; Feb. 1
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  • 98
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: An investigation was conducted of canopy-reflectance patterns as a basis for the determination of surface conditions. Two fields each of wheat, sorghum, and soybeans were selected in a bottom land area. One field contained a dark-colored, silty clay loam and the other a light-colored, silt loam. The study suggests that the reflectance ratio of the 545- to 655-nm-wavelengths may be used as an indicator of crop growth.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Remote Sensing of Environment; 3; 1, 19; 1974
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  • 99
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The neutral atmospheric composition experiment (Nace) carried by the San Marco 3 (SM 3) satellite measured the equatorial atmospheric composition during the reentry period of Nov. 21-28, 1971. The mass density and molecular nitrogen density measured by the Nace are in agreement with values measured by rocket experiments and inferred from satellite experiments. The average total oxygen content measured by Nace is 30% below the value suggested by von Zahn at 150-km altitude. When it is assumed that his value for the molecular oxygen density at 150 km represents averaged rocket results applicable to the equatorial thermosphere, the Nace total oxygen content results in an atomic oxygen concentration comparable to the mean value of Cira (1965). The Nace helium measurements interpreted in terms of an altitude profile have an altitude distribution similar to that of molecular nitrogen below 165 km.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; May 1
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  • 100
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Observations of the electron concentration and the temperature from the electrostatic probes on the Isis 1 satellite were used to examine the location and behavior of the plasmapause at about 3000-km altitude in the vicinity of L = 4. At these altitudes the electron concentration measurements are equivalent to measurements of H(+), since the satellite is well into the protonosphere. The plasmapause is evident as a sharp drop in electron concentration by a factor of 100 as the satellite passes into the polar cap, and a corresponding increase is observed as it enters the plasmasphere on the opposite side of the earth. An enhancement of temperature is also observed at the plasmapause, an effect that is most visible at night, when the temperatures at latitudes above and below the plasmapause are usually very low. The position of the plasmapause decreases with magnetic activity but is found to be somewhat less sensitive to Kp than is the equatorial plasmapause.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; May 1
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