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  • Chemistry  (50,842)
  • ddc:330
  • 1990-1994  (50,872)
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  • 1
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    Karlsruhe : Müller | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 2
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    The Hague : Europ. Environmental Bureau | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Bonn : Economica-Verl. | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 4
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    Hamburg : Dt. Übersee-Inst. | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 5
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
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    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 7
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-04-30
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 9
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    Berlin : Duncker & Humblot | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 10
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 11
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 12
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    Marburg : Metropolis-Verl. | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 13
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 14
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
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    Language: German
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  • 15
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 16
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    Ulm : Univ.-Verl. Ulm | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 17
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 18
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    Heidelberg : Physica-Verl. | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 19
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    Wien : Ibera-Verl. | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 20
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
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    Language: German
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2018-04-30
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2018-04-30
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 23
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    Essen : Rheinisch-Westfälisches Inst. für Wirtschaftsforschung | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 24
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    Bremen : Bremer Tabak-Collegium | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 25
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 26
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 27
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 28
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    Wuppertal : Inst. für Ökologische Wirtschaftsforschung | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 29
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    Berlin : Birkhäuser | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Description: Wir haben zwanzig Jahre Umweltpolitik betrieben, haben nach Nanogrammen von Giften gejagt und Schadstoffemissionen reduziert. Vielleicht ist die Umwelt dadurch etwas sauberer geworden, aber dennoch drohen unserer Ökosphäre immer größere Katastrophen. Was machen wir falsch? Jeder Verbrauch, sei es von Rohstoffen, sei es von Energie, zieht unweigerlich ein Stück veränderte Umwelt nach sich. Und wir verbrauchen Megatonnen. Friedrich Schmidt-Bleek hat ein ökologisches Maß entwickelt, das erstmals den Verbrauch umfassend bestimmen kann. Dieses Maß - MIPS für Material Intensität Pro Serviceeinheit - ermöglicht es, die Umweltbelastung von Prozessen, Produkten und Leistungen zu ermitteln und miteinander zu vergleichen. Wollen wir dauerhaft unsere Ökosphäre retten, müssen wir in recht kurzer Zeit dass Ziel "Faktor 10" erreichen: also Reduzierung allen Verbrauchs auf den zehnten Teil - bei gleichbleibendem Wohlstand. Der Autor zeigt praxisnahe Wege, an dieses Ziel zu gelangen. Wir müssen nicht einfach den Gürtel enger schnallen, sondern wir müssen lernen, mit den zur Verfügung stehenden Ressourcen rationaler und effektiver umzugehen. Es ist durchaus üblich, Wohlstand zu schaffen - für alle Menschen.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 216 (1994), S. 153-154 
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Molecular Hydrogen ; Cloud Models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Observations of the CO J=1-0 line are commonly used as a tracer for molecular material in clouds. The ratio of the H2 column density to the integrated intensity of this line,X, is often taken to be constant, despite theoretical and observational uncertainty. We have tried to identify how this ratio depends on cloud parameters, testing a simple theoretical argument suggesting its invariance with respect to density. The apparent constancy can be understood if clouds are clumpy on scales of Av ≈ 1-2 mag.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Antimalarials ; Artemisia annua L ; Artemisinin ; Biosynthesis ; Chemistry ; Clinical trials ; Pharmacology ; Phytochemistry ; Sesquiterpenes ; Toxicology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide isolated fromArtemisia annua L., and a number of its semisynthetic derivatives have shown to possess antimalarial properties. They are all eflective againstPlasmodium parasites that are resistant to the newest and commonly used antimalarial drugs. This article gives a survey of the literature dealing with artemisinin-relaled antimalarial issues that have appeared from the end of 1989 up to the beginning of 1994. A broad range of medical and pharmaceutical disciplines is covered, including phytochemical aspects like the selection of high-producing plants, analytical procedures, and plant biotechnology. Furthermore, the organic synthesis of artemisinin derivatives is discussed, as well as their mechanism of action and antimalarial activity, metabolism and pharmacokinetics, clinical studies, sideeffects and toxicology, and biological activities other than antimalarial activity.
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 13 (1991), S. 109-118 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Consumer product safety ; Drug packaging ; Environmental pollution ; Plasticizers ; Polyvinyls
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In this report the state of the art with respect to PVC as pharmaceutical packaging material is described. A general introduction into the applications of PVC is followed by a description of its production process. The metabolic effects of the monomer of PVC, vinyl chloride and of the most commonly used plasticizer diethylhexylphthalate are mentioned. Special attention is given to the pharmaceutical properties of plasticized PVC bags in comparison to other plastics and the environmental aspects of waste PVC disposal. Although there are emotional and political queries regarding the future use of PVC as a (pharmaceutical) packaging material, we conclude that there is no scientific justification for a total or partial ban of PVC. PVC will remain a fact of life as a cheap, versatile, high-performance and well-investigated plastic material for medical and pharmaceutical applications, to be replaced by newer plastics only for certain well-defined indications where the requirements of the plastic to be used are so specific that it will economically and technically be justified to use another polymer. Community and hospital pharmacists have to be prepared for a role in intake of waste plastic disposables, probably against deposit money, in order to fulfil the logistics needed for recycling.
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 13-18 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Flow-induced crystallization experiments are made in a capillary apparatus modified with a downstream reservoir under pressure. Capillary length, diameter, and entrance angle are changed, as well as flow rate. The results show that the crystallization temperature is influenced both by the elongational flow at the capillary entrance and by the shear flow along the capillary. The independent effect of the pressure equals that obtained under static conditions. The effect of shear is correlated in terms of shearing work.
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 158-159 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 161-174 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The flow in the metering gap of a reverse roll coater is examined by experiments and finite element solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations. At high speed ratios and capillary numbers, the metered film flow deviates strongly from predictions of lubrication theory: the wetting line moves through the gap center and the metered film thickness passes through a minimum. The two flow instabilities found are ribbing, a sinusoidal cross-web waviness extending smoothly down-web; and cascade, an irregular V-shaped cross-web wave, repeated quasiperiodically down-web. Experimental operability diagrams define parameter ranges where these instabilities and the steady two-dimensional flow are encountered. Ribbing behavior is understood by consideration of the pressure gradient at the free surface. The mechanism of cascade is the intrusion through the gap of the wetting line, which causes the metered film to thicken and eventually reattach to the metering roll in a cyclical manner.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 216-226 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The development and performance of a bubble column photoreactor for ultrapurification of SiCl4 is described. Trichlorosilane (SiHCl3), the principle contaminant in SiCl4 commercially available for use in optical fiber manufacture, is converted to SiCl4 and HCl by UV-initiated photochlorination. Studies of the homogeneous photochlorination kinetics and of Cl2 gas absorption in a bubble column were undertaken. In addition, an extensive set of data was collected from continuous-flow bubble column reactor (BCR) runs. The rate of photochlorination in the BCR was found to be mass-transfer-limited. A simple model of BCR performance, incorporating the effect of Cl2 mass transfer rate enhancement by chemical reaction, was tested that agrees well with the experimental data. The BCR was found to be operable over a wide range of SiHCl3 concentrations and SiCl4 feed rates, and capable of lowering the concentration of SiHCl3 in product to below measurable levels (〈1 ppm).
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 249-264 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This work concerns the synthesis of nonlinear controllers for multivariable nonlinear processes that make the closed-loop system linear in an input/output sense. Necessary and sufficient conditions for input/output linearizability via static state feedback are derived as well as formulas for the feedback law. Once such a static state feedback is applied to the process, an external multivariable linear controller with integral action can control it to set point. The proposed control methodology is tested through simulations in a semibatch copolymerization reactor example.
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 287-290 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 397-408 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The coupling between the momentum and energy balances and the change of physical properties with temperature can give rise to situations in which the pressure drop vs. flow rate curve is nonmonotonic. This can lead to thermoflow multiplicity - the existence of different flow rates in a tube under the same overall pressure drop. A two-dimensional model is used to analyze the conditions leading to thermoflow multiplicity for an incompressible non-Newtonian fluid flowing in a cooled tube. First, the multiplicity features of various limiting models are determined. These results are later used to gain an understanding of the asymptotic multiplicity features of the general model. The results show that the temperature sensitivity of the viscosity necessary for thermoflow multiplicity to occur decreases with increasing Brinkman number or β (modified Stanton number), or with decreasing cooling temperature, Biot number, or power law parameter. Multiple flow rates for a prescribed pressure drop are unlikely to occur in heat exchangers in which the Brinkman numbers are usually low and Biot numbers are high but may be found in polymer processing applications.
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 431-438 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model and a simple measurement technique for time of encapsulation have been developed to study the microencapsulation of butachlor in polyurea shell by means of interfacial polymerization. The model is based on diffusion of the hydrophilic monomer through the polymeric shell with an interfacial reaction at the inner surface while the measurement technique is based on the indirect determination of the concentration of the hydrophilic monomer in the continuous phase by monitoring the pH. Measurements show that capsule sizes ranging from 1 to 20 μm can be produced, and the surface to volume mean size varies only from 2 to 6 μm for a large variation in rpm of the agitator. Time of encapsulation is found to be approximately proportional to the microcapsule size, and it varies from 150 to 300 s. Both the data and the model were used to discern that the process is kinetically-controlled by and large. It is also shown that time of encapsulation varies with the square of the capsule size in a diffusion-controlled regime.
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  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 469-472 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 481-510 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Processing of ceramics is reviewed from a broad perspective, with emphasis on the predominant powder-based methods, but with considerable attention to other methods. Major stages of the powder process, from preparation, modification, and handling, to sintering or pressure densification (or postdensification) are discussed. Nonpowder-based methods, such as chemical vapor deposition, melt, and polymer pyrolysis processing, are also presented. Processing of ceramic composites is reviewed, noting the shifts in processing technology this entails. Practical aspects, such as part size, shape, volume, and the costs of various processes are also addressed.
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 547-558 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nuclear magnetic resonance flow imaging (MRFI) was used to measure fluid flow noninvasively in the extracapillary space (ECS) of a hollow-fiber bioreactor without cells. Agreement between these axial flow measurements in a single hollow-fiber module and predicted axial velocity contour plots at various image planes along the path length was good.Flow in a solid-wall tube (phantom) was first used to calibrate pixel intensities with axial velocities. Flow images at several locations along the permeable hollow fiber length were then obtained in order to observe the well-known leakage or Starling flow in the ECS. These quantitative spatially dependent velocity measurements were then compared to theoretically derived velocities obtained from a solution of Poisson's equation with a constant pressure gradient and no slip at the solid surfaces. A mathematical transformation was used to simplify the numerical methods. Leakage flow through the ECS of a multifiber bioreactor (40 fibers) was also measured by MRFI, illustrating the applicability of this method for optimizing operational procedures and design of membrane bioreactors and filtration devices.
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 587-597 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Blade coating is the most common method of coating paper, and it is applied in coating magnetic suspensions and adhesives. Typically, the blade's upstream edge is clamped into a rigid holder so that the blade and substrate form a converging wedge. The translating substrate drags liquid into the wedge, where liquid forces develop and deflect the elastic blade, but it is loaded externally to counteract the deflection. Liquid dragged past the blade and thus the coating thickness depend on the elastohydrodynamic interaction among blade, liquid, and loading. Shell theory and lubrication flow theory describe the interaction by means of differential equations that are shown to be equivalent to Saita and Scriven's (1985) earlier formulation but that lead to a computationally more efficient analysis. Predictions computed agree with those of the earlier formulation and with experiments. Moreover, the new predictions illustrate effects of normal force loading and broaden the theory of blade coating.
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 207-215 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An on-line estimation technique for multiple specific growth rates is proposed. Time-varying tuning parameters are used to obtain constant estimation error dynamics in spite of strongly varying process dynamics commonly encountered in bioprocesses. This approach simplifies the tuning of the algorithm to a pole placement procedure. Application of the method is illustrated through the study of the baker's yeast fedbatch process. Guidelines for selection of measured state variables are given in relation to the performance of the estimation method.
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 233-241 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the mechanisms and a quantative analysis of the interaction between a multicomponent acid mixture with a spectrum of caustic solutions. A physico-chemical model of the acidic oil/caustic system has been proposed which demonstrates the effect on dynamic interfacial tension (IFT) of variations in caustic concentration as well as changes in the initial composition and ionization properties of the constituent acids of the oleic phase. The model relies on the Langmuirian theory of interfacial sorption kinetics in addition to the Nernstian theory of convective diffusion. Pertinent kinetic and mass transfer parameters for all contributing surface-active species were determined from a recently proposed single-component dynamic model (Chiwetelu et al., 1988a). The validity of this multicomponent dynamic model was confirmed by the close agreement between predicted IFT and experimental data for a binary carboxylic acid system in contact with a broad range of caustic concentrations.
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 299-301 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 302-306 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 321-332 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new criterion is introduced for the onset of shear thickening in a concentrated dispersion. The criterion follows from the assumption that shear thickening occurs when the shear forces overrule the interparticle forces. A force balance at small interparticle distances is used to predict the dependence of this critical shear rate on the volume fraction. It is deduced that the critical shear rate is proportional to the interparticle distance, has a linear dependence on the magnitude of the stabilizing force, an inverse linear dependence on the dispersion medium viscosity, and an inverse linear dependence on the particle radius. The model is confirmed experimentally with viscosity measurements on various electrostatically stabilized dispersions. The validity of the model is also checked with data obtained from the literature. Experiments indicate that polydisperse dispersions exhibit pronounced shear thickening but with a less dramatic increase in viscosity than monodisperse dispersions.
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 409-419 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The formation of aerosol particles by gas-phase chemical reaction in the presence of seed particles has been studied experimentally and theoretically. Titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) vapor containing ultrafine TiO2 seed particles was introduced into a laminar flow aerosol reactor, and the properties of produced TiO2 aerosol were measured. By comparing the particle numbers and size distributions of the resulting aerosol with those of the seed particles and those of homogeneously nucleated particles in the absence of seed particles, the effects of initial concentrations of TTIP vapor, reaction temperatures, and properties of seed particles on the suppression of homogeneous nucleation were experimentally clarified. In the theoretical analysis, the population balance equation expressing simultaneous generation of TiO2 monomer, Brownian coagulation and diffusive deposition of TiO2 monomer and aerosols was solved. The observed suppression of homogeneous nucleation by the seed particles is explained qualitatively by the theoretical analysis.
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 801-804 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 837-850 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A dynamic kinetic model describing gas-phase olefin copolymerization using a multiple active site Ziegler-Natta catalyst is presented. This model is capable of predicting production rate, molecular weight, and copolymer composition changes observed in an industrial reactor. The model also explains how broad molecular weight distributions and bimodal copolymer compositions can occur as has been observed for commercial linear polyethylenes.
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 877-884 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A recent first principles theory for “anomalous” diffusion, which accounts for the effect of a protracted macromolecular response to a perturbation, is used to quantitatively predict the results from successive differential sorption experiments in the benzene/atactic polystyrene system. The physical constants in the theory are evaluated for the conditions of the experiment without reference to any non-Fickian diffusion data. The theoretical predictions are in reasonable agreement with the experimental observations.
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 916-926 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A “Taylor” dispersion-type model is developed for the electrokinetic dispersion coefficient of a solute in capillary electrophoresis that accounts for the effects of Poiseuille and/or electro-osmotic flow of the elutant for the case of low ζ potential. The expression obtained for the height equivalent of a theoretical plate is compared with experimental results reported in the literature for the case of neutral, nonretained solutes propelled by electro-osmotic flow. The results further reveal some interesting and somewhat unexpected interactions of the electro-osmotic and Poiseuille components of the elutant flow. Superposition of Poiseuille flow on the natural electro-osmotic flow allows greater freedom in the choice of elutant velocity, without necessarily increasing the dispersion. In fact, it results in lower dispersion under some conditions. Optimum flow conditions are obtained for minimizing the plate height or, equivalently, for maximizing the Peclet number.
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 630-632 
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 633-638 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1145-1155 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model of copper plating of a through-hole is developed which relates uniformity of deposition to bulk electrolyte composition, applied potential difference, aspect ratio, through-hole diameter, and deposition kinetics. The electrochemical transport equations governing plating in a through-hole are solved assuming that the fluid within the through-hole is stagnant. Conditions for uniform plating are determined both for Butler-Volmer kinetics considering the effects of dissociation of bisulfate ions in the electrolytic solution and for kinetics limited by complexation of cupric ions with an adsorbed neutral additive species.
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 701-709 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: Available data on slug frequency in horizontal two-phase intermittent flow are predicted with adequate accuracy by assuming that the slug frequency is one half of the frequency of the unstable waves precursors of slugs, as determined according to published analyses of finite amplitude waves in conduits. The experimental effects of gas and liquid flow rates, pipe diameter, gas density and liquid viscosity on slug frequency are explained by modifications of the wave properties due to changes in the liquid level of the stratified flow existing in the pipe inlet region prior to slug formation. Simple generalized equations are provided to estimate the slug frequency for engineering calculations.
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 738-745 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: The shape of a laminar, liquid jet emerging from a round vertical tube into the atmosphere and the total axial force exerted on the liquid filament at the tube exit were investigated experimentally over a wide range of flow conditions. An integral invariant of the exact solution was used to check consistency between the two kinds of data. A new equation to predict the jet shape agreed moderately well with the present experimental data as well as with various previous results. The key idea of the present work is that exact knowledge of the total axial force will be very useful to predict reasonably the jet shape at a given flow condition by means of a simplified approach or to check theoretical or empirical results on free falling jets.
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 779-783 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 794-796 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1054-1060 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A novel approach to methanol production from coal-derived synthesis gas is cocurrent gas and mineral oil feed flowing over a packed bed of catalyst in the trickle flow regime. Production rates of 0.7 to 2 kg/h · kg cat were obtained for a H2/(CO + CO2) ratio of 1 and at space velocities of 2,000 to 25,000 L/h · kg cat. Slurry reactor and bubble column productivities were substantially less for H2/(CO + CO2) ratios of 0.55 to 2.3 at similar conditions as the trickle-bed reactor. Reaction temperature was 250°C in three types of reactors but 240°C in gas-liquid phase Berty reactor; the pressure in the slurry and bubble column reactors was 52-70 atm and in Berty Reactor 77.5-100 atm, whereas 70 atm pressure was used in the trickle bed. Differences in production rates and conversions can be explained by the extent of backmixing in trickle-bed and slurry reactors operating at the same conditions.
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1075-1086 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kamyr digester chip level poses a difficult control problem, because the chip column dynamics are complex and it is difficult to measure the chip-liquor interface. Control of the chip level is required to smooth digester operation and to stabilize the residence time. Conventional methods rely largely on fixed parameter controllers which are unable to compensate for changes in the process dynamics. Manual controller returning is often required.An adaptive chip level controller based on Generalized Predictive Control (GPC) is presented. Closed-loop time series identification methods were used to develop the process model and to design the controller. A significant reduction in chip level and P-number variability has been observed since commissioning the controller on an industrial digester in September 1988. The adaptive controller has eliminated the need for manual returning, reduced the need for operator intervention, and demonstrated the potential to predict hang-ups.
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 461-468 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: The vertical stress profile in a packed bed above the cavities formed by an upward, high-velocity air jet is estimated from a force balance analysis and static pressure measurements. The objective is to understand and determine the forces responsible for maintaining the cavity roof. Such cavities, formed in an iron blast furnace, adjacent to the hot air blast emanating from the tuyere pipes, are called raceways. A net upward force provided by the gas pressure drag and the support from the bed walls holds the raceway roof in its position. Abrupt changes in the stress and the gas velocity are observed near the roof. The zero vertical stress is also found close above the roof but fluctuates vertically with the raceway size, which varies irreversibly following a cyclic change in the blast rate.
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 468-468 
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 473-477 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No Absract.
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1176-1188 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A percolation model of foam mobilization in porous media is developed. This model indicates that there is a minimum pressure gradient or, equivalently, a minimum gas velocity required to initiate mobilization of foam. As a result, for most foam enhanced oil recovery processes, where the surface tension is not low, deep foam penetration depends on propagation of foam formed at a high pressure gradient near the well. Low surface tension makes mobilization of CO2 foams feasible, however, at pressure gradients found throughout much of the formation in a typical field application. The theory further predicts, and data confirm, that the minimum velocity for foam mobilization during steady flow of liquid and gas decreases as injected liquid volume fraction increases. The theory suggests a better strategy for foam generation: alternate injection of small slugs of liquid and gas.
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 576-586 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Feedforward control has the theoretical potential for perfect control; therefore, research to simplify and improve the use of such a control strategy for possible industrial applications has potential value. A general model for simulation of controlled distillation columns is used to reproduce operating trends of some monitored variables for an industrial column. Comparisons between simulated and operating data show a general good agreement.When a rigorous model is available and can be proved reliable for practical purposes, the design of feedforward control schemes becomes viable and can be incorporated in the more conventional approach. A specific industrial example shows the practical implementation problems and the real economic value of a feedforward control strategy to optimize the process behavior. In particular, the feedforward control action can reduce the inherent error from changes in feed composition when a basic feedback control structure is used to infer composition.
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 605-621 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A macroscopic model of two-phase flow in packed beds, based on the volume-averaged equations of motion for the gas and liquid phases, was analyzed in an attempt to understand the onset and evolution of fully-developed pulsing flow in trickle beds. By assuming that solutions take the form of waves travelling at constant speed, periodic solutions to these equations are found which can be associated with long-time, asymptotic behavior of pulses in a very long bed. Families of one-dimensional waves which exist at a particular set of mass fluxes can be characterized by infinite period bifurcations in the travelling wave frame. We numerically follow these bifurcations as the fluxes are changed, generating bifurcation diagrams for the original model. The results predict that properties of one-dimensional pulses should correlate with the total superficial velocity through the bed. A hysteresis in the trickling-pulsing transition is also predicted.
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 665-676 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growth and dissolution of succinic acid crystals have been studied in an isothermal stirred tank crystallizer. Seeded desupersaturation and deundersaturation experiments have been performed. Parameters of a desired growth rate equation are estimated by fitting the supersaturation balance equation directly to the supersaturation measurements. The procedure is based on nonlinear optimization techniques. Thus, uncertainties in the traditional approximation of the concentration vs. time curve are circumvented. The growth process for succinic acid crystals in an aqueous solution is found to be controlled by a significant resistance in both the volume diffusion step and in the surface integration step. An implicit equation is given to accurately represent the crystal growth rate as a function of the supersaturation. When extrapolating outside the range of experiments, this equation is shown to predict growth rates that are significantly different from those predicted by a corresponding power law expression. The dissolution rate exhibits a nonlinear dependence on undersaturation which is interpreted as changes in the crystal shape. Initial dissolution rate coefficients are in good agreement with volume diffusion coefficients obtained from growth experiments.
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1289-1298 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: When a supercritical solution is rapidly expanded, large solute supersaturations can be attained, and small particles are formed. The evolution of the homogeneous nucleation rate, work of nucleus formation, and critical nucleus size along different expansion paths is investigated here for the model system phenanthrene-carbon dioxide. Nucleation rates are the result of the competition among solvent expansion, cooling due to depressurization, and high supersaturation. Although supersaturations can reach very high values (〉 106), relatively flat nucleation rate profiles result due to cooling and expansion. For an interfacial tension of 0.02 N/m, computed nucleation rates never exceed 104 s-1 · cm-3. A substantial fraction of the maximum nucleation rate is attained with partial decompression to pressures above 1 bar.
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1331-1338 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Absorption experiments of H2S into aqueous Fe2(SO4)3 solutions, concerned with a unique process capable of regenerating by biological oxidation the reactant from the products, were performed at 20-40°C in an agitated vessel with a flat interface. The absorbents were aqueous solutions of Fe2(SO4)3 with and without the addition of K2SO4, KOH or H2SO4 of various concentrations, which was added to change the ionic strength or pH of the solutions. The experimental results revealed that the species which reacts with H2S is FeOH2+. While comparing the observed absorption rates with the theoretical predictions, it was found that the reaction is irreversible and first order with respect to H2S and FeOH2+. The reaction rate constants were measured and correlated.
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1748-1752 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1773-1776 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 81
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1391-1402 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A control structure transformation is presented that includes the effects of inventory control system dynamics and internal flow dynamics on flows and compositions. This new transformation can be used to predict column dynamic operation for any alternative control structure from the open-loop model (inventory control only) obtained for a particular control structure (LV). New types of inverse responses are predicted using this technique and verified both by rigorous dynamic simulation and by experimental studies on a pilot-scale distillation column. These features also can be shown theoretically using a simplified transfer function model.
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  • 82
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1451-1451 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 83
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1851-1864 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The associated perturbed-anisotropic-chain theory (APACT) has been applied to treat multicomponent mixtures, in which components exhibit Lewis acid-base interactions. Mixtures of amphoteric molecules (such as alcohols), acidic molecules (such as chloroform), and basic molecules (such as ketones) as well as nonassociating components (diluents) are treated. The acid-base version of the perturbed-anisotropic-chain theory (ABPACT) is a closed form equation of state that takes into account explicitly dispersion interactions, polar interactions, and hydrogen bonding interactions between components that self-associate or solvate. The equation fits binary VLE mixtures quite accurately. Calculated results also are compared with those obtained from the Peng-Robinson equation of state, UNIFAC and the original APACT. In all cases where there are mixtures of associating components, the ABPACT gives a better fit of experimental data than these other equations.
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  • 84
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1449-1451 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 85
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 86
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer resistances in zeolite NaCaA after different hydrothermal pretreatment are probed by NMR tracer desorption studies with the short-chain-length hydrocarbons from methane to n-butane and with xenon. In all cases, the measurements lead to the coinciding result of forming surface barriers, which differ only slightly depending on the pretreatment modes, but lead to a retardation of molecular mass transfer more dramatically than the starting material. The dramatic retardation of mass transfer after hydrothermal pretreatment is confirmed by supplementary uptake measurements with n-decane.
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  • 87
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1003-1010 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new fludized bed which is divided in a looplike shape by a partition wall has been developed for recovering trace elements from a large quantity of industrial water. The bed, a circulating fluidized bed applicable to a liquid-solid two-phase flow, is called a circulating fluidized bed absorber (CFBA). Adsorbent particles are mixed and carried along with water in the CFBA. At the upper part of the bed, the absorbent particles are separated from the water flow and recycled in the bed; the depleted water flows out of a water outlet. The CFBA is operated at two to three times higher velocity than conventional liquid-solid contacting systems. The pressure drop in the CFBA is in proportion to the amount of adsorbent suspended in the contacting section. Characteristics of the CFBA, including design considerations, are described.
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  • 88
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1569-1576 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical analysis for the pulse responses of a liquid chromatographic column packed with crystal powders having a particle size distribution and a nonlinear adsorption isotherm is presented. The mathematical model is solved numerically by the orthogonal collocation method. Based on the parametric analysis of the model, the effects of a symmetrical and moderately asymmetric PSD on the LC responses are shown to be negligible in comparison with the effects of other parameters, such as isotherm nonlinearity, whose effects are much more profound. The simulated responses are compared with the experimental response data for an LC column packed with silicalite crystals, and a good agreement is found between the theoretical and experimental results. Using the nonlinear LC model, the simultaneous determination of nonlinear adsorption isotherms and intraparticle diffusivities from LC pulse responses is demonstrated for liquids in porous adsorbents.
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  • 89
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    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 111-122 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The time-averaged void fraction, pressure drop and flow regime transition behavior of horizontal air-water two-phase flows is studied experimentally and numerically for 2-cm-inner-diameter tubes with various flow dividing junctions at its end. The time-average void and pressure drop behavior along the channel is simulated using a two fluid separated flow model. The results show that two-phase behavior (flow regime, void fraction, and pressure drop) is affected strongly by the presence of a flow division in the system. These effects extend far upstream of the junction for low-momentum flows and far downstream for high-momentum flows. Both numerical and experimental results show that there occurs a large increase in void just downstream of the junction owing to the halving of the fluid volume flow rates and the liquid deceleration.
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    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 147-149 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 91
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    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 169-181 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nonequilibrium diffusion behavior in nonionic and ionic surfactant microemulsion systems has been studied experimentally using the open-ended capillary method. Experimental results for these systems have been compared with a drop theory of diffusion for microemulsions under conditions where large concentration and electrostatic gradients exist. The results show good agreement in concentration profiles between theory and experiment for the microemulsion components - water, benzene, and phenol. Furthermore, under certain conditions the theory predicts that over a limited time interval phenol will diffuse from low-concentration regions to regions of higher concentration. This phenomenon has been observed.
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  • 92
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1707-1714 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This work presents a linear, steady-state model of a rotary kiln hazardous waste incinerator. Mass balance constraints, energy balance constraints, constraints typically imposed by incinerator permits, and constraints imposed by design limitations are all included in the model. The model is used to perform optimization studies, which maximize a measure of the incinerator's throughput. The sensitivity of the model to uncertainties in the chemical property values of the waste streams is also examined. For the spectrum of case studies examined, the optimal operating conditions are most sensitive to halogen content and water content of the wastes and are less sensitive to variations in heating value and nitrogen content.
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1736-1742 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1758-1762 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 95
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1776-1776 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 96
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1785-1795 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pendant drop tensiometry enhanced by video-image digitization is shown to be a useful tool for the experimental measurement of the relaxation in interfacial tension due to the adsorption of surfactant at a fluid interface. Using this method, profiles of the relaxation in surface tension of a diffusion-controlled, nonionic polyethoxy surfactant were measured. A diffusion coefficient was computed by comparing these profiles with numerical solutions of the bulk surfactant diffusion equation and a Frumkin equilibrium adsorption isotherm. This comparison was made for the entire relaxation period. This method establishes a more reproducible diffusion coefficient than current techniques that utilize only the short- or long-time parts of the relaxation spectrum. In addition, lower bounds on the kinetic constants for the sorption process are inferred for the polyethoxy surfactant used by comparing numerical solutions of mixed diffusion and surface kinetic transfer with the diffusion-limited result.
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1822-1828 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For less labor-intensive, larger-scale, and more efficient production of D-[1-13C] glucose and other labeled monosaccharides using the cyanohydrin reduction reaction, an automated reactor was designed, constructed, and tested. A suitable vessel and all ancillary and control equipment were fabricated, or otherwise obtained, and the apparatus was controlled with a microcomputer program written in BASIC. Running without manual intervention, the yields for the condensation reaction of D-arabinose with KCN and the recovery of the excess cyanide were high (〉90%), and the resultant aldononitriles were reduced to product aldoses with little reduction of the intermediate imines to amines. The reduction rate could be improved by controlling pH between 2-4 and by agitation speeds 〉250 rpm, while no improvement resulted from the use of high hydrogen pressures [〉 129 kPa (4 psig)]. Reduction reactions conducted in the presence of formic acid (to regulate pH) suggest that formic acid acted as a coreducing agent.
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1865-1872 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model of the reaction between SO2 and calcium-based slurries is presented. The model is coupled with an extensive model of the evaporation process and considers external SO2 mass transfer and liquid-phase mass transfer of dissolved sulfur and calcium species in both the film surrounding the calcium particles and the bulk liquid phase. The model assumes that particles do not circulate within slurry droplets and that evaporation results in an accumulation of particles at the droplet surface that causes a shift in the controlling mechanisms. Agreement between the model and data available in the literature is excellent.
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1901-1904 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1613-1616 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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