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  • Adaptation
  • Springer  (12)
  • 1975-1979  (12)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 108 (1976), S. 299-304 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrobacter ; Mixotrophic growth ; Cell-yield ; Adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. Culture filtrates of heterotrophic bacteria were tested for their stimulatory effect on nitrification of three strains of Nitrobacter. 2. Yeast extract-peptone solution, in which Pseudomonas fluorescens had grown, after removal of the cells was added to autotrophically growing cultures of Nitrobacter agilis; it caused a stimulated nitrite oxidation and growth of Nitrobacter agilis. 3. The degree of stimulation depended on: a) the proportion of the culture filtrate to the autotrophic medium; b) the composition of the complex medium in which Pseudomonas fluorescens had been grown; c) the time the heterotrophic bacterium had been grown in the complex medium. 4. The stimulatory effect was highest with Nitrobacter agilis, less with Nitrobacter winogradskyi and negligible with Nitrobacter K 4. 5. It was possible to adapt nitrifying cells of Nitrobacter agilis to higher concentrations of yeast extract and peptone. After the nitrite had been completely oxidized the cell-N still increased up to 30% before growth stopped.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 112 (1977), S. 103-107 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Alkaline phosphatase ; Adaptation ; Derepression ; Repression ; Phosphite ; Hypophosphite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When Escherichia coli cells were grown in media containing either phosphite or hypophosphite as the sole source of phosphorus, they responded to this situation primarily in the same way as phosphatelimited cultures: The activity of alkaline phosphatase increased drastically, which under natural conditions would enable the cells to compklensatae for the shortage increased drastically, which under natural conditions would enable the cells to compensate for the shortage of phosphate. Subsequent transfers, however, resulted in a quite different response: While the phosphatase activity of phosphate-limited cells stays at a high derepressed level, its increase was followed by a gradual decline in organisms grown on phosphite or hypophosphite. After eight to ten transfers on these P-compounds, phosphatase activity was back to its initial, repressed, low level, indicating that the cells were fully adapted to these substrates. Adaptation to either PO 3 3- or PO 2 3- was completely abolished if the cells were again grown with PO 4 3- as P-source, whereafter the entire process of adaptation had to be repeated. The observed adaptation pattern, reflected by the alterations of phosphatase activity, was qualitatively equal with PO 3 3- and PO 2 3- , but quantitatively different, because the response to hypophosphite gave much higher values than the increase obtained with phosphite. Phosphite-adapted cells are not simultaneously adapted to hypophosphite, but their response to the latter was less intense than observed after direct transfers from PO 4 3- to PO 2 3- . Adaptation to hypophosphite, however, led simultaneously to phosphite adaptation, so that these cells can utilize both P-compounds as a substitute for phosphate.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 3 (1977), S. 141-143 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Calcium ; Limulus ; Photoreceptors ; Adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Calcium ion fulfills several criteria for identifying an intracellular messenger for light-adaptation in Limulus photoreceptors. Direct injection of Ca++ mimicks two aspects of light-adaptation; sequestration of intracellular calcium tends to prevent light-adaptation; and light induces an increase in intracellular Ca++ as demonstrated by two independent techniques.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 3 (1977), S. 171-173 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Frog ; Retina ; Rhodopsin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Rod dark adaptation in the amphibian retina appears to be due to three processes: 1. background adaptation, occurring immediately after the extinction of an adapting or bleaching light, 2. intermediate adaptation, that frequently lasts 30 min or more and 3. opsin adaptation, which in the isolated retina where regeneration of rhodopsin is insignificant, is observed as a permanent loss of sensitivity after the completion of intermediate adaptation. Intermediate adaptation is characterized by a linear relation between log threshold and the amount of “retinal” present, a similar relation is obtained between log threshold and the amount of rhodopsin bleached in opsin adaptation. These adaptation processes are discussed in terms of a model of the rod outer segment.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 3 (1977), S. 175-180 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Rodopsin ; Phosphorylation ; Adaptation ; Retina ; Cyclic nucleotides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Light-induced phosphorylation of rhodopsin has been extensively studied by a number of investigators from a biochemical point of view. However, little is known about the physiological function of this reaction. The slow rates measured for phosphorylation and dephosphorylation suggest that it may be involved in visual adaptation rather than in excitation. This paper presents biochemical data obtained from phosphorylation experiments in isolated photoreceptor membranes as well as in the more physiological system of whole retinas and living animals. An attempt is made to compare the phosphorylation reaction with visual adaptation hypotheses taken from the electrophysiological literature. Finally, effects of cyclic nucleotide metabolism on the sensitivity of photoreceptors are presented and discussed.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 4 (1978), S. 115-128 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Rod outer segment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This model of rod outer segment adaptation is based on the hypothesis that transmitter substance released by bleached rhodopsin closes sodium channels in the outer segment plasma membrane, leading to hyperpolarization of the receptor. The outer segment adaptation processes of the model are associated with the transmitter release, the transmitter background concentration and the plasma membrane leakage. Changes in the three model parameters correspond to the three types of outer segment adaptation processes. According to the model the stimulus-response function is in every adaptational state U/U max −I/(I+I H ). The model predicts how each adaptation process affects I H and U max. Specifically, when the number of liberated transmitter molecules per isomerizing quantum decreases, the amplitude U max remains constant but I H increases. A short description of this model has been published in a paper reporting experimental results on background adaptation (HemilÄ, 1977).
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 5 (1979), S. 231-235 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Visual pigment ; Photoreceptor ; Metarhodopsin ; Adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We show that the effect of an adapting light on the sensitivity of barnacle photoreceptors depends on the direction of net pigment transfer [rhodopsin (R) to metarhodopsin (M) or reverse] occasioned by the adapting light. For stimuli giving no net pigment transfer the state of the pigment appears irrelevant, R → R having the same effect as M → M. With respect to these, R → M gives enhanced facilitation and M → R depressed facilitation. This suggests a correlation with the prolonged depolarising after-potential (PDA) and the anti-PDA, which follow R → M and M → R stimuli respectively. These effects appear mainly in less sensitive cells and for higher amounts of conditioning light — but still well within the physiological range and well below the threshold for PDA and anti-PDA induction. The special interest of these results is that they appear to be interpretable only by assuming that absorption of light by metarhodopsin exerts an effect on the stimulus coincident response (LRP), the first demonstration of such an effect.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 2 (1977), S. 333-336 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Photoreceptor model ; Receptor potential ; Vertebrate ; Invertebrate ; Adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We propose that the same mechanism which leads to light-adaptation in invertebrate photoreceptors is responsible for the excitation of the receptor potential in vertebrates. Several qualitative and quantitative features of the vertebrate receptor response support this hypothesis.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 113 (1977), S. 111-120 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Reduced light ; Chloroflexus ; Synechococcus ; Ecological studies ; Yellowstone ; National Park ; Hot springs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthesis was measured by the 14C method on natural as well as low light adapted populations of Chloroflexus (a photosynthetic bacterium) and Synechococcus (a blue-green alga) from hot springs in Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming U.S.A.), to test the ability of these phototrophs to photosynthesize at a variety of light intensities. The herbicide 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU) was used to distinguish uptake of the blue-green alga from that of the photosynthetic bacterium, while measurements of chlorophyll a and bacterio-chlorophyll c served to quantitate the standing crops of these organisms. Natural populations of Synechococcus were found to be slightly inhibited by full sunlight intensities (summer values can surpass 90000 Lux), whereas the Chloroflexus populations were not. Populations of both phototrophs subjected to reduced light intensities through the use of neutral density filters were found to adapt to low light, and then become severely inhibited by high light intensities. Adaptation to various light regimes may be an important ecological phenomenon to the survival of these hot spring phototrophs.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 82 (1976), S. 1119-1121 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: Adaptation ; hypoxia ; conditioned reflexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Newborn male and female Wistar rats were adapted to hypoxia in a pressure chamber. Adaptation began at an “altitude” of 1000 m for 1 h daily, after which the duration and intensity of exposure were gradually increased so that, starting from the 17th day, the animals were adapted to an altitude of 5000 m for 5 h on 5 days a week. After adaptation for two months, a conditioned active avoidance reflex was produced in the animals. In the adapted males a tendency was observed for the reflex to be formed more rapidly and for it to be preserved to a much greater degree than in the control animals. In females adapted to hypoxia under similar conditions no changes were observed in the formation and preservation of the reflex.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Protoplasma 99 (1979), S. 99-115 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Diatoms ; Environment ; Resting-spores ; Sexual reproduction ; Valve formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The species-specific form and structure of the diatom shell is variable within a given genetical reaction-norm, depending on the dynamic interrelation between cell and environment. The appearing modifications—based on quantitative disarrangement of construction-units as well as on a change in size and outline—can be understood as the morphological expression of a changed metabolism which has become necessary for adaption to adverse conditions. The diatoms react very sensitively, especially to the salinity factor, whereby actually two alternatives of adaption occur: a vegetative, in building resting spores (f.i., Navicula cuspidata) and a generative (f.i., Anomoeoneis sphaerophora, Surirella peisonis). Teratologies have been found in totally unbalanced surroundings (especially under conditions of ion unbalance), where the usually symmetrical forms have lost the coordination of the construction-units to each other (f.i., Surirella peisonis). They supply good criteria in clarifying the problems concerning pattern development.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant ecology 29 (1975), S. 199-208 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Ecological diversity ; Evolutionary strategies ; Fire ; Mediterranean region ; Regeneration ; Rootsprouters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Il est admis que le feu a joué un rôle décisif dans l'évolution biologique et culturale de l'époque postglaciaire dans la région méditerranéenne. Son impact sur l'évolution des plantes s'est manifesté par des réponses de ‘rétroaction’ (feedback). Dans celles-ci, les effets de l'élément feu et de ses répercussions ont effectué une sélection des plantes pour certaines activitées physiologiques et autres mécanismes, ce qui entraîne une tolérance directe au feu ou une protection et une régénération par voie végétative et reproductrice. Les phanérophytes dominants du maquis, sclérophylles, tolérants à la sécheresse, présentent obligatoirement des rejets de souche, alors que les chaméphytes dominés fuyant la sécheresse aussi bien que les plantes herbacées vivaces se multiplient à la fois par voie végétative et reproductrice, et sont bien adaptés aux nouvelles habitats dénudés par les feux. Les herbes annuelles et vivaces qui suivent le passage des feux sont aussi capables d'échapper aux températures élevées des feux grâce à des mécanismes de torsion, oudes graines. Les tendances évolutives pour surmonter l'effet du feu sont étroitement liées à celles d'autres ‘contraintes’ (stresses) de l'environnement comme la sécheresse et la pression du pâturage. Certaines combinaisons des contraites ont entraîné une convergence de forme et de fonction. Le feu a donc joué un rôle important dans l'évolution des pelouses plus xériques, des forêts, des maquis plus mésiques et des communautés d'arbustes. Contrairement au point de vue actuel sur le rôle destructeur du brûlage, le feu et le pâturage ont favorisé la diversité génétique aussi bien qu'écologique. Ils devraient être étudiés comme des composantes intégrantes des écosystèmes de Méditerranée et de leur évolution.
    Notes: Summary Fire has played a decisive role in Post-Glacial biological and cultural evolution in the Mediterranean Region. Its evolutionary impact on plants has been manifested by feedback responses, in which the fire and its after-effects selected plants for physiological and other mechanisms that enable direct fire tolerance or permit avoidance followed by vegetative and reproductive regeneration. The dominant, sclerophyll, drought-tolerant phanerophytes of the maqui are obligatory rootsprouters, whereas the subordinate, drought-evading chamaephytes, as well as herbaceous perennials, are both vegetative and reproductive regenerators and are well adapted to new, fire-denuded habitats. Annual and perennial grass fire-followers are also able to escape high surface fire temperatures with the aid of torsion devices on seeds. Evolutionary strategies to overcome fire are closely interwoven with those against other environmental stresses such as drought and grazing. These combinations of stresses have brought about convergence in plant form and function in mediterranean climates. Fire has thus been important in the evolution of more xeric grasslands and woodlands and more mesic maqui and shrubland communities. Contrary to the present view of fire as simply destructive, both fire and grazing have favored genetical as well as ecological diversity. They should be studied as integral components of Mediterranean ecosystems and their evolution.
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