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  • Articles  (887)
  • Chemical Engineering  (887)
  • Animals
  • 1975-1979  (887)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (887)
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  • Articles  (887)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010101
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coatings for plasticized flexible vinyl chloride (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: High molecular weight polyester terpolymers won out as clear barrier topcoats protecting the substrate from plasticizer extraction, smoke absorption, and ink or lipstick staining.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010103
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    UV stabilizers: Their effects on vinyl compounds (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 76-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is the polymer of choice in a wide variety of applications on account of its comparatively low cost, high chemical resistance, good mechanical properties and electrical insulating capabilities. The even wider application of the material has been restricted by its low thermal and photolytic stability. This paper reviews the various light degradation and stabilization mechanisms that have been postulated recently for PVC. The importance of the thermal stabilizer system to the photostabilization of the material is also stressed. Finally the market opportunity for a cost effective UV stabilizer system for rigid PVC is discussed emphasizing the versatility that such a product would give to the vinyl siding manufacturer.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010206
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melt rheology of vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 88-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Melt flow behavior of vinylchloride-vinyl acetate copolymers is measured and expressed as melt viscosity, shear rate and shear stress - information useful to the plastics engineer in formulation, design, and processing. Copolymer of comparable I.V. to homopolymer PVC requires less energy to process. Good compounding techniques are required to realize the potential of ultra-clear profile extrudates.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010209
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aqueous finishing of vinyl film. I. Film properties (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 84-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Much of the coating industry has converted to water-based substitutes in order to reduce organic emissions and to improve safety and employee environment. Recently the vinyl industry has shown an increased interest in alternative coating systems, particularly those based on water. Replacing solvent-based gravure coatings with water-borne materials presents many technical problems, not the least of which are maintenance of gravure printability and physical properties. Our studies on lower plasticizer containing grades of vinyl, primarily wallcovering, have culminated in the development of an aqueous model based on a room temperature crosslinking emulsion with resistance properties suitable for this application.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010208
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low temperature impact modification of injection molding PVC (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 112-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To meet the stringent requirements of PVC compounds intended for use in injection molded cabinets, housings and other electrical applications, impact modifiers are required which permit good melt flow while processing and allow passage of falling ball impact at -20°C. Extensive testing is described as differentiating the low temperature toughness imported by two similar impact modifiers which give the same mold flow in modified PVC.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010213
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 63-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010202
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compound requirements for vinyl siding (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 64-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Basic principles of good compounding for weatherable vinyl siding are discussed. Appropriate level of stabilizer is such that 50 percent of initial should remain after the extrusion process. Balanced lubrication is necessary. Judicious choice of pigments and impact modifiers is called for. The cited references give added substance to this review paper.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010203
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheology of poly(vinyl chloride) dry blends I. A fusion model for evaluating rigid dry blend compound performance (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 107-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) dry blend fusion proceeds via scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination of material in a sigma mixing bowl fitted torque rheometer. A mathematical model is developed and tested. During the course of the study, degradation behavior was observed some time before the conventional t2 or the end point of thermal stability. A suitable model for torque changes during degradation was not developed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010212
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MBS key variables and MBS/PVC alloy behavior (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 127-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper is another study of the use of graft polymerization onto synthetic rubber substrates. The mechanism of the grafting process and the resultant effects on impact strength are discussed. In addition, the effect of particle size on impact is presented.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010304
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 123-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010302
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photocurable topcoats for PVC substrates (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 124-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A broad range of substrates consisting of composites with PVC surfaces has demonstrated utility in flooring, wall covering, furniture and automotive. The range of properties available from photocurable topcoats is described. Such topcoats present opportunities for new innovative protective and decorative effects. The impact of coating properties, application techniques and curing parameters and their interactions with substrates are discussed. Detailed understanding of costperformance benefits are required for a successful development program. An ever increasing number of commercial operations are demonstrating the utility of 100 percent solids, low energy consuming photocurable topcoats.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010303
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vinyl windows in canadian construction - a 20 year success story (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 139-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Canadian development of vinyl windows is described. The comparison of competitive window construction materials is made. Canadian standards and test methods are reported. A large increase in the market for PVC windows is projected for Canada. The availability of dark color windows by the capstock process, both from PVC-wood and PVC-aluminum composites, will stimulate this market.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010307
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water extraction of additives from PVC pipe (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 161-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Information contributing to the safety considerations of PVC potable water pipe is presented on the extraction of various materials other than vinyl chloride monomer. The water extraction data covers methyl-, butyl- and octyl-tin stabilizers and shows a significant decrease in tin extraction level as the chain length increases. Other metallic ingredients such as titanium, calcium and magnesium are studied as well. In all cases the extraction values are at low levels. It is important to consider that the static conditions and the duration of testing time is far in excess of normal residence time of water in PVC piping systems.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010312
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of phosphate esters on PVC flammability from a multi-test viewpoint (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 172-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Many tests have been developed to provide relative flame/smoke data. In spite of the proliferation of such tests and test equipment, many chemical and polymer producers, as well as fabricators, use only one technique to evaluate the flame/smoke properties of a polymer system. This paper demonstrates the importance of multi-method testing to rate the efect of phosphate esters and various fillers on PVC flammability and smoke generation.
    Additional Material: 12 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010315
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Color control for vinyl processors (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 34-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The four ingredients of the formula are: evaluating the resin compound, characterizing the pigment, understanding the process, and finding the right people.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010108
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Replacement of heavy metal containing pigments in PVC (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 20-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Many companies are facing the challenge of replacing heavy metal containing pigments in their products because of possible legal restrictions as well as toxicological and environmental considerations. Replacing one pigment in a single formulation is not generally an insurmountable problem, but replacing this pigment in hundreds or perhaps thousands of formulations might generate some anxiety. The purpose of this paper is to review some of the techniques useful for pigment selection. Colorimetric properties and physical characteristics form the basis for logical selection. Chromaticity characteristics, data on relative opacity, migration resistance, hat and light stability of more than thirty pigments will be included. Examples of the use of the techniques illustrating the replacement of chromate pigments in five colors will be presented. Comparative performance data will be included. On the basis of the information presented, limitations in making high chroma yellow will be discussed.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010107
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SPE ANTEC in new orleans to include technical papers and films on vinyl technology (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 55-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010113
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of organotin chlorides on the thermal stability of PVC (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 51-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Metal chlorides formed from metal stabilizers under processing conditions have an influence on the thermal stability of PVC. Zinc chloride, e. g., has a strong destabilizing effect, whereas lead chloride behaves almost indifferently. Alkyltin chlorides however, have a stabilizing effect in as much as they cause a significant retardation of the thermal dehydrochlorination rate of PVC. Using 1-chlorobutene-2 as model substance, a chloro allyl isomerization could be proved caused by organotin chlorides under certain conditions. These results support a complex chemical isomerization concept to explain the stabilizing effect of organotin chlorides on PVC.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010112
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flexible poly (vinyl chloride) for long outdoor life (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 79-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A review of the compounding requirements for producing flexible PVC with quite satisfactory outdoor life is presented. Testing criteria and the importance of incorporated additives of specific types are reviewed. Data on multi-location outdoor weathering are shown. The prime importance of thickness and additive migration is proposed.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010207
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of formulation variables on smoke evolution of plasticized PVC during combustion (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 98-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Using an NBS smoke test chamber, smoke evolution of a variety of plasticized and filled PVC formulations is studied. The lowest smoke evolution was provided by the joint use of alkylaryl phosphates and magnesium carbonate. Partial replacement of triaryl phosphates by chlorinated paraffins reduces significantly smoke evolution in the flaming mode without effect from antimony oxide.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010211
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010301
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  • 23
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    The effect of the plasticizer system on the processability of poly(vinyl chloride) compounds (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 92-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To conserve energy and process time, the judicious use of benzyl phthalate as a partial substitution for dialkyl phthalate is suggested. Data is presented from laboratory and pilot plant tests. Confirmation and correlation with factory trials is shown.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010210
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  • 24
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    Effect of PVC resins on multi-screw pipe extrusion (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 145-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The increased use of multi-screw (twin) extruders by pipe producers brought on this study of available PVC homopolymer “pipe grade” resins. Basic tests on resin were examined via a “Correlation Matrix” computer program. Highly significant test data were determined to be internal pore volume and centrifuge plasticizer adsorption. Additional compound evaluation proceeded via torque rheometer followed by twin-screw extrusion. Significant resin test values affecting extrusion properties are inherent viscosity, apparent bulk density, porosity uniformity and melt viscosity. The work shows that the compounder should know resin properties in order to benefit from processing equipment developments.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010309
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  • 25
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    Developing low temperature, impact-resistant PVC - a new testing approach (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 150-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Concern over making end-use predictions from milled/notched Izod test data for applications where product manufacturing techniques differ greatly from Izod test sample preparation brought on this study of the use of Gardner-type impact tests on commercial and laboratory extruded PVC sheet. By notching the test sample, the standard Gardner and Izod impact tests at low temperatures could be predicted at room temperature in the Gardner test equipment.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010310
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  • 26
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    The migration of vinyl chloride monomer from PVC pipe into water (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 164-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was undertaken to determine the extent of residual vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) migration from PVC pipe into water. Methods were developed to analyze VCM in water at low levels. Test samples of PVC pipe were exposed to water under static and flowing conditions for varying time intervals. The results indicate that the level of VCM extracted into water is directly proportional to the level of residual monomer in the pipe. Pipe containing 〈1.0 mg/kg(〈1.0 ppm) residual VCM showed no VCM extracted into water with a test sensitive to 0.002 mg/kg (2 ppb).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010313
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  • 27
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    Masthead (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010401
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  • 28
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    Energy and material cost savings with polyester/monomeric plasticized PVC compounds (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 197-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Many plasticized PVC articles are exposed to harsh environments that cause loss of plasticizer through extraction, volatility, or migration. In order to survive in these applications, the PVC must contain plasticizers that have a reasonable degree of permanence. Two approaches are the use of low molecular weight polyester plasticizers, or higher molecular weight polyester/monomeric plasticizer blends. The blend approach can give better cost-performance and, due to faster fusion, reduced energy/manufacturing costs. The blends maintain their advantages even upon further dilution with monomeric plasticizers and in permanence tests of long duration. Although better than monomeric plasticizers, neither the low molecular weight polyester nor the blend system is recommended for applications requiring the ultimate in migration resistance.
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    Distributed microcomputer-based control system for vinyl calenders (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 204-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Materials shortages, inflated raw material and production costs have required vinyl processors to optimize their product yield per pound of raw materials without sacrificing product quality. In addition, to stay competitive in today's markets, companies have been forced to improve productivity. This paper describes a measurement and control system for a vinyl calender. This system uses the distributed microcomputer architecture. The principle objectives of this digital computer system are: 1. Control weight per unit area at the windup to fixed or optimal targets. 2. Control the cross direction zones to maintain a desired profile. 3. Provide a simple, easy-to-use operator interface to facilitate code or product setup, to provide process status, and to maximize control utilization by the operator. 4. Provide management information in graphic and alphanumeric form. This paper also describes scanner and sensor used for measuring the weight per unit area, total and three-zone weight control, target adaptive control, preset control, operator interface via an interactive video, and management inormation. It also presents actual plant results obtained under manual and computer control.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010406
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    The diffusion of gases and vapors in rigid PVC (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 8-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gravimetric sorption rate measurements have been carried out for (CO2, H2), and ten C1-C6 organic vapors at low concentrations (≤ 0.2%) in PVC films and uniform-particle powders at 30°C. The dominant transport process in all cases appears to be Fickian diffusion. A distinguishable contribution of relaxation-controlled swelling was observed for the more soluble vapors, such as acetone and benzene. A significant contribution of surface adsorption to the total sorption process was detected only for the n-alkanes, among the penetrants studied. Diffusion coefficients, determined from half-sorption times and polymer dimensions, range from 4 × 10 -8 cm2/sec for H2O to 1.5 × 10 -15 cm2/sec for n-hexane. Diffusivities determined in this study, in combination with those for gases reported by Tikhomorov, et al. (Makromol. Chem. 118 177 (1968)), define a continuous curve, covering more than nine orders of magnitude, when plotted as a function of the molar volume constant, b, of the van der Waals equation of state for gases and vapors.
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    Editorial (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 179-179 
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    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010402
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    PVC - an industry in transition (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 180-185 
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    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This presentation of the author's view of the subjective choices and problems which face the PVC producer reviews various segments of the industry. The impacts of regulations, competition, and energy considerations, are covered with a thrust toward the future.
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    An overview of the characterization of poly(vinyl chloride) (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 212-217 
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    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    International PVC industry energy studyEdited from original report NATO/CCMS-508, 1977. (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 186-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This report presents the results of a study of energy consumption in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in Italy, The Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Comparative data on energy consumption have been assembled, and a series of recommendations for R&D work related to the efficient use of energy in the chemical industry has been developed. This study forms part of the Industrial International Data Base Project, itself a subproject of the NATO/CCMS Rational Use of Energy Program. The comparative energy-consumption data assembled during this study include the energy requirements for all process steps needed to transform raw materials into PVC. This includes production of crude oil (or natural gas), naphtha (or ethane), and ethylene; mining of rock salt; production of chlorine; synthesis of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM); and polymerization of VCM to PVC. A range of 67 to 83 GJ/metric ton of PVC (including feedstock energy) was found for the participating nations, with the United Kingdom and The Netherlands lowest and the United States highest. A list of five R&D topics was developed: (A) Cooperation between the steel and chemical industries in the use of blast furnace gas and coke oven gas; (B) Optimum use of gas turbines in chemical operations; (C) Use of fuel cells in chemical operations; (D) Reduction of mercury loss in chlorine - caustic production; and (E) Use of coal as feedstock.
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    PVC stabilization mechanisms in the light of practical results (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 218-220 
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    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Based on the mechanism of reaction, the function of PVC stabilizers and co-stabilizers is described. In particular, the differing light stabilization abilities of recognized heat stabilizers are demonstrated. Reasons for the differences observed are put forth with chemical explanations.
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    Editorial (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. i 
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    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010102
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    Non-migration level of vinyl chloride monomer in PVC (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 5-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Recent evidence confirms previous findings that VCM in levels of 1 ppb in PVC bottle resins are nonmigratory and that such resins can be produced in commercial quantities.
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    Factors affecting the oxygen barrier of vinylidene chloride-vinyl chloride copolymers (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 14-19 
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    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect on the oxygen barrier properties of a SARAN copolymer by two widely different liquid additives are analyzed in terms of changes in polymer diffusivity, solubility, concentration, and temperature.
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    Producing molded-in-color vinyl automotive components (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 37-39 
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    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Metallic flake pigments can be successfully incorporated in PVC compounds designed for high-quality service in automotive application provided suitable attention is paid to the formulation, color printing, mold design, and processing parameters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010109
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    Advances in developing high-performance calendering formulations: Barium/cadmium stabilized plasticized PVC for outdoor use (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 40-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Laboratory tests were intended to show differences in processing and weatherability which occur when various powdered and liquid barium/cadmium stabilizers are used alone and in combination with epoxy plasticizer and phosphite. The results show that in the selection of stabilizers it is not necessarily the metal content of the stabilizer which is important, but rather that optimum weathering stability is achieved by the correct combination of complex barium, cadmium and zinc components. Liquid barium/cadmium/zinc compounds of the IRGASTAB BC 445 type, combined with epoxy plasticizer and phosphite, give optimum stabilization of plasticized PVC, ease of processing and excellent weatherability.
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    The stabilizing properties of some lead stabilizers (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 47-50 
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    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Four different lead stabilizing systems are investigated to determine their stabilizing efficiency in PVC against thermal degradation and photodegradation. The best results were achieved with the complex stabilizer, 2-basic lead phosphite-sulfite.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Masthead (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010201
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    Application of atactic polypropylene in technology of chemical foaming of PVC pastes (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 119-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A preliminary study of the use of by-product atactic polypropylene as a replacement for plasticizer in chemically blown plastisol is presented. The effect of varying amounts of PP and plasticizer on the elastic property was studied. Atactic PP has been shown to be useful as a plasticizer substitute in plastisols in amounts apt. 10%.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    New developments in profile extrusion expand the applications for plastics in the building industry (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 68-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The potential market for plastics in the building industry is discussed with particular emphasis on vinyls. Equipment advances for co-extrusion and complex profiles are described. The use of capstock co-extrusion is proposed as a route to dark-color weatherability of PVC siding and building products. The transfer of European technology is suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010204
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    Weatherability of rigid vinyl siding (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 72-75 
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    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Vinyl siding is described as a product in the early maturity stage of business development. The competitive position of rigid vinyl siding vis-a-vis other products is discussed. Total weathering exposures from point sources not usually thought of are reviewed. Methods of control for weathering caused changes as well as resistance evaluation are covered. The impact on the industry of the voluntary product standard PS55-72 is mentioned.
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    Control of color flooding and floating in plasticized PVC formulations - theory and practice (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 135-138 
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    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Color in plastics is an important marketing feature. To achieve proper tints and color matches, various mixtures of pigments are used. This use of pigment combinations can lead to flooding and floating in plasticized PVC formulations. A description of the phenomena and a method of control via the use of surface-active agents which give controlled co-flocculation are described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010306
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    The morphology of flexible PVC (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 131-134 
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    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper relates the PVC grain to the flow characteristics of PVC formulations plasticized at various levels. As with rigid PVC, the resin primary particles become the melt flow units at low processing temperature. Agglomeration of the grains at intermediate processing temperatures causes a rough surface. At increased processing temperatures, melting causes primary particles to lose identity and develop a smooth and glossy surface with good physicals.
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    Twenty years experience with vinyl in windows - you can start with extrusions (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 143-144 
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    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The success of the vinyl-coated wood based window of the Andersen Corporation in the United States is described. Functional characteristics required of window materials are given. The specific forming techniques used in generating vinyl-wood composites are set forth. Having produced over 10,000,000 window units, the Andersen Corporation continues to develop and field test new prototypes.
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    Synthesis and characterization of a mass polymerized impact modified poly (vinyl chloride) resin (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 156-160 
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    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rigid homopolymer PVC has many uses and has two disadvantages usually compensated for by additives. One difficulty is processability handled by processing aids and the other is an inherent low impact strength increased by impact modifier compounding. This paper describes graft-copolymerized vinyl chloride on rubber-type polyolefins which give better processability and greatly improved impact resistance.
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    A model for the diffusion of vinyl chloride monomer from PVC under various conditions of storage (1979)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1979), S. 168-171 
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    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This example of employee safety activity in the vinyl resin industry is illustrative of the efforts put forth by many to achieve acceptable VCM levels in work areas during all conditions of handling. Since use conditions differ greatly at temperatures above Tg temperatures and are nonstatic, it was deemed necessary to develop a model embracing many variables to allow prediction of atmospheric vinyl chloride monomer levels for any combination of the variables.
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    Ultradrawing of thermoplastics by solid state coextrusion illustrated with high density polyethylene (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 441-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Ultra-thin films of high density polyethylene of high orientation have been produced by the recently developed technique of solid state coextrusion. The films were prepared under moderate conditions, without lubricant in continuous lengths by extruding through conical dies of extrusion draw ratio up to 36. This is a draw ratio higher than achievable by conventional solid state extrusion at comparable processing conditions through slit dies. The ultra-thin films of high orientation were transparent and exhibited dead bend. The physical and mechanical properties were evaluated and compared with the properties of the same high density polyethylene extruded through a slit die. The increase in the melt point, crystallinity, tensile modulus, and birefringence indicates that the method is very efficient for the production of ultra-thin and highly oriented films. An experimental technique is also presented for preparing billets of controlled and uniform initial morphology and free of voids.
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    Stress-induced crystallization of branched polyethylene terephthalate films (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 462-467 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) prepolymer containing 0.0 to 0.3 mole percent pentaerythritol was polymerized to an inherent viscosity of 0.63-0.70 dl/gm by the fluidized bed technique. Rheological studies and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) examination showed the samples to be branched in character. Amorphous films were stretched at 82 and 93°C at elongation rates of 54, 161 and 267 percent-s-1 using the T. M. Long machine. The extent of stress-induced crystallization was established by a density determination. The branched samples behaved very similarly to the linear PET material in crystallization and birefringence studies. Neither the percent crystallinity nor the birefringence appears to be a strong function of strain rate over the range 54-267 percent-s-1. A cursory examination of the crystallization kinetics of the oriented samples suggests that extent of branching in our samples does not markedly reduce the crystallization rate at annealing temperatures of 180 and 220°C.
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    Scaleup factors of tubular emulsion polymerization reactorsPresented at the 70th Annual Meeting of AIChE, New York, N. Y. (november 13-17, 1997). (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 482-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper examines the important dimensionless numbers that control emulsion polymerization in a tubular reactor. It was found that the activation energy of polymerization was of major importance, while the role of monomer diffusion was not very significant. By selecting certain combinations of the dimensionless numbers, changes occurring during scaleup from a small tubular diameter to a larger diameter can be approximated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760190704
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    The adhesion to hydrophilic surfaces of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) containing novolac - hexamethylenetetramine (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 488-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The addition of relatively small amounts of novolachexamethylenetetramine phenolic to poly(vinyl chloride) plastisols has been used to increase the adhesion of the fused plastisol to hydrophilic surfaces like those of glass and steel. The principal mechanism by which this occurs has been studied and found to be, first, the dissolution of the novolachexamethylenetetramine complex in the plasticizer; second, the interaction of the nearby phenolic groups with the hydrophilic surface; and, third, the chain extension and crosslinking of the phenolic to form perhaps a very open cell foam structure through the plasticized vinyl that is attached to the substrate. Additional adhesion may arise from the adsorption of particles of the undissolved novolac complex on the surface and from viscoelastic effects from the cured vinyl composition. The problem with the decreased adhesion of thin plastisol coatings was also studied. It was found to be unrelated to the thickness per se. Rather, it seems to arise from the loss of hexamethylenetetramine at the air interface. Though hexamethylenetetramine is lost also from thicker coatings, the concentration near the adherend interface is less affected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760190705
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    Young's modulus of uniform density thermoplastic foam (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 493-499 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A comparison of experimental data for zero strain Young's modulus of uniform density thermoplastic foam for short times has been made with several theoretical and empirical correlations. An analysis of the variance of the data with the predicted values from the many models indicated that the simplistic density squared relationship adequately described the modulus of the foam for basic engineering calculations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760190706
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    Time constants for moisture diffusion through a permeable barrier into an airspace (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 525-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper arose from a study of the use of polymeric materials to protect humidity-sensitive items from damp ambient conditions. A one-dimensional model for the Fickian diffusion of moisture through a permeable wall into a volume of air is considered. The humidity in the airspace asymptotically approaches equilibrium with the exterior, and the time constant is defined as the time to reach 1-1/e of its ultimate value. Exact and approximate solutions are considered. Depending on the system geometry and properties, the time constant is either permeability-controlled or diffusivity-controlled, or somewhere in between. Under certain conditions, there exists an optimum combination of airspace depth and wall thickness that maximizes the time constant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760190711
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    Masthead (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760190801
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    Physiochemical quality assurance methods for composite matrix resins (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 545-551 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fiber reinforced composite structures have gained a significant position as materials of construction for the aerospace industry. It thus follows that large expenditures of funds and human lives are dependent on the reliability of these products. An important step in gaining confidence in a part is knowing that the starting prepreg has the same chemical formulation in each lot of material and that each lot has been processed in the same manner. This can be accomplished by physiochemical characterization. The techniques described herein were developed for 177°C (350°F) epoxy matrix systems. However, the methods form a basis for developing similar procedures for other types of matrices.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Impact behavior of nylon-66 compositions: Ductile-brittle transitionsPresented at the Plastics and Rubber Institute Confernce on Toughening of Plastics, London, England (July 5, 1978). (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 564-571 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The ductile-brittle transitions of nylon-66 compositions were studied by Izod and falling weight tests. Samples included unmodified and impact modified compositions. Brittle breaks did not occur in the toughest resin with changes in rate of loading, notch radius, thickness, or distance and orientation to the gate. A fracture mechanism is proposed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Orientation in injection molded polystyrene (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 558-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The ultimate properties of injection-molded thermoplastics articles are controlled to a large extent by flow and heat transfer phenomena that take place during the injection-molding process. In fact, the thermo-mechanical history of the melt during the molding process leads to a non-uniform distribution of many of the critical properties of the molding. Birefringence has been employed as an indirect measure of the distribution of frozen stresses or strains in amorphous polymers. The present study employs birefringence to study the development of frozen stresses in injection-molded polystyrene. In general, orientation in the flow direction is much greater than the orientation in the transverse direction of the moldings. In the vicinity, of the gate, where mold filling is characterized by spreading radial flow of the melt, the hoop stresses (planar deformation) at the melt front give rise to high orientation in the transverse direction. It appears that relaxation phenomena are not very important during the filling stage; however, they become more, important in the packing and pressure holding stages. With the aid of the appropriate rheo-optical relationship, it is shown that the distribution of frozen-in orientation in injection-molded polystyrene may be estimated on the basis of data relating to pressure variations during the filling stage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760190806
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    Investigation of the Tu(〉Tg) relaxation in homopolymers and block copolymers of styrene by torsional braid analysis (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 749-755 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Investigation of the Tu (〉Tg) relaxation in amorphous polymers of styrene by the technique of torsional braid analysis is reviewed. For the most part the relaxation behaves like the glass transition (Tg) in its dependence on molecular weight, on average molecular weight in binary polystyrene blends, and on composition in a polystyrene homogeneously plasticized throughout the range of composition. Diblock and triblock copolymers also display a T 〉 Tg relaxation above the Tg, of the polystyrene phase. Two results in particular suggest that the Tu relaxation is molecularly based. (1) The Tu temperature is determined by the number average molecular weight for binary blends of polystyrene when both components have molecular weights below Mc. (the critical molecular weight for chain entanglements). (2) Homopolymers, and diblock and triblock copolymers of styrene, have a T 〉 Tg relaxation at approximately the same temperature when the molecular weight of the styrene block is equal to that of the homopolymer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760191015
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    Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of transitions above Tg in atactic polystyrene (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 756-759 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) has been applied to the study of the molecular mechanisms of transitions of atactic polystyrene above Tg. Intensity measurements of vibrational modes as a function of temperature revealed two transitions above Tg, which are designated as Tu and T′u. T′u is independent of molecular weight as opposed to the molecular weight dependent Tu whose behavior is similar to Tg. Infrared measurements are more sensitive to T′u than Tu. Conformationally sensitive bands show that T′u may be related to disruption of local order where there is a negligible barrier to conformational change.
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    Contributions of torsional braid analysis to Tu (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 732-748 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The accomplishments of Borden Award Winner John K. Gillham and his colleagues using Torsional Braid Analysis (TBA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) to investigate the Tg and T 〉 Tg or Tu regions of anionic and thermal poly styrenes (PS) are evaluated and related to work on PS and other polymers and to controversies surrounding TBA and the Tu transition. Arguments are presented to refute the contention that Tu by TBA is an artifact produced by the braid and the contention that Tu has a relaxational nature but no thermodynamic basis. Two distinct behavior patterns are found for Tu vs log M̄n plots: quasi-static methods such as DSC on fused films show Tu to level off above Mc and approach an asymptotic value of ∼435K; dynamic methods involving melt flow show that Tu increases without limit above Mc because of entanglements. A compilation is presented of 25 investigations of Tu on polybutadiene, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), PS, plasticized PS, and atactic polypropylene, involving twenty experimental techniques. The behavior of zero shear melt viscosity for PS is summarized. Gillham's work has not only led to clarification of many isolated papers in the literature but has also inspired various parallel experimental and literature studies on Tu. We conclude that Tu is a molecular level transition which, like Tg, exhibits both kinetic (relaxational) and thermodynamic aspects. It is shown that heat capacity should be a more sensitive method than dilatometry for studying the Tu transition.
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    Masthead (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760191101
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    Effect of cure cycle on mechanical properties of thick section fiber-reinforced poly/thermoset moldings (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 774-778 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: One of the major factors of concern in compression molding of fiber-reinforced thermosets is the mold cycle time which directly affects the processing cost. An ideal system would be the one which cures in a relatively short time resulting in excellent mechanical and physical properties. However, in practice, a compromise has to be made between the mold cycle time and ultimate property requirements. The effects of cure cycle time, temperature, preheating and post-cooling on mechanical properties of continuous as well as chopped glass fiber reinforced polyester and vinyl ester systems involving 1/4 to 1 in thick sections have been studied. Mold cycle time is strongly influenced by the part thickness and mold temperature. Internal heat generation due to curing reaction causes high thermal gradients across the thickness. Preheating offers advantages of reducing both the mold cycle time and the thermal gradient. The flexural and interlaminar shear strengths are strongly dependent or, the mold cycle time. Maximum strengths are obtained when the mold is opened at the instant when there is no thermal gradient across the thickness.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760191103
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    Some performance aspects of the extruder as a reactor (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 787-794 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Continuous flow reactors are increasingly utilized for polymerization. Two aspects of reactor performance are considered here, with major emphasis on the screw extruder as a reactor. First, the effect of residence time distribution is discussed, and comparative calculations are made for several flow reactors using a simple model for a polycondensation reaction. We conclude that the extruder behaves nearly as a plug flow reactor. Second, the effect of viscous heating in the extruder is accounted for, in the limiting case of adiabatic operation. A model for the effect of heating on conversion is developed, and some implications for scale-up are noted.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760191105
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    The influence of drawing, twisting, heat setting and untwisting on the structure and mechanical properties of melt spun polypropylene filament (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 761-773 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The changes in structure and mechanical properties of melt spun polypropylene filaments were determined as the filaments were successively (i) drawn, (ii) twisted, (iii) annealed, and (iv) untwisted. Filaments spun to two different melt draw down levels were studied. The effects of draw temperature and draw ratio, extent of twist, annealing temperature, and the extent of untwisting were examined. Melt spun and twisted filaments (draw ratio of 1) were also considered. Structural characterization techniques used in this study include wide angle (WAXS) and small angle (SAXS) diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), birefringence and density measurement. Drawing increased crystalline orientation and at low temperatures disrupted the monoclinic unit. cell existing in the melt spun fibers. The drawing produced considerable fibrillation under all conditions even when carried out at 120°C. The fibrillation quid void formation due to low temperature drawing was more pronounced. The variation of WAXS patterns and mechanical properties of twisted drawn filaments was interpreted by presuming that the fibrils act in a manner analogous to that of the filaments in a continuous filament twisted yarn. In the case of incompletely drawn filaments the effect of additional drawing occurring during twistin must be considered. Twisted fibers annealed at 150°C sowed a drastic reduction in tensile properties, while those annealed at 125°C did not set the twist and caused the fibers to tend to untwist. Annealing at 140°C appeared to give satisfactory heat setting. Annealing of cold drawn and cold drawn and twisted fibers increased the density, removed many defects and reformed a well defined monoclinic crystal structure and a lamellar morphology. Untwisting of heat set filaments tended to give back the properties of hot drawn fibers. In some cases, however, the opening of cracks was noted.
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    Influence of molecular weight on crystallization rate of oriented, glassy nylon 6 (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 779-786 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Differential scanning calorimetry and wide angle X-ray diffractometry were used to investigate the effects of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution on the crystallization kinetics of oriented, glassy nylon 6. The samples had number average molecular weights ranging from 10,000 to 42,000 and polydispersity indices ranging from 2.0 to 3.1. Noncrystalline films were prepared by quenching molten films between plattens chilled with liquid nitrogen. These films were drawn 4X and 5-1/3X, and the resultant uniaxial orientation was observed to enhance markedly the room temperature crystallization kinetics. Although macroscopic deformation can be assumed to be affine at the molecular level, it is hypothesized that wholechain molecular relaxation occurs at rates inversely proportional to the square of molecular weight, thereby creating a distribution of extension ratios which reflect the actual molecular weight distribution. Thus, the crystallization rate and the degree of crystallinity depend on the fraction of high molecular weight molecules present in the sample. Given two samples with the same molecular weight, the one with the broader distribution crystallizes more rapidly. Similarly, samples having the larger molecular weight crystallize to a greater extent when two samples have the same molecular weight distribution.
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    Viscoelastic properties of epoxy polymer concrete (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 795-799 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The viscoelastic nature of polymer concrete was investigated utilizing an epichlorohydrin/bisphenol A-type epoxy resinaggregate system. Compression specimens were tested for linearity of viscoelastic behavior, the effect of size of mass on creep, and for determination of the specific creep compliance and the associated elastic modulus. The creep compliance was determined by least squares curve fitting of the experimental creep data. Collocation, a numerical Laplace transform inversion routine, was used to develop the equation for the relaxation modulus.
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    Influence of molecular weight on the creep behavior of undiluted polyisobutylenes (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 800-804 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The elongational behavior in constant force experiments has been considered for three samples of commercial polyisobutylene. The results compare favorably with the predictions of two existing non-linear theories as long as the samples deform homogeneously. Some qualitative observations have been made with reference to the “failure point”, i.e., the point where a non-homogeneous deformation begins.
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    Laser degradation of polymer coatings on reflective heat sinks (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 864-868 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The 10.6 μm laser-induced degradation and volatilization of thin non-char forming organic polymer coatings on aluminum heat sinks has been investigated. Volatilization rates were determined from coating absorptivities measured as a function of irradiation time at 110 W/cm2. First order volatilization rate constants (kJ-1) were: poly(ethylene-co-ethyl acrylate) 0.30, polystyrene 0.85, poly(ethyl methacrylate) 1.6, poly(methyl methacrylate) 2.1, and nitrocellulose 3.1. Residual coating thicknesses at infinite irradiation time are reported. Degradation results from exposure to the thermal environment provided by the heat sink as well as by the direct absorption of laser radiation. Relative polymer thermal stabilities measured at this laser irradiance level and by conventional heating methods are in agreement.
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    On the linear viscoelastic limit of polymers - exemplified on poly(methyl methacrylate) (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 883-887 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The linear viscoelastic limit of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is established on the basis of the Reiner-Weissenberg criterion of strength. The obtained limit is not simply a “strainlimit” or a “stress-limit” but a function of both strain and stress, an energetical limit. In stress-strain representation the limit is independent of time and temperature, which means that the linear or non-linear behavior of the material depends only on the actual values of strain and stress. Some experimental data obtained on PMMA confirm the theory.
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    The confined chain approach to the deformation behavior of bulk polymers (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 955-965 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A theoretical “two wall” model of polymer chains confined between a pair of infinite parallel walls is developed to represent the amorphous regions in filled or reinforced elastomers, block copolymers and semicrystalline polymers. The free energies of the various types of confined chains are determined using statistics which incorporate nearest-neighbor interactions. The stress-strain, tensile ii odulus and swelling properties of the individual chains as a function of chain contour length and temperature are discussed. A mean field, free energy expression is used to account for interactions between confined chain segments: The free energy due to the direct interaction between the walls is given by a van der Waals potential. The equilibrium wall separation of the two wall model is determined as a function of the number of each type of chain, chain contour length and temperature. The two wall model is shown to display several deformation phenomena, including: yield, stress softening; draw; stress hardening; the Mullins effect; set; and crack or craze propagation.
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    Determination of the structure of the noncrystalline regions in isotropic and oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 966-974 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanical properties of polymers are influenced strongly by the structure of the noncrystalline regions. The different methods for characterization of these regions are reported and the results obtained on polyethylene terephthalate, are discussed. The orientation function of the noncrystalline chains can be determined by measurements of the X-ray scattering and the birefringence. The fraction of taut noncrystalline chains is obtained from NMR measurements combined with a determination of the degree of crystallinity. For a further evaluation of the results it is also necessary to use calculations of the NMR- line-width and the birefringence of chains with fixeu ends. With help of such calculations the end-to-end distance of the taut and mobile non-crystalline chains can be determined, It is also possible to distinguish between tie molecules and loops. With increasing orientation, the amount of taut noncrystalline chains increases. The taut chains are tie molecule rather than taut loops. The end-to-end distances increase with increasing crystallization temperature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760191404
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    Masthead (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760190201
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    Introductory remarks (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 65-65 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760190202
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    Dynamic mechanical and broad line nuclear magnetic resonance behavior of some aromatic polyamidesPaper presented at the Joint Meeting of the British, Netherland and Italian Societies of Rheology, Pisa, April 1977. Work carried out with financial support of Italian C.N.R. (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 56-62 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The results of dynamic mechanical and broad-line proton magnetic resonance studies carried out over a broad, temperature range on a series of aromatic polyamides are presented. At temperatures lower than 300 K, the NMR data show no relaxation for the all-meta linked benzene rings polyamide, whereas processes for the other polyamides are found, the magnitude of which is dependent on the polymer structure. Between 400 and 500 K further decreases in the second moment take place for all materials. Two secondary mechanical loss peaks are evident in these polymers, one in the 200-380 K region (β) and one in the 380-500 K region (β*), at about 104 cps. In particular, the relaxation strength of the β* peak depends on the conditions of isolation of the polymers from solution. The results are discussed in terms of possible motional processes of these polymers characterized by a long range intramolecular uniaxial order. An attempt is made to correlate the relaxational properties of aromatic polyamides to the existence of a phase of low regularity such as the nematic or smectic mesophases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760190110
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    An anomaly in the necking behavior of polyethylene (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 77-81 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Tensile creep measurements at constant load on nonoriented polyethylene have shown a marked transition at a certain stress level from a neck formation followed by instantaneous fracture to the formation of a neck which resists fracture for a considerable time. The transition, which shifts towards shorter time and higher nominal stress with increasing molecular weight, has been studied for 16 polyethylenes of different molecular weights, degrees of branching and crystalline structures. The marked. transition has only been observed for high density polyethylene of high molecular weight. Deformation measurements show a more distinct necking for the high density than for the medium density polyethylenes. This is consistent with current molecular deformation theories. A hypothesis for the transition is proposed based on the distinctness of the neck process in the high density polyethylene and the large difference in strength between the spherulitic structure and the fibrillar structure. The dependence of the transition on molecular weight is expected since the number of tic chains incrcrtses with increasing molecular weight.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760190204
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    An overview of amorphous chains in block and segmented copolymers: Their influence on bulk structure and material properties (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 1029-1041 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The influence of amorphous chains on bulk structure and material properties is examined in block and segmented copolymer systems whose components are in a variety of morphological states including: rubber-rubber; rubber-glass; glass-glass; rubber-crystalline glass-crystalline; and, crystalline-crystalline. The effects of external variables, such as temperature, time, and internal variables, such as molecular weight and composition ratio on the magnitude of the role played by the amorphous chains in these systems are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760191411
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    Interpretation of the dynamic mechanical response of heterogeneous polymer blends in terms of continuum models (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 1042-1045 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dynamic mechanical measurements have been widely used for characterization of polymer blends and composites. This paper discusses application of continuum models to interpretation of the dynamic mechanical response of isotropic microscopically heterogeneous polymer blends. The models typically predict shifts in apparent glass transition temperature (location of principal loss tangent maximum) for each blend constituent. Experimentally observed shifts in the apparent glass transition of heterogeneous blend constituents may thus arise at least partly for mechanical reasons rather than because of changes in the properties or glass transition temperature of the blend constituents. It is suggested that, for heterogeneous blends of well characterized phase morphology, changes in glass transition behavior of blend constituents be determined by comparison of measured and calculated loss tangent maxima. For two-component blends, the loss tangent at the temperature at which the loss tangents of the blend constituents are equal may be useful as a further diagnostic tool for changes in loss mechanisius.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760191412
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    The effect of hot drawing on the properties of short fiber reinforced extruded sheets (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 1046-1053 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The hot drawing of extruded composite sheets can be used to control the orientation of both matrix and reinforcing fibers. A study was made of the effect of draw ratio on the properties of an extruded polystyrene sheet containing 0 to 1 percent of short glass fibers. An increase in draw ratio resulted in an increase in fiber orientation. A model of a rigid fiber rotating in an elongational flow field was used to describe the effect of draw ratio on the final orientation distribution. An increase in draw ratio also caused an increase in the amount of fiber breakage. A shear-lag analysis was used to estimate the extent of damage as a function of draw ratio. It was also found that the mechanical properties were dependent upon both the draw ratio and fiber concentration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760191413
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    Masthead (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760191501
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    Non-isothermal phenomena in polymer engineering and science: A review. Part I: Non-isothermal polymerization (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 1065-1073 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper reviews non-isothermal polymerization processes in which the chemical reaction occurs with thermal selfacceleration. A macrokinetic approach to the description of these processes, with consideration of their specific characteristics, allows the study of the thermal operating behavior of periodic and continuous reactors utilized in polymer engineering. Development of non-isothermal methods for the determination of chemical kinetics in polymerization processes is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760191502
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    Non-isothermal phenomena in polymer engineering and science: A review. Part II: Non-isothermal phenomena in polymer deformation (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 1074-1080 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermal phenomena in deformation of solids and flows are reviewed. Regularities common to all these phenomena as well as their characteristic features and consequences important for science and engineering are reported. The analogy between thermal phenomena in polymer mechanics and in chemical reaction is noted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760191503
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    Finite element analysis of polymer melt flow in cable-covering crossheads (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 203-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A finite element method is presented for the analysis of isothermal non-Newtonian polymer melt flow in narrow channels of complex shape. The particular application considered is flow in cable-covering crossheads. The geometric flexibility of the finite element method allows a mesh of triangular elements to be constructed to suit the shape of the flow channel. Computed results obtainable from the analysis include the distribution of polymer layer thickness on the finished cable, together with the extrusion pressure required to maintain a given flow rate of melt. Some typical thickness distribution results are presented as an introduction to experimental verification of the method and its application to crosshead design.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760190307
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    Viscoelastic measurements of PVC plastisol during gelation and fusion (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 210-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This work is concerned with the change of viscoelastic properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastisol during heating. The system changes from a suspension of solid particles in a liquid medium to a swollen gel and further to a fused state as the temperature is raised. The Rheometrics mechanical spectrometer was used in the oscillatory mode at 0.1 Hz. The temperature of the sample was raised in a controlled manner to 195°C. During gelation, the viscosity increased rapidly about three decades. There was a similar increase of the elastic modulus. After reaching a maximum, both viscosity and elastic modulus decreased rapidly with the progress of fusion. The viscoelastic properties depended somewhat on the heating rate. At 170-195°C, it took a few minutes for the moduli to reach steady values. Continued heating, for several minutes at 195°C, did not change the moduli any further. The temperature range of the decomposition of a blowing agent in the plastisol foam formulation was determined. Over this temperature range, the viscoelastic properties change very rapidly. Quantitative estimates were made for the decrease of moduli during this period.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760190308
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    Effect of stress on nucleation and crystallization in polymers (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 386-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymer crystallization is recognized as a non-equilibrium process and the postulate of local equilibrium is combined with the formalism of small systems thermodynamics to provide a general method of relating structure, kinetics and thermodynamics. In this method a single polymer molecule is assumed to be in equilibrium with its environment and the appropriate partition function is factored into the bulk free energy and the remaining factors which are important only in small systems.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760190603
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    Application of small system thermodynamics to polymer molecules. II. Secondary nucleation (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 45-50 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Statistical mechanical methods can be used to relate not only structure and thermodynamics but also structure and kinetics. Methods are developed for calculating the crystal growth rate kinetic models. When the usual macroscopic thermodynamics are applied, the resulting surface energies, σ and σe extracted from the experimental growth rates are quite comparable to those obtained from kinetic models. However, when one applies small system thermodynamics, a substantially smaller σ is obtained. This latter assumption has the advantage of explaining why extended chain seed crystals do not promote crystal growth and why folded chain crystals grow on such seeds. The statistical mechanical methods in both of these cases predict the observed decrease in the rate constant, Kg with decreasing molecular length without the necessity of a separate theory for varying σe with molecular length.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760190108
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    Application of small system thermodynamics to polymer molecules. I. The entropy barrier between liquid and crystalline state (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 40-44 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The methods of small systems thermodynamics have been applied to the calculation of the entropy barrier to the growth of polymer crystals. The height of this barrier at the equilibrium melting point of polyethylene molecules of typical lengths (X = 4,000 to 10,000 segments) is estimated to be of the order of 4 to 5 Kcal per molecule. This barrier increases linearly with ln X if the crystal is very large but retains the approximate values mentioned for crystals with the lamella thicknesses usually found. This entropy change causes the free energy to go through a maximum as in a nucleation phenomena but no new surface formation is involved. The existence of such a barrier explains why crystallization (or melting) never occurs at the equilibrium melting temperature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760190107
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    Effect of molecular weight distribution on fatigue crack propagation in poly(methyl methacrylate) (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 145-150 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is well established that both molecular weight (M) and its distribution (MD) affect many polymer properties such as mechanical behavior. Thus studies have shown that fatigue life is enhanced by increases in M. Research here has shown that with notched specimens fatigue crack propagation (FCP) rates are dramatically decreased by increasing M, even when the M is high enough that the static fraeture energy has essentially reached its asymptotic limit. In this study, specimens of poly(methyl methacrylate) containing either high- or low-M tails were prepared and characterized. The earlier finding that FCP rates are inversely related to average M was confirmed, but specific effects of M distribution were observed. At constant Mn, a low-M tail had little effect on FCP resistance, while a high-M tail improved FCP resistance of polymers whose average M was too low for effective entanglements. Thus with high-M tails, it was possible to test specimens whose average M's were too low to permit machining. It is proposed that the effects noted are due to relative stabilization or destabilization of crazes ahead of the crack.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760190218
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    A comparison of the thermal and mechanical degradation of glassy polystyrene by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 162-165 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal and mechanical degradation of glassy polystyrene has been studied by Fourier Transform Infrared, FT-IR, spectroscopy. Using difference spectroscopy we have found that the products formed from these two modes of degradation were significantly different. This result is in contrast with other workers who found similar products for the thermal and mechanical degradation of polystyrene by mass spectroscopy. Our result suggests a reassessment of the thermal activation mechanism for mechanically-induced bond scission. We have also found that the distribution of oxidation products appears to depend upon the environment in which the polymer is mechanically degraded. Finally, we have demonstrated the utility of FT-IR spectroscopy for studying the mechanical degradation of polymers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760190220
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    The load-bearing capability of short-fiber thermoplastics composites - A new practical system of evaluation (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 173-180 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The load-bearing capabilities of short-fiber reinforced thermoplastics composites can be evaluated, in principle, by the methods known to be satisfactory for unreinforced thermoplastics, but in practice the cost of a comprehensive evaluation of a composite would be prohibitive because of the anisotropy of the properties and its variation from point to point. For the same reasons the properties measured on a specimen cut from a molding may have little relevance to its overall performance. This paper describes recent experiments that could lead to a radical change in testing strategy. Instead of the classical method in which standard specimens cut from moldings are assumed to provide the various stiffness coefficients needed for anisotropic stress analysis, simple moldings such as discs or plaques are tested directly. The sacrifice of precision in the measurements and the loss of rigor in the definition of the measured quantities is more than compensated for by a gain in the general utility of the data and the substantial reduction in the cost of evaluations. The mechanical properties of shortfiber thermoplastics composites are particularly sensitive to mold geometry and the new methods of testing enable the effects to be assessed readily, whereas the information generated by the classical method is virtually indecipherable in that context. Examples are given in the paper.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760190303
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    A study of chain-addition polymerizations with temperature variations. IV. Copolymerizations - Experiments with styrene-acrylonitrile (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 190-197 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Free-radical copolymerizations were studied under nonisothermal conditions with emphasis on their thermal runaway and ignition behavior. Computational models are presented in generalized form and compared with experiments on the system styrene-acrylonitrile. A new, useful method is proposed for the evaluation of runaway parameters from scant kinetic data.
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    High modulus through lamellar structures nucleated by flow induced fibrous substrates (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 433-435 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Extremely high modulus (up to 1011Nm-2) strands of poly ethylene have been prepared by the controlled crystallization of lamellar overgrowths onto a small quantity of preformed flow-induced microfibrils. The requirements for achieving a high modulus from a lamellar system are considered, and indicate that high chain extensions may not be needed. The lamellae satisfying these requirements possess a unique taper, the outer edges having a fold length of less than 40Å. This raises new issues relating to crystallization in confined spaces, and space filling by lamellae in bulk samples in general.
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    Monodisperse polyethylenes: Crystallization kinetics (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 436-440 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Crystallization kinetics of hydrogenated monodisperse polybutadienes have been measured using hot-stage microscopy, and the data have been analyzed in terms of crystallization half-time and Avrami exponent. Results obtained from hydrogenated polybutadienes having M̄w's in the range 5,100 to 340,000 were compared with what was obtained from several commercial polyethylenes. A four-branch star hydrogenated polybutadiene was also included in this study. Crystallization half-time at constant undercooling was found to go through a minimum when expressed as a function of M̄w; such behavior is consistent with polyethylene data already reported in the literature. It was found that crystallization half-times for all polyethylene homopolymers studied (hydrogenated polybutadienes as well as commercial polyethylenes with their broad molecular weight distributions) exhibit similar exponential dependences on undercooling.
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    Masthead (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979) 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760190701
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    Chemiluminescence of incompatible polymer mixtures (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 841-844 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Chemiluminescence of an incompatible mixture of polystyrene and cis-1, 4-polybutadiene was studied. The luminescence characteristics of the component polymers are preserved in the incompatible blend and the intensity for the blend can be represented as the surface-area-average of the individual intensities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760191205
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    Critical parameters for thermoset curing in heated molds (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 835-840 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The change in temperature and conversion during the curing of a thermosetting resin in a slab-shaped heated mold is analyzed theoretically. Results show that there is a critical value of β = AL2/k, for which the maximum center exotherm takes place (A = Arrhenius pre-exponential factor, L = slab thickness, k = thermal conductivity). Beyond this value, increasing β decreases the center exotherm. The temperature rise at the slab center may be substantially greater than under adiabatic conditions. Wall temperature has a great effect on the process behavior, implying the need of an adequate control system. A description of the temperature profiles and conversion rates is provided and some criteria for the process design are stated.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760191204
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    An approach towards the reduction of sink marks in sheet molding compound (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 829-834 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Sink marks are shallow depressions normally observed above reinforcing ribs in molded Sheet Molding Compound (SMC) parts. In this paper, the effect of mold geometry, particularly the rib entrance shape, on the flow pattern of molding compound and the resulting sink marks in molded parts is presented. Flat plate specimens with a single reinforcing rib in the center were used in this work. Rib entrance shape was varied and its effect on both sink depth and fiber orientation measured. A reduction in sink depth from 0.0007 in. to less than 0.0001 in. was observed when comparing rounded and protruding rib entrances, respectively. The effect of inducing unequal flow rates from the two sides of the rib was also investigated and found to give a reduction in sink depth of about one-third. A computer simulation of the flow during molding was, used to compare observed flow patterns with simple theoretical predictions. The SMC was modeled as a highly viscous Newtonian fluid and finite difference methods were used to solve the Navier-Stokes equations. Extension of this modeling procedure to more complex geometries will aid in the design of nearly sink free molds.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760191203
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  • 100
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    Impregnated concrete. I: Characterization of poly (methyl methacrylate) prepared in concrete matrices (1979)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 825-828 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Concrete specimens were impregnated with methyl methacrylate and after polymerization in situ, the extraction of polymer was carried out using appropriate solvents. The molecular weight and the stereochemical configuration of extracted polymer were determined by viscosity measurements and NMR spectroscopy respectively. The results obtained are discussed in relation to the increase of glass transition temperature of poly(methyl methacrylate) when the polymer is inside the concrete.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760191202
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