ALBERT

Description: As an introduction to a number of researches of his own the author wishes to give the following data: „Veen” has two meanings in Dutch: 1. in a petrographic sense (peat) Von Büllow’s definition was accepted: „Torf” ist zu deflnieren als ein meist dunkles, kohlenstoffreiches und ± saures Gemenge unvollständig spezifisch-zersetzter Pflanzenteile, das erdgeschichtlich jüngste Glied der Verwantschaftsreihe der Kohlen, dessen Bildung noch heute andauert.” 2. in a plant-sociological-geographic sense (bog) the following definition has been suggested: a bog is a plot, the surface of which consists of a layer of peat, either covered or not with vegetation, with which that layer is genetically connected. The classification of bogs according to their position with regard to the water-level of the surroundings (Staring) and that of the geological chart were rejected on account of their ambiguous character. The classification suggested by Van Baren according to the environment in which the bogs have been formed, was likewise thought insufficient. Preference was given to the classification according to the plants which gave rise to the peat (eutrophic, mesotrophic and oligotrophic bogs) and according to the origin of the water needed for peat formation (topogenous, ombrogenous and soligenous bogs). The conditions of peat-formation are of a botanical (presence of a vegetation and micro-organisms), climatologic (presence of a certain temperature and moisture) and geological nature (presence of a basin, valley or dead river-branch, certain level of ground water, a possible impervious layer). With reference to a number of authors (Picardt; Van Lier; Grisebach, Venema and Staring; Weber) the alteration in conception as to peatformation from the 17th via the 18th and 19th to the 20th century has been given. The word „Peel” cannot be derived from „palus”. Nothing is certain about its origin. It may mean the low land, bog or marsh. The bogs of the Peel lie on the Brabant-Limburg border-plateau (fig. 2). Lorié and Pannekoek van Rheden have shown that the peatformation of the Peel is likely to have occurred in channels, which have been formed by the Meuse, in co-operation with wind and rain (fig. 4). The bogs were therefore in the first instance topogenous formations, which afterwards developed into ombrogenous bogs. For his own research the author collected peat in three ways: 1. by cutting lumps of peat from open profiles; 2. by boring with a simple peat-bore (photograph 1); 3. by boring with the Utrecht peat-bore, an improvement on Dachnowski’s (fig. 5). To assist in the pollen-analytic examination the samples were treated according to Erdtman’s method. The latter has the following advantages compared with the usual treatment with a 10% KOH-solution: 1. the surface-structures of the pollen-grains are more distinct and as a result the grains themselves can be recognized better; 2. the pollen is more concentrated, so that in spite of the method taking up much time, a saving of time is possible. How the method is applied may be found in the chapter concerned (p. 38 and following). For the stratigraphic examination the samples were broken apart in a glass-bowl of water and viewed with a binocular microscope. Dry sandy samples were broken in water, when seeds and other vegetative parts came floating to the top; next they were put with a brush on thick blotting paper and studied through the binocular microscope. The designations for the sediments and species of peat have been derived from Fægri & Gams. For Scheuchzeria peat a new designation has been added. A plea was made for replacing the word pollen-analysis by „palynology”. A survey of the observations and examinations up to abt. 1935 closes the introduction (see the diagrams of Weber, Erdtman and Duyfjes in the figs. 6, 7, 8 and 9). The author’s own research refers to the Southern and Astense Peel, as in the remaining grounds of the geological chart indicated I 4v (= raised bog) no samples could be taken owing to the digging off having progressed too far. 10 profiles were examined. The situation of the bore-sites has been given in the geological chart of the grounds (fig. 3). The result of the examination (figs. 10—27) and the discussion on it may be summerized as follows: Zoning of pollen-diagrams The sub-zoning of the late- and post-glacial periods according to Blytt & Sernander has proved useful as a zoning of pollen-diagrams, provided atlantic and sub-boreal are joined. It is desirable to replace Blytt & Sernander’s terminology by a different one, because the authors gave a climatologic connotation to their names of periods. The limit between pleistocene and holocene was drawn between preboreal and boreal as Florschütz did. As phases of the holocene the following names were suggested: young post-glacial = sub-atlantic mid post-glacial = sub-boreal and atlantic old post-glacial = boreal. Neither in the Peel nor elsewhere in Holland have Allerød-deposits been found. They are not likely to be found either, as on account of the long distance from the land-ice-margin the flora will have been hardly or not at all influenced by the Allerød interstadial period. For Holland therefore the zoning of the late-glacial according to Firbas (1935) may be considered sufficient. The names of the periods do not bear a climatologic connotation as those of the post-glacial phases do. For the sake of a unity the following names have been suggested: young late-glacial = pre-boreal mid late-glacial = sub-arctic period old late-glacial = arctic period. Forest-history In a table (p. 98), in which likewise the Peel diagrams of Weber, Erdtman and Duyfjes have been inserted, the examined profiles have been arranged from North to South. From each profile it has been stated whether it originated in a certain period (+) or not (—). The sub-arctic phase was characterized by forests of Betula and Pinus and was followed by the pre-boreal phase, in which Corylus and Alnus occurred. Also from the other Dutch diagrams (see list on p. 99) it appeared that in the Netherlands the Alnus pollen occurs with an equal frequency before, during and after that of the Quercetum mixtum. The old post-glacial zone of the diagrams shows a peak in the Pinusline. In contrast with the from Mid-Europe there is not always a maximum in the Corylus-curve after the Pinus-peak. In other Dutch diagrams this phenomenon is likewise found. Only in 28% of all Dutch profiles with a boreal zone does a hazel-maximum succeed a Pinus one. They often co-incide (16%), while in the remaining cases no hazelpeak has been established. There is no fixed order of sequence in the occurrence of the components of the Quercetum mixtum, either in the Peel or elsewhere in Holland. The mid post-glacial is the phase of culmination of warmth-loving forest elements: Alnus pollen shows the highest percentage in this zone. Quercus pollen also occurs in great quantities, while Ulmus and Tilia take up an important place up to the „Grenzhorizont”. The absolute and empiric Fagus pollen limits are found at different heights in the mid post-glacial zone of the diagrams, the rational limit lies somewhere near the „Grenzhorizont”. In the young post-glacial phase the Fagus pollen attains fairly high percentages (up to 30%). The maxima in the East and South-east of the Netherlands are between 20% and 38%; they decrease towards the coast and increase towards the South-east (Hautes Fagnes, Belgium) and East (Germany). It seems incorrect to class the Netherlands almost entirely among the oak-alderterritory poor in beeches, as Firbas did. An attempt has been made to fit the Peel-diagrams into Overbeck & Schneider’s zonation system. For the territory for which it has been made there are already difficulties (p. 104), for use in the Peel and other Dutch diagrams there are even more objections (p. 68, 104). Godwin’s zonation system appeared to be a little less forced, but not quite useful on account of too many details. From his horizons that of Ulmus proved useless for the continent. Neither for the Peel nor for the Netherlands and its surrounding territory can a detailed zonation system be designed. It has proved difficult to proceed any farther than Rudolph’s „Grundsukzession”: birch, pine-hazel-mixed oak-forest-beech, in which the alder generally joins the mixed oak-forest and the hornbeam the beech. Before drawing far-reaching conclusions from the course of the curves (as has been done by some authors) more palynological researches are needed in accordance with the actuality principle, known from geology. Pollen-grains from warmth-loving trees in seemingly sub-arctic spectra In profile 4 (Deurnse Peel II) pollen-grains of Abies, Alnus, Picea, Tilia, Ulmus and Corylus were found in the „late-glacial” zone (figs. 14, 15). Investigations were made as to which of the following possibilities would be the cause of their appearance: 1. in taking and preparing the samples pollution occurred; 2. pollen-transport over long distances has taken place; 3. the pollen-grains found have got secondarily into the deposit; 4. warmth-loving trees have occurred in favourable circumstances in the late-glacial phase or 5. in an interstadial period or in an interglacial phase. The said pollen-grains probably hail from a Würm interstadial or interglacial phase. Interglacial peat On the site of the bore-point 7 it was possible to collect samples from the layers under the peat. The upper 40 cm of the diagram Griendtsveen IX (fig. 27) of this profile proved a repetition of the lower 40 cm of the Griendtsveen I profile (fig. 18). The diagram shows that pollen of Carpinus, Picea and Abies occurs showing the deposit to be of interglacial age. The pollen-curves, however, pass unnoticed from an interglacial into a post-glacial portion. The limit is likely to be found between the two, about 30 cm below the mowing field. There is therefore a great stratigraphic hiatus. Pollen-analytically it could not be decided from which interglacial period the profile hails; on account of its situation on the middle terrace, it was deemed likely that it was an Eem sea deposit. The examined profile probably corresponds to Jessen & Milthers’ zone g; showing it to have been formed at the end of the Eem sea period. The Meuse therefore cannot have flowed through this part of the Astense Peel after the mid Eemean phase. Stratigraphy This is difficult to summarize. Compare various profiles. Individual mention may be made here of: 1. peat on a podsol layer; this was found in two places (Deurnse Peel I Kraaienhut and Griendtsveen VIII). Peat-formation may be thought to have occurred in the following way: heather started growing on drift-sand giving rise to a podsol layer. As the latter is impervious the vegetation surface became marshy. The heath was replaced by a Caricetum from which peat arose. Gradually more Eriophorum occurred, from which almost pure vaginatum peat arose. The bog-surface grew moister and moister, Sphagnum cuspidatum and Scheuchzeria could grow on it and formed a „Vorlaufstorf”. Only then could non-extremehydrophile Sphagna join in peat-formation. 2. the occurrence of Scheuchzeria-peat after the „Grenzhorizont” period. This species of peat, which is often found at the basis of the old Sphagnum-peat as a mesotrophic transition vegetation, has for the Netherlands only been found in the young post-glacial phase in the Peel (Deurnse Peel I Kraaienhut, Griendtsveen V and VIII and Nederweerd). At present the plant is very rare. The severe decline of this plant was also observed elsewhere. Probably it is caused by the gradual drying up or reclaiming of the raised bogs. Of the present station of Scheuchzeria near Ommen a short description has been given (p. 59 and photographs 2, 3, 4). 3. the „Grenzhorizont”. Where the young Sphagnum-peat has not been dug for the preparation of moss-litter, the Peel bogs show a clear „Grenzhorizont” (photograph 8). The conceptions about its origin have been discussed. The distinct separation between the old and the young Sphagnum-peat was not considered sufficiently explained. Though on the whole the „Grenzhorizont” is synchronous in the North-west European profiles, the point of transition from old to young Sphagnumpeat was fairly unstable and easily changeable as to time. Generally the date of the „Grenzhorizont” is fixed at about 500 A.D., though there are differences in opinion. There is a lack of archeological correlation which renders a correct dating impossible. Interference of man in the Peel Three ways of interference were stated: 1. peat has been dug off for the greater part in the territory of the Peel: young Sphagnum-peat for the preparation of moss-litter, old Sphagnum-peat for fuel. The trees which appeared when the bog was dug up in the „Veenderij der Maatschappij Griendtsveen” are sometimes in so good a condition, that they are used for building sheds. The 1 st, 2nd and 4th beam in the foreground of the shed in photo 5 has been sawn from a 30 m long subfossil pine. 2. in a native peat-digging it was possible to collect recent young Sphagnum-peat. 40 to 50 years ago the peasants living there had dug peat in holes, which were afterwards left to themselves. Sphagnum started growing again and the holes were filled in again. The diagram (fig. Griendtsveen VII) represents the surrounding heath with scattered pines and birches, sown by the wind, and a pine-plantation close by. 3. in the profiles Nieuwe Peel, Griendtsveen VI and VII it has been fixed by the indications given by Firbas, that only in the surface layers of the bog has corn-pollen occurred. So in these parts cultivation of cereals will be of recent date. This also appeared from the history of the reclamation of the said territory.

Description: Most classifications of the genera of the Gramineae have been on the structure and arrangement of their spikelets, for these organs provide a far greater variety of readily distinguishing characters than do other parts of the grass plant. Nevertheless it has not always been possible to decide from morphological studies alone whether marked similarities in structure point to a close affinity or are merely examples of parallel development. The modern taxonomist, endeavouring to arrange the grass genera in as natural a sequence as possible in order to emphasise relationships and evolutionary trends, sooner or later meets with difficulties in this respect, for examples of parallelism are of common occurrence in this family. He is more fortunate, however, than his predecessors, in that his own intensive morphological studies, based on a wider range of specimens, may be supplemented by additional data gleaned from the ecological, anatomical and cytological researches of contemporary workers. Thus aided by the more complete information at his disposal, it has been possible for him to rearrange certain groups, particularly the Festuceae and Hordeeae, in which parallel development has occasionally led to unrelated genera such as Lolium, Agropyron and Nardus, being too closely associated. In the following account an attempt has been made to provide a more natural classification for about eighteen species frequently referred to the genus Lepturus R. Br. by reason of their similar spicate inflorescences.

Description: Urelytrum Henrardii Chippindall sp. nov.; ab U. agropyroidei Hack., cui e descriptione affine, culmis gracilibus, foliorum laminis non hirsutis, longe attenuatis, longioribus, racemis flavido-viridibus, spicularum sessilium gluma inferiore 5-nervi, arista breviore distinguendum — Fig. 1. Gramen perenne caespitosum, usque ad 92 cm altum. Culmi erecti, simplices, graciles, pauci-nodes, glabri, racemos versus asperuli. Folia plerumque basalia; vaginae internodiis longiores, sublaxae, striatae, apicem versus carinatae, basales glabrae laevesque, superiores pilis patulis laxe pilosae, ore villoso-barbatae; ligulae scariosae, rotundato-obtusae, 0.8—1.25 mm longae; laminae lineares, apice tenuiter setaceae, planae vel leviter conduplicatae, usque ad 38 cm longae, 3—3.8 mm latae, marginibus scabridis, costis asperulis, pone ligulam pilis longis exceptis glabrae. Racemi ad culmi apicem solitarii, stricti, fragiles, subcylindrici, fere glabri, flavidi vel pallide flavido-virides, saltem 16 cm longi; articuli rhacheos compressi, infimo usque ad 2 cm longo, scaberuli, margine uno superne rigide ciliati, appendice membranacea inaequaliter dentata ciliolata; pedicelli articulis similes, sed appendice minore. Spiculae sessiles biflorae, anguste lanceolato-oblongae, 7.5—8.2 mm longae (callo excluso); callus crassus, rotundato-obtusus, basi barbatus. Glumae subaequales, minute punctatae; inferior spiculam aequans, coriacea, marginibus hyalinis, explanata lanceolata, subconvexa, subacuta, 5-nervis, dorso apicem versus parce spinuloso-ciliata, superne bicarnata, carinis angustissime alatis, alis spinuloso-ciliatis; superior inferiore paulo brevior, firme membranacea, marginibus hyalinis apice minute ciliolata, lanceolata, acuta, 3-nervis, superne carinata, carina anguste alata, ala spinuloso-ciliata. Anthoecium inferum ♂: lemma tenuiter hyalinum, lanceolato-ovatum, 6—6.5 mm longum, 2-nerve, minute bidentatum, marginibus apicem versus minute ciliolatum; palea lemmati similis sed angustior et paulo longior; antherae 3 mm longae; lodiculae glabrae. Anthoecium superum ♀: lemma lemmati anthoecii inferi simile sed 3-nerve, apice latius; palea angustior. Spiculae pedicellatae illis sessilibus absimiles, neutrae, ad glumas lemmaque redactae, sine arista 2—2.75 mm longae. Glumae coriaceae, marginibus hyalinis superne ciliolatae, minute punctatae; inferior spiculae aequilonga, lanceolata, 5-nervis, ad carinam superne angustissime alata, ala spinulosociliata, in aristam scabridam 9—12.5 mm longam excurrente; superior inferiore paulo longior, apice integra, obtusa, superne carinata, carina anguste alata, ala spinuloso-ciliata, obscure 5-nervis. Lemma tenuiter hyalinum, parvum.

Description: According to general opinion the spikelets of Oryza consist, reckoned from their base upwards, of 2 sterile glumes, called hereafter I and II, one fertile glume (valvula inferior; lemma), called hereafter III, and the palea valvula superior) to this glume, called hereafter p3. The spikelets are placed singly on the very short ultimate branchlets, called hereafter pedicels, of a more or less strongly ramose panicle; the tips of the pedicels are broadened into a shallow infra-spicular cup, either distinctly 2-lobed or not; from the bottom of the cup arises a minute knob, on which the very distinct basal callus of the spikelet is jointed. When ripe, the spikelets of the wild species fall off as a whole, disarticulating at the joint (in dried specimens often long before maturity; hence in herbarium-specimens they are frequently lacking). In many cultivated forms they remain firmly attached to their pedicels, a property of very high economic value. The spikelets are strongly laterally compressed. I and II are either 1-nerved or nerveless; as a rule they are many times shorter than the spikelet, sometimes even very minute. Only in O. Ridleyi they are comparatively well-developed, reaching about half the length of the spikelet, but very narrow. III is very rigid, usually conspicuously granulate, boatshaped, keeled, either awned or not, 5-nerved, with a strong midrib; it has the ultimate lateral nerves along the margins. P3 is likewise boatshaped, shortly cuspidate or not, with a narrow, rather rounded, less often faintly keeled back, 3-nerved; it is about as long as III, awn disregarded, and has the same rigid granulate structure, excepted the narrowly incurved thinly membranaceous smooth marginal parts (hidden by III). It might be taken for a fertile glume, but this view is inadmissible because of the averted position of the lodicules. It has a rather thin mid-nerve and strong lateral nerves, separating the rigid central part from the membranaceous borders. The well-developed lodicules are glabrous; the six stamens are free; there are 2 free shortish styles with large plumose white or violet stigmas which, during anthesis, stick out from the sides of the spikelet in or below its middle. The ripe fruit is oblong or lanceolate, usually angular; it is free from glume and palea but remains firmly incarcerated between them.

Description: Dactyloctenium Henrardianum Bor spec. nov. quae ab omnibus aliis speciebus hujus generis inflorescentia racemosa haud digitata satis recedit. An annual grass. Culms slender, 10—30 cm tall, erect, smooth, glabrous, striate in robust specimens, terete, long-exserted from the uppermost leaf-sheath. Leaf-sheaths strongly keeled, loose, slipping from the culm, much shorter than the internode and leaf-blade, markedly striate, smooth and glabrous except for some bristles from bulbous bases sparsely arranged near the margins in the upper fourth; ligule a lacerate membrane not more than 2 mm long. Leaf-blades up to 10 cm long by 5 mm wide at the base, gradually narrowed into a fine point from the rounded base, very scabrid on the margins which also bear long bulbous-based bristles in the lower third; upper surface smooth; lower surface often with bulbous-based bristles; midrib strongly marked with 2—3 prominent parallel veins on either side.

Description: The name Arundo Bambos L. Sp. Pl. 81, 1753, is interpreted as properly belonging to the common thorny bamboo of India; therefore this species should be called Bambusa Bambos (L.) Voss. Arundo Bambos L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 120, 1762, insofar as it is represented by Linnaeus’ specimen labeled “1. Bambos” and by his description of this specimen, is based on a misidentification of a Chinese species: Bambusa flexuosa Munro (1868). Bambos arundinacea Retz. Obs. Bot. 5:24, 1789, is shown to have been based on the plant known today as Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex Wendl. (Coll. Pl. 2:26, pl. 47, 1810), and not on the common thorny bamboo of India, properly called Bambusa Bambos (L.) Voss. Bambusa arundinacea Willd. Sp. Pl. 2:245, 1799, is based on Bambos arundinacea Retz., but Willdenow is shown to have confused, in his text, as in his mind, at least two species under this name: 1. The plant which has since come to be known as Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. (of which he had a specimen labeled “B. arundinacea 1.”) and 2. The common thorny bamboo of India (properly called Bambusa Bambos [L.] Voss) of which he had no specimen. Traditional usage for 150 years has overlooked the facts in this case, and has erroneously applied Bambusa arundinacea Willd., and Bambusa arundinacea Retz. (as Bambos) to the common thorny bamboo of India. As a result of the long-continued misapplication of the name Bambos arundinacea Retz. and its variants, it will be exceedingly difficult to reïnvest the name with its original meaning. It may come to pass that consensus of leadership will be to avoid the use of the name Bambos arundinacea Retz and its variants altogether, at least for some time, because of the risk of being misunderstood, and to continue the use of the name Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., which is generally accepted in its proper sense. Those who use Bambusa arundinacea Retz. (as Bambos) or any of the other variants of the name, may be able to avoid being misunderstood by citing Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. as a synonym. Bambusa Schreb. Gen. Pl. 1:236, 1789, and Bambos Retz. Obs. Bot. 5:24, 1789, are synonymous, and are believed to have been based on the same species, namely the plant commonly known today as Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Strict adherence to Recommendations IV and V of the fifth edition of the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature, and probably the claims of priority, would indicate the replacement of Bambusa Schreb. by Bambos Retz. The continuation of the use of the generic name Bambusa Schreb., instead of Bambos Retz., has the sanction of tradition, and of contemporary preference; but in order to be fully justified and stabilized, this usage should be regularized and legalized by action of the International Botanical Congress, placing Bambusa Schreb. on the list of Nomina Conservanda. The genus Leleba Rumph. ex Nakai, Jour. Jap. Bot. 9: 9 et seq. 1933, is added to the recognized synonymy of Bambusa Schreb.

Description: On the 13th of October 1940 I found in the vicinity of a wool- and skinwork in Tilburg (The Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant) a sterile grasstuft, striking me by its peculiar habit. I transplanted it into my garden in Dordrecht and there it was flowering for the first time in June 1941, and in July it was collected to be dried. On the 4th of July 1941 I gathered one more fructifying specimen at the same locality in Tilburg. Doubtless the plant was a Deschampsia and my provisory identification was D. media R. et Sch.. Sending the material with this name to Dr P. Jansen in Amsterdam I got his reply: ”Certainly not D. media. It is a species, unknown to me or, more probably, a variety of D. flexuosa“. This conclusion, however, seemed unacceptable to me. The habit of the sterile as well as the fertile plant differs strongly from that of D. flexuosa. The tuft is denser and harder, with thicker and shorter leaves. The panicle is longer, wider and more diffuse, the branchlets less flexuous, the culms are relatively short, as long as the panicle or at most 1½—2 times the length of the panicle (in D. flexuosa 4—5 times). The characteristics of the flower are decisive. The lower glume is 5 mm long, the upper one 6 mm, both of them overtop the lemma and palea of the enclosed flower (in D. flexuosa the glumes are little different in length and equaling or overtopped by the flowers). The stipe of the upper flower, remaining attached to the lower one, when the spikelet falls asunder, is densily pencilshapedly hirsute and 1.5 mm long (in D. flexuosa 0.6—0.8 mm). The upper flower bears a similar stipe of a fully rudimental third flower, in other words: the rachilla is produced behind the upper palea as a hairy bristle. These properties sooner recall D. setacea than D. flexuosa, but the anthers are very small, 0.3—0.5 mm long, on much longer filaments (D. setacea has anthers, 1.5 mm long, filaments 0.5 mm, D. flexuosa: anthers 1.8 mm, filaments very short). All this: the habit, the pale green spikelets without any touch of purple, brown or blue, and the small anthers on long filaments justifies a specific differentiation of the Tilburgian wooladventive. I propose to name it, in honour of Dr J. Th. Henrard, whom I owe so much in the field of adventives in general and of Gramineae in particular: Deschampsia Henrardii nov. spec.

Description: A few years ago Prof. Dr W. Martin, at the time director of the Gallery of prints and drawings at Leyden, drew my attention to an oilpainting at Prof. J. N. Bakhuizen van den Brink’s, 40 Rapenburg, Leyden. This painting (size 95 X 68 cm), which is owned by the Leyden University Fund, shows a peculiar group of flowering exotic plants, to which a few mushrooms, a snake, a lizard and some butterflies are added, and on the right side in the back-ground a view on a river or a lake. In the lower right hand corner the painting is signed Lau. Vinn. Prof. Martin concluded from this that it was one of the Haarlem painters Van der Vinne who made it. The most plausible inference seemed to look upon the senior Laurens van der Vinne (1658—1729), a well-known Dutch painter of flowers, as the maker. However, a closer investigation learnt that this was not correct. When Prof. Martin showed me the picture, I got the impression that I had seen a few of the drawings of the individual plants before. Looking through the plate collections of the “Rijksherbarium” it appeared that this impression was right. These collections, namely, contain water-colours of the 4 species of Proteaceae figured in the painting and moreover a water-colour of the specimen of Sprekelia formosissima. All these once belonged to the Leyden professor Adriaan van Royen. The water-colour of Sprekelia formosissima is signed “Laurens van der Vinne Pinxcit 1736”. It is quite probable that this beautiful drawing, together with those of the Proteaceae, were used by Van der Vinne in composing his picture. Besides, it became evident that it was not the senior but the junior Van der Vinne who must be considered the painter, as the former died already in 1729 and the painting must have been made in 1736 or later.

Description: Fate has knocked at your door. It has reminded you that, as to the years of your life, you are no longer a young man, that your age will be sixty five on the day this little volume will be presented to you. Time and fate are inexorable powers. Sometimes the question has occurred to me, whether we have any right to speak of a “Jubilee”, whether one’s retirement from office or the attainment of high age is something to be gratulated upon, since these events are usually not exactly welcome to the person involved. Yet, I think there cannot be any doubt as to this. For, can there be ever more reason for deep satisfaction and gratitude than when a man may without self-reproach, look back upon an honest and successful life?

Description: As my friend Dr J. Th. Henrard, when young, paid much attention to the adventitious species of Fumaria, I will give here an enumeration of the species found in our country. This genus has been somewhat neglected with us, mainly owing to the fact that the descriptions in our flora’s are not exact, so that the determination was not always easy; the less so as the species are variable in several characters. As I have not much space at my disposal, I will refrain from giving detailed descriptions, but the essential characters I will lay down into the key, so that a correct determination is possible. Minute descriptions are to be found in the splendid works of Mr H. W. Pugsley, which have been a great help to me.

Description: Perennis, innovationibus extravaginalibus. Caulis usque ad 80 cm altus, erectus vel nodo infimo radicans et geniculato-adscendens, usque ad apicem paniculae pilosus, pilis albis, usque ad 3 mm longis, e tuberculis emergentibus. Vaginae arcte appressae, internodiis breviores, hispidae, pilis e tuberculis emergentibus, albis, usque ad 4 mm longis, marginibus oris vaginarum stellato-patentibus. Ligula verticilla pilorum consistens. Folia caulina subtus ad basin pilis e tuberculis emergentibus munita, ceterum glabra ut supra; folia infima 2—3 dm longa, complicata vel plana et usque ad 4 mm lata, nervis tenuioribus ac crassioribus alternantibus, folia innovationum omnia angusta, complicata et apicem versus convoluta. Panicula erecta, pyramidalis, per anthesin ac postea patens, usque ad 20 cm longa vel paulo longior; rhachis pilis longis albis patentibus barbatis. Semiverticilla infima e ramis usque ad 8, 6—8 cm longis, composita. Apicem versus numerus et longitudo ramorum sensim decrescunt; hi rami glabri; initium ramificationis secundariae supra partem tertiam infimam; rami secundarii spiculis breviter pedicellatis sparse praediti. Spiculae plumbeo-griseae, lineares, 5—10-florae, quae 7 flores gerunt, 6 mm longae et ½—¾ mm latae. Glumae tenuiter membranaceae; gluma inferior 1 mm longa, acuta; gluma superior 1½ mm longa, obtusiuscula; ambae nervis inconspicius et mox deciduae. Rhachilla glabra, internodiis sublongis, floribus plus minusve remotis. Lemma 1½ mm longa a latere visa linearis, acuta, debilis, margine angusto membranaceo; nervis lateralibus lumine reflecto inconspicuis. Palea elliptica, lemma aequilonga. I found this new species among a series of unicae, bought from K. Dinter and collected by him in 1912 in South-West-Africa (No. 2572, Grassteppe at Okahandja); type specimen in Herb. Lugd.-Bat.

Description: A taxonomic study of the 6 species of Stipa that inhabit desert regions of the Puna de Atacama S. Bomani Haum., S. venusta Phil., S. obtusa [Nees et Mey.] Hitchc., S. rigidiseta [Pilg.] Hitchc., S. saltensis O. Kuntze, and the new species S. Henrardiana) indicates that they constitute a natural group which I designate Obtusae, using as type the species S. obtusa which is the one with priority. The group is characterised by setose leaves, with ligules 3 to 10 mm long, by glumes that are scarious, smooth, depressed and usually unequal, by the fusiform anthoecium with the palea as long as the lemma and by glabrous anthers. These characters reveal a close relationship with Orthachne Nees and Oryzopsis Michx. More detailed studies are necessary to decide the generic relationships. Some of the species studied ( S. Bomani and S. saltensis) contain cyanoglucosides in their vegetative organs and consequently are feared by the inhabitants of the Puna as being toxic to livestock.

Description: 1. (with G. H. H. ZANDVOORT) — Een voor Nederland nieuwe plant, Kentrophyllum lanatum DC. — De Levende Natuur XV, p. 376—380, 4 fig.

Description: In the following account the author of the present paper has endeavoured to compile all available information regarding this interesting member of the Gramineae-Zoysieae. As the genus under consideration has in many cases been incorrectly described, it appeared highly desirable to amend the faults and inaccuracies committed by both the original author of the genus and various subsequent taxonomists. The results of these investigations are being put forward in the following pages.

Description: In this paper two grasses from New Guinea are described as new species. One of these is proposed as the type of a new genus, the other is referred to a hitherto supposed monotypic genus which is suggested as the type of a new tribe. Ancistragrostis S. T. Blake; genus novum, e tribu Agrostidearum, affine Deyeuxiae Beauv., sed glumis atque lemmate induratis, lemmate quam glumis conspicue longiore ejus arista robusta uncinata distinguendum.

Description: Peculiarities in leaf anatomy support the opinion that the name Triodia R. Br. should be confined to the Australian species. The leaves of species of Plectrachne Henr. are quite different from those of Triraphis mollis, though formerly included in this genus, but are remarkably similar to those of Triodia.

Description: On October 16th 1946 Dr J. Th. Henrard will have reached the pensionable age of sixty five years. In accordance with the legal prescriptions he is due to take leave officially as keeper of the ”Rijksherbarium“. The present director, Prof. Dr H. J. Lam, invited me to write a short biography of Dr Henrard on this occasion. Having been Henrard’s eldest colleague till 1934 at the institution, I accepted willingly. Jan Theodoor Henrard was born October 16th, 1881 at Maastricht, where his father, J. B. Henrard, was director of the Weight and Measures Office. There is a legend in the family that the Henrards originated from the Vendée (in France) as descendants of a Huguenot-refugee. Owing to this duties J. B. Henrard was often transferred with his family from one locality to the other; his children got their education in different towns of the country. Jan visited the elementary school at Maastricht. The secundary school he followed at Zwolle and Leeuwarden respectively. At Zwolle he made the acquaintance of two well-known Dutch florists, Lako, a teacher at the secundary school and Carmiggelt, an official at his fathers office. From them Jan gathered already an extensive knowledge of the Dutch flora. His final high school certificate he got at Sneek on August 10th, 1901 (Diploma H. B. S.).

Description: In this paper two grasses from New Guinea are described as new species. One of these is proposed as the type of a new genus, the other is referred to a hitherto supposed monotypic genus which is suggested as the type of a new tribe.\nAncistragrostis S. T. Blake; genus novum, e tribu Agrostidearum, affine Deyeuxiae Beauv., sed glumis atque lemmate induratis, lemmate quam glumis conspicue longiore ejus arista robusta uncinata distinguendum.

Description: Urelytrum Henrardii Chippindall sp. nov.; ab U. agropyroidei Hack., cui e descriptione affine, culmis gracilibus, foliorum laminis non hirsutis, longe attenuatis, longioribus, racemis flavido-viridibus, spicularum sessilium gluma inferiore 5-nervi, arista breviore distinguendum \xe2\x80\x94 Fig. 1.\nGramen perenne caespitosum, usque ad 92 cm altum. Culmi erecti, simplices, graciles, pauci-nodes, glabri, racemos versus asperuli. Folia plerumque basalia; vaginae internodiis longiores, sublaxae, striatae, apicem versus carinatae, basales glabrae laevesque, superiores pilis patulis laxe pilosae, ore villoso-barbatae; ligulae scariosae, rotundato-obtusae, 0.8\xe2\x80\x941.25 mm longae; laminae lineares, apice tenuiter setaceae, planae vel leviter conduplicatae, usque ad 38 cm longae, 3\xe2\x80\x943.8 mm latae, marginibus scabridis, costis asperulis, pone ligulam pilis longis exceptis glabrae. Racemi ad culmi apicem solitarii, stricti, fragiles, subcylindrici, fere glabri, flavidi vel pallide flavido-virides, saltem 16 cm longi; articuli rhacheos compressi, infimo usque ad 2 cm longo, scaberuli, margine uno superne rigide ciliati, appendice membranacea inaequaliter dentata ciliolata; pedicelli articulis similes, sed appendice minore. Spiculae sessiles biflorae, anguste lanceolato-oblongae, 7.5\xe2\x80\x948.2 mm longae (callo excluso); callus crassus, rotundato-obtusus, basi barbatus. Glumae subaequales, minute punctatae; inferior spiculam aequans, coriacea, marginibus hyalinis, explanata lanceolata, subconvexa, subacuta, 5-nervis, dorso apicem versus parce spinuloso-ciliata, superne bicarnata, carinis angustissime alatis, alis spinuloso-ciliatis; superior inferiore paulo brevior, firme membranacea, marginibus hyalinis apice minute ciliolata, lanceolata, acuta, 3-nervis, superne carinata, carina anguste alata, ala spinuloso-ciliata. Anthoecium inferum \xe2\x99\x82: lemma tenuiter hyalinum, lanceolato-ovatum, 6\xe2\x80\x946.5 mm longum, 2-nerve, minute bidentatum, marginibus apicem versus minute ciliolatum; palea lemmati similis sed angustior et paulo longior; antherae 3 mm longae; lodiculae glabrae. Anthoecium superum \xe2\x99\x80: lemma lemmati anthoecii inferi simile sed 3-nerve, apice latius; palea angustior. Spiculae pedicellatae illis sessilibus absimiles, neutrae, ad glumas lemmaque redactae, sine arista 2\xe2\x80\x942.75 mm longae. Glumae coriaceae, marginibus hyalinis superne ciliolatae, minute punctatae; inferior spiculae aequilonga, lanceolata, 5-nervis, ad carinam superne angustissime alata, ala spinulosociliata, in aristam scabridam 9\xe2\x80\x9412.5 mm longam excurrente; superior inferiore paulo longior, apice integra, obtusa, superne carinata, carina anguste alata, ala spinuloso-ciliata, obscure 5-nervis. Lemma tenuiter hyalinum, parvum.

Description: In the following account the author of the present paper has endeavoured to compile all available information regarding this interesting member of the Gramineae-Zoysieae.\nAs the genus under consideration has in many cases been incorrectly described, it appeared highly desirable to amend the faults and inaccuracies committed by both the original author of the genus and various subsequent taxonomists. The results of these investigations are being put forward in the following pages.

Description: As my friend Dr J. Th. Henrard, when young, paid much attention to the adventitious species of Fumaria, I will give here an enumeration of the species found in our country. This genus has been somewhat neglected with us, mainly owing to the fact that the descriptions in our flora\xe2\x80\x99s are not exact, so that the determination was not always easy; the less so as the species are variable in several characters.\nAs I have not much space at my disposal, I will refrain from giving detailed descriptions, but the essential characters I will lay down into the key, so that a correct determination is possible. Minute descriptions are to be found in the splendid works of Mr H. W. Pugsley, which have been a great help to me.

Description: Dactyloctenium Henrardianum Bor spec. nov. quae ab omnibus aliis speciebus hujus generis inflorescentia racemosa haud digitata satis recedit.\nAn annual grass. Culms slender, 10\xe2\x80\x9430 cm tall, erect, smooth, glabrous, striate in robust specimens, terete, long-exserted from the uppermost leaf-sheath. Leaf-sheaths strongly keeled, loose, slipping from the culm, much shorter than the internode and leaf-blade, markedly striate, smooth and glabrous except for some bristles from bulbous bases sparsely arranged near the margins in the upper fourth; ligule a lacerate membrane not more than 2 mm long. Leaf-blades up to 10 cm long by 5 mm wide at the base, gradually narrowed into a fine point from the rounded base, very scabrid on the margins which also bear long bulbous-based bristles in the lower third; upper surface smooth; lower surface often with bulbous-based bristles; midrib strongly marked with 2\xe2\x80\x943 prominent parallel veins on either side.

Description: The name Arundo Bambos L. Sp. Pl. 81, 1753, is interpreted as properly belonging to the common thorny bamboo of India; therefore this species should be called Bambusa Bambos (L.) Voss. Arundo Bambos L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 120, 1762, insofar as it is represented by Linnaeus\xe2\x80\x99 specimen labeled \xe2\x80\x9c1. Bambos\xe2\x80\x9d and by his description of this specimen, is based on a misidentification of a Chinese species: Bambusa flexuosa Munro (1868).\nBambos arundinacea Retz. Obs. Bot. 5:24, 1789, is shown to have been based on the plant known today as Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex Wendl. (Coll. Pl. 2:26, pl. 47, 1810), and not on the common thorny bamboo of India, properly called Bambusa Bambos (L.) Voss.\nBambusa arundinacea Willd. Sp. Pl. 2:245, 1799, is based on Bambos arundinacea Retz., but Willdenow is shown to have confused, in his text, as in his mind, at least two species under this name: 1. The plant which has since come to be known as Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. (of which he had a specimen labeled \xe2\x80\x9cB. arundinacea 1.\xe2\x80\x9d) and 2. The common thorny bamboo of India (properly called Bambusa Bambos [L.] Voss) of which he had no specimen. Traditional usage for 150 years has overlooked the facts in this case, and has erroneously applied Bambusa arundinacea Willd., and Bambusa arundinacea Retz. (as Bambos) to the common thorny bamboo of India. As a result of the long-continued misapplication of the name Bambos arundinacea Retz. and its variants, it will be exceedingly difficult to re\xc3\xafnvest the name with its original meaning. It may come to pass that consensus of leadership will be to avoid the use of the name Bambos arundinacea Retz and its variants altogether, at least for some time, because of the risk of being misunderstood, and to continue the use of the name Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., which is generally accepted in its proper sense. Those who use Bambusa arundinacea Retz. (as Bambos) or any of the other variants of the name, may be able to avoid being misunderstood by citing Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. as a synonym. Bambusa Schreb. Gen. Pl. 1:236, 1789, and Bambos Retz. Obs. Bot. 5:24, 1789, are synonymous, and are believed to have been based on the same species, namely the plant commonly known today as Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Strict adherence to Recommendations IV and V of the fifth edition of the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature, and probably the claims of priority, would indicate the replacement of Bambusa Schreb. by Bambos Retz. The continuation of the use of the generic name Bambusa Schreb., instead of Bambos Retz., has the sanction of tradition, and of contemporary preference; but in order to be fully justified and stabilized, this usage should be regularized and legalized by action of the International Botanical Congress, placing Bambusa Schreb. on the list of Nomina Conservanda. The genus Leleba Rumph. ex Nakai, Jour. Jap. Bot. 9: 9 et seq. 1933, is added to the recognized synonymy of Bambusa Schreb.

Description: On October 16th 1946 Dr J. Th. Henrard will have reached the pensionable age of sixty five years. In accordance with the legal prescriptions he is due to take leave officially as keeper of the \xe2\x80\x9dRijksherbarium\xe2\x80\x9c. The present director, Prof. Dr H. J. Lam, invited me to write a short biography of Dr Henrard on this occasion. Having been Henrard\xe2\x80\x99s eldest colleague till 1934 at the institution, I accepted willingly.\nJan Theodoor Henrard was born October 16th, 1881 at Maastricht, where his father, J. B. Henrard, was director of the Weight and Measures Office. There is a legend in the family that the Henrards originated from the Vend\xc3\xa9e (in France) as descendants of a Huguenot-refugee. Owing to this duties J. B. Henrard was often transferred with his family from one locality to the other; his children got their education in different towns of the country. Jan visited the elementary school at Maastricht. The secundary school he followed at Zwolle and Leeuwarden respectively. At Zwolle he made the acquaintance of two well-known Dutch florists, Lako, a teacher at the secundary school and Carmiggelt, an official at his fathers office. From them Jan gathered already an extensive knowledge of the Dutch flora. His final high school certificate he got at Sneek on August 10th, 1901 (Diploma H. B. S.).

Description: 1. (with G. H. H. ZANDVOORT) \xe2\x80\x94 Een voor Nederland nieuwe plant, Kentrophyllum lanatum DC. \xe2\x80\x94 De Levende Natuur XV, p. 376\xe2\x80\x94380, 4 fig.

Description: Most classifications of the genera of the Gramineae have been on the structure and arrangement of their spikelets, for these organs provide a far greater variety of readily distinguishing characters than do other parts of the grass plant. Nevertheless it has not always been possible to decide from morphological studies alone whether marked similarities in structure point to a close affinity or are merely examples of parallel development. The modern taxonomist, endeavouring to arrange the grass genera in as natural a sequence as possible in order to emphasise relationships and evolutionary trends, sooner or later meets with difficulties in this respect, for examples of parallelism are of common occurrence in this family. He is more fortunate, however, than his predecessors, in that his own intensive morphological studies, based on a wider range of specimens, may be supplemented by additional data gleaned from the ecological, anatomical and cytological researches of contemporary workers. Thus aided by the more complete information at his disposal, it has been possible for him to rearrange certain groups, particularly the Festuceae and Hordeeae, in which parallel development has occasionally led to unrelated genera such as Lolium, Agropyron and Nardus, being too closely associated. In the following account an attempt has been made to provide a more natural classification for about eighteen species frequently referred to the genus Lepturus R. Br. by reason of their similar spicate inflorescences.

Description: On the 13th of October 1940 I found in the vicinity of a wool- and skinwork in Tilburg (The Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant) a sterile grasstuft, striking me by its peculiar habit. I transplanted it into my garden in Dordrecht and there it was flowering for the first time in June 1941, and in July it was collected to be dried. On the 4th of July 1941 I gathered one more fructifying specimen at the same locality in Tilburg. Doubtless the plant was a Deschampsia and my provisory identification was D. media R. et Sch.. Sending the material with this name to Dr P. Jansen in Amsterdam I got his reply: \xe2\x80\x9dCertainly not D. media. It is a species, unknown to me or, more probably, a variety of D. flexuosa\xe2\x80\x9c.\nThis conclusion, however, seemed unacceptable to me. The habit of the sterile as well as the fertile plant differs strongly from that of D. flexuosa. The tuft is denser and harder, with thicker and shorter leaves. The panicle is longer, wider and more diffuse, the branchlets less flexuous, the culms are relatively short, as long as the panicle or at most 1\xc2\xbd\xe2\x80\x942 times the length of the panicle (in D. flexuosa 4\xe2\x80\x945 times). The characteristics of the flower are decisive. The lower glume is 5 mm long, the upper one 6 mm, both of them overtop the lemma and palea of the enclosed flower (in D. flexuosa the glumes are little different in length and equaling or overtopped by the flowers). The stipe of the upper flower, remaining attached to the lower one, when the spikelet falls asunder, is densily pencilshapedly hirsute and 1.5 mm long (in D. flexuosa 0.6\xe2\x80\x940.8 mm). The upper flower bears a similar stipe of a fully rudimental third flower, in other words: the rachilla is produced behind the upper palea as a hairy bristle. These properties sooner recall D. setacea than D. flexuosa, but the anthers are very small, 0.3\xe2\x80\x940.5 mm long, on much longer filaments (D. setacea has anthers, 1.5 mm long, filaments 0.5 mm, D. flexuosa: anthers 1.8 mm, filaments very short). All this: the habit, the pale green spikelets without any touch of purple, brown or blue, and the small anthers on long filaments justifies a specific differentiation of the Tilburgian wooladventive. I propose to name it, in honour of Dr J. Th. Henrard, whom I owe so much in the field of adventives in general and of Gramineae in particular: Deschampsia Henrardii nov. spec.

Description: As an introduction to a number of researches of his own the author wishes to give the following data: \xe2\x80\x9eVeen\xe2\x80\x9d has two meanings in Dutch: 1. in a petrographic sense (peat) Von B\xc3\xbcllow\xe2\x80\x99s definition was accepted: \xe2\x80\x9eTorf\xe2\x80\x9d ist zu deflnieren als ein meist dunkles, kohlenstoffreiches und \xc2\xb1 saures Gemenge unvollst\xc3\xa4ndig spezifisch-zersetzter Pflanzenteile, das erdgeschichtlich j\xc3\xbcngste Glied der Verwantschaftsreihe der Kohlen, dessen Bildung noch heute andauert.\xe2\x80\x9d 2. in a plant-sociological-geographic sense (bog) the following definition has been suggested: a bog is a plot, the surface of which consists of a layer of peat, either covered or not with vegetation, with which that layer is genetically connected. The classification of bogs according to their position with regard to the water-level of the surroundings (Staring) and that of the geological chart were rejected on account of their ambiguous character. The classification suggested by Van Baren according to the environment in which the bogs have been formed, was likewise thought insufficient. Preference was given to the classification according to the plants which gave rise to the peat (eutrophic, mesotrophic and oligotrophic bogs) and according to the origin of the water needed for peat formation (topogenous, ombrogenous and soligenous bogs). The conditions of peat-formation are of a botanical (presence of a vegetation and micro-organisms), climatologic (presence of a certain temperature and moisture) and geological nature (presence of a basin, valley or dead river-branch, certain level of ground water, a possible impervious layer). With reference to a number of authors (Picardt; Van Lier; Grisebach, Venema and Staring; Weber) the alteration in conception as to peatformation from the 17th via the 18th and 19th to the 20th century has been given.\nThe word \xe2\x80\x9ePeel\xe2\x80\x9d cannot be derived from \xe2\x80\x9epalus\xe2\x80\x9d. Nothing is certain about its origin. It may mean the low land, bog or marsh. The bogs of the Peel lie on the Brabant-Limburg border-plateau (fig. 2). Lori\xc3\xa9 and Pannekoek van Rheden have shown that the peatformation of the Peel is likely to have occurred in channels, which have been formed by the Meuse, in co-operation with wind and rain (fig. 4). The bogs were therefore in the first instance topogenous formations, which afterwards developed into ombrogenous bogs. For his own research the author collected peat in three ways: 1. by cutting lumps of peat from open profiles; 2. by boring with a simple peat-bore (photograph 1); 3. by boring with the Utrecht peat-bore, an improvement on Dachnowski\xe2\x80\x99s (fig. 5). To assist in the pollen-analytic examination the samples were treated according to Erdtman\xe2\x80\x99s method. The latter has the following advantages compared with the usual treatment with a 10% KOH-solution: 1. the surface-structures of the pollen-grains are more distinct and as a result the grains themselves can be recognized better; 2. the pollen is more concentrated, so that in spite of the method taking up much time, a saving of time is possible. How the method is applied may be found in the chapter concerned (p. 38 and following). For the stratigraphic examination the samples were broken apart in a glass-bowl of water and viewed with a binocular microscope. Dry sandy samples were broken in water, when seeds and other vegetative parts came floating to the top; next they were put with a brush on thick blotting paper and studied through the binocular microscope. The designations for the sediments and species of peat have been derived from F\xc3\xa6gri & Gams. For Scheuchzeria peat a new designation has been added. A plea was made for replacing the word pollen-analysis by \xe2\x80\x9epalynology\xe2\x80\x9d. A survey of the observations and examinations up to abt. 1935 closes the introduction (see the diagrams of Weber, Erdtman and Duyfjes in the figs. 6, 7, 8 and 9). The author\xe2\x80\x99s own research refers to the Southern and Astense Peel, as in the remaining grounds of the geological chart indicated I 4v (= raised bog) no samples could be taken owing to the digging off having progressed too far. 10 profiles were examined. The situation of the bore-sites has been given in the geological chart of the grounds (fig. 3). The result of the examination (figs. 10\xe2\x80\x9427) and the discussion on it may be summerized as follows: Zoning of pollen-diagrams The sub-zoning of the late- and post-glacial periods according to Blytt & Sernander has proved useful as a zoning of pollen-diagrams, provided atlantic and sub-boreal are joined. It is desirable to replace Blytt & Sernander\xe2\x80\x99s terminology by a different one, because the authors gave a climatologic connotation to their names of periods. The limit between pleistocene and holocene was drawn between preboreal and boreal as Florsch\xc3\xbctz did. As phases of the holocene the following names were suggested: young post-glacial = sub-atlantic mid post-glacial = sub-boreal and atlantic old post-glacial = boreal. Neither in the Peel nor elsewhere in Holland have Aller\xc3\xb8d-deposits been found. They are not likely to be found either, as on account of the long distance from the land-ice-margin the flora will have been hardly or not at all influenced by the Aller\xc3\xb8d interstadial period. For Holland therefore the zoning of the late-glacial according to Firbas (1935) may be considered sufficient. The names of the periods do not bear a climatologic connotation as those of the post-glacial phases do. For the sake of a unity the following names have been suggested: young late-glacial = pre-boreal mid late-glacial = sub-arctic period old late-glacial = arctic period.\nForest-history In a table (p. 98), in which likewise the Peel diagrams of Weber, Erdtman and Duyfjes have been inserted, the examined profiles have been arranged from North to South. From each profile it has been stated whether it originated in a certain period (+) or not (\xe2\x80\x94). The sub-arctic phase was characterized by forests of Betula and Pinus and was followed by the pre-boreal phase, in which Corylus and Alnus occurred. Also from the other Dutch diagrams (see list on p. 99) it appeared that in the Netherlands the Alnus pollen occurs with an equal frequency before, during and after that of the Quercetum mixtum. The old post-glacial zone of the diagrams shows a peak in the Pinusline. In contrast with the from Mid-Europe there is not always a maximum in the Corylus-curve after the Pinus-peak. In other Dutch diagrams this phenomenon is likewise found. Only in 28% of all Dutch profiles with a boreal zone does a hazel-maximum succeed a Pinus one. They often co-incide (16%), while in the remaining cases no hazelpeak has been established. There is no fixed order of sequence in the occurrence of the components of the Quercetum mixtum, either in the Peel or elsewhere in Holland.\nThe mid post-glacial is the phase of culmination of warmth-loving forest elements: Alnus pollen shows the highest percentage in this zone. Quercus pollen also occurs in great quantities, while Ulmus and Tilia take up an important place up to the \xe2\x80\x9eGrenzhorizont\xe2\x80\x9d. The absolute and empiric Fagus pollen limits are found at different heights in the mid post-glacial zone of the diagrams, the rational limit lies somewhere near the \xe2\x80\x9eGrenzhorizont\xe2\x80\x9d. In the young post-glacial phase the Fagus pollen attains fairly high percentages (up to 30%). The maxima in the East and South-east of the Netherlands are between 20% and 38%; they decrease towards the coast and increase towards the South-east (Hautes Fagnes, Belgium) and East (Germany). It seems incorrect to class the Netherlands almost entirely among the oak-alderterritory poor in beeches, as Firbas did. An attempt has been made to fit the Peel-diagrams into Overbeck & Schneider\xe2\x80\x99s zonation system. For the territory for which it has been made there are already difficulties (p. 104), for use in the Peel and other Dutch diagrams there are even more objections (p. 68, 104). Godwin\xe2\x80\x99s zonation system appeared to be a little less forced, but not quite useful on account of too many details. From his horizons that of Ulmus proved useless for the continent. Neither for the Peel nor for the Netherlands and its surrounding territory can a detailed zonation system be designed. It has proved difficult to proceed any farther than Rudolph\xe2\x80\x99s \xe2\x80\x9eGrundsukzession\xe2\x80\x9d: birch, pine-hazel-mixed oak-forest-beech, in which the alder generally joins the mixed oak-forest and the hornbeam the beech. Before drawing far-reaching conclusions from the course of the curves (as has been done by some authors) more palynological researches are needed in accordance with the actuality principle, known from geology.\nPollen-grains from warmth-loving trees in seemingly sub-arctic spectra In profile 4 (Deurnse Peel II) pollen-grains of Abies, Alnus, Picea, Tilia, Ulmus and Corylus were found in the \xe2\x80\x9elate-glacial\xe2\x80\x9d zone (figs. 14, 15). Investigations were made as to which of the following possibilities would be the cause of their appearance: 1. in taking and preparing the samples pollution occurred; 2. pollen-transport over long distances has taken place; 3. the pollen-grains found have got secondarily into the deposit; 4. warmth-loving trees have occurred in favourable circumstances in the late-glacial phase or 5. in an interstadial period or in an interglacial phase. The said pollen-grains probably hail from a W\xc3\xbcrm interstadial or interglacial phase.\nInterglacial peat On the site of the bore-point 7 it was possible to collect samples from the layers under the peat. The upper 40 cm of the diagram Griendtsveen IX (fig. 27) of this profile proved a repetition of the lower 40 cm of the Griendtsveen I profile (fig. 18). The diagram shows that pollen of Carpinus, Picea and Abies occurs showing the deposit to be of interglacial age. The pollen-curves, however, pass unnoticed from an interglacial into a post-glacial portion. The limit is likely to be found between the two, about 30 cm below the mowing field. There is therefore a great stratigraphic hiatus. Pollen-analytically it could not be decided from which interglacial period the profile hails; on account of its situation on the middle terrace, it was deemed likely that it was an Eem sea deposit. The examined profile probably corresponds to Jessen & Milthers\xe2\x80\x99 zone g; showing it to have been formed at the end of the Eem sea period. The Meuse therefore cannot have flowed through this part of the Astense Peel after the mid Eemean phase.\nStratigraphy This is difficult to summarize. Compare various profiles. Individual mention may be made here of: 1. peat on a podsol layer; this was found in two places (Deurnse Peel I Kraaienhut and Griendtsveen VIII). Peat-formation may be thought to have occurred in the following way: heather started growing on drift-sand giving rise to a podsol layer. As the latter is impervious the vegetation surface became marshy. The heath was replaced by a Caricetum from which peat arose. Gradually more Eriophorum occurred, from which almost pure vaginatum peat arose. The bog-surface grew moister and moister, Sphagnum cuspidatum and Scheuchzeria could grow on it and formed a \xe2\x80\x9eVorlaufstorf\xe2\x80\x9d. Only then could non-extremehydrophile Sphagna join in peat-formation. 2. the occurrence of Scheuchzeria-peat after the \xe2\x80\x9eGrenzhorizont\xe2\x80\x9d period. This species of peat, which is often found at the basis of the old Sphagnum-peat as a mesotrophic transition vegetation, has for the Netherlands only been found in the young post-glacial phase in the Peel (Deurnse Peel I Kraaienhut, Griendtsveen V and VIII and Nederweerd). At present the plant is very rare. The severe decline of this plant was also observed elsewhere. Probably it is caused by the gradual drying up or reclaiming of the raised bogs. Of the present station of Scheuchzeria near Ommen a short description has been given (p. 59 and photographs 2, 3, 4). 3. the \xe2\x80\x9eGrenzhorizont\xe2\x80\x9d. Where the young Sphagnum-peat has not been dug for the preparation of moss-litter, the Peel bogs show a clear \xe2\x80\x9eGrenzhorizont\xe2\x80\x9d (photograph 8). The conceptions about its origin have been discussed. The distinct separation between the old and the young Sphagnum-peat was not considered sufficiently explained. Though on the whole the \xe2\x80\x9eGrenzhorizont\xe2\x80\x9d is synchronous in the North-west European profiles, the point of transition from old to young Sphagnumpeat was fairly unstable and easily changeable as to time. Generally the date of the \xe2\x80\x9eGrenzhorizont\xe2\x80\x9d is fixed at about 500 A.D., though there are differences in opinion. There is a lack of archeological correlation which renders a correct dating impossible.\nInterference of man in the Peel Three ways of interference were stated: 1. peat has been dug off for the greater part in the territory of the Peel: young Sphagnum-peat for the preparation of moss-litter, old Sphagnum-peat for fuel. The trees which appeared when the bog was dug up in the \xe2\x80\x9eVeenderij der Maatschappij Griendtsveen\xe2\x80\x9d are sometimes in so good a condition, that they are used for building sheds. The 1 st, 2nd and 4th beam in the foreground of the shed in photo 5 has been sawn from a 30 m long subfossil pine. 2. in a native peat-digging it was possible to collect recent young Sphagnum-peat. 40 to 50 years ago the peasants living there had dug peat in holes, which were afterwards left to themselves. Sphagnum started growing again and the holes were filled in again. The diagram (fig. Griendtsveen VII) represents the surrounding heath with scattered pines and birches, sown by the wind, and a pine-plantation close by. 3. in the profiles Nieuwe Peel, Griendtsveen VI and VII it has been fixed by the indications given by Firbas, that only in the surface layers of the bog has corn-pollen occurred. So in these parts cultivation of cereals will be of recent date. This also appeared from the history of the reclamation of the said territory.

Description: A revision of the material belonging to the genus Erebia Dalman in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden, mainly based on the "Monograph of the genus Erebia" by B. C. S. Warren (London, 1936), induced me to describe a number of new subspecies and aberrations, and to make some remarks on forms already described.\nThe greater and most important part of the material is to be found in the Mezger collection, which is kept separate. It has always been indicated with the types, if they are to be found in that collection ; all other types are included in the general collection of Lepidoptera of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historic Descriptions and remarks are following here in systematic order, according to Warren\'s system.\nErebia eriphyle (Frr.) subsp. tristis H.-S. ab. secundo-tertiopunctata nov. ab.\nThe typical eriphyle possesses two black spots on the forewing; specimens deviating in this respect were described as ab. tripunctata Hoffm. with three spots, and as ab. impunctata H\xc3\xb6fn. without black spots. One of the specimens in hand, from Reichenstein, Styria, and consequently belonging to the subsp. tristis H.-S., shows the two hindmost black spots of the ab. tripunctata Hoffm., but the foremost spot is lacking. I propose the name secundo-tertiopunctata nov. ab. for this aberration.\nHolotype: \xe2\x99\x82, Reichenstein, 15 VII 1923, in the Mezger collection.\nErebia manto (Schiff. & Dennis) subsp. osmanica Schaw. ab. subtuslutescens nov. ab., and ab. bubastis nov. ab.\nIn his excellent monograph of the genus Erebia Warren writes that the

Description: Introduction........................ 1\nTerminology of the upper teeth of rhinoceros............ 3\nOn the recent occurrence of Rhinoceros sonda\xc3\xafcus Desmarest in Sumatra . . 6 On the distinguishing dental characters of Dicerorhinus sumatrensis (Fischer) and Rhinoceros sonda\xc3\xafcus Desmarest.............. 9\nDicerorhinus sumatrensis (Fischer)................ 12\nRhinoceros or Dicerorhinus spec.................. 29\nRhinoceros sonda\xc3\xafcus Desmarest................. 34\nRhinoceros unicornis L..................... 81\nRhinoceros kendengindicus Dubois................ 84\n"Aceratherium" boschi Von Koenigswald.............. 107\nRhinoceros spec....................... 108\nRhino\xd1\x81\xd0\xb5r\xd0\xbes karnuliensis Lydekker................. 112\nAceratherium perimense Falconer et Cautley............. 114\nLiterature......................... 117\nTables I-VIII........................ 123\nExplanation of the plates................... 135\n......... toutes mes d\xc3\xa9terminations d\'esp\xc3\xa8ces ont \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 faites sur les os eux-m\xc3\xaames, ou sur de bonnes figures ; il s\'en faut au contraire beaucoup que j\'aie observ\xc3\xa9 par moi-m\xc3\xaame tous les lieux o\xc3\xb9 ces os ont \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 d\xc3\xa9couverts.\nCUVIER, G., Discours sur les r\xc3\xa9volutions de la surface du globe, 3rd ed., 1825, p. 114/115.\n\nINTRODUCTION\nThe present paper contains descriptions of the subfossil remains of rhi-

Description: In his key to the species of the genus Diploglossus, Boulenger (1885, p. 284) distinguishes between two groups of species, viz., one group in which the digits terminate in "a large compressed sheath, into which the claw may be entirely or nearly entirely retracted", while in the other group such a sheath is absent. Barbour (1910, p. 297) considers the presence or absence of an ungual sheath as a character of generic value ; he separates the species lacking such a sheath from the true Diploglossus, and revives the genus Celestus Gray for them 1). Burt & Burt (1931, pp. 241-242) also stress the importance of this character.\nIndeed the sheath is absent in Celestes occiduus (Shaw), of which Celestus striatus Gray (the type of the genus) is a synonym. Of the other species included in Celestus (Barbour, 1937, pp. 138-139) I have examined only Celestus de la sagra (Cocteau). Of the two specimens in our collection (Herp. reg. nos. 3626, 3634), one (no. 3626) is a cotype of Scincus (Diploglossus) de la sagra Cocteau (in Cocteau & Bibron, 1839, p. 180, pl. 20).\nIn both specimens the terminal scale on the upper surface of the digits forms a

Description: Besides the rather scanty material collected before 1900 the Phyllophorin\xd0\xb0\xd0\xb5 of the Leiden and the Amsterdam Museums consist of many of Karny\'s type specimens, and a number of specimens collected in New Guinea, especially by Van Kampen and by Versteeg.\nThough various authors (Kirby, 1899; Griffini, 1908) published papers of fundamental value concerning this subfamily of the Tettigoniidae, the general survey given by Caudell (1912) was little critical, in different genera even species are placed here of which the synonymy had already been established before (cf. Karny, 1924, pp. 19, 20). A modern revision of the subfamily was given by Karny (1924).\nThough Karny based his paper on a rather large number of specimens and a great deal of literature, it appears that there exist more species. The Leiden as well as the Amsterdam collections contain some specimens which could not be identified with the help of Karny\'s keys, and which did not fit in with the descriptions of the species already known. For that reason I feel justified to describe these as new species.\nAll specimens dealt with below, Karny\'s type specimens included, were carefully compared with the descriptions to avoid misinterpretations of Karny\'s view. In a few cases, however, I cannot agree with Karny\'s views concerning certain details in the keys as well as in the descriptions and I have given some additional notes when dealing with the genera or species under consideration.\nI abstained from giving a new key as that of Karny will do for the present when my remarks are taken into account.\nSasima Bol\xc3\xadvar

Description: When studying the European Caridea of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden and of the Zoological Museum at Amsterdam, some specimens of the genus Pandalina came at hand, which proved to belong to a new species. These specimens had already been reported upon by Hoek (1882), who considered them to be Pandalina brevirostris (Rathke). Comparison with typical specimens of Pandalina brevirostris, however, showed various constant differences, which in my opinion justify the separation of Hoek\'s specimens as a distinct species.\nIn the present paper an enumeration of the specimens of both species of Pandalina present in the above mentioned Musea is given.\nPandalina profunda nov. spec. (fig. 1a-c) Pandalus brevirostris Hoek, 1882, Niederl. Arch. Zool., suppl. vol. 1 pt. 7, p. 22,pl. 1 fig. 10 (non Pandalus brevirostris Rathke, 1843).\nPandalus brevirostris A. Milne Edwards, 1883, Rec. Fig. Crust. nouv. peu conn., pl. 26 fig. 2.\nPandalina brevirostris Schellenberg, 1928, Tierw. Deutschl., vol. 10 pt. 2, fig. 7 (non p. 16, figs. 8, 9).\nMuseum Leiden: Barents Sea; 1878-1879; Willem Barents Expedition. \xe2\x80\x94 4 specimens 24-28 mm 1).\nBergen, Norway; 1907. \xe2\x80\x94 1 ovigerous \xe2\x99\x80 25 mm.\nDescription : The rostrum is short, it reaches to the middle of the second segment of the antennular peduncle ; it is straight or directed slightly upward at the apex. The upper margin is provided with eight to ten teeth; the anterior three or four of which are immovable, the posterior teeth articulate with the carapace. The lower margin of the rostrum is provided with three

Description: Perennis, innovationibus extravaginalibus. Caulis usque ad 80 cm altus, erectus vel nodo infimo radicans et geniculato-adscendens, usque ad apicem paniculae pilosus, pilis albis, usque ad 3 mm longis, e tuberculis emergentibus. Vaginae arcte appressae, internodiis breviores, hispidae, pilis e tuberculis emergentibus, albis, usque ad 4 mm longis, marginibus oris vaginarum stellato-patentibus. Ligula verticilla pilorum consistens. Folia caulina subtus ad basin pilis e tuberculis emergentibus munita, ceterum glabra ut supra; folia infima 2\xe2\x80\x943 dm longa, complicata vel plana et usque ad 4 mm lata, nervis tenuioribus ac crassioribus alternantibus, folia innovationum omnia angusta, complicata et apicem versus convoluta. Panicula erecta, pyramidalis, per anthesin ac postea patens, usque ad 20 cm longa vel paulo longior; rhachis pilis longis albis patentibus barbatis. Semiverticilla infima e ramis usque ad 8, 6\xe2\x80\x948 cm longis, composita. Apicem versus numerus et longitudo ramorum sensim decrescunt; hi rami glabri; initium ramificationis secundariae supra partem tertiam infimam; rami secundarii spiculis breviter pedicellatis sparse praediti. Spiculae plumbeo-griseae, lineares, 5\xe2\x80\x9410-florae, quae 7 flores gerunt, 6 mm longae et \xc2\xbd\xe2\x80\x94\xc2\xbe mm latae. Glumae tenuiter membranaceae; gluma inferior 1 mm longa, acuta; gluma superior 1\xc2\xbd mm longa, obtusiuscula; ambae nervis inconspicius et mox deciduae. Rhachilla glabra, internodiis sublongis, floribus plus minusve remotis. Lemma 1\xc2\xbd mm longa a latere visa linearis, acuta, debilis, margine angusto membranaceo; nervis lateralibus lumine reflecto inconspicuis. Palea elliptica, lemma aequilonga.\nI found this new species among a series of unicae, bought from K. Dinter and collected by him in 1912 in South-West-Africa (No. 2572, Grassteppe at Okahandja); type specimen in Herb. Lugd.-Bat.

Description: Fate has knocked at your door. It has reminded you that, as to the years of your life, you are no longer a young man, that your age will be sixty five on the day this little volume will be presented to you.\nTime and fate are inexorable powers. Sometimes the question has occurred to me, whether we have any right to speak of a \xe2\x80\x9cJubilee\xe2\x80\x9d, whether one\xe2\x80\x99s retirement from office or the attainment of high age is something to be gratulated upon, since these events are usually not exactly welcome to the person involved. Yet, I think there cannot be any doubt as to this. For, can there be ever more reason for deep satisfaction and gratitude than when a man may without self-reproach, look back upon an honest and successful life?

Description: A taxonomic study of the 6 species of Stipa that inhabit desert regions of the Puna de Atacama S. Bomani Haum., S. venusta Phil., S. obtusa [Nees et Mey.] Hitchc., S. rigidiseta [Pilg.] Hitchc., S. saltensis O. Kuntze, and the new species S. Henrardiana) indicates that they constitute a natural group which I designate Obtusae, using as type the species S. obtusa which is the one with priority. The group is characterised by setose leaves, with ligules 3 to 10 mm long, by glumes that are scarious, smooth, depressed and usually unequal, by the fusiform anthoecium with the palea as long as the lemma and by glabrous anthers. These characters reveal a close relationship with Orthachne Nees and Oryzopsis Michx. More detailed studies are necessary to decide the generic relationships.\nSome of the species studied ( S. Bomani and S. saltensis) contain cyanoglucosides in their vegetative organs and consequently are feared by the inhabitants of the Puna as being toxic to livestock.

Description: A few years ago Prof. Dr W. Martin, at the time director of the Gallery of prints and drawings at Leyden, drew my attention to an oilpainting at Prof. J. N. Bakhuizen van den Brink\xe2\x80\x99s, 40 Rapenburg, Leyden. This painting (size 95 X 68 cm), which is owned by the Leyden University Fund, shows a peculiar group of flowering exotic plants, to which a few mushrooms, a snake, a lizard and some butterflies are added, and on the right side in the back-ground a view on a river or a lake. In the lower right hand corner the painting is signed Lau. Vinn. Prof. Martin concluded from this that it was one of the Haarlem painters Van der Vinne who made it. The most plausible inference seemed to look upon the senior Laurens van der Vinne (1658\xe2\x80\x941729), a well-known Dutch painter of flowers, as the maker. However, a closer investigation learnt that this was not correct.\nWhen Prof. Martin showed me the picture, I got the impression that I had seen a few of the drawings of the individual plants before. Looking through the plate collections of the \xe2\x80\x9cRijksherbarium\xe2\x80\x9d it appeared that this impression was right. These collections, namely, contain water-colours of the 4 species of Proteaceae figured in the painting and moreover a water-colour of the specimen of Sprekelia formosissima. All these once belonged to the Leyden professor Adriaan van Royen. The water-colour of Sprekelia formosissima is signed \xe2\x80\x9cLaurens van der Vinne Pinxcit 1736\xe2\x80\x9d. It is quite probable that this beautiful drawing, together with those of the Proteaceae, were used by Van der Vinne in composing his picture. Besides, it became evident that it was not the senior but the junior Van der Vinne who must be considered the painter, as the former died already in 1729 and the painting must have been made in 1736 or later.

Description: According to general opinion the spikelets of Oryza consist, reckoned from their base upwards, of 2 sterile glumes, called hereafter I and II, one fertile glume (valvula inferior; lemma), called hereafter III, and the palea valvula superior) to this glume, called hereafter p3. The spikelets are placed singly on the very short ultimate branchlets, called hereafter pedicels, of a more or less strongly ramose panicle; the tips of the pedicels are broadened into a shallow infra-spicular cup, either distinctly 2-lobed or not; from the bottom of the cup arises a minute knob, on which the very distinct basal callus of the spikelet is jointed. When ripe, the spikelets of the wild species fall off as a whole, disarticulating at the joint (in dried specimens often long before maturity; hence in herbarium-specimens they are frequently lacking). In many cultivated forms they remain firmly attached to their pedicels, a property of very high economic value.\nThe spikelets are strongly laterally compressed. I and II are either 1-nerved or nerveless; as a rule they are many times shorter than the spikelet, sometimes even very minute. Only in O. Ridleyi they are comparatively well-developed, reaching about half the length of the spikelet, but very narrow. III is very rigid, usually conspicuously granulate, boatshaped, keeled, either awned or not, 5-nerved, with a strong midrib; it has the ultimate lateral nerves along the margins. P3 is likewise boatshaped, shortly cuspidate or not, with a narrow, rather rounded, less often faintly keeled back, 3-nerved; it is about as long as III, awn disregarded, and has the same rigid granulate structure, excepted the narrowly incurved thinly membranaceous smooth marginal parts (hidden by III). It might be taken for a fertile glume, but this view is inadmissible because of the averted position of the lodicules. It has a rather thin mid-nerve and strong lateral nerves, separating the rigid central part from the membranaceous borders. The well-developed lodicules are glabrous; the six stamens are free; there are 2 free shortish styles with large plumose white or violet stigmas which, during anthesis, stick out from the sides of the spikelet in or below its middle. The ripe fruit is oblong or lanceolate, usually angular; it is free from glume and palea but remains firmly incarcerated between them.

Description: Our herpetological collections contain only five specimens referable to the genera Bachia and Scolecosaurus, while the genus Bachia is represented in the Amsterdam Zoological Museum by eight specimens. Scanty though this material may be, some of the specimens proved to be of sufficient interest to justify the publication of these notes.\nAt present thirteen species of Bachia 1) are known, viz., the twelve species listed in a key by Burt & Burt (1931, pp. 315-316) and Bachia anomala Roux (1929, p. 31). Perhaps Apatelus bresslaui Amaral (1935) must be referred to Bachia too. Roux (1929), Burt & Burt (1931) and Loveridge (1933) published notes on the variation of several characters, and these authors showed that the variation is greater than had been previously supposed by Ruthven (1925). This is also apparent from some of the following notes.\nBachia schlegeli (Dum. & Bibr.) (fig. 1) Chalcides Schlegeli Dum\xc3\xa9ril & Bibron, Erp. g\xc3\xa9n., vol. 5, 1839, p. 457.\nChalcides schlegelii, Fitzinger, Systema Reptilium, 1843, p. 22.\nMicrodactylus schlegeli, Boettger, 22. & 23. Ber. Offenbach. Ver. Naturk., 1883, p. 150.\nMicrodactylus gracilis Tschudi (M. S.), in Dum\xc3\xa9ril & Bibron, Erp. g\xc3\xa9n., vol. 5, 1839, p. 457; Gray, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 1845, p. 47.\nCophias tridactylus, Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1885, p. 418 (part.).\nBachia tridactylus, Ruthven, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 38, no. 3, 1925, p. 108 (part.).\nHerpetochalcis heteropus Boettger, Ber. Offenbach. Ver. Naturk., 1883, p. 150.\nCophias heteropus, Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., vol. 2, 1885, p. 418.

Description: Few fossil remains of rodents have been collected in Java until now, and they have received little attention. In the reports published during his paleontological researches in Java, Dubois twice records finds of Hystrix remains, viz., at Pati-Ajam in Japara (Anonymus, 1891, p. 12/13), and in the region between Bangle and Djeroek (Anonymus, 1893, p. 12). In a subsequent paper (Dubois, 1907, p. 454) we find mention of the presence of porcupines in the fossil fauna of Java, but in his review of the latter fauna Dubois (1908) bestows no words upon these rodents. The Selenka Expedition to Trinil secured one tooth, which was figured by Stremme (1911, p. 83, pl. XVI fig. 5) as a right M2 of a small species of Hystrix. Finally a tooth of Hystrix from Sangiran II was made mention of by Von Koenigswald (1934, p. 193).\nAmong the material from prehistoric caves in the Padang Highlands, in Central Sumatra, which were explored by Dubois in the years 1888 to 1890 (Anonymus, 1889-90) teeth of porcupines are prevalent, and almost every tooth or bone in the Sumatran collection bears evidence of the gnawing habits of these animals. We possess hundreds of isolated porcupine teeth, but also a number of rami with the teeth in situ, and a few bones referable to the same animals.\nThe recent porcupine of Java is regarded by modern authors as a subspecies of Acanthion brachyurus (L.) from the Malay Peninsula. The Sumatran form of Acanthion is intermediate in size, as in geographical position, between A. b. brachyurus (L.) and A. b. javanicum Cuvier; it is named Acanthion brachyurus longicaudum (Marsden) in the present paper.

Description: In the course of 1944, whilst engaged with the revision of the collections of Hydroids in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden and the Zoological Museum at Amsterdam, I had the opportunity to study a considerable number of Hydroids from the tropical and subtropical parts of the three large oceans. No report has up to the present time been published on these Hydroids, although many specimens are of considerable interest. The present paper contains the results of the study of these samples, which were kindly put at my disposal by Prof. Dr. H. Boschma and Prof.\nDr. L. F. de Beaufort. I also wish the express my sincere thanks to Mrs.\nW. S. S. van der Feen n\xc3\xa9e van Benthem Jutting and Miss Dr. Jos. Th.\nKoster for their assistance in providing me with material.\nList of the species Tubulariidae : Tubularia larynx Ell. et Sol., 1786; Tubularia spec.\nHalocordylidae : Halocordyle disticha (Goldfuss, 1820) ; Halocordyle disticha (Goldfuss, 1820) var. australis (Bale, 1884).\nClavidae: Cordylophora caspia (Pall., 1771); Corydendrium parasiticum (L., 1767); Campaniclava clionis Vanh\xc3\xb6ffen, 1910; Campaniclava cleodorae (Gegenbaur, 1854).\nBougainvilliidae : Leuckartiara vestita (Wright, 1859) forma nana (Leloup, 1932).\nEudendriidae : Eudendrium capillare Aider, 1856.\nHaleciidae: Halecium halecinum (L., 1758); Halecium beanii (Johnst., 1838) ; Halecium liouvillei Billard, 1934.\nCampanulinidae : Stegolaria geniculata (Allman, 1888).\nLafoeidae : Lafoea benthophyla Ritchie, 1909 ; Hebella calcarata (L. Agas-

Description: Peculiarities in leaf anatomy support the opinion that the name Triodia R. Br. should be confined to the Australian species. The leaves of species of Plectrachne Henr. are quite different from those of Triraphis mollis, though formerly included in this genus, but are remarkably similar to those of Triodia.

Description: Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden With one textfigure A single Alopoglossus was taken by Dr. K. M. Hulk during the Corantine Expedition in Surinam. It is described in the present paper as a distinct subspecies of Alopoglossus copii Blgr.\nPeracca (1894, p. 3) showed that in the type of Pantodactylus borellii (= P. schreibersii (Wiegm.)) the tongue is partly covered by imbricate papillae and partly by oblique plicae. He further mentions (1. c., p. 4) that his observation was confirmed by Boulenger who found too that in Pantodactylus schreibersii (Wiegm.) the posterior half of the tongue may be covered with oblique plicae, while the anterior half bears imbricate papillae.\nTherefore, Burt & Burt (1931, p. 357) unite the genera Alopoglossus Blgr. and Pantodactylus Dum. & Bibr. However, the shape of the dorsal scales in species like Pantodactylus schreibersii (Wiegm.) is so widely different from that in Alopoglossus copii Blgr., that I cannot consider such species as congeneric. The genus Pantodactylus as recognized by Burt & Burt (1931, p. 357) certainly is a composite of three different genera, viz., Pantodactylus Dum. & Bibr., Alopoglossus Blgr., and the genus to which Pantodactylus nicefori Burt & Burt (1931, p. 360) must be referred. The latter species differs widely from the others by the presence of an occipital behind the interparietal, these two shields separating the parietals (Burt & Burt, 1931, P. 360, figs. 12, 13). Although the description (1. c.) states that the nasals are separated by the internasal, the accompanying figure 12 shows the nasals to be in contact. Without examining the specimens it is impossible to say to which genus P. nicefori must be referred, but certainly not

Description: The following description was made after a single female specimen from the "Museum d\' Histoire Naturelle" in Geneva. The specimen differs in some respects from the widely distributed and rather common Onomarchus uninotatus (Serville, 1839, p. 468) which is recorded from the southern part of China, Annam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Bangka, Amboina, Batu Islands and Australia, but on the other hand these differences are not of such a striking importance to separate it as a new species. I am inclined to consider the specimen as a local variety of O. uninotatus (Serv.) 1).\nOnomarchus uninotatus (Serv.) var. carli nov. var.\nHolotype: 1 \xe2\x99\x80 from Mudomalai near Madura, South India, leg. Carl and Escher, 8-II-1927.\nIn general shape and measurements the variety is almost conform the average O. uninotatus but it differs in the following details: The tegmina are of a very light green (Ridgway, 1912, pl. 31, a shade between Glass Green and Kildare Green). Along the veins the colour is slightly darker than in the centres of the cells. There is no distinct white patch at the tegminal basis but a whitish line is found posteriorly along the red Nervus Sector Radii (Rs). A yellow spot is found in the area between the Radial and Medial veins, close to the medial vein about halfway between the base and the origin of the Rs. The lateral lobes of the pronotum are dark brown along the anterior part of the ventral border. The meso- and metasternum are somewhat narrower than in uninotatus, but much broader than in O. eretaceus (Serv.) (=O. submuticus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1895, p. 44).\nThe fore-border and fore-angles of the mesosternum are of the same bright

Description: Two species of the genus Idiopholis Mocq. have been described of which I. collaris Mocq. is said to differ from I. everetti Shelf, chiefly in possessing a small azygous shield between the internasals, and in having a yellowishwhite collar (De Rooij, 1917, p. 142). Both species apparently are very rare. During his expeditions in Central Borneo (1894-1900) Dr. A. W.\nNieuwenhuis on the Upper Mahakkam river collected two small snakes which must be referred to this genus, and which agree with I. collaris in having a whitish collar, while they agree with I. everetti in lacking the azygous shield between the internasals. As these specimens also agree with the description of I. collaris as given by De Rooij (1917, p. 142, fig. 58) with regard to the relative length of the anterior chinshields, I have referred them to this species. The scarcity of this species in collections justifies the publication of the following notes on these two specimens (\xe2\x99\x82, \xe2\x99\x80 Mus. Leiden, Herp. reg. no. 8304 a, b).\nIn specimen a the frontal is about as long as the prefrontals, and equals 3/8 the length of the parietals; in specimen b the frontal is slightly longer than the prefrontals, and equals half the length of the parietals. The nasals are in contact with each other ; they are about half as long as the parietals. Both specimens have two post-

Description: In Juli 1931 verscheen het overzicht van de gestrande Nederlandsche Cetacea van 808 tot en met 1930 (Van Deinse, 1931). De toen bekende 211 gevallen van aanspoeling op onze kust werden soort voor soort en een voor een behandeld.\nSedert zijn nu weer ettelijke jaren verloopen, waarin jaar na jaar aanteekening werd gehouden van de exemplaren die op onze kust te land kwamen en die zeer nabij die kust of in binnenwateren werden gevangen.\nTot en met 31 Dec. 1944, zijn er nu totaal reeds 379 gevallen van stranding bekend geworden en zijn er dus 168 bijgekomen na 1930, alzoo in 14 jaar.\nGemiddeld zijn er per jaar 12 dieren gemeld. In de afgeloopen jaren zijn natuurlijk ook aanvullingen en verbeteringen bekend geworden van oudere gevallen en die hoop ik hieronder in te voegen. In oude, soms zeer oude, literatuur zijn nog strandingen gevonden, die ik in 1931 niet kende en die mij door tal van belangstellende medewerkers werden opgegeven, terwijl ik er zelf ook enkele bij vond.\nZoo is onze kennis van de Nederlandsche Cetacea sedert 1931 zeer vermeerderd, is er belangstelling voor deze orde gewekt en zijn wij inderdaad sterk vooruitgegaan, niet het minst wat betreft geborgen materiaal, oude prenten, foto\'s enz.\nWaren er, in 1931, 17 soorten bekend van onze kust, nu is dat aantal tot 20 gestegen. De 3 soorten die er bij gevoegd konden worden zijn : 1. Pseudorca crassidens (Owen), in 1935, in 2 exemplaren. 2. Eschrichtius gibbosus (Erxleben), in 1935 en 1936, resp. in 1 en 2 exemplaren. 3. Delphinapterus leucas (Pallas), in 1936, in 1 exemplaar.