ALBERT

Beschreibung: An energy-flux model (EFM) and a teleseismic fluctuation wavefield method (TFWM) have been applied to interpret the teleseismic P coda observed at three temporary and two permanent networks in northern and central Europe. The aim is to determine the small-scale random structure of the lithosphere below the receivers. Various subsets of these data have been exploited previously with one of the two methods. The main objectives here are: To compare the performance of both methods with synthetic data sets. To map the random structure of the lithosphere in terms of inverse scattering Q (Q−1s), correlation length a, RMS velocity fluctuation σ, thickness L of the scattering layer and autocorrelation function (ACF) using a combination of both methods. With TFWM, the product aσ2 can be reliably determined if L is known. L can be roughly estimated with EFM. Although EFM can, in principle, resolve a and σ separately, a is recovered with a rather large uncertainty. TFWM does not distinguish much between the ACF type, whereas with EFM determination of the ACF type is sometimes possible. By combining the results of both methods we determine improved random medium parameters of the lithosphere for eleven subregions in northern and central Europe. In the Baltic shield, Rhenohercynian belt, Ardenne and Brabant mountains, eastern Rhenish massif, Eifel, Hunsrück mountains, Lorraine, Frankonian Jura and massif Central scattering predominantly occurs in the crust. For the frequency range from 0.5 to 5 Hz correlation lengths of 1–7 km and rms velocity fluctuations of 3-7 per cent are obtained. For the Rhenohercynian belt (RH) and the N-German basin RMS velocity fluctuations and correlation lengths could not be resolved. The data from the N-German basin (NB) cannot be explained by scattering within the crust only. Smallest scattering Q was found in the N German basin (Qs≈ 100 at 1 Hz) and largest scattering Q in the Baltic shield (Qs≈ 450 at 2-3 Hz). For the Frankonian Jura only a Gaussian ACF can fit the Q−1s values. The data from the eastern Rhenish massif also indicate a random medium with Gaussian ACF. For all other subregions we cannot distinguish between exponential or Gaussian ACF for the random medium structure.

Beschreibung: Trees, as long living plants, are governed by environmental and/or climate changes within their habitat. Their growth rings record to a large extent the temporal dynamics of these changes either directly or through tree physiological reactions. They render the highest time resolution thus far possible for environmental or climate reconstructions of the past 10,000 years (exactly dated, annually resolved, see: [828], [994]). Trees are a substantial part of the human environment with a high socio-economic value. Their large geographical extension over various regions of the world, including those with greatest population densities but also marginal areas allows to gain unique informations about local and regional consequences of global climate change.

Beschreibung: Signals from 11 shots and 8 earthquakes, and numerous teleseismic events were recorded along the 400-km seismic line INDEPTH III in centralTibet and interpreted together with previous seismic and tectonic data. The abnormal behavior of various mantle phases reveals a complex Moho-transition zone, especially in the northern part of the line, in the Changtang Block, where the lower crust and the mantle show unusually low velocities, a shingled appearance of Pn and no low-velocity layer in the upper crust. The strong east–west anisotropy in the Changtang Block is related to an easterly escape movement of the whole lithosphere, facilitated by the warm and weak layers in the lower crust and the upper mantle, bounded apparently by two prominent west–east running fault zones.

Beschreibung: The final report contains a description of the results obtained within a research contract between IRE RAS and GFZ Potsdam during the period April-November 2004. The objectives of investigation included (1) the radio-holographic methods for obtaining vertical profiles of the vertical gradients of physical parameters in the atmosphere, (2) radio holographic methods for atmospheric, ionospheric and stratospheric waves, and (3) validation of the software with GPS/MET (GPS/METeorology, e.g., Rocken et al. 1997) and CHAMP (CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload, e.g., Reigber et al. 2005) data and final report with recommendations.

Beschreibung: This letter proposes a building characterization tech-nique for L-band polarimetric interferometric synthetic apertureradar (SAR) data. This characterization consists of building iden-tification and height estimation. Initially, a polarimetric interfer-ometric segmentation is performed to isolate buildings from theirsurroundings. This classification identifies three basic categories:single bounce, double bounce, and volume diffusion. In order tocompensate for the misclassifications among the volume and thedouble-bounce classes, interferometric phases given by the high-resolution Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invari-ance Techniques (ESPRIT) method are analyzed. Once buildingsare localized, a phase-to-height procedure is applied to retrievebuilding height information. The method is validated using E-SAR,German Aerospace Center (DLR) fully polarimetric SAR data, atL-band, repeat-pass mode, over the Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany,test site, with a spatial resolution of 1.5 m in range and azimuth.More than 80% of buildings are retrieved with acceptably accu-rate height estimates

Beschreibung: Late Miocene to Quaternary volcanic rocks from the frontal arc to the back-arc region of the Central Volcanic Zone in the Andes show a wide range of delta 11B values (+4 to -7 ‰) and boron concentrations (6 to 60 ppm). Positive delta 11B values of samples from the volcanic front indicate involvement of a 11B-enriched slab component, most likely derived from altered oceanic crust, despite the thick Andean continental lithosphere, and rule out a pure crust-mantle origin for these lavas. The delta 11B values and B concentrations in the lavas decrease systematically with increasing depth of the Wadati-Benioff Zone. This across-arc variation in delta 11B values and decreasing B/Nb ratios from the arc to the back-arc samples are attributed to the combined effects of B-isotope fractionation during progressive dehydration in the slab and a steady decrease in slab-fluid flux towards the back arc, coupled with a relatively constant degree of crustal contamination as indicated by similar Sr, Nd and Pb isotope ratios in all samples. Modelling of fluid-mineral B-isotope fractionation as a function of temperature fits the across-arc variation in delta 11B and we conclude that the B-isotope composition of arc volcanics is dominated by changing delta 11B composition of B-rich slab-fluids during progressive dehydration. Crustal contamination becomes more important towards the back-arc due to the decrease in slab-derived fluid flux. Because of this isotope fractionation effect, high delta 11B signatures in volcanic arcs need not necessarily reflect differences in the initial composition of the subducting slab. Three-component mixing calculations for slab-derived fluid, the mantle wedge and the continental crust based on B, Sr and Nd isotope data indicate that the slab-fluid component dominates the B composition of the fertile mantle and that the primary arc magmas were contaminated by an average addition of 15 to 30 % crustal material.

Beschreibung: An active-source seismic experiment at the KTB deep drill hole in southeast Germany reveals seismic P wave anisotropy to exist within a tectono-metamorphic sub-terrane of the crystalline Bohemian massif. The experiment used multi-azimuth vertical seismic profiling whereby downhole sensors recorded surface seismic Vibroseis sources located along six 7.5-km radial profiles emanating from the borehole location. Representative bulk anisotropic P wave velocities of the upper crust were derived from this seismic data and compared with predictions of velocity and anisotropy based on petrophysical laboratory measurements and geological information. We show that azimuth and inclination behavior of the observed anisotropy is consistent with characterization of the geology surrounding the borehole as a coherent regional block containing pervasive highly tilted foliation. This seismic anisotropy can be explained by “intrinsic” material properties associated with the well-developed foliation fabrics.

Beschreibung: The Atacama basin is a prominent morphological anomaly in the Central Andean forearc. 3D seismic structure beneath the depression and its surroundings has been determined from local earthquake tomography. Depth maps of P-wave velocity and attenuation (1/Q p ) through the lithosphere reveal a rheologically strong (high Q p and v p ) lithospheric block beneath the basin, surrounded by weak regions (low Q p and v p ) beneath Pre- and Western Cordilleras. The anomalous lithospheric structure appears to bar hot asthenospheric mantle from penetrating trenchward, and hence causes the volcanic front to be deflected by the Salar de Atacama basin. The cold block may also influence the thermal structure of the subducted slab causing reduced Benioff seismicity and less hydration of mantle rocks evident from reduced v p /v s ratios. Seismic data are hard to reconcile with extension and lithospheric thinning as a mechanism for subsidence of the basin. Instead, high strength of the Atacama lithospheric block may contribute to basin formation by focussing deformation and uplift along the block's weak edges.

Beschreibung: This manual outlines the characteristics and structure of the software and describes how to use the software. The principles and new features are outlined systematically and referred partly to existing references. Numerical examples of multi-functions and internal tests as well as external comparisons are given.

Beschreibung: We review the historical, geological, tide-gauge, GPS and gravimetric evidence advanced in favour of or against continuing land uplift around Hudson Bay, Canada. After this, we reanalyse the tide-gauge and GPS data for Churchill using longer time series than those available to previous investigators. The dependence of the mean rate of relative sea-level change obtained on the length and mid-epoch of the observation interval considered is investigated by means of the newly developed linear-trend analysis diagram. For studying the shorter-period variability of the tide-gauge record, the continuous-wavelet transform is used. The mean rate of land uplift obtained from GPS is based on a new analysis using IGS solutions of GFZ. Furthermore, sea-level indicators from the Churchill region representing the relative sea-level history during the past 8000 a are included. Finally, the four types of observable are jointly inverted in terms of mantle viscosity. The optimum values are 3×10^20 Pa s and 1.6 × 10^22 Pa s for the upper- and lower-mantle viscosities, respectively.

Beschreibung: Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Quantifizierung von Modalbeständen magmatischer Gesteine anhand ihrer Infrarot-Spektren, basierend auf einer spektralen Einzelmineralanalyse. Dazu wurde eine neue, modellbasierte, spektrale Entmischungsmethode entwickelt. Diese Methode basiert auf reflexionsspektroskopischen Messungen im thermalen Infrarot von 8 - 14 μm, da in diesem Wellenlängenbereich silikatische Minerale und damit auch magmatische Gesteine ihre stärksten Spektralmerkmale (Reststrahlenbanden) aufweisen. Als Grundlage dienten Gesteinsproben des präkambrischen Gesteinskomplex Mt. Timna in Südisrael, der sich aus verschiedenen granitoiden Gesteinen und einer ultrabasischen Gesteinseinheit zusammensetzt. Die hier vorgestellte Arbeit entstand im Zusammenhang mit vorbereitenden Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung neuer Analysemethoden für einen neuen hyperspektralen Thermalsensors (ARES), der ab 2005 vom GFZ und dem DLR operationell betrieben werden soll.

Beschreibung: This report is also published as Scientific Report No. 04-9 of the Danish Meteorological Institute.

Beschreibung: Die Arbeit untersucht die Möglichkeiten einer Anwendung der Aerogravimetrie bei der Schwerefeldberechnung. Aus fluggestützten Messungen werden Schwerestörungen berechnet, die der Bestimmung regionaler Geoidlösungen dienen. Zunächst wird das Messgerät und seine Funktionsweise erläutert. Anschließend werden drei Verfahren zur Geoidberechnung verglichen, die sich unterschiedlicher Konzepte bedienen: ein Integralverfahren mit abgewandeltem Stokes-Kern, die schwerpunktmäßig behandelte Methode der Multipole sowie das Kollokationsverfahren. Im Gegensatz zum Intergralverfahren arbeiten die Verfahren der Multipole sowie das der Kollokation ohne eine Feldfortsetzung nach unten. Im praktischen Teil der Arbeit werden die Verfahren auf den CHICAGO-Datensatz angewendet, der im Herbst 2002 in Südchile gemessen wurde. Die Genauigkeit sowohl der Messwerte als auch die der Geoidlösungen wird durch einen Vergleich mit unabhängigen Daten untersucht. Es stellt sich heraus, dass alle Verfahren im Rahmen der Genauigkeit zu akzeptablen Lösungen führen. Außerdem wird festgestellt, dass für niedrige Flughöhen der Einfluss der Feldfortsetzung vernachlässigt werden kann.

Beschreibung: A schematic model for hadronic states, based on constituent quarks and antiquarks and gluon pairs, is discussed. The phenomenological interaction between quarks and gluons is QCD motivated. The obtained hadronic spectrum leads to the identification of nucleon and Δ resonances and to pentaquark and heptaquark states. The predicted lowest pentaquark state ( J π = 1 2 − ) lies at the energy of 1.5 GeV and it is associated to the observed Θ + ( 1540 ) state. For heptaquarks ( J π = 1 2 + , 3 2 + ) the model predicts the lowest state at 2.5 GeV .

Beschreibung: As observed on the Earth's surface, the magnetic field can be separated into three components: The "Main Field", the "Crustal Field" and the "External Magnetic Field". This work concentrates on the magnetospheric current systems, in order to correct the effect of large-scale magnetospheric current systems. Their exact knowledge is vital to improve the main field and secular variation models. Spherical harmonic analysis (SHA) is commonly used to describe the magnetic field. In SHA it is possible to distinguish between internal and external contributions to the Earth's magnetic field. The spherical harmonic coefficients describe dipolar, quadrupolar and higher parts in spherical coordinates. Here, CHAMP (CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload) measurements are used. Due to the inclination CHAMP is changing the orbit in local time. From time to time CHAMP is flying in resonance with the Earth's rotation, i.e. the satellite is flying over the same ground track after a couple of days. To model changes during a period of a few days these so called "repeat tracks" are very helpful for an improved main field/external field model. On the Earth's surface the magnetic effect of magnetospheric currents is often characterised by the DST-indix. In this study, it is explained how a possible constitution of the external sources of the geomagnetic field can look like and how the effect of these magnetospheric currents can be corrected in main field modelling.

Beschreibung: A 39-km-long deepseismic reflection profile recorded during two field campaigns in 1996 and 2002 provides a first detailed image of the deepcrust at the eastern margin of the Eastern Alps (Austria). The ESE–WNW-trending, low-fold seismic line crosses Austroalpine basement units and extends approximately from 20 km west of the Penninic window group of Rechnitz to 60 km SSE of the Alpine thrust front. The explosive-source seismic data reveals a transparent shallow crust down to 5 km depth, a complexly reflective upper crust and a highly reflective lowermost crust. The upper crust is dominated by three prominent west-dipping packages of high-amplitude subparallel reflections. The upper two of these prominent packages commence at the eastern end of the profile at about 5 and 10 km depth and are interpreted as low-angle normal shear zones related to the Miocene exhumation of the Rechnitz metamorphic core complex. In the western portion of the upper crust, east-dipping and less significant reflections prevail. The lowermost package of these reflections is suggested to represent the overall top of the European crystalline basement. Along the western portion of the line, the lower crust is characterised by a 6-8-km-thick band of high-amplitude reflection lamellae, typically observed in extensional provinces. The Moho can be clearly defined at the base of this band, at approximately 32.5 km depth. Due to insufficient signal penetration, outstanding reflections are missing in the central and eastern portion of the lower crust. We speculate that the result of accompanying gravity measurements and lower crustal sporadic reflections can be interpreted as an indication for a shallower Moho in the east, preferable at about 30.5 km depth. The high reflectivity of the lowermost part of the lower crust and prominent reflection packages in the upper crust, the latter interpreted to represent broad extensional mylonite zones, emphasises the latest extensional processes in accordance with eastward extrusion.

Beschreibung: The volcanism responsible for creating the chain of the Hawaiian islands and seamounts is believed to mark the passage of the oceanic lithosphere over a mantle plume1,2. In this picture hot material rises from great depth within a fixed narrow conduit to the surface, penetrating the moving lithosphere3. Although a number of models describe possible plume–lithosphere interactions4, seismic imaging techniques have not had sufficient resolution to distinguish between them. Here we apply the S-wave ‘receiver function’ technique to data of three permanent seismic broadband stations on the Hawaiian islands, to map the thickness of the underlying lithosphere. We find that under Big Island the lithosphere is 100–110 km thick, as expected for an oceanic plate 90–100 million years old that is not modified by a plume. But the lithosphere thins gradually along the island chain to about 50–60 km below Kauai. The width of the thinning is about 300 km. In this zone, well within the larger-scale topographic swell, we infer that the rejuvenation model5 (where the plume thins the lithosphere) is operative; however, the largerscale topographic swell is probably supported dynamically.

Beschreibung: Continuous recordings of 17 broadband and short-period digital seismic stations from a newly established seismological network in Saudi Arabia, along with digital recordings from the broadband stations of the GSN, MEDNET, GEOFON, a temporary array in Saudi Arabia, and temporary short period stations in Oman, were analysed to study the lithospheric structure of the Arabian Plate and surrounding regions. The Arabian Plate is surrounded by a variety of types of plate boundaries: continental collision (Zagros Belt and Bitlis Suture), continental transform (Dead Sea fault system), young seafloor spreading (Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden) and oceanic transform (Owen fracture zone). Also, there are many intraplate Cenozoic processes such as volcanic eruptions, faulting and folding that are taking place. We used this massive waveform database of more than 6200 regional seismograms to map zones of blockage, inefficient and efficient propagation of the Lg and Sn phases in the Middle East and East Africa. We observed Lg blockage across the Bitlis Suture and the Zagros fold and thrust belt, corresponding to the boundary between the Arabian and Eurasian plates. This is probably due to a major lateral change in the Lg crustal waveguide. We also observed inefficient Lg propagation along the Oman mountains. Blockage and inefficient Sn propagation is observed along and for a considerable distance to the east of the Dead Sea fault system and in the northern portion of the Arabian Plate (south of the Bitlis Suture). These mapped zones of high Sn attenuation, moreover, closely coincide with extensive Neogene and Quaternary volcanic activity. We have also carefully mapped the boundaries of the Sn blockage within the Turkish and Iranian plateaus. Furthermore, we observed Sn blockage across the Owen fracture zone and across some segments of the Red Sea. These regions of high Sn attenuation most probably have anomalously hot and possibly thin lithospheric mantle (i.e. mantle lid). A surprising result is the efficient propagation of Sn across a segment of the Red Sea, an indication that active seafloor spreading is not continuous along the axis of the Red Sea. We also investigated the attenuation of Pn phase (QPn) for 1–2 Hz along the Red Sea, the Dead Sea fault system, within the Arabian Shield and in the Arabian Platform. Consistent with the Sn attenuation, we observed low QPn values of 22 and 15 along the western coast of the Arabian Plate and along the Dead Sea fault system, respectively, for a frequency of 1.5 Hz. Higher QPn values of the order of 400 were observed within the Arabian Shield and Platform for the same frequency. Our results based on Sn and Pn observations along the western and northern portions of the Arabian Plate imply the presence of a major anomalously hot and thinned lithosphere in these regions that may be caused by the extensive upper mantle anomaly that appears to span most of East Africa and western Arabia.

Beschreibung: The TRANSALP Group, comprising of partner institutions from Italy, Austria and Germany, acquired data on a 340 km long deep seismic reflection line crossing the Eastern Alps between Munich and Venice. Although the field work was split into four campaigns, between fall 1998 and summer 2001, the project gathered for the first time a continuous profile across the Alps using consistent field acquisition and data processing parameters. These sections span the orogen itself, at its broadest width, as well as the editor Fred Davey and the two adjacent basins. Vibroseis and explosion data, complementary in their depth penetration and resolution characteristics, were obtained along with wide-angle and teleseismic data. The profile shows a bi-vergent asymmetric structure of the crust beneath the Alpine axis which reaches a maximum thickness of 55 km, and 80–100 km long transcrustal ramps, the southward dipping ‘Sub-Tauern-Ramp’ and the northward-dipping ‘Sub-Dolomites-Ramp’. Strongly reflective patterns of these ramps can be traced towards the north to the Inn Valley and towards the south to the Valsugana thrust belt, both of which show enhanced seismicity in the brittle upper crust. The seismic sections do not reveal any direct evidence for the presence of the Periadriatic Fault system, the presumed equivalent to the Insubric Line in the Western Alps. According to our new evolutionary model, the Sub-Tauern-Ramp is linked at depth with remnants of the subducted Penninic Ocean. The ‘crocodile’-type model describes an upper/lower crustal decoupling and wedging of both the European and the Adriatic–African continents.

Beschreibung: The hadronic spectrum obtained in the framework of a QCD-inspired schematic model is presented. The model is the extension of a previous version, whose basic degrees of freedom are constituent quarks, antiquarks, and gluons. The interaction between quarks and gluons is a phenomenological interaction and its parameters are fixed from data. The classification of the states, in terms of quark and antiquark and gluon configurations is based on symmetry considerations, and it is independent of the chosen interaction. Following this procedure, nucleon and Δ resonances are identified, as well as various penta- and hepta-quarks states. The lowest pentaquarks state is predicted at 1.5 GeV and it has negative parity, while the lowest hepta-quarks state has positive parity and its energy is of the order of 2.5 GeV .

Beschreibung: Quantum mechanics in dissipative systems with a magnetic field is discussed. For strong magnetic fields the system exhibits an oscillatory behavior around the classical trajectory of the electron which should generate emissions in the millimeter range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Beschreibung: Die südlichen Anden sind Teil des aktiven Kontinentalrandes von Südamerika, der durch eine Kombination subduktionsgebundener Prozesse gebildet wurde. Die andine Gebirgskette erstreckt sich über den gesamten südamerikanischen Kontinent, variiert jedoch merklich in Höhe und Krustenmächtigkeit. Während die Zentralen Anden, vor allem auch die tieferen Strukturen bis in den oberen Mantel, vergleichsweise gut erforscht sind , ist über den geophysikalischen Aufbau der südlichen Anden bisher relativ wenig bekannt. Aus diesem Grund wurde das seismische Experiment ISSA2000 in den südlichen Anden durchgeführt. In dieser Arbeit wurde mithilfe der Methode der lokalen Erdbebentomographie ein 3-D Modell der seismischen Geschwindigkeitstruktur erstellt. Die gleichzeitig durchgeführte Lokalisierung der registrierten Erdbeben, ergibt darüberhinaus ein detailliertes Bild der Verteilung der Seismizität im Untersuchungsgebiet. Im Rahmen des ISSA2000-Experimentes wurde ein seismologisches Netzwerk mit 62 Seismographen betrieben, das die Subduktionszone von der Küste bis in den backarc zwischen 36° und 40°S überdeckt. Die Hypozentren der 440 lokalen Erdbeben zeigen eine ~30° geneigte Wadati-Benioff-Zone mit kontinuierlicher Seismizität bis in 120km Tiefe, die vereinzelt bis in 200km Tiefe zu beobachten ist. Sowohl die generell geringe Seismizität im Untersuchungsgebiet als auch die geringe Tiefenerstreckung der Wadati-Benioff-Zone u.a. im Vergleich zu den Zentralen Anden sowie die Konzentration der mitteltiefen Erdbeben in 60km Tiefe, spiegeln wahrscheinlich den Einfluß des jungen Alters und des damit verbundenen hohen thermischen Zustandes der Nazca-Platte auf das Subduktionsregime wider. Das tomographische Vp Modell zeigt zum ersten Mal die Geschwindigkeitsstruktur der südlichen Anden bis in eine Tiefe von 100km. Die Nazca-Platte ist durch die Lage der Erdbeben definiert und durch hohe Vp Geschwindigkeiten gekennzeichnet . Die durchschnittlichen Geschwindigkeiten in der kontinentalen Kruste sind im gesamten Vp Modell relativ hoch . Die tieferliegende Struktur kann in drei Gebiete unterteilt werden. Erniedrigte Vp Geschwindigkeiten in 30-50km Tiefe unterhalb der Küstenkordillere und oberhalb der abtauchenden Platte deuten eine mögliche Hydratisierung und Serpentinisierung des kontinentalen Mantelkeils an. Die Konzentration der Erdbeben in 60km Tiefe, die auf Dehydratisierungsprozesse innerhalb der subduzierten ozeanischen Lithosphäre zurückzuführen ist, könnte mit der beobachteten Geschwindigkeitsanomalie verbunden sein. Der Bereich unterhalb des Längstals ist von einer markanten Anomalie erhöhter Vp Geschwindigkeiten geprägt, die das gesamte Untersuchungsgebiet von N nach S durchzieht. Mantelgeschwindigkeiten werden hier ab 40km Tiefe erreicht. Weiter nach Osten nimmt die Krustenmächtigkeit zu und erreicht 50-55km unterhalb der Hauptkordillere und des aktiven vulkanischen Bogens. Geringe Geschwindigkeiten, ein erhöhtes Vp/Vs Verhältnis und die sich durch die Spektralanalyse andeutende Zone erhöhter seismischer Dämpfung könnte auf das Vorhandensein partieller Schmelzen und deren mögliche Anlagerung unterhalb der Kruste hindeuten.

Beschreibung: The Dead Sea Transform (DST) is a prominent shear zone in the Middle East. It separates the Arabian plate from the Sinai microplate and stretches from the Red Sea rift in the south via the Dead Sea to the Taurus-Zagros collision zone in the north. Formed in the Miocene »17 Ma ago and related to the breakup of the Afro-Arabian continent, the DST accommodates the left-lateral movement between the two plates. The study area is located in the Arava Valley between the Dead Sea and the Red Sea, centered across the Arava Fault (AF), which constitutes the major branch of the transform in this region. A set of seismic experiments comprising controlled sources, linear profiles across the fault, and specifically designed receiver arrays reveals the subsurface structure in the vicinity of the AF and of the fault zone itself down to about 3–4 km depth. A tomographically determined seismic P velocity model shows a pronounced velocity contrast near the fault with lower velocities on the western side than east of it. Additionally, S waves from local earthquakes provide an average P -to-S velocity ratio in the study area, and there are indications for a variations across the fault. High-resolution tomographic velocity sections and seismic reflection profiles confirm the surface trace of the AF, and observed features correlate well with fault-related geological observations. Coincident electrical resistivity sections from magnetotelluric measurements across the AF show a conductive layer west of the fault, resistive regions east of it, and a marked contrast near the trace of the AF, which seems to act as an impermeable barrier for fluid flow. The correlation of seismic velocities and electrical resistivities lead to a characterisation of subsurface lithologies from their physical properties. Whereas the western side of the fault is characterised by a layered structure, the eastern side is rather uniform. The vertical boundary between the western and the eastern units seems to be offset to the east of the AF surface trace. A modelling of fault-zone reflected waves indicates that the boundary between low and high velocities is possibly rather sharp but exhibits a rough surface on the length scale a few hundreds of metres. This gives rise to scattering of seismic waves at this boundary. The imaging (migration) method used is based on array beamforming and coherency analysis of P -to-P scattered seismic phases. Careful assessment of the resolution ensures reliable imaging results. The western low velocities correspond to the young sedimentary fill in the Arava Valley, and the high velocities in the east reflect mainly Precambrian igneous rocks. A 7 km long subvertical scattering zone (reflector) is offset about 1 km east of the AF surface trace and can be imaged from 1 km to about 4 km depth. The reflector marks the boundary between two lithological blocks juxtaposed most probably by displacement along the DST. This interpretation as a lithological boundary is supported by the combined seismic and magnetotelluric analysis. The boundary may be a strand of the AF, which is offset from the current, recently active surface trace. The total slip of the DST may be distributed spatially and in time over these two strands and possibly other faults in the area.

Beschreibung: Ein transversales Störungssystem im Nahen Osten, die Dead Sea Transform (DST), trennt die Arabische Platte von der Sinai-Mikroplatte und erstreckt sich von Süden nach Norden vom Extensionsgebiet im Roten Meer über das Tote Meer bis zur Taurus-Zagros Kollisionszone. Die sinistrale DST bildete sich im Miozän vor »17 Ma und steht mit dem Aufbrechen des Afro-Arabischen Kontinents in Verbindung. Das Untersuchungsgebiet liegt im Arava Tal zwischen Totem und Rotem Meer, mittig über der Arava Störung (Arava Fault, AF), die hier den Hauptast der DST bildet. Eine Reihe seismischer Experimente, aufgebaut aus künstlichen Quellen, linearen Profilen über die Störung und entsprechend entworfenen Empfänger-Arrays, zeigt die Untergrundstruktur in der Umgebung der AF und der Verwerfungszone selbst bis in eine Tiefe von 3–4 km. Ein tomographisch bestimmtes Modell der seismischen Geschwindigkeiten von P-Wellen zeigt einen starken Kontrast nahe der AF mit niedrigeren Geschwindigkeiten auf der westlichen Seite als im Osten. Scherwellen lokaler Erdbeben liefern ein mittleres P -zu-S Geschwindigkeitsverhältnis und es gibt Anzeichen für Änderungen über die Störung hinweg. Hoch aufgelöste tomographische Geschwindigkeitsmodelle bestätigen der Verlauf der AF und stimmen gut mit der Oberflächengeologie überein. Modelle des elektrischen Widerstands aus magnetotellurischen Messungen im selben Gebiet zeigen eine leitfähige Schicht westlich der AF, schlecht leitendes Material östlich davon und einen starken Kontrast nahe der AF, die den Fluss von Fluiden von einer Seite zur anderen zu verhindern scheint. Die Korrelation seismischer Geschwindigkeiten und elektrischer Widerstände erlaubt eine Charakterisierung verschiedener Lithologien im Untergrund aus deren physikalischen Eigenschaften. Die westliche Seite lässt sich durch eine geschichtete Struktur beschreiben, wogegen die östliche Seite eher einheitlich erscheint. Die senkrechte Grenze zwischen den westlichen Einheiten und der östlichen scheint gegenüber der Oberflächenausprägung der AF nach Osten verschoben zu sein. Eine Modellierung von seismischen Reflexionen an einer Störung deutet an, dass die Grenze zwischen niedrigen und hohen Geschwindigkeiten eher scharf ist, sich aber durch eine raue Oberfläche auf der Längenskala einiger hundert Meter auszeichnen kann, was die Streuung seismischer Wellen begünstigte. Das verwendete Abbildungsverfahren (Migrationsverfahren) für seismische Streukörper basiert auf Array Beamforming und der Kohärenzanalyse P -zu-P gestreuter seismischer Phasen. Eine sorgfältige Bestimmung der Auflösung sichert zuverlässige Abbildungsergebnisse. Die niedrigen Geschwindigkeiten im Westen entsprechen der jungen sedimentären Füllung im Arava Tal, und die hohen Geschwindigkeiten stehen mit den dortigen präkambrischen Magmatiten in Verbindung. Eine 7 km lange Zone seismischer Streuung (Reflektor) ist gegenüber der an der Oberfläche sichtbaren AF um 1 km nach Osten verschoben und lässt sich im Tiefenbereich von 1 km bis 4 km abbilden. Dieser Reflektor markiert die Grenze zwischen zwei lithologischen Blöcken, die vermutlich wegen des horizontalen Versatzes entlang der DST nebeneinander zu liegen kamen. Diese Interpretation als lithologische Grenze wird durch die gemeinsame Auswertung der seismischen und magnetotellurischen Modelle gestützt. Die Grenze ist möglicherweise ein Ast der AF, der versetzt gegenüber des heutigen, aktiven Asts verläuft. Der Gesamtversatz der DST könnte räumlich und zeitlich auf diese beiden Äste und möglicherweise auch auf andere Störungen in dem Gebiet verteilt sein.

Beschreibung: Der vorliegende Report fasst die wissenschaftlichen und technischen Arbeiten zur Steigerung der Produktivität von Thermalwasser in der Geothermie-Forschungsbohrung Groß Schönebeck 3/90 zusammen, die von 2002 bis 2004 durchgeführt wurden. Das Ziel des Projektes ist die Erschließung von heißen Wässern in tiefen Speichergesteinen, die sich zur Erzeugung von elektrischem Strom eignen. Dies erfordert die Bereitstellung einer kontinuierlichen Förderung heißer Tiefenwässer mit Temperaturen 〉 150 °C und Fließraten 〉 50 m³/h. In Tiefen mit Mindesttemperaturen um 150 °C ist die natürliche Permeabilität (Durchlässigkeit) der Gesteine jedoch nicht ausreichend. Die Gesteine müssen stimuliert werden, d. h. zu vorhandenen Rissen werden zusätzliche künstlich erzeugt, damit das Wasser ungehindert zirkulieren kann. Bereits vorliegende Erkenntnisse zur Erschließung und Charakterisierung der in weiten Regionen des Norddeutschen Sedimentbeckens in Tiefen von etwa 4000 bis 5000 Metern verbreiteten Speichertypen basieren größtenteils auf Erfahrungen der Erdöl- und Erdgasindustrie. Für die geothermische Nutzung sind diese jedoch nur eingeschränkt anwendbar, da bei der Erschließung von Kohlenwasserstoffen schon kleine Fließraten genügen. Daher liegt der Schlüssel zum Durchbruch der Geothermie in der Entwicklung effektiver Stimulationstechniken zur gezielten Produktivitätssteigerung geothermischer Reservoire. Die Geothermiebohrung Groß Schönebeck schließt geothermisch relevante Horizonte des Norddeutschen Beckens zwischen 3900 m und 4300 m in einem Temperaturniveau von etwa 150 °C auf. Diese Bohrung bietet derzeit die einzigartige Möglichkeit, die geothermische Nutzbarkeit unterschiedlicher Gesteinsformationen des Rotliegenden vertiefend zu untersuchen: die Vulkanite an der Basis und den darüber liegenden Sandstein. Experimente zur Erhöhung der Zuflussrate von heißen Wässern aus Sandsteinformationen durch hydraulische Stimulation konnten bereits erfolgreich durchgeführt werden (siehe Berichte zu den Projekten BEO 0327063 und ZIP 0327063C). Die erzielten Fließraten reichten jedoch für eine wirtschaftliche Elektrizitätserzeugung noch nicht aus. Daher wurden die Sandsteinformationen gemeinsam mit darunter liegenden Vulkaniten durch neu konzipierte Stimulationsverfahren erschlossen. Die angewendeten Methoden gleichen den vorhergehenden Projekten, wo durch hydraulisches Pumpen zusätzliche Risse im Gestein geschaffen werden. Bei entsprechender Produktionssteigerung von heißen Wässern aus dem Untergrund ist als anschließender Schritt eine zweite Bohrung geplant, mit der ein Förder- und Versenkkreislauf hergestellt werden kann. Ein geothermisches Kraftwerk vervollständigt die Installation. Da im Sedimentbecken von den Niederlanden über Norddeutschland bis nach Polen ähnliche geologische Verhältnisse vorliegen, haben die Ergebnisse aus der Bohrung Groß Schönebeck Pioniercharakter. Der Lern- und Anwendungseffekt aus den Experimenten kann unter diesem Aspekt als besonders beachtenswert eingestuft werden.

Beschreibung: For identification of the impact of salt-free and soured fluids injected for hydraulic stimulation on the about 4,000 m deep Rotliegend sandstones, cross-flow tests were carried out in combination with petrographic and fluid-chemical investigations. As a consequence of the swelling and the potential mobilisation of the clay minerals, a reduction of the permeability was expected. However, the test did not produce any significant change of the permeability for the cross-flow of differently conditioned waters under modified p/T conditions. But there could be proven the mobilisation of heavy metals and the solution of carbonate cement. As these cement minerals form a small fraction only in the total rock and due to their uneven distribution, no damage of the aquifer has to be expected. A local transport of finest particles could be observed which is probably connected with the carbonate solution. In case of suddenly increasing pore pressures, there is a risk of particle discharge, so that damaging of the pore reservoir cannot be excluded due to this small-scale transport of particles.

Beschreibung: The oil play of the Permo-Carboniferous Cooper and Jurassic-Cretaceous Eromanga Basins in South Australia is complicated to unravel due to the presence of multiple source rocks that bear similar geochemical characteristics and has consequently been subject to intense debate. The underlying Warburton Basin, although initially regarded an exploration target, subsequently has never been seriously considered to having participated in the oil play. The Cooper/Eromanga couplet is Australia's largest onshore petroleum province and still bears potential for undiscovered commodities, making a profound understanding of origin and migration of petroleum a prerequisite for efficient future exploration. Being a typical example of structurally trapped oils in stacked fluvial sandstone reservoirs, the Gidgealpa Ridge was chosen as subject for this study. A suite of 13 sandstone cores, 11 source rocks and 24 drill stem test (DST) oils were processed at the University of Cologne by extraction, sequential extraction of sandstone cores to yield residual oils, preparative liquid chromatography and solid phase extraction to yield fractions of saturated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, maltene resins and a carbazole enriched fractions. While biomarker analyses on saturates and aromatics were performed by Dr. Khaled Arouri at the University of Adelaide, molecular characterisation of carbazoles and bulk geochemical characterisation was also done at the University of Cologne. Sequentially extracted residual oils are particularly useful because they allow a temporal resolution of petroleum reservoir filling histories. While hydrocarbon compositions are quickly equilibrated over a few tens of metres in oil columns, there is substantial evidence that the same is not true for polar species such as e.g. carbazoles and for lateral variations in hydrocarbon composition. Carbazoles were initially regarded as molecular markers indicating relative migration distances. However, counterevidence soon appeared, showing the dependency of carbazole distributions on other factors. The results of this study show that, while the distribution of benzocarbazoles seems to depend only on fractionation processes during primary and secondary migration, alkylated carbazole distribution patterns are governed by source rock facies. This new finding allowed the recognition of a Warburton Basin contribution in certain residual oil fractions, yielding the first conclusive evidence that Warburton Basin rocks bear a source potential and have actively participated in the oil play of the Cooper and Eromanga Basins. The application of carbazole facies parameters, benzocarbazole migration parameters and aromatic maturity data on oils and residual oils from the Gidgealpa Field has allowed the reconstruction of its charging history. Generally, Cooper Basin oils exhibit large maturity variations but a uniformly short migration distance, indicating their origin from a nearby deep trough (eastern source kitchen). Eromanga Basin oils are characterized by similarly low maturity values but highly varying migration distances, suggesting that they were sourced by an extensive and shallow source kitchen. More precise consideration of the carbazole distribution in Eromanga Basin oils shows that the Gidgealpa Field has received two discrete Birkhead charges: a Late Cretaceous pulse from an eastern source kitchen, which migrated a short distance, and became locally displaced by a Tertiary charge from a western source kitchen, which had to migrate further before reaching the Gidgealpa Field. Residual oil fractions from the sandy intervals of the Toolachee and Patchawarra Formations indicate that while the former is a source for Cooper Basin Family 2 oils, the latter can unambiguously be tied to the production of Cooper Basin Family 1 oils. After petroleum generation in the Patchawarra Formation, this petroleum was probably retained by the coaly Patchawarra source rock, and underwent further maturation before it was expelled as condensate-like light oil in gaseous solution. The analysis of sequentially extracted residual oils promises to become a powerful tool in reservoir geochemical studies by adding a temporal resolution to otherwise time-integrated samples, thereby allowing a relatively precise reconstruction of an oil field's charging history. The finding of facies dependent markers in the polar fraction of oils is a constructive motivation for further research into the facies and maturity dependency of NSO compounds. As many residual oils are characterized by minimum extracts yields and a high percentage of NSO compounds, conventional biomarker analyses are complicated and polar markers are necessary for a more precise evaluation.

Beschreibung: The Irish Seismological Lithospheric Experiment (ISLE 2002) has been designed to investigate the deep lithospheric and asthenospheric structure across the late-Caledonian Iapetus Suture Zone in southern Ireland. The project is a collaboration between the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (DIAS), Ireland, and the Geophysical Institute (GPI) of the University of Karlsruhe, Germany. This is the first passive teleseismic experiment conducted in Ireland, building upon a large body of earlier work on the crustal structure offshore and onshore Ireland, based on controlled source seismics and potential field studies.

Beschreibung: On a SW–NE profile from the Libyan coast towards central Turkey phase velocity curves of the fundamental Rayleigh mode were measured using a two-station method. The inversion of phase velocity curves yields 1-D models of shear wave velocity down to approximately 200 km depths that may be interpreted as estimates of average models between neighbouring stations on the profile. Strong lateral variations in the shear wave velocity structure are imaged along the profile. The subducted oceanic African mantle lithosphere is indicated in 1-D models for the region around Crete by significantly enlarged shear wave velocities. It is also imaged by an average model of the structure between stations on Crete and Santorini. On a path crossing the Libyan Sea south of Crete the resulting model is slower than a model expected for 110 Myr old oceanic lithosphere. The passive African margin is thus assumed to extend northwards beneath the Libyan Sea. Anomalous low shear wave velocities are found for the uppermost mantle beneath central Turkey down to a depth of approximately 130 km. Using two stations on Crete the average depth of the oceanic Moho within the subducting slab is estimated to be at approximately 50 km beneath Crete. For this arc-parallel path, an enlarged standard deviation of the measured phase velocities of approximately 0.2 km s−1 between 10 and 30 mHz is observed that is probably caused by strong lateral heterogeneity related to the subducting slab. In addition, in this frequency range an anomalous propagation of the fundamental Rayleigh mode is detected that is indicated by measured phase velocities that are approximately one standard deviation faster than phase velocities expected from a great-circle approximation. An average shear wave velocity of approximately 3.5 km s−1 is observed above the oceanic Moho. In order to explain the recent lithospheric structure of the Hellenic subduction zone a tectonic model is assumed for the NE–SW striking profile considered. It is based on the calculated 1-D models, tectonic reconstructions and on a model derived from the metamorphic history of rocks exposed on Crete. The suggested model summarizes the tectonic development at a lithospheric scale starting in the Late Cretaceous. Accretion of crustal material of two microcontinents to Eurasia is assumed, while continuous subduction of the oceanic lithosphere of different ocean basins and possibly of the mantle lithosphere of the microcontinents resulted in a single slab. The length of the oceanic lithosphere that was subducted south of Crete is estimated to be not greater than approximately 550 km.

Beschreibung: We present a case study of lithospheric structure in the forearc of a retreating subduction zone for the Hellenic Arc. Lateral structural variations along the arc beneath the island of Crete are jointly investigated by receiver functions and Rayleigh phase velocities. Data from temporary short-period networks amend previous results from broad-band stations by broadening the frequency range available for phase-velocity determination and increasing the spatial coverage of receiver function profiles. Both receiver functions and dispersion analysis reveal distinct structural differences between western and central Crete. Western Crete is characterized by nearly constant S-velocities of 3.72–3.75 km s−1 from 10 km depth down to a depth of 50 km and no distinct continental Moho signal. Meanwhile, central Crete shows lower S-velocities equal to 3.3 km s−1 in the crust between 10 and 20 km depth which are followed by the Aegean Moho in about 30 km depth and a mantle wedge with an S-velocity of 4.35 km s−1. Both methods lead to an average depth of 55 km for the subducted oceanic African Moho beneath Crete. This means that the slab is separated from the Aegean crust by a mantle wedge beneath central Crete, while beneath western Crete the corresponding depth region is characterized by crustal velocities. This thickened crust in the forearc might be formed by crustal material of the Aegean Plate dragged down with the subducting African lithosphere. Furthermore, rocks extruded from a melange circulating in a subduction channel might accumulate between a depth of 20 and 50 km and contain low-velocity material, e.g. in the form of serpentinized Aegean mantle. In addition, the lateral extent of a prominent negative phase observed around 4 s differential time in receiver functions from western Crete is mapped. This phase might point to low-velocity material around 30 km depth which could be extruded from a subduction channel. An important property of the forearc found in this study is its strong lateral heterogeneity.

Beschreibung: Recently released global gravity field models generated solely from CHAMP and GRACE satellite observations allow with an unprecedented accuracy and resolution the recovery of the mean sea surface topography from the difference between an altimetry-based mean sea surface height model and the gravity model's derived geoid. Here the CHAMP EIGEN-2 gravity field model, and the first GFZ GRACE gravity model, EIGEN-GRACE01S, are used. The mean sea surface height model has been compiled from four years'; worth of TOPEX altimeter data. To evaluate the accuracy and resolution limits of the CHAMP and GRACE geoids for the envisaged application, a low pass filter in the spatial domain with different cut-off wavelengths has been applied to the geoid and sea surface data before subtraction. The minimum wavelength, where noisy and erroneous features in the recovered sea surface topography are minimised, can be interpreted as an indicator for the best suited common spatial resolution. The EIGEN-2 model's geoid has been tested to have a resolution of 1800 km, which corresponds to a truncation degree of l = 22 in terms of spherical harmonics. Using the EIGEN-GRACE01S model, the resolution could be extended to 1000 km (l = 40). These boundaries can be attributed to the geoid's error, exceeding 2 cm in case of the CHAMP model, and in case of the GRACE model to spurious systematic signals increasing with increasing spherical harmonic degree. The calculated sea surface topography models have been used to derive absolute geostrophic sea surface velocities. An error propagation shows that the requirement of 1 cm/s for geoid induced velocity errors is fulfilled at the given resolutions for all latitudes excluding a narrow equatorial band. Maximum geostrophic velocities are derived in the 1000 km-resolution model for the Kuroshio region with 40 cm/s, and for the Gulf Stream east off Cape Hatteras with 25 cm/s.

Beschreibung: Während der letzten Jahre sind in Deutschland extreme Naturereignisse aufgetreten, die zu großen, teilweise gar verheerenden Schäden geführt haben. Die Aufarbeitung dieser Katastrophen hat gezeigt, dass Deutschland nicht genügend auf solche Extremsituationen vorbereitet ist. Notwendig ist ein intelligenter Umgang mit Naturgefahren, der sich auf wissenschaftlich fundierte Analysen und Methoden stützt. Dazu gehört, dass Risiken durch Naturgefahren in ihrer raum-zeitlichen Entwicklung und in ihrer Wechselwirkung mit anthropogenen Einflüssen identifiziert und quantifiziert werden, zuverlässige Vorhersage-, Frühwarn- und Informationssysteme zur Verfügung stehen und Vorsorgestrategien eingesetzt werden, die auf einer umfassenden, konsistenten und transparenten Risikobewertung basieren. Die Entwicklung und Bereitstellung solcher Methoden und Werkzeuge erfordern einerseits das Zusammenwirken der verschiedenen Wissenschaftsdisziplinen und andererseits den engen Austausch zwischen Wissenschaft und operativem Katastrophenmanagement.

Beschreibung: The investigation of heat flow is one of the prerequisites for modeling the thermal structure of sedimentary basins and allows the determination of its geodynamic state as well as the composition and structure of the basement. Although maps of the surface heat flow in the Northeast German Basin are published, our knowledge of this parameter is rather flaw. With this work a well-founded determination and evaluation of heat flow in the NEGB are presented for the first time. Under conductive and stationary conditions heat-flow density is calculated as the product of temperature gradient of a depth interval and its representative thermal conductivity. Therefore, the thermal conductivity of the rocks must be known, and temperature measurements must be available. The surface heat flow then can be calculated adding to this q the amount of heat generated by the radiogenic elements of the overburden. Deep boreholes, drilled in the course of oil and natural gas exploration, particularly in the years 1962-1990, were used in this study for the determination of q. Due to the targets of drilling and coring the depth intervals examined were predominantly in Permian rocks . Laboratory-derived thermal conductivity was determined in 363 core samples in dry and saturated conditions. The variability of TC within the lithotypes is related to facies, cementation, and degree of diagenesis. Based on the TC of lithotypes, the TC value of formations was estimated taking into account the respective facies conditions in the particular borehole. The TC of lithotypes and formations have higher values than previously supposed and used in modelings of the NEGB. Heat production of rocks was determined on the one hand by direct measurement of the content of U, Th, and K in 52 rock samples and on the other hand indirectly by evaluating borehole measurements. In order to do so, total gamma-ray intensity logs recorded in older gamma units were converted to modern API units using an empirical equation: GR[APIc]= 4.95433 × GR[GEc] - 27.24. The A value for the entire sedimentary succession of the NEGB calculated from GR logs amounts to 1-6 µW/m3 . The determination of q is accomplished and described in detail for 13 borehole locations. Possible disturbances were considered, and different correction procedures were applied. The corrections comprise the in-situ temperature correction of TC measured under room conditions, the corrections of temperature disturbances caused by the drilling process, corrections of lateral heat refraction at salt structures, and corrections of palaeoclimatic effects. The determined q values show an uncertainty, which is assumed to be approximately 15% for all locations. The qs values range between 70-90 mW/m2 . It is shown that both, different magmatic successions at the basin basis and the different Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits affect a differentiation of qs. The qs values of this study do not coincide with the distribution pattern of former qs maps. In order to investigate the thermal consequences of different assumptions of structure and composition of the crust and the lithosphere, 2D sections were modelled under steady-state conditions. Variable compositions of the crust and different thicknesses of the lithosphere could explain the determined qs values. It is assumed that the Pritzwalk gravity anomaly of dense rock with less heat production causes a negative thermal anomaly at the surface. Without a better knowledge of the deeper underground of the NEGB it cannot be estimated as to which parts the determined mean q depends on a high heat production of the crust or a high mantle heat flow. It also cannot be ascertained whether the assumption of a thermal stationary regime, which represents a substantial part of the computations, is justified for the NEGB.

Beschreibung: Hawaii gehört zu den bekanntesten Beispielen für Hotspot-Vulkanismus weltweit. Die von weiteren tektonischen Einflüssen isolierte Position inmitten des Pazifischen Ozeans macht Hawaii zu einem interessanten Untersuchungsobjekt auf dem Gebiet der Mantelplumes. Weder die Entstehungstiefe noch die genaue Lage des Plumeschlauches im Erdmantel sind bislang genau bekannt - Fragen, deren Beantwortung auch neue Erkenntnisse bezüglich der dynamischen Prozesse des Mantels, wie etwa der Konvektion, liefern könnte. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Methode der Receiver Functions angewendet, um die Strukturen bis in den obersten Teil des unteren Mantels unter Hawaii zu untersuchen. Zur Auswertung standen Daten von elf temporären Breitbandstationen auf den vier größten Hawaii-Inseln zur Verfügung, welche im Zeitraum von Juni bzw. November 1999 bis Mai 2001 kontinuierlich registrierten, sowie zusätzliche Daten permanenter Breitbandstationen. Die Untersuchung ergab eine Reihe von neuen Ergebnissen der seismischen Struktur in verschiedenen Tiefenbereichen. In Übereinstimmung mit früheren Studien konnte die Moho in Tiefen zwischen 12 - 17 km beobachtet werden. Im jüngeren Teil der Inselkette, von Big Island bis etwa Oahu, tritt zusätzlich eine sehr starke Konvertierte auf, die innerhalb der Kruste erzeugt wird und zum jüngeren Bereich hin systematisch früher auftritt. Deutlich ausgeprägt erscheint im Messgebiet die Lithosphären-Asthenosphären-Grenze. Der langfristige Einfluss des Plumes bewirkte eine Ausdünnung der Lithosphäre im älteren Teil der Inselkette. Innerhalb der Asthenosphäre wurde eine lokale Niedriggeschwindigkeitszone unterhalb von Big Island nachgewiesen, deren Ursprung ebenfalls mit dem Plume in Verbindung gebracht wird. Die Diskontinuitäten der Mantelübergangszone in 410 km und 660 km Tiefe konnten klar identifiziert werden. Stellenweise konnten außerdem konvertierte Phasen aus 520 km sowie aus größeren Tiefen beobachtet werden. Anhand der Ankunftszeiten der P410s und P660s konnte das Messgebiet in drei Regionen unterteilt werden: Der Südosten der Inselkette bis zur Mitte von Big Island zeigt keinerlei Einflüsse des Plumes, während der nordwestliche Teil auf reduzierte S-Wellengeschwindigkeiten im oberen Mantel schließen lässt. Südwestlich von Big Island jedoch weist eine deutliche Ausdünnung der Mantelübergangszone auf die Position des Plumes hin. Für dessen Kernbereich wurde ein Radius von etwa 120 km ermittelt.

Beschreibung: The development of this paper was inspired by the increase in the number of different eco-label like quality assurance schemes established in the European Union in the past few years. These schemes are flooding the market and the researchers raise the question, is there enough credibility in these schemes? This piece of research is based on 58 eco-labeling like food schemes and dissects them into the building blocks of the different factors that makes a scheme credible and analyses the structure of these blocks as well as a literature survey on the perceptions of both the consumers and producers to these schemes. The sort of credibility structure that the building blocks of the schemes (ownership, stakeholder dialogue, traceability, transparency, etc.) have created was discussed and it was questioned if they meet the expectations of the consumers. The main findings of the research indicate that although small groups of consumers may be satisfied with a number of the different schemes, the majority of them fall short of providing a credible quality assurance scheme. Improvements were suggested such as involving a more diverse range of stakeholders and expanding the responsibility of processors and retailers. An alternative to the current form of labeling is also discussed.

Beschreibung: Resource flows constitute the materials basis of the economy. At the same time, they carry and induce an environmental burden associated with resource extraction and the subsequent material flows and stocks, which finally end up as waste and emissions. A reduction of this material throughput and the related impacts would require a reduction of resource inputs. And breaking the link between resource consumption and economicgrowth would require an increase in resource productivity. Material flow analysis (MFA) can be used to quantify resource flows and indicate resource productivity. In this article, we study the available empirical evidence on the actual (de-)linkage of material resource use and economic growth. We compare resource use with respect to total material requirement (TMR) and direct material input (DMI) for 11 and 26 countries, respectively, and the European Union (EU-15). The dynamics of TMR, as well as of the main components are analysed in relation to economic growth in order to show whether there is a decoupling (relative or absolute) from GDP and a change of the metabolic structure in the course of economicdevelopment. DMI/cap so far only decoupled from GDP/cap in relative terms; that is, in most countries, it reached a rather constant level but - with the exception of Czech Republic - showed no absolute decline yet. TMR/cap was reduced in two high-income countries and one low-income country due to political influence. Changes in TMR were more influenced by hidden flows (HF) than by DMI. We analyse the dynamics of the structure and composition of TMR in the course of economic development. In general, the economic development of industrial countries was accompanied by a shift from domestic to foreign resource extraction. Different relations can be discovered for the share of biomass, fossil fuel resources, construction resources and metals and industrial minerals.