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  • Springer  (105,656)
  • 1960-1964  (90,642)
  • 1940-1944  (15,014)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between ion distribution and membrane potential during a steady state (1960)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 22 (1960), S. 323-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Equations were derived showing the relationship between the membrane potential and the quantities which influence it under steady state conditions. Essentially, the membrane potential is caused by the valence and concentration of the non-permeating ions. The permeating ions can modify the membrane potential by altering the relative concentration of the non-permeating ions with respect to the concentration of the permeating ions. For muscle, the sodium cations act as the non-permeating ions in the extracellular environment by the maintenance of some type of active metabolic process and large anions act as the non-permeating ions in the intracellular environment. Both of these non-permeating ions contribute about equally to the maintenance of the resting membrane potential. When the active metabolic process for sodium extrusion breaks down or when acids are added, the membrane potential should decrease. Water should enter the cell when the sodium metabolic process is diminished; water should leave the cell when acids are added. When acid is added, it is expected that the cations potassium and sodium will leave the cell with little or no shift of the chloride ions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476718
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Life, information theory, probability, and physics (1960)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 22 (1960), S. 351-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A purely information-theoretical approach to the problem of self-replication of elementary living units implies that pure chance is the determining factor in the formation of the first living unit. The probability of such a spontaneous formation can be calculated from the minimum amount of information which an organism must possess in order to replicate itself. An estimation of this amount of information is made here by two different methods. First by a “paper and pencil experiment” which indicates the minimum amount of information needed on a printed page in order that with given tools the page could be reproduced. Second—by an analytical consideration of some hypothetical molecular mechanisms. A general method for handling such problems is suggested. On the basis of estimated information contents it is shown that under most favorable conditions the probability of a spontaneous generation by pure chance during the lifetime of the earth is vanishingly small. It is concluded that dynamic factors, which may reduce tremendously the information content, must play a role in the genesis of life on earth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476719
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some remarks on molecular biology (1960)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 22 (1960), S. 365-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The binding energy of a very long molecular chain, composed of different classes of molecules, depends in general on the order of the molecules. It is shown that under very general conditions there exists for a givenbrutto chemical composition of a chain, a class of chains which is characterized by a total binding energy which is equal to the total binding energy of any other prescribed chain of different composition within the limits of unsharpness of the energy level. This establishes a criterion formapping of a class of configurations of long chain molecules on another class. To the extent that a mapping constitutes a generalized code those results contribute to the theory of molecular codes. Applying to our results the results of a previous paper (1959,Bull. Math. Biophysics,21, 309–326), we arrive at the conclusion that the self-replication of a living molecule may be the property not of a particular structure but of classes of structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476720
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the utilization of food by planktophage fishes (1960)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 22 (1960), S. 371-389 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Making some plausible assumptions about the over-all mechanism of food catching and consumption by fishes and evaluating in the light of those assumptions some available experimental data, it is possible to calculate from those data the variation of several important factors with the concentration of food. The factors considered are: total rate of metabolism, total diurnal energy expenditure in the process of feeding, average number of hours per day during which the fish feeds, average length of path traveled by a fish per day, and the so-called “energetic coefficient of growth.” A possible relation with the work of N. Rashevsky (Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 299–308, 1959) is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476721
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Symposium on Mathematical Theories of Biological Phenomena (1960)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 22 (1960), S. 425-425 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476724
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    On the theory of indicator-dilution methods under varying blood-flow conditions (1960)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 22 (1960), S. 417-424 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The theory of measurement of flow and volume by indicator dilution techniques is given in conditions of time-variable flow rates. It is shown that the usual Hamilton (1932,Am. J. Physiol.,99, 534–551) methods can be misleading if the flow changes at a rate of close to that of the transport function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476723
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    An hypothesis of freese and the DNA-protein coding problem (1961)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 305-318 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Freese’s Hypothesis states that a single specific alteration in the sequence of nucleotides of an information-bearing DNA molecule results in a specific mutational effect. Within the framework of the DNA-protein coding problem developed elsewhere, and assuming the quasi-ergodicity of the general coding process, it is shown that Freese’s Hypothesis allows us to derive expressions for the length of the smallest mutable DNA molecule and to obtain a bound for the maximal number of allelic molecules of fixed length. To illustrate these ideas, calculations are carried out on appropriate data from bacternophage and man, and the results are shown to differ by a factor of 10 (modulo the rather crude approximations used). It is further shown that, if ρ(N) and ϱ(N) are respectively the number of information-bearing words of lengthN in a given code and the number of words of lengthN, then the number lim ρ(N)/ϱ(N) depends sensitively on the parameter ∈ which specifiesN→∞ the given code. The implications of this result for the spontaneous aggregation of a sufficient number of information-bearing words to characterize an organism are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476743
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Post-and predoctoral fellowships in mathematical biology (1961)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 319-319 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476744
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    The perfect learner (1961)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 321-335 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract As a “base line” of memorization performance, the behavior of a “perfect learner” is considered. He is characterized by a perfect memory and by the ability to choose the best search procedure in problems where the correct response from a given repertoire is to be found to each of several stimuli under the condition of “right” and “wroing” promptings by the experimenter. Expected learning curves are derived for the case of disjoint response repertoires associated with the stimuli under cyclic and random presentation of the stimuli and for the case of a single response repertoire (a one-to-one matching problem) under cyclic presentation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476490
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  • 10
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    A method for the computation of aortic distensibility in the living human patient and its use for the determination of the aortic effects of aging, drugs, and exercise (1961)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 337-353 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Detailed equations are given for the computation of aortic distensibility in the intact living human patient from measurements of systolic and diastolic arterial pressures, heart rate and cardiac output. From these equations, the aortic characteristics of a large series of normal men of different ages were computed. Comparing these results with measurements on excised aortas, a more pronounced trend toward increasing aortic stiffness with increasing age is evident in living than in dead aortas. Nor-epinephrine and exercise apparently cause the living aortas to constrict but to become more distensible. The same change occurs after 30 minutes of high spinal anesthesia. The ganglionic blocking agents hexamethonium, pentamethonium, and tetraethylammonium usually cause the living aorta to become stiffer, presumably due to dilatation. The aortas of patients with pulmonary disease usually react in different fashion to exercise or tetraethylammonium. The increased aortic distensibility that occurs with the hypertension induced by nor-epinephrine or exercise acts as a compensatory mechanism by decreasing systolic pressure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476491
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Dimensional analysis in mathematical biology I. General discussion (1961)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 355-376 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Dimensional analysis is discussed from the viewpoint of its basic group properties and shown to be an algebraic Abelian group that is useful for analysis of physical measurements. The application of the method to various types of equations and the formulation of previously unclassified dimensions are discussed. Functional dimensional analysis is applied to the problems of cell size and biomass proliferation; future applications are also noted. A number of dimensionless terms have been formulated for cellular physiochemical phenomena. They apparently represent the first systematic study of biological dimensionless numbers recorded in the literature. A dimensionless proliferation law is suggested. A brief analysis of the physical dimensionality associated with information measures is carried out. Entropy and “information” are shown to be completely different in their dimensional meaning; other informational measures of possible interest in biology are proposed. The dimensional coding and computor analysis of biomathematical equations is suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476492
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  • 12
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    A minimal principle in biomechanics (1961)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 377-391 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Expenditure of energy under several simultaneous forms (mechanical, chemical, etc.) is associated with all muscular activity. The energy is directly related to what is commonly called exertion or effort. This paper defines “muscular effort” quantitatively in terms of some of the elements of the dynamics of the human (and animal) body. It postulates that in all likelihood the individual will, consciously or otherwise, determine his motion (or his posture, if at rest) in such a manner as to reduce his total muscular effort to a minimum consistent with imposed conditions, or “constraints”. The principle, formulated in mathematical terms, is sufficient to ascribe to the moments at all body joints—a matter generally of free choice on the part of the individual—their most likely magnitudes. It therefore renders the equations of human (and animal) motion determinate within this context. The paper also describes briefly an iteration method for the solution of these equations, once they have been made determinate. A simple illustrative application of the principle is included.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476493
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    On the role of chemical systems in the microphysical aspects of primary genetic mechanisms (1961)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 393-403 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It is pointed out that two fundamentally different views of primary genetic processes occur in the literature which are frequently confused. The first is a true communication-theoretic view, which regards the genetic apparatus as containing a real information-source and a transducer which converts that information to useful form. The second view is generally expressed as a template scheme based on the Watson-Crick model; it is shown that in this model there is actually no such thing as genetic information in a communication-theoretic sense. Both views are then discussed on the basis of microphysical principles developed in previous work of the author (Bull. Math. Biophysics,22, 227–255, 1960) in an attempt to find which approach is in closer accord with the biological facts. It is shown that, if the communication-theoretic view is correct, then the information-bearing object must act as a “catalyst,” but it is pointed out that the type of catalysis involved must be of a fundamentally different nature than that occurring in familiar enzyme-catalyzed reactions. On the basis of general considerations of irreversible changes in microphysical measuring systems, it is shown that any type of template must suffer a gradual and irreversible denaturation, which seems to make it unlikely that a template could play a primary role in fundamental genetic processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476494
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  • 14
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    On imitative behavior. II. Time course of change from one behavior to another (1961)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 405-411 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The theory developed in previous papers and based on distribution curves of definite form is generalized to any form of unimodel distributions. The time course of the change from one behavior to another is discussed and a general theorem about the time course is established.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476495
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  • 15
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    Abstract mathematical molecular biology (1961)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 417-417 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476497
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  • 16
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    Training program in computer use for biomedical scientists (1963)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 25 (1963), S. 471-471 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476568
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  • 17
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    Reflexes et centres analyseurs dans les microstructures isotropes (1963)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 25 (1963), S. 421-469 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Résumé Nous appliquons le modèle de neurone introduit dans un article antérieur à l’étude d’une microstructure isotrope. La stabilité de cette microstructure implique l’existence d’une régulation d’activité que le principe de construction adéquate permet de définir entièrement. Nous aboutissons à une conception stratifiée du cerveau. Un réseau de neurones spécialisés exercerait, grâce à certains médiateurs chimiques, une action diffuse qui modulerait les propriétés du réseau localisé classique. Les lois de Pavlov peuvent être retrouvées à partir des propriétés de la microstructure et de celles de la régulation. La microstructure isotrope peut également fonctionner comme analyseur. Un certain nombre de temps caractéristiques apparaissent alors, qui semblent jouer un grand rôle en psychologie.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476567
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  • 18
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    Tissue blood flow and the sympathomimetic amines (1964)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 26 (1964), S. 1-7 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In the arteries, blood flow and blood pressure are pulsatile in nature (Roston, 1962a; Roston 1962b). The patterns of blood movement and mural distension in the arteries are important because they may be associated with life-threatening degenerative changes in the arterial walls. As the vascular channels narrow, the pulsation decreases. At the level of the capillaries, almost no pulsation exists (Best and Taylor, 1961). The tissues are affected by the direct flow in the capillaries and not by the pulsation in the arteries. Thus, such quantities as pulse pressure, systolic pressure, and diastolic pressure which characterize blood movement in the arteries are not important as far as the tissues are concerned. Rather, the average pressure and flow in the capillaries are the quantities significant for tissue blood flow. The present study analyzes the local blood circulation in a typical tissue. Logical extension of this analysis results in insights into the physiological behavior of the circulation which integrate a considerable body of experimental data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476615
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  • 19
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    Mathematical studies of the interaction of respiratory gases with whole blood I. O2 absorption (1960)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 22 (1960), S. 391-415 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Some progress has been made on the problem of the interaction of respiratory gases with whole blood. A practical working model for oxygen absorption in and interaction with whole blood is developed by assuming that oxygen molecules compete with protons for binding sites on the hemoglobin molecule and by invoking the Wyman-Allen (Jour. of Polymer Science,5, 499–518, 1951) hypothesis that two oxygen molecules go on the hemoglobin at one time. Extensive tests of this model against saturation measurements on blood from humans, horses, oxen and sheep are made. Values for the equilibrium constants are calculated and compared. In addition a second working model has been developed in an attempt to explain why O2 saturation measurements when expressed as (100 percent — percent saturation) are an exponential function of oxygen partial pressure. Considerations which make plausible the following expression for saturation, [1−2e −γx/h1/2/(1+(1/20)(β′/h 1/2+h 1/2/β′))] are presented. Herex denotes oxygen tension,h denotes hydrogen ion concentration and β′ and γ are parameters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476722
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  • 20
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    Mathematical studies of the interaction of respiratory gases with whole blood II. CO2 absorption (1961)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 1-14 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Some progress has been made on the problem of the interaction of respiratory gases with whole blood. A working mathematical model for the O2−CO2 interaction phenomena has been developed from mathematical studies of the data. The Edsall-Wyman (1958) model for CO2 absorption is improved upon in this paper by consolidating it with the O2 absorption model developed in paper I of this set (Bernard, S. R.,Bull. Math. Biophysics,22, 391–415, 1960). This improved model assumed the effect of O2 on CO2 absorption is mediated through the electrical charge possessed by the hemoglobin molecule,i.e., O2 molecules bound to hemoglobin displace protons from the hemoglobin thereby increasing the negative charge on the hemoglobin and at the same time increasing the acidity of the solution. The model is tested against the data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476569
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  • 21
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    On the mutual influence of individuals in a society (1961)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 15-18 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract On the basis of previously proposed mathematical models of social behavior, the present note investigates the possibility of the control of behavior remaining permanently in the hands of one class, if this class possesses sufficient means for influencing mass behavior. The conclusion is reached that, with the assumptions made, if the behavior imposed by the controlling class leads to sufficiently strong dissatisfaction, the control will pass to another class, no matter how strong the controlling power of the first.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476570
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  • 22
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    Contribution to the mathematical biophysics of automobile driving (1961)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 19-29 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Traffic in one direction on a multilane highway is considered, and a general expression for the number of cars which pass a car travelling at a given velocity, as well as the number of cars which the given car passes, is derived for the case when the speeds of different cars are distributed in some arbitrary manner. Closed expressions are derived and discussed for a rectangular distribution. Each passing by another car or of another car is considered as a distracting stimulus which affects the reaction times of the driver. Using previously derived expressions for the safe speed as a function of reaction times, expressions for the safe average speed are derived, in terms of the volume of traffic and of the spread of the distribution of speeds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476571
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  • 23
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    Glucose metabolism—A “mixed-cycle” system (1961)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 99-103 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Emphasis upon the importance of homeostatic feedback has drawn attention away from the complexity of biological processes. A study of glucose metabolism indicates the importance of open-cycle as well as closed-cycle mechanisms. Besides the glucose-dependent mechanism of insulin secretion, many open-cycle processes involving the liver, adrenal glands and kidneys, play important roles in the variation of blood glucose. In addition, glucose utilization by the tissues is essentially open-cycle in nature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476577
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  • 24
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    Southern Regional Graduate Summer Session in Statistics at Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1961)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 105-106 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476578
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  • 25
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    On the unreliability of judgments of certain social situations by minority groups (1961)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 413-416 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In certain situations like the aftermath of a revolution when discontent rises amongst certain groups of the population, it is frequently observed that the discontented groups are firmly convinced that their point of view is shared by the majority of the population. Yet future events prove that this is far from being the case. This effect is partly attributable to “wishful thinking,” partly to a purely social mechanism. The wishful-thinking effect may be considered as a case of psycho-physical discrimination in which a bias is introduced proportional to the degree of satisfaction anticipated from a given situation. H. D. Landahl's well-known equations can be applied to this case. The social factor is based on the circumstance that an individual associates by preference with such other individuals as have similar opinions. This results in an actual error of estimation of the relative minority or majority because of different frequencies of contact with individuals of the two opposing groups. Both factors may be combined into one equation.
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  • 26
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    Announcements (1961)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 421-422 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476499
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  • 27
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    A general target theory of radiobiological action: II (1963)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 25 (1963), S. 367-385 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In Part II we prove some of the more complicated theorems stated and used in Part I. In particular, we derive the distribution functionsD 1,D 2, andD 3, and prove some of their properties under various limiting conditions.
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  • 28
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    On the theory of fixation of isohemagglutinins on the erythrocytes (1963)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 25 (1963), S. 387-392 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The graphical treatment utilized by Marmasse in order to test “Wurmser’s theory of agglutination” has been applied, taking into account all the data available. Contrary to Marmasse’s conclusion, the application of this graphical method is not a valid argument against the theory.
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  • 29
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    On the Fokker-Planck equation in the stochastic theory of mortality: II (1963)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 25 (1963), S. 343-366 
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    Notes: Abstract This is the continuation of part I, which was published in the September, 1963, issue ofThe Bulletin. Section 5 treats the special case in which the left absorbing barrier recedes to −∞, leaving essentially only one barrier at a finite distance Λ (〉0) from the origin. The eigenfunctions are now parabolic cylinder functions. The limiting cases Λ→+∞ and Λ→0 are also considered. Though meaningless for practical applications to our problem, they are of interest, mathematically, because the Green’s function for the solution of the Fokker-Planck equation assumes a particularly simple form. In section 6 we study, by means of an example, how the “force of mortality” may vary with time before attaining its final asymptotic value. Section7, still dealing with only one absorbing barrier, shows that our results for “strong homeostasis” are identical with those derived by Chandrasekhar for the escape of particles through a potential barrier in the limiting case of quasi-static flow. Precise conditions are given for the validity of both the quasi-static and the Smoluchowski approximations to the Fokker-Planck equation. Finally, in section 8, a brief mention is made of Gevrey’s method for the solution of parabolic partial differential equations.
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    Studies in stochastic learning theory: I path-dependent linear models for experimenter-subject controlled experiments (1963)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 25 (1963), S. 393-419 
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    Notes: Abstract The derivation of learning models relative to choice behavior in experimenter-subject controlled experiments with two outcomes (right or wrong) is considered from the point of view that any such model must satisfy a criterion of optimality. The criterion adopted for investigation, termed optimal asymptotic behavior, is that of the subject asymptotically learning which of the alternatives has the greater probability of being correct. A class of path-dependent linear models is posed as possible candidates. It is shown that no members of this class satisfy the criterion although two of them approach it by making a learning parameter small enough. The possible implications of this are discussed.
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    On the possibilities of error-detecting codes in nucleic acid molecules (1964)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 26 (1964), S. 25-29 
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    Notes: Abstract Error-detecting codes have been known to mathematicians and to electrical engineers for over ten years. In general, such codes utilize an additional orparity bit for purposes of detecting errors by the addition of all positive binary bits or “1’s” occurring in any code word. However, since the process of addition is required for such code detection, it is not surprising that these codes have not been applied to the nucleic acid molecule. In 1962, P. I. Hershberg (Trans. I.R.E., CS-10, 280–4, 1962) outlined a categorical constraint which permitted the realization of a class of error-detecting codes which did not require parity bits. This class of codes is applied to the nucleic acid molecule in the present paper.
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    On some topological properties of the systems of compartments (1964)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 26 (1964), S. 31-38 
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    Notes: Abstract Compartment systems are often used as models for tracer and drug kinetics. The structure of a compartment system is here analyzed by means of theory of graphs methods. In particular the precursor-successor relationship between any two compartments is classified according to the structure of the graph of the system and to the values of the elements of the matrix associated with it.
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    The equations of growth (1964)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 26 (1964), S. 39-43 
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    Notes: Abstract An application of a bifurcation theorem shows the existence of periodic solutions of a system of differential equation used to describe competition between two species. It is then shown that the results are more general than those previously established.
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    An analysis of the 2o and 10o field color-matching functions (1964)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 26 (1964), S. 9-24 
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    Notes: Abstract The 2o and 10o field color-matching functions are independent: one specification is not a linear transformation of the other, even after correcting for macular pigment effects. Therefore, the “true” color-matching functions which directly describe the linear responses of the eye must be different for the two field sizes. This means that a given stimulus will, in general, have a different chromaticity depending upon the field size, regardless of the choice of any one colorimetric co-ordinate system for all field sizes. However, in spite of these chromaticity differences, a large uniform field usually appears nearly uniform. Such color uniformity implies that even though chromatic differences occur as a function of retinal position or field size, these differences are small. If this is the case, then the underling “true” color-matching functions determining the observed color-matching functions must be nearly, but not quite, identical. These differences vanish as identity between the sets of color-matching functions is approached. This property suggests a method of calculating the “true” color-matching functions. The “true” color-matching functions must approximate those obtained by minimizing the chromaticity differences between two independent sets of data. This can be done by assuming that the coefficients of transformation should be adjusted so as to produce as nearly identical chromaticities for spectrum stimuli as possible. In this paper, it is also assumed that the “true” color-matching functions have no negative values, as if they were based on actual absorption spectra. This article describes the calculation of the “true” 2o and 10o field color-matching functions satisfying these two conditions. For both field sizes, the maxima of the three functions are near 435, 540, and 585 mμ, after correcting for the filtering effects of the ocular media and macular pigment.
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    A note on the elementary α-perceptron (1964)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 26 (1964), S. 45-47 
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    Notes: Abstract In this note the principal convergence theorem (F. Rosenblatt,Principles of Neurodynamics, Spartan Books, Washington D.C., 1962, 111–116) is proved by a new method.
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    On the adsorption of ions at charged sites in an electric field: I (1964)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 26 (1964), S. 49-55 
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    Notes: Abstract Considering only nearest neighbor interactions, an expression is obtained for the grand partition function for the adsorption of two kinds of monovalent positive ions at a long chain of one type of monovalent negative fixed sites in an electric field. Expressions are obtained for the fractions of sites which are occupied by each kind of ion as well as of those which are unoccupied as a function of the potential of the electric field.
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    Two remarks on the mathematical biology of automobile driving (1964)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 26 (1964), S. 57-61 
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    Notes: Abstract In connection with a series of previous papers by this author (Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics,21, 299–308, 375–385;22, 257–262, 263–267;23, 19–29;24, 319–325) results obtained by A. Crawford (Economics 5, 417–428) on the effects of irrelevant lights on reaction times toward a given light stimulus are discussed. The conclusions from a previous paper of this author (Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics,23, 19–29) are elaborated.
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    Analysis of a simple avoidance situation. II. A model (1964)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 26 (1964), S. 77-81 
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    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model has been constructed to describe experimental data recorded in a study of a simple avoidance situation. The theoretical description makes use of the concept of the effective number of shocks. The model explains the existence of oscillations encountered in previous experiments.
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    Studies in stochastic learning theory: II. Interpretation of response probabilities (1964)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 26 (1964), S. 63-75 
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    Notes: Abstract Response probabilities are interpreted from two points of view. One corresponds to fluctuations in physical parameters suggestive of a neurological basis, and the other corresponds to fluctuations in stimulus sample constitution. The two interpretations are shown to be equivalent under rather general conditions, giving the same type of relation between response and training states. This relation is different from that obtained via the response strength concept used in Part I. As a step toward evaluating the difference in predicted behavior for these different response-training relations, a general functional-difference equation is derived that describes the moments of the corresponding stochastic process in experimenter-subject controlled experiments. As an immediate application, it is used to obtain the continuity condition for the solution of the functional equation treated in Part I, and to justify the differentiability conditions assumed in establishing asymptotic properties of the solution as a function of the reinforcement parameter.
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    An avoidance learning situation. A neural net model (1964)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 26 (1964), S. 83-89 
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    Notes: Abstract A simple avoidance situation is considered in terms of a neural net learning model. Data for the control situation can be represented by an expression having three parameters which determine the initial and the steady state activities together with the transient aspects. The introduction of a learning parameter then allows one to calculate satisfactorily the results obtained in the experimental situation in which shock is applied.
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    Comparison of two models for a simple avoidance learning situation (1964)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 26 (1964), S. 101-101 
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    Group representation of genetic recombinations (1964)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 26 (1964), S. 91-100 
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    Notes: Abstract An algebraic representation of operations of genetic recombinations is illustrated. It is shown that the recombinations between chromosomes in the two-strand model can be represented by groups, in the sense of the theory of groups. Recombinations between chromosomes with inversions and a translocation are considered as well as cases without them. It is found that the groups derived from such cases are Abelianp-groups (p=2) and that the types of the Abelian groups for the various pairs of chromosomes are different from each other. Differences among those recombination groups are illustrated by showing the sets of generators of the various groups, which generate the corresponding recombination groups by multiplication.
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    Abstract biological systems as sequential machines (1964)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 26 (1964), S. 103-111 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that a rather close relationship exists between the (ℳ,ℛ)-systems, defined previously as prototypes of abstract biological systems, and the sequential machines which have been studied by various authors. The theory of sequential machines is reformulated in a way suitable for its application to the study of the intertransformability of (ℳ,ℛ)-systems as a result of environmental alteration. The important concept of strong connectedness is most useful in this direction, and is used to derive a number of results on intertransformability. Some suggestions are made for further studies along these lines.
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    The arterial circulation of the heart (1964)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 26 (1964), S. 113-120 
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    Notes: Abstract Blood flows into the aorta and its branches during left ventricular systole. Most of the arterial walls in the body stretch during systole in accordance with their elastic properties (Roston, 1962a, b). During diastole, the rebound of the distended walls supplies an additional propulsive force pushing the blood forward. Since the metabolic exchange between most of the tissues in the body and their blood vessels is ordinarily the same throughout the cardiac cycle, it makes little difference whether or not the blood flow occurs during systole or diastole. The circulation in the coronary arteries behaves in a quite different way. Because the muscle fibers of the heart contract during systole and relax during diastole, different conditions for blood flow and metabolic exchange exist during the phases of the cardiac cycle. As a result, specification of whether blood flows in the coronary arteries during systole or diastole may be important. Such specification complicates the study of the coronary artery circulation. For example, because of the arterial elasticity, some of the blood which enters the coronary arteries during diastole comes in contact with the muscle fibers during systole. The present work contains a theoretical study of the coronary artery circulation.
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    On the adsorption of ions at charged sites in an electric field: II (1964)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 26 (1964), S. 139-146 
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    Notes: Abstract A study is made of the adsorption of one kind of monovalent positive ion at a long chain of alternating monovalent negative fixed charged (“lattice”) and uncharged (“interstitial”) sites both of one type in an electric field. Considering only nearest neighbor interactions an expression is obtained for the grand partition function. The fractions of sites of both types which are occupied and unoccupied are determined. It is shown that an equilibrium constant can be defined for the adsorption of ions at oppositely charged sites.
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    Color perception using a single cone type with distributed maximum sensitivity (1964)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 26 (1964), S. 121-138 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper proposes a model for color perception which accounts for variations in the dimension of the space of perceived colors. The model assumes that there is only one type of cone with only one shape of response curve, but that different cone's response curves differ by translation. It also assumes that the final discrimination system, learned from originally random connections, maximizes discrimination in the normal visual environment. Learning mechanisms are discussed, and the form which the final discrimination system ought to take is plausibly derived. An algorithm for the tristimulus curves is obtained from this model, and it is shown that a good fit of the empirical data can be obtained.
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    Some remarks on Rosen's quantum-mechanical approach to genetics (1964)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 26 (1964), S. 187-191 
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    Notes: Abstract It has been suggested by Robert Rosen (Bull. Math. Biophysics,22, 227–255, 1960) that multiple alleles or pseudoalleles correspond to multiple cites of degenerate states of some quantum mechanical observable which acts as a source of primary genetic information. It is pointed out here that if the quantum mechanical states are determined by the different sequences of the purine and pyrimidine bases in the DNA molecule, the expected number of pseudoalleles would be much too large. The expected number is considerably reduced if we assume that a quantum mechanical state determines the coupling between a molecule of transfer RNA and the corresponding amino acid.
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    A mathematical model of the human thermal system (1964)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 26 (1964), S. 147-166 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a mathematical model developed to simulate the physical characteristics of the human thermal system in the transient state. Physiological parameters, such as local metabolic heat generation rates, local blood flow rates, and rates of sweating, must be specified as input data. Automatic computation of these parameters will be built into the model at a later date when it is used to study thermal regulation in the human. Finite-difference techniques have been used to solve the heat conduction equation on a Control Data Corporation 1604 computer. Since numerical techniques were used, it was possible to include many more factors in this model than in previous ones. The body was divided into 15 geometric regions, which were the head, the thorax, the abdomen, and the proximal, medial, and distal segments of the arms and legs. Axial gradients in a given segment were neglected. In each segment, the large arteries and veins were approximated by an arterial pool and a venous pool which were distributed radially throughout the segment. Accumulation of heat in the blood of the large arteries and veins, and heat transfer from the large arteries and veins to the surrounding tissue were taken into account. The venous streams were collected together at the heart before flowing into the capillaries of the lungs. Each of the segments was subdivided into 15 radial sections, thereby allowing considerable freedom in the assignment of physical properties such as thermal conductivity and rate of blood flow to the capillaries. The program has been carefully checked for errors, and it is now being used to analyze some problems of current interest.
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    A physicomathematical model of sodium balance (1964)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 26 (1964), S. 193-198 
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    Notes: Abstract A model is introduced in which the reabsorption of sodium is governed by an enzymatic process. This process is in turn assumed to be influenced by the extracellular volume which depends on the amount of sodium in the body at a given time. The model allows for damped oscillations when the sodium intake lies within range of values and thus can account for observed oscillations.
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    A neurobiophysical model of schizophrenias and of their possible treatment (1964)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 26 (1964), S. 167-185 
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    Notes: Abstract A neurobiophysical model is proposed for the explanation of some characteristics of schizophrenic behavior. The normal reactions to exogenous stimuli are mediated through a set of centers, while some endogenous stimuli result in abnormal reactions removed from reality, such as dreamlike states, paranoias, hallucinations, etc. The two sets of centers are cross-inhibited and the usual equations for such cross-inhibited systems are applied. In normal life exogenous stimuli as a rule result preponderantly in pleasant reactions, and the corresponding pathways are therefore reinforced. This results in an inhibition of the abnormal reactions. If the life history of an individual is such that a sufficiently large number of ordinarily experienced stimuli leads to unpleasant reactions and, therefore, the corresponding pathways are inhibited, the endogenously stimulated centers for abnormal reactions prevail and various schizophrenic symptoms occur. The same result may be achieved with a normal life history but through organic changes in the system, which differentially affect various thresholds and excitation parameters. The model thus leads to the conclusion that what appears now to be a large array of contradictory findings in the “organic” versus the “psychological” controversy is actually not a contradiction, but is a result of the dependence of normal and abnormal behaviors on a large number of neurobiophysical parameters. Some general comparisons between the conclusions drawn from the model and some known facts are made. The model also provides a first step toward a neurobiophysical interpretation of the mechanism of psychotherapy.
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    The elements of an electrocardiographic lead tensor theory (1961)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 31-42 
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    Notes: Abstract This report describes a method by which the concepts of the lead vector and the lead field may be extended to include equivalent cardiac singularities above the first order. The theoretical treatment results in generalization of the well-known lead vector principle into a lead tensor apparatus. The specific electrocardiographic contribution of annth order multipole is found to be the product of annth rank contravariant (“heart”) tensor by a covariant (“lead”) tensor of the same rank, and with identical indices. Methods are also described whereby lead tensor components may be cast into a form which relates them directly to the more usual, spherical harmonic notation of multipolar current generators. Some attention is devoted to the possibility of applying lead tensors to biomedical problems, particularly to the prospect of quantitatively evaluating the significant multipolar components of the human heart.
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    The formation of cell assemblies (1961)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 43-53 
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    Notes: Abstract A simple model is presented for the formation of functional groups in a random neural net. They show the following characteristics: 1. They can maintain autonomous activity which might serve as temporary memory traces. 2. Early in the process of formation they become resistant to contraction. 3. Later they become resistant to expansion. 4. Nearby groups inhibit one another. 5. Two groups may contain some cells in common.
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    Contributions to quantum biology. I. Mobile electronic characteristics of riboflavin radicals (1961)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 55-68 
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    Notes: Abstract Quantum biology is the quantum mechanical study of electrons in molecules of biological interest. This requires the solution of problems involving many electrons. Approximation methods are therefore necessary and are discussed. The present study, concerned with the mobile electrons in riboflavin (FMN) and its radicals (FMN−, FMNH and FMNH2 +), is based on the approximation method, developed by B. Pullman and A. Pullman. The solution of the eigenvalue problems so obtained gives the energy levels of the mobile electron systems involved. The corresponding eigenvectors yield the mobile electronic charges of the atoms of riboflavin radicals which have contributed mobile electrons. Important differences of the net charge distributions of these radicals are emphasized. The longest wave length of light absorption is calculated from the obtained energy levels and agrees, within the accuracy of the method, with corresponding experimental results. From the appropriate calculated results, electronic assignments are obtained for the experimental transitions involved.
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    Quantitative analysis of metabolic processes III. A model-system for enzyme synthesis by sequential induction and mathematical formulation of the process (1961)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 69-89 
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    Notes: Abstract A postulated scheme for sequential enzyme synthesis coupled with linear chain reaction is proposed. Mathematical calculations are carried out for the transient-state formation of enzyme coupled with enzyme-substrate reactions. Examples are presented to demonstrate the relations between various operational parameters during enzyme synthesis as a function of time. Significance of the phenomenon of sequential synthesis is discussed in relation to abnormal growth and cellular injury.
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    A note on mathematical models for the interaction of neural elements (1961)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 91-97 
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    Notes: Abstract By introducing a plausible model for the initiation of axonal impulses the output is obtained as a function of the input incoming impulses. If the temporal aspects of the excitatory process resulting from the afferent impulses are sufficiently rapid one obtains the discontinuous or microscopic model of McCulloch-Pitts. If these are sufficiently slow a continuous model, such as Rashevsky’s one or two factor theory, is a natural model. But the linear relation between the strength of excitation of one axon and excitatory factor of the next will not in general hold. However, under conditions which are not too restrictive the linear relation with threshold can be considered as satisfactory approximation over a fairly wide range of values.
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    Symposium on Mathematical Theories of Biological Phenomena (1961)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 107-108 
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    On the roots of a certain type of matrix (1961)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 217-221 
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    On relations between sets (1961)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 233-235 
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    Notes: Abstract With a view to future applications in relational biology, the notion of relations between sets is introduced and several theorems are demonstrated.
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    Transport of gases through hemoglobin solution (1961)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 223-232 
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    Notes: Abstract A mathematical theory is developed to explain the observed enhancement of O2 transport through solutions by hemoglobin. At high partial pressures of O2, ordinary diffusion through the solvent accounts for all transport of O2, but at low partial pressures the transport may be increased manyfold by the presence of hemoglobin. This phenomenon is explained and its possible role in living organisms is discussed. The theory also indicates a new method of determining dissociation curves from diffusion experiments.
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    The equations of population growth (1961)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 261-262 
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    Notes: Abstract A solution in quadratures is found for a special class of differential equations suggested by studies in the growth of competing populations.
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    Abstract mathematical molecular biology (1961)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 237-260 
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    Notes: Abstract The tremendous complexity of even the simplest living unit makes a correct theoretical guess as to its mechanism very difficult. It is therefore suggested that, following the example of the physical sciences, a number of purely abstract cases in molecular biology be studied mathematically at first. Subsequent comparison of the different conclusions of such an abstract theory with available data would enable us to decide which of the conceivable situations are likely to occur in reality. As a first step toward such a study the problem of the minimal size of a living unit is studied. Usually the minimal size is considered to be determined by information-theoretical requirements. It is shown that the minimal size may have a very different origin. It may be determined by the possibility that too small a system, even though performing all necessary biological functions, may not be viable unless it is a member of a large group of other similar systems. This approach is developed both from a metric and from a relational point of view. Some relational characteristics of systems of reactions which possess the elementary metabolic properties of organisms are studied.
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    Eccentric multipole representations of current generators in a spherical volume conductor (1961)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 263-276 
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    Notes: Abstract In Yeh, Martinek and de Beaumont (Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 203–16, 1958), a method is presented for determining successively better central multipole representations of the current generators in a homogeneous conducting sphere by measuring surface potentials at a successively increasing number of points. This paper generalizes the method such that the multipoles may be located at any chosen point in the conductor. The spherical harmonic expansion is advantageously used and the “interior sphere theorem” of Ludford, Martinek and Yeh (Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc.,51, 389–93, 1955) makes possible disturbance potential expressions in closed forms. A method for approximate determination of the eccentricity is also presented. In the theory of electrocardiography, the eccentric multipoles can more accurately represent the heart as a current generator with fewer surface potential measurements than the central multipoles.
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    A derivation of latency equation (1961)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 297-303 
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    Notes: Abstract Given three primary events, occurrences or nonoccurrences of two response classes and nonoccurrence of both response classes, with their respective probabilities to be known, and assuming the first two events are disjoint, this paper deduces the error equation of the incorrect response and the latency equation of the correct response under the condition of correlated reward situation.
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    Quantitative analysis of metabolic processes. II. A model-system for the synthesis of the dissociable enzyme and mathematical formulation of the process (1961)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 277-295 
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    Notes: Abstract Schemes are presented for induced synthesis of the dissociable enzyme in which repeated use of the template is made. The role of the inducer is to release the repression. A mathematical analysis is carried out and expressions are obtained to describe the kinetics of enzyme formation. A practical case (penicillinase synthesis) is compared with theoretically derived equations by using an analogue computer to simulate an enzyme forming system. A good correlation between theoretical and experimental data is obtained.
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    Post- and Predoctoral Fellowships in mathematical biology (1961)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 419-419 
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    Journal of applied probability (1964)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 26 (1964), S. 199-199 
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    Training program in computer use for biomedical scientists (1964)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 26 (1964), S. 201-201 
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    1964 International Congress for Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science (1964)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 26 (1964), S. 203-203 
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    Spenden zu Gunsten der D. O. G. (1940)
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    Journal of ornithology 88 (1940), S. 505-505 
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    Beobachtungen bei Schmuck- und Feinsittichen,Neophema elegans und chrysostomus (1940)
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    Journal of ornithology 88 (1940), S. 587-599 
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    Die Verbreitung von Protoporphyrin in Vogeleischalen (1940)
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    Journal of ornithology 88 (1940), S. 604-612 
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    Namenverzeichnis (1940)
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    Journal of ornithology 88 (1940), S. 620-620 
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    Die Vögel von Celebes (1941)
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    Journal of ornithology 89 (1941), S. 1-102 
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    Bemerkungen überEmberiza aureola (1941)
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    Journal of ornithology 89 (1941), S. 157-158 
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    Zur Brut- und Ernährungsbiologie des Neuntöters (Lanius collurio) (1941)
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    Journal of ornithology 89 (1941), S. 182-203 
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    Wie schwimmt das Zwergtauchernest? (1941)
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    Journal of ornithology 89 (1941), S. 177-181 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Zwergtaucher ist im Münsterlande an verschiedenen Stellen Brutvogel. Sein Nest besteht aus mehreren Schichten, deren unterste in Zersetzung begriffen ist. Die Gärungsgase fangen sich in den darüberliegenden Schichten und bewirken das Schwimmen des Nestes. Während der Brutzeit wurde nach meinen Beobachtungen nur unwesentlich am Nest nachgebaut. Der brütende Taucher verlässt bei jeder Störung das Nest, deckt das Gelege vorher zu und tritt die Bedeckung fest. Beim Brüten baut der Taucher um seinen Körper herum Pflanzenteile auf, sodass das Gelege gut vor kühler Aussenluft abgeschlossen ist. Diese beiden Vorgänge scheinen für den Wärmehaushalt beim Brüten auf dem feuchten Nest von grosser Bedeutung zu sein. Nach den Ergebnissen der Arbeit vonSchiermann entsteht bei der Gärung im Tauchernest keine Wärme. — Man sieht in der Brutbiologie des Zwergtauchers den interessanten Fall vor sich, dass ein Vogel einen mikrobiologischen Prozess, die Arbeit von Bakterien, unmittelbar in den Dienst seiner Fortpflanzung stellt. Das zeigt die weitgehende Anpassung des Zwergtauchers an seine Umwelt: das Wasser!
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    Mauser und Gefiederfolge der Eisente (Clangula hyemalis (L.)) (1941)
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    Journal of ornithology 89 (1941), S. 282-337 
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    Die geographische Variation der Färbungstypen vonMicroscelis leucocephalus (1941)
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    Journal of ornithology 89 (1941), S. 377-392 
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    59. Jahresversammlung (1941) in Berlin (1941)
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    Journal of ornithology 89 (1941), S. 417-425 
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    Jagdbetriebliche Folgerungen aus dem Verhältnis zwischen der Größe der Jagdbezirke und dem Wohnraum einiger jagdbarer Tiere (1964)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 10 (1964), S. 2-8 
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    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Shooting Law in vigour within the Federal Republic is based upon the so-called districtsystem; there are 2 kinds of hunting territories, the hunting district of owners and the common hunting district. For each of these 2 kinds minimum sizes are required, 75 resp. 150 ha. The shooting district is the unit of management. It is investigated if the size of the management unit corresponds to the biological circumstances of the kinds of deer at the disposal of the shooting enterprise. Considering only the most important biological factor, the size of the yearly district — i. e. of the area which is inhabited by 1 piece of one kind of deer in the course of 1 year —, it has to be stated that this yearly district covers a multiple of the minimum size of a shooting district. This proportion - one should say disproportion - is recognized by some legal measures (for instance the possibility of rounding up the shooting district, shooting according to shooting plan); but these are insufficient. Especially considering the restriction of movement of free living animals because of the increase of human population, the intensification of agriculture and traffic, other measures (i. e. such of shooting management) ought to be taken.
    Abstract: Résumé La loi cynegétique coutumier de la République Féderale d'Allemagne est basé sur le système des districts. Elle connait deux formes de terrains de chasse: districts de chasse particuliers et districts de chasse communs. L'étendue pour chaque forme est fixé à un minimum de 75 ou 150 has. Chaque district de chasse est une unité d'exploitation. La question est posée si l'étendue d'une unite d'exploitation est approprié aux données biologiques de gibier vivant sur cette domaine. Regardant une des plus importantes données biologiques, l'étendue du district annuel, c'est à dire l'aréal donc a besoin une seule bête d'une espèce pendant une année de chasse, on constate alors que le district annuel est largement au dessus de l'étendue minimum d'un district de chasse. On tache de rendre compte à cette proportion - mieux vaut dire disproportion - par quelques mésures législatives (p. e. possibilité d'arrondir les districts de chasse, abattement suivant un plan conçu) toutes ces mésures restent cependant inefficace. Quand on regarde le rétrécissement pour bêtes fauves de circuler librement, rétrécissement dû à l'augmentation de la population humaine, l'intensité de la culture des terres et densité de la circulation sur routes, il fallait envisager encore d'autres mésures, c'est à dire ceux pour l'exploitation des chasses.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland geltende Jagdgesetz fußt auf dem sogenannten Reviersystem; es kennt zwei Arten von Jagdbezirken, den Eigenjagdbezirk und den Gemeinschaftlichen Jagdbezirk. Für jede dieser zwei Arten bestehen Mindestgrößen, 75 bzw. 150 ha. Der Jagdbezirk ist die Betriebseinheit. Es wird untersucht, ob die Größe der Betriebseinheit den biologischen Gegebenheiten der dem Jagdbetrieb zur Verfügung stehenden Wildarten angemessen ist. Wenn man dabei als eine der wichtigsten biologischen Gegebenheiten die Größe des Jahresbezirkes - also des Areals, das ein Stück einer Wildart im Laufe eines Jagdjahres einnimmt -herausgreift, so stellt man fest, daß dieser Jahresbezirk ein Vielfaches der Mindestgröße eines Jagdbezirkes beträgt. Diesem Verhältnis - besser gesagt Mißverhältnis - wird wohl durch einige gesetzliche Maßnahmen (z. B. Möglichkeit zur Abrundung der Jagdbezirke, Bejagung nach Abschußplan) Rechnung getragen; diese sind jedoch unzureichend. Insbesondere mit Rücksicht auf die Einengung der Bewegungsfreiheit der freilebenden Tiere infolge der Zunahme der Bevölkerung, der Intensivierung der Landeskultur und des Verkehrs, sollten noch andere Maßnahmen (nämlich solche des Jagdbetriebes) Platz greifen.
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    IV. Referate (1964)
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    European journal of wildlife research 10 (1964), S. 38-40 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Der Marderhund (Nyctereutes procyonoides Gray) in Rumänien (1964)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 10 (1964), S. 51-54 
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    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The raccoon-dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides Gray) has been signalized for the first time in Roumania in 1951 in a locality in the South of Roumania, near Bucharest. Lately this dog has been identified in several localities in the North and North-East of the country in Moldavia. Recently, the raccoon-dog gains, more and more, ground, especially in the Danube delta, where the largest number has been observed. In Roumania, the penetration of the raccoon-dog was accomplished by migration-way, by the specimens colonised in U.R.S.S. (Ukraina and the Moldavian Republic).
    Abstract: Résumé Le chien raton (Nyctereutes procyonoides Gray) a été signalé pour la première fois en Roumanie en 1951, dans une localité dans le sud de la Roumanie, près de Bucarest. Plus tard il a été identifié dans plusieurs localités dans le nord el le nord-est du pays — en Moldavie. Dernièrement, le chien raton gagne, de plus en plus, du terrain, spécialement dans le delta du Danube, où il a été observé le plus grand nombre de spécimens. En Roumanie, la pénétration du chien raton s'est faite par voie de migration, des exemplair s colonisés en U.R.S.S. (l'Ukrain et la République Moldave).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Marderhund wurde in Rumänien zum ersten Male im Jahre 1951 beobachtet, und zwar im Süden des Landes, in der Umgebung von Bukarest. Später wurde er an mehreren Stellen im Norden und Nordosten des Landes, in der Moldova, festgestellt. In letzter Zeit besetzt der Marderhund immer mehr Gebiete im Donaudelta, wo die größte Zahl beobachtet wurde. Das Eindrigen des Marderhundes nach Rumänien erfolgte durch Zuwanderung aus den in der UdSSR geschaffenen Ansiedlungen (Ukraine und der Moldauischen Republik).
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    Vergleich einiger amerikanischer Wildschadenverhütungsmittel mit deutschen Präparaten (1964)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 10 (1964), S. 62-68 
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    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Seven wildlife repellents made in USA were tested in a series of preliminary experiments. In these preliminary tests succes was required for admittance to the decisive field test, which is a part of the official recognition procedure of german wildlife repellents. The repulsivity, observed for fenced animals (red-, fallow- and roe-deer, mufflon and rabbits) was compared with nine german official recognized repellents. The results of phytotolerancy using the pelargonium-test and those relating to the technical properties are shortly explained.
    Abstract: Résumé Sept répulsifs de fabrication américaine et utilisés contre les dégâts causés par le gibier ont été soumis à une série d'essais préliminaires. Ce test préliminaire doit avoir été subi avec succès pour que, dans la procédure de reconnaissance officielle des répulsifs pour le gibier mis sur le marché en Allemagne fédérale, ceux-ci soient admis à subir un test décisif sur le terrain. L'action répulsive, observée chez des animaux en enclos (cerfs, daims, chervreuils, mouflons et lapins), a été comparée à celle de neuf produits allemands officiellement reconnus. Les résultats de phytotolérance d'après le test au Pelargonium et ceux relatifs aux propriétés techniques sont brièvement exposés.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Sieben amerikanische Präparate zur Abwehr von Wildschäden wurden nach der Methode, die bei der Vorprüfung deutscher Wildschadenverhütungsmittel im Rahmen des amtlichen Anerkennungsverfahrens eingeführt ist, getestet. Die im Gehege ermittelte Abwehrwirkung gegen Rotwild, Damwild, Rehwild, Muffelwild und Kaninchen wird mit den Ergebnissen für neun deutsche Präparate verglichen. Weiterhin werden Ergebnisse zur Pflanzenverträglichkeit nach dem Test mit der Pelargonie und einige Ergebnisse der technischen Prüfung vorgelegt.
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    Von Steinadler (Aquila chrysaëtos) in Tirol (1964)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 10 (1964), S. 54-61 
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    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After the population of golden eagles in Tyrol had been much reduced by shooting at least 20 head in the years 1958/59, it was demanded that further shooting must be subject to exact scientific investigation concerning density of population ecc. During the following years 13 eyries were controlled and the young eagles were ringed. Offhand tests in the course of these investigations informed us also of the young eagles' diet. Finally the act of putting the rings on is described and the first results of distant findings (South of France) are treated. The possibilities of shooting golden eagle are considered and it is recommended to prefer the clearing of eyries in certain cases.
    Abstract: Résumé L'état en grand-aigles dans le pays Tyrol fut pendant les années 1958/1959 fortement réduit par l'abattement d'au moins 20 exemplaires. La demande fut alors posée que des recherches scientifiques exacte sur l'état etc. devraient précéder futures abattements. Pendant les années suivantes on tenait donc sous contrôle 13 aires d'aigles couverts de jeunes pousses et garnissait les aiglons d'un anneau. Recherches sur épreuves au hasard donnaient des éclaircissements sur la nourriture des jeunes. On parle enfin du garnissage avec anneau et des premiers resultats sur trouvailles éloignés (venant du Midi de la France). Pour conclure on se répand sur les possibilités d'une chasse aux grand-aigles mais croit plus efficase une vidange de l'aire.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nachdem im Jahre 1958/59 in Tirol der Bestand an Steinadlern durch Abschuß von mindestens 20 Exemplaren stark reduziert worden war, wurde gefordert, daß weiteren Abschüssen genaue wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen über Bestand u. dgl. vorausgehen müssen. In den folgenden Jahren wurden 13 beflogene Horste kontrolliert und die Jungadler beringt. Stichprobenartige Untersuchungen gaben dabei auch über die Ernährung der Jungen Aufschluß. Schließlich wird über die Beringung, berichtet, erste Ergebnisse von Fernfunden (aus Südfrankreich) werden behandelt. Abschließend wird auf die Möglichkeit der Bejagung des Steinadlers eingegangen und eher eine fallweise Aushorstung für günstig angesehen.
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    Zu “Folgen des Winters 1962/63” (1964)
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    European journal of wildlife research 10 (1964), S. 69-70 
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    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Abwurf des Bastgehörns (1964)
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    European journal of wildlife research 10 (1964), S. 70-71 
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    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Doppelkopfbildung beim Rothirsch (1964)
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    European journal of wildlife research 10 (1964), S. 71-72 
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    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Laufverletzung bei einem Rehbock (1964)
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    European journal of wildlife research 10 (1964), S. 72-74 
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    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Ehrenpromotion Dr. Lindner (1964)
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    European journal of wildlife research 10 (1964), S. 74-77 
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    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Professor Dr. Gösta Notini (1964)
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    European journal of wildlife research 10 (1964), S. 77-78 
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    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Eugen Fischer 90 Jahre (1964)
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    European journal of wildlife research 10 (1964), S. 78-78 
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    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Referate (1964)
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    European journal of wildlife research 10 (1964), S. 78-88 
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    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Ludwig F. Weickmann (1963)
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 13 (1963), S. 481-484 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02248007
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    Ein vollständiges System hydrodynamischer Erhaltungssätze (1963)
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 14 (1963), S. 1-13 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The system of fundamental hydrodynamic and thermodynamic equations of ideal baroclinic fluids is converted for isentropic processes into a complete system of conservation principles, by deriving to new conservative field parameters. In addition to the specific entropy andErtel's formulation of the potential vorticity theorem there appear three further hydrodynamic field parameters which are constant and conservative. In principle, any number of such conservation principles can be derived, howver, only a limited number are independent of each other. The possibility of a prognostic application is suggested.
    Abstract: Résumé Le système des équations primaires de l'hydro-thermodynamique des fluides baroclines idéaux est transformé ici en un système complet de théorèmes de conservation. Pour ce faire, on se sert de nouvelles grandeurs conservatrices du champ pour définir les changements d'état thermodynamiques isentropes. A part l'entropie spécifique et la grandeur des tourbillons d'Ertel («vorticity» potentielle), on utilise trois autres grandeurs du champ thermodynamique. Celles-ci sont individuellement constantes dans le temps et, par là, conservatrices. En principe, on peut faire appel à un nombre indéterminé de théorèmes de conservation, pourtant, seul un nombre réduit d'entre eux est vraiment indépendant. En outre, on signale brièvement une possibilité d'application de cette théorie aux prévisions météorologiques.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das System der hydro-thermodynamischen Grundgleichungen idealer barokliner Flüssigkeiten wird für isentrope thermodynamische Zustandsänderungen durch Herleitung neuer konservativer Feldgrößen in ein vollständiges System von Erhaltungsätzen umgewandelt. Außer der spezifischen Entropie und derErtelschen Wirbelgröße (potentielle Vorticity) treten drei weitere hydrodynamische Feldgrößen auf, die individuell-zeitlich konstant und damit konservativ sind. Im Prinzip ist die Herleitung beliebig vieler Erhaltungssätze möglich, doch ist nur eine begrenzte Zahl voneinander unabhängig. Auf die Möglichkeit einer prognostischen Anwendung wird kurz hingewiesen.
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    Zweifache Spiralen im tropischen Wirbelsturm (1963)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 14 (1963), S. 30-36 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Hurricane and typhoon are considered as built up from logarithmically curved exchange cylinders. These bihelices are formed by the confluence of two air-currents: the tropical warm air in shape of a tube rising in the center and a second horizontal component. Some characteristics such as the shape of the rainfalls and of the electrical discharges, the species of clouds and the train are in agreement with this conception.
    Abstract: Résumé Ouragan et typhon sont regardés comme construits par cylindres échangeants — courbées dans un sens logarithmique. Ils se composent d'hélices doubles formées par le confluent de deux courants d'air: de l'air chaud tropical ascendant dans le centre sous forme d'un tube et d'une deuxième composante horizontale. Quelque caractéristiques comme la forme des chutes de pluie et des décharges électriques, les formations des nuages et la traîne sont en bon accord avec ce concept.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Orkan und Taifun werden als aus logarithmisch gekrümmten Austauschwalzen aufgehaut betrachtet. Sie bestehen aus doppelten Spiralen, entstanden beim Zusammentreffen zweier Luftströme: der im Zentrum röhrenförmig aufsteigenden tropischen Warmluft und einer zweiten horizontalen Komponente. Einige Merkmale, wie Art der Regenfälle, Art der elektrischen Entladungen, die Wolkenbilder und die Schleppe, passen zu dieser Vorstellung.
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    Über die Schwachwindauswahl bei Radiowindmessungen (1963)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 14 (1963), S. 69-77 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The upper wind measurements over Vienna during the months of June and December (1952–1960) taken as a sample show that a bias in favor of light winds has only influenced noticeably the data measured by means of the SCR-658 used up to August 1954. This bias means likewise a selection of weather situations and it has an influence on the shape of wind roses, too. With the data measured by means of the instruments used later-on in Vienna, GMD-1A and Decca Windfinding Radar WF 1, the bias in favor of light winds can be neglected.
    Abstract: Résumé La Mesure des vents en altitude à Vienne (Autriche) durant les mois de juin et décembre (1952 à 1960), pris comme échantillons, montre que l'effet d'élimination des quelques vents forts par la fonction de l'instrument n'a influencé que les mesures effectuées avec le goniomètre SCR-658, appareil utilisé jusqu'en août 1954. Cet effet se reporte sur le décompte des situations météorologiques. Il influenced également la forme des roses des vents. Il Peut par contre être négligé lors de mesures effectuées avec les appareils utilisés à Vienne (Autriche) après août 1954, soient le GMD-1 A et le Radar Decca WF 1.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Höhenwindmessungen über Wien in den Monaten Juni und Dezember (1952 bis 1960) zeigen als Stichprobe, daß ein Schwachwindauswahleffekt nur die Messungen mit dem Peiler SCR-658, der bis August 1954 verwendet wurde, merkbar beeinflußte. Dieser Effekt ist gleichzeitig auch ein Wetterlagenauswahleffekt und beeinträchtigt auch die Form der Windrosen. Bei den später in Wien verwendeten Meßgeräten, GMD-1A und Decca Radar WF 1, ist der Schwachwindauswahleffekt zu vernachlässigne.
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    Mikrowellen-Sferics auf dem Radarschirm (1963)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 14 (1963), S. 78-81 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Observations of a thunderstorm in the Berlin area by means of PPI wather radar indicate the existence of sferics in the 104 MC band (wave-length 3 cm) which show as occasional brightenings of the sweep.
    Abstract: Résumé L'observation d'un orage dans le région de Berlin, observation faite au myoen d'un radar météorologique du type PPI, montre la présence id'atmosphériques dans la bande des 10 GHz (soit une longueur d'ondes de 3 cm). Ils se remarquent sur l'écran par des «coups de balai».
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Beobachtung eines Gewitters im Berliner Raum mittels eines PPI-Wetterradargerätes zeigt das Vorhandensein von Sferics im 10 GHz-Band (Wellenlänge 3 cm) an, die sich durch Sweep-Aufhellungen auf dem Bildschirm bemerkbar machen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02247757
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    Eine Folge von fünf Windhosen an einer Kaltfront (1963)
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 14 (1963), S. 94-95 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In a former paper of this periodical the author discussed the probability of the various theories which have been developed for the explanation of tornadoes and waterspouts and gives in the present preliminary communication a short description of five different waterspouts which occurred in the area of the Lower Elbe within an interval of one hour.
    Abstract: Résumé L'auteur ayant discuté autrefois dans ce periodique la probabilité des diverses théories développées pour l'explication des trombes, présente dans cette communication préliminaire une brève description de cinq trombes différentes qui ont été observées dans l'espace d'une heure dans la région de l'Elbe inférieure.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Verfasser, der an dieser Stelle (Arch. Met. Geoph. Biokl. A12, 339, 1961) die Wahrscheinlichkeit der verschiedenen, für die Erklärung der Entstehung von Tromben aufgestellten Theorien diskutiert hat, gibt in der vorliegenden vorläufigen Mitteilung eine kurze Beschreibung fünf verschiedener Tromben, die im Gebiet der Unterelbe innerhalb einer Stunde aufgetreten sind.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02247759
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    A condensation method particle size spectrometer (1964)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 14 (1964), S. 149-175 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Kondensationsmethode zur Messung des Häufigkeitsspektrums der Größenverteilung von Aitken-Kernen beschrieben. Unter Benützung des photoelektrischen Kernzählers vonPollak undNolan beruht sie darauf, daß die aktivierten Kerne bei verschiedenen Überdrucken durch Ausfällung ausgeschieden und die übrigbleibenden ausgezählt werden. Mit dieser Methode wurden verschiedene gespeicherte Aerosole untersucht und auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Zerfallsmechanismus dieser Aerosole diskutiert; es wurde auch die Eignung der Evakuierungsmethode zur Bestimmung von Diffusionskoeffizienten untersucht.
    Abstract: Résumé L'auteur décrit une méthode permettant de mesurer par condensation le spectre des fréquences de la répartition des grosseurs de noyaux d'Aitken. Cette méthode repose sur le principe suivant: On élimine les noyaux activés sous différentes pressions par sédimentations successives. Les noyaux restant sont alors dénombrés par le compteur photoélectrique de noyaux mis au point parPollak etNolan. L'auteur a étudié par cette méthode divers aérosoles conservés et il discute, sur la base des résultats obtenus, le mécanisme de désagrégation de ces aérosoles. Il a également étudié si la méthode par évacuation se prêtait à la détermination des coefficients de diffusion.
    Notes: Summary A condensation method of measuring the size frequency distribution of Aitken nuclei is described. Making use of thePollak-Nolan photoelectric nucleus counter it is based on the removal of the nuclei activated at various overpressures from the counter by precipitation and the counting of those that remain. Various stored aerosols are investigated by means of it and the decay mechanisms of these aerosols discussed in the light of the results obtained. The value of the exhaustion method of finding diffusion coefficients is also examined.
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    Buchbesprechungen (1964)
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 14 (1964), S. 233-242 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02247242
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