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  • Articles  (4,611)
  • 1995-1999  (4,611)
  • Sociology  (4,611)
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  • Articles  (4,611)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 12 (1999), S. 117-134 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: Key words: Cities ; migration ; urbanization ; JEL classification: J6 ; P20 ; R23
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper examines an important anomaly in the internal migration history of the former Soviet Union (FSU). While many cities were closed in the sense of explicitly limiting growth of city population from migration, it was difficult to assess the effectiveness of these controls. We analyze a sample of 308 Soviet cities to isolate the impact of closure regulations controlling for city size. We find that while there are pervasive patterns of city growth, the rate increasing through the 1960s and declining thereafter, there are also pervasive differences between controlled and uncontrolled cities, the later growing significantly faster in almost all cases, controlling for city size.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 12 (1999), S. 193-195 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 12 (1999), S. 215-272 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: J21 ; J23 ; J31 ; Key words: Wages ; cohort size ; youth labor market
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Using two different measures of relative cohort size – one indicating the size and placement of an individual's own birth cohort, and the other, the ratio of young to prime age adults in the United States in that year – it has been possible to isolate strong effects of the population age structure on wages in the United States over the past thirty-three years. These effects have been strong enough that virtually all of the observed change in the experience premium, and a substantial proportion of the changes in the college wage premium, can be explained by the relative cohort size variables alone. Even changes in the amount of within-group variance in wages appear to be largely a function of changing age structure, and absolute wage levels have been strongly affected by these demographic changes, suggesting that population growth can have positive effects on the economy.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 12 (1999), S. 135-154 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: Key words: Illegal immigrants ; underground economy ; employment of legal workers ; JEL classification: J61 ; F22
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. The paper uses estimates, provided by the Central Statistical Office, of standard units of labour to examine how immigrants working (illegally) in the shadow economy affect the employment of (legal) labour in the official economy. The results of our cross sector-time series analysis of the demand for legal labour in the Italian economy between 1980 and 1995 show that the increase of illegal units of labour produces a reduction in the use of legal labour, albeit a very limited one. An analysis by sectors shows that the competitive effect of illegal foreign workers is not homogeneous and is strongest in the agricultural sector, while complementarity between the two categories of labour is evident in the non-tradable services sector. Furthermore, when the effects of illegal foreign and illegal native workers are compared, the former is smaller than the latter one, with illegal foreigners workers just reinforcing the impact of the illegal nationals on the labour market.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 12 (1999), S. 197-213 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: J23 ; J24 ; J31 ; J32 ; J64 ; Key words: Youth unemployment ; employment ; employment subsidies ; adult unemployment ; overlapping generations models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Young people of working age tend to be particularly prone to labor market inefficiencies that keep their wages excessively high and their employment excessively low. These inefficiencies are usually magnified through unemployment benefit systems. This paper examines how these problems can be tackled through “employment vouchers,” i.e. hiring subsidies or tax breaks for the unemployed. It examines how vouchers to the young unemployed should differ from those to the adult unemployed. The employment vouchers considered here reduce unemployment and impose no cost on the government, since they are financed by the induced fall in government expenditures on unemployment benefits. Among other things, we find that young workers should receive lower vouchers as displacement of the old rises and as deadweight from providing vouchers to the old increases.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 12 (1999), S. 287-312 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: J24 ; I21 ; Key words: Human capital ; further education ; local labour markets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. The paper focuses on the individual's choice of activity on completion of compulsory schooling – to remain in full-time education or to seek employment – and the factors influencing this decision. Information from the England and Wales Youth Cohort Studies, coupled with labour market data, is used to estimate of logit model of choice and assess the role played by social and market factors. The results show that labour market conditions play an influential role in determining outcomes, particularly in the case of young males with weaker academic qualifications. Consistent with the time-series evidence, we find that participation rates in further education for both males and females are positively related to the unemployment rate in the local labour market, the effects being greater at times of economic recession when unemployment rates are rising.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 14 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article argues that the study of total quality management (TQM) failure is a valuable vehicle to extend our knowledge of strategic change management. The article reviews the literature on TQM and, after reporting the findings from an in-depth case study concludes by discussing the meaning of ‘failure’ and the lessons for managing strategic change that can be learnt from the study of TQM decline.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 14 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article explores the relationship between management strategy, technological change and collective bargaining in the British commercial television industry. The demanning and deskilling potential of digital production technologies remained largely untapped until the second half of the 1980s. The termination of national collective bargaining that had regulated minimum crewing levels was the watershed in terms of work organisation.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 14 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Keith Grint and Steve Woolgar, The Machine at Work: Technology, Work and OrganisationHarry C Katz, Telecommunications – Restructuring Work and Employment Relations WorldwideTheo Nichols, The Sociology of Industrial InjuryAxel van den Berg, Bengt Furaker, Leif Johansson, Labour Market Regimes and Patterns of Flexibility: a Sweden-Canada Comparison
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 14 (1999), S. 128-135 
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article reports a study conducted in Pakistan with the assistance of the police service there on the reasons why women police officers enter this profession, given that policing in Pakistan is traditionally hostile towards women, and the tactics they employ in order to gain promotion. It outlines the difficulties in attempting to conduct research on this topic as baseline data did not exist, prior to this study, on women in the police in Pakistan. In general, the reasons given by the interviewees who took part in the study for taking up a career in the police service, were to ensure personal security and to help other women. The article discusses the problems posed for policewomen's career progression, which includes glass walls and glass ceilings, the need for women's policing to be segregated from that for men, the lack of experiential training and numbers. It concludes by proposing some modest steps which could be taken to improve opportunities and progression for policewomen in Pakistan.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 14 (1999), S. 220-230 
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Examines the sources of stress associated with high levels of job dissatisfaction and mental health among practice managers and women general practitioners, and compares the job satisfaction, mental health and job stress among practice managers and women general practitioners. Women general practitioners (n = 75) and practice managers (n = 51) completed anonymous questionnaires. Lack of communication and co-operation between colleagues and staff were the main sources of dissatisfaction and lack of mental wellbeing for both groups. In addition, wishful thinking coping factor was predictive of job dissatisfaction and mental ill-health. There was no significant difference between practice managers and women general practitioners on the mental health scale. Women general practitioners experienced less job satisfaction with regard to the amount of work, and hours of work than the practice managers. There may be substantial benefit in initiating a support network system for these professionals.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 14 (1999), S. 4-13 
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This study examined the career attainment of managerial women and minorities in an internal labor market. The interactive effects of age, gender, and race were examined on the career attainment levels of women, African-Americans, Asian-Americans and Hispanics. A sample of 7,084 US managers was studied; 3,456 women and minority managers were compared to 3,628 white male managers who entered the firm in the same year and in the same department. Consistent with previous research, women and minorities experienced lower career attainment than white males in this sample. Results suggest that minority women do not experience the "double jeopardy" associated with belonging to two classes of protected characteristics; nor the "triple jeopardy" of age, race and gender.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 14 (1999), S. 37-43 
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Women find it difficult to achieve promotion into senior administration positions in education systems throughout the Western world. This paper reports on interviews with 23 women who are employed by Education Queensland (Australia). These women, who were all participants in a Women in Management course offered by the Queensland University of Technology, have been successful in being promoted into administrative positions in schools and school support centres. The focus of the paper is on why these women have gone for promotion and the successful strategies that they employed to achieve promotion. These strategies included "putting runs on the board", being persistent, networking, managing in their own way and accessing appropriate professional development. The paper concludes with the warning that the culture of the central bureaucracy, however, is perceived as overwhelmingly male and this acts as a significant barrier to further career progress.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 14 (1999), S. 99-104 
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Business/management schools may be currently using an exclusive approach to the study and development of management; by ignoring gender in this arena they are reinforcing the notion that women in management are invisible. Previous research suggests that there is a masculine bias in management education, which disadvantages both female and male learners and which may discourage managers from capitalising on gender diversity in the workplace. Discusses experiences of women academics and students in a business/management school and is based on the premise that change in management education will facilitate change in organisations. Therefore, rather than reinforcing the premise that management knowledge contributes to the maginalisation of women in management, argues that business/management schools should move to an inclusive approach, where management incorporates the experience and abilities of both men and women. Concludes by suggesting a number of initiatives to place gender on the agenda in business/management schools.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 14 (1999), S. 159-163 
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This study examined the effects of marital and parental status on a number of work and psychological well-being measures. Data were collected from 792 women graduates of a single Canadian school of business. Respondents tended to be in the early career stage. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated more effects of parental than marital status on these outcomes. In addition, the pattern of findings almost always showed that being married or having children had negative career consequences for these professional and managerial women.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 14 (1999), S. 316-324 
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article is drawn from a research project which explored the under-representation of women in the management of social services departments in the late 1980s. The theme explored here is a subset of that particular research. It focuses on the way in which women spoke about their roles, the power associated with them, and about their experiences in occupying them. The author considers the nature of women's experiences of occupying positions which in terms of their hierarchical location would be considered "powerful" and argues that women as senior managers present a challenge both to the occupational status of management and to the structures of power in a patriarchal society. It is argued that these challenges are minimised, not only by excluding women from management roles, but also by denying them the legitimate authority which would be expected to be associated with their role.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 12 (1999), S. 27-43 
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: The changing role of technology in the virtual workplace has been accompanied by a proliferation of research activity focusing initially on the technical aspects and, more recently, on the social and political aspects of the diffusion process, including power and politics. This paper builds on the work of Kling and Markus on power and politics in IT, extending it to e-mail and more specifically, to the use of e-mail for petty tyranny. Reviews the literature on petty tyranny and its implications to IT and e-mail. Presents a case study in which e-mail was used by a department chair to manipulate, control, and coerce employees. The discussion links the events in the case with the literature on petty tyranny. In conclusion, demonstrates that e-mail features make it amenable to political abuse and elaborates on the more general, theoretical, practical and ethical implications from this research.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 12 (1999), S. 71-85 
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Members of an Australian beef producer group have become users of electronic communication as a precursor to fuller engagement in electronic commerce. The research team's immediate aim was to assist this group to become effective users of the Internet. In addition, using interpretive methods of enquiry, aims to provide a basis from which subsequent wider usage of the Internet in the red meat industry could be enabled. Presents data from the project using diffusion theory as a framework, with rich description to allow for further interpretation of the views of all parties. The apparent success of the project suggests it can be used or adapted for other members of the beef industry, having regard for their particular circumstances.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 12 (1999), S. 148-176 
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Based on recent reviews regarding its use in information systems (IS) studies, this paper argues that action research is still not well recognized by IS researchers and mainstream IS journals especially in North America. To make the situation worse, existing criteria used to assess the quality of action research studies are found to be inadequate when applied to IS. In order to advance its understanding and use by IS researchers and practitioners, the IS action research framework proposed recently by Lau is refined and presented as a set of guidelines in this paper. The implications of this refined framework on IS research and practice are discussed.
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  • 20
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    Information, technology & people 12 (1999), S. 130-150 
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Examines sources of control over information system development decisions. Although past research has examined sources of internal organizational control that were solely determined by technical/rational goals, this article analyzes the symbolic role of social institutions in exerting control over system development decisions. Three regulatory mechanisms, developed by institutional theorists, are used to explain how specific social institutions exert their control. The mechanisms of coercive isomorphism, mimetic isomorphism and normative isomorphism help illustrate the types of social forces that enhance similarity of systems across organizations. Three conditions also are identified which moderate these effects: dependence on external institutions having control over an organization's resources; unclear performance standards for system development; and interaction patterns during development. These conditions imply that social control would differ greatly according to whether the major influences on the process of system development arise from within the organization or are imposed from external institutions. The examination of symbolic/institutional forces in system development is useful in both the evaluation of system effectiveness and the assessment of the "appropriateness" of managerial interventions in the process. Future research should empirically examine these manifestations of social control and their influence on system development decisions.
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  • 21
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 12 (1999), S. 9-26 
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Reports preliminary results from an ethnographic study of a consultative process in an Australian university during 1997. By providing a "virtual discussion forum" an organisational support system (OSS), based on e-mail and Intranet, was expected to enable equal participation in the consultative process, freedom of expression ("everybody will have their say and will be heard") and to contribute to more participative and consensus-based decision making. The analysis of data collected (messages, documents, interviews, notes) suggests that the OSS was not used uniformly across the institution by departments, groups and individuals. Different modes of use of the OSS identified related to contextual features, such as democratic versus authoritarian management traditions, the sharing of power versus authority of power, the culture of consultation versus obedience to superiors. It was found that these contextual features conditioned the modes of use and consequently the role OSS played in the process. On the other hand, it was observed how, in the course of the process, the OSS affected these contextual factors themselves.
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  • 22
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 12 (1999), S. 192-218 
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Much research on information technology (IT) emphasizes the rational aspects of IT use. However, cultural analyses have considered IT as a symbolic artifact open to social interpretation. This article presents findings from ethnographic studies of two large insurance organizations to illustrate how cultural assumptions about IT are implicated in IT management. We employ the metaphor of magic as an interpretive lens to generate five archetypes of IT culture: the revered, controlled, demystified, integrated, and fearful IT cultures. Each of these archetypal cultural patterns reflects different assumptions about the "magic" of IT and the "wizards" who control its powers. These patterns are similar to social responses to the unknown that have been found in human cultures for hundreds of years. The metaphor itself was drawn from the language of the two organizations. All five archetypes were manifest in both of the companies studied, suggesting that organizations do not necessarily develop unified symbolic meanings of IT. Although separately each archetype invites novel insights into the management of IT in organizations, together they reveal even deeper interpretations consistent with contemporary theories of cultural differentiation and fragmentation.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Considers the problems of a multi-disciplinary team working together to understand and evaluate a healthcare information system, which itself is situated in a complex organisational and political environment. Provides general discussion of problems faced by evaluators of such systems. Describes this specific evaluation project (Electronic Patient Records in the UK National Health Service), gives an account of the evaluation process as it occurred, highlights some of the problems encountered, and discusses attempts to overcome these. Suggests that social, organisational and political factors are inherent in all such research enterprises, and that in order to facilitate a rich understanding of complex systems, these factors must also be considered as part of the research data.
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  • 24
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    Information, technology & people 12 (1999), S. 317-332 
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Discusses the use of information technology to facilitate communication and collaboration. In this action research project a groupware product called Lotus NotesTM was implemented to facilitate communication and collaboration amongst the senior management team. Although there was a real need for change, and the project received strong support from senior management on the basis that it would enable radical changes in coordination within the workgroup, these radical changes did not occur. The authors analyse the reasons for failure, and suggest that the project failed because of institutional forces which inhibited dramatic changes in work habits.
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  • 25
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    Information, technology & people 12 (1999), S. 287-303 
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: This paper describes our experiences from a two-year research study to introduce evidence-based practice (EBP) through a set of electronic information tools into two Canadian health regions. The improvisational model of technological change by Orlikowski and Hofman (1997) is used to provide the conceptual foundations for understanding the pattern of evolution associated with the tools observed in these two settings over time. Key areas to consider when changing practice identified from this study are time availability, intended use, adequate training, clinical champions, work practice fit, system refinement, around-the-clock support and environment influence. Health organizations should also distinguish anticipated, emergent and opportunistic changes and improvise accordingly when introducing EBP information tools in a setting that is characteristically complex, dynamic and unpredictable.
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  • 26
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    Information, technology & people 12 (1999), S. 359-389 
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: This work employs a phenomenological approach to investigate how people experience the radical transformation of their work lives caused by reengineering (BPR) processes. The common essences of the experiences of three co-researchers are synthesized into a composite textural-structural description of the reengineering phenomenon. The analysis of the rich, multidimensional information offered by participants reveals that reengineering projects elicit complex experiences involving a multitude of horizons. In particular, the analysis suggests that, by taking the discourse of efficiency to extremes, reeengineering ends up by unveiling the conflicts inherent in the arrangements that generally characterize workplace. This proposition goes beyond the traditional belief that the basic reason for resistance in BPR projects is the fear of layoffs or the modification of power arrangements. Indeed, such factors seem to be part of the problem. It is also necessary to understand the important role of the crisis that reeengineering may generate in individuals' ongoing process of sense making.
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  • 27
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    Women in management review 14 (1999), S. 212-219 
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: To what degree an organization both embraces the ethos of equal opportunities and backs it up with an investment in sound policies may be expected to have an impact on both the progress of women in management and their experience in the workplace in that organization. This paper compares how women managers fare in two organizations, one with a developed equal opportunities policy and one that has none. It also considers the limits of applying the business case concept of equal opportunities and the problems of a diversity approach and it explores the ways women themselves articulate gender issues according to the discourses they have available to them. It concludes that, while restrictive in its implementation, women managers are more able to articulate their needs and fare better in an organization with an equal opportunities policy than in one without.
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  • 28
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    Women in management review 14 (1999), S. 292-304 
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper proposes the use of the model of visionary leadership adapted by this researcher from Westley and Mintzberg's 1989 paper "Visionary leadership and strategic management" to view the work of Mary Parker Follet. The model augments Westley and Mintzberg's model with much earlier work by Mary Parker Follett. Follett's work on leadership, group membership, contribution, participation and co-operation are as relevant to the study of human relations today as they were 70 years ago. The model highlights the elements of visionary leadership and group membership. This model was developed to place a framework on the many writings of Follett. The framework is fully discussed and is based on some of the work of Westley and Mintzberg.
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  • 29
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    Women in management review 14 (1999), S. 89-98 
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Previous research has hypothesized that males and females evaluate the level of fairness of a particular decision using different conceptual models of justice. Other research has proposed that one's sex-role orientation, i.e. whether a person has masculine or feminine traits, provides another perspective when judging a decision as being fair or unfair. In this paper we propose to test whether sex-role orientation does indeed tell a different story than simply using biological sex as a predictor.
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  • 30
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    Women in management review 14 (1999), S. 14-20 
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Popular representations of the workplace have tended to construct women as unsuited to management and leadership roles. In their reflective capacity these popular fictional texts illustrate the workplace. In their capacity to construct popular perceptions of "reality", the texts offer an important insight into women's and men's understandings and expectations of their workplace relationships. In this article we reflect on how popular films, plays and television shows can make visible some manifestations of the kinds of resistance women continue to experience in non-traditional domains such as management. While these kinds of texts have not been central to the analysis of workplace relations within the management literature, we argue that as social documents they have much to contribute to an understanding of the limited advancement of women.
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  • 31
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    Women in management review 14 (1999), S. 54-62 
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Feminist critiques can provide new insights into organizational theories by examining the historical context in which these theories emerged, the research methods in which the theories are grounded, and the assumptions underlying the theories themselves. This paper applies a feminist critique to sociological theories of entrepreneurship. First, the sociological theories are described, focusing on the effects of political factors, state policies, culture, spatial location, and professionalization on entrepreneurship. This is followed by an analysis of these sociological theories investigating the values embedded in these theories and demonstrating how they can take gender relations into consideration. Finally, several directions for future research are discussed along with the potential feminist theories which have to produce change at the societal level.
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  • 32
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    Women in management review 14 (1999), S. 115-120 
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article addresses some issues for Western women in negotiating with individuals and organisations in China. To be successful in a Chinese negotiation requires an awareness and understanding of cultural differences, and negotiation characteristics and behaviour to avoid any misunderstanding or tension. Research results show that there are no major hurdles for Western women negotiators in China. There are, in fact, advantages if they follow a few guidelines. These include having a professional and businesslike approach and understanding the cultural characteristics of a Chinese negotiation. The advantages include being easily noticed, remembered and receiving concessions more readily than Western men. As a result, the negotiation receives more attention and consideration, thus facilitating the achievement of the negotiation goals.
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    Women in management review 14 (1999), S. 136-145 
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The research for this paper focused on the impact which an MBA has on the careers of women in management and compared the career progression of male and female MBA graduates. The research was carried out among graduates who had obtained an MBA from the University of Ulster between 1992 and 1996. The study found that the management careers of men and women did differ significantly in a number of respects and that there were differences between male and female graduates in their perceptions of how the MBA has affected their careers. It also found that women, in particular, experienced barriers to their careers which mediated the effects of obtaining a higher level qualification. The paper discusses how a more "level playing field" might be created and pressures reduced for both men and women in management careers.
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    Women in management review 14 (1999), S. 186-194 
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    Notes: This retrospective analysis of the development of work-family-life and flexibility initiatives at Royal Bank Financial Group (RBFG) examines the factors that lead to success. Using internal and external research, quantitative and qualitative measures and benchmarking, RBFG has continued to build upon its original business case, dispelled myths and obtained buy-in from stakeholders. Employees and managers have consistently reported positive results from work-family-life initiatives such as dependent care programs, flexible work arrangements and manager tools, training and supports. A chronological profile of the initiatives and highlights from several studies, including RBFG's two Impact Assessments on Flexible Work Arrangements, are presented within a historical context.
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    Women in management review 14 (1999), S. 264-272 
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The experience of women in international management - especially within a European context - has received little attention in the international human resource management literature. In particular, there is a dearth of empirical research which details the role and career moves of the senior female international manager. The particular focus of this paper is on the senior female international managerial career move in Europe. A total of 50 senior female expatriate managers were interviewed, representing a wide range of industry and service sectors. The article highlights a number of covert and overt barriers which the interviewees believed limit women's international career opportunities. The findings indicate that it is timely for organisations to face and address the difficulties female managers encounter in their progression to senior managerial positions in order to ensure that future opportunities for progression to senior management is equal to that of their male counterparts.
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    Women in management review 14 (1999), S. 307-315 
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    Notes: This paper reports on an exploratory study into the extent of diversity management initiatives in organizations in one Canadian city. Diversity management originated in the USA where it is reportedly being embraced by many organizations and where it has become the basis of a large consulting business. Although a diverse workforce and workplace diversity management are often argued to be critical to organizational competitiveness, little is known about how Canadian organizations are reacting.
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    Information, technology & people 12 (1999), S. 238-252 
    ISSN: 0959-3845
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    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: This paper considers the problems of evaluating the benefits of an investment in information technology and systems against a background of institutional change. It is based on a case study in the National Health Service and follows the progress of a project to introduce benefits realisation in NHS Trusts. The case illustrates the importance of personal, hands-on attention to benefits management and calls attention to the different contingencies faced by managers in attempting to introduce evaluation or benefits realisation schemes. It concludes that, where managers face "certain" contingencies, formative evaluation will be beneficial, but where the contingencies are uncertain, structural changes in the organisation may be more effective in achieving benefits. The paper ends with a plea for evaluation activities to be re-integrated into their organisational context.
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    Women in management review 14 (1999), S. 21-28 
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    Notes: This paper challenges the common understanding of the word "career" in relation to the differences in male and female employment and seeks to show that women normally follow a career pattern which has characteristics of flexibility, change, transferable skills, part-time and temporary working. Some career patterns and theories are challenged in the light of more recent understandings of psychological perspectives and these theories are tested against current thinking on employment needs in the 1990s. The paper concludes that typical female employment patterns are what is required in today's economic climate and so women are more adaptable to the changes required. However, the down side of typical female careers is recognised as being an issue for discussion on employment values and rewards within society.
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    Women in management review 14 (1999), S. 76-88 
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    Notes: Compares the career experiences of women managers who are members of the family that owns the organization and women managers who are not. Results of a survey show "women family managers" enjoy increased status, job security and flexibility. Many are able to take advantage of this flexibility to combine child rearing and career roles. "Non-family women managers" perceive themselves as competitive and independent people, they have better academic qualifications and are less likely to be married and have children. However, both groups are unenthusiastic about their training, mentors and personal contacts and consider that career progress is easier for men. In general, all women managers feel they lack power and opportunities to make progress.
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    Women in management review 14 (1999), S. 121-127 
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    Notes: Previous research has highlighted women's unequal status in relation to management within a range of service sector industries. Leisure services, however, has remained an under-researched sector in spite of its growing significance to the economy and its increasing importance as an employer of women. This paper reports selected results from recent research examining gender equity in leisure management. The research, examined gender equity in leisure management and within the professional institute itself. The results demonstrate that women experience both structural and cultural constraints in attempting to secure management careers in leisure but that they remain optimistic about the future. Analysis of the results indicates that this optimism may be misplaced in an industry where women are encouraged to accept large amounts of senior management responsibility for middle management salaries, where routes to promotion remain unclear, and where organisational culture is informed by the dominant "locker room culture" of male sport.
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    Women in management review 14 (1999), S. 164-177 
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    Notes: In September 1996, Fleet Financial Group and the Radcliffe Public Policy Institute undertook a one-year pilot project addressing a "dual agenda" - reexamining work processes to achieve positive business outcomes while also helping employees better integrate work responsibilities with life outside of work. The chosen sites for the experiments were a retail/small business banking unit and a portfolio management unit. Radcliffe-Fleet Project researchers employed two key methods: dual context and action research. Using this methodology, interventions and measures of success of the interventions were developed collaboratively with management and employees. Even in these competitive, deadline-driven work environments, quantitative measures and qualitative assessments at each site showed a positive relationship between business outcomes and quality of life outcomes. The researchers develop guidelines for companies interested in replication of this project. Several principles are also identified for sustaining the success of effective work-life integration interventions and institutionalizing the "dual agenda" in the workplace.
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    Women in management review 14 (1999), S. 177-186 
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    Notes: This article describes findings from a series of recent Catalyst studies. Several of these studies investigated the use of flexible work arrangements in business, exploring employee and employer attitudes towards, opinions about, and experiences with, these alternative arrangements. Together, findings from these studies help to delineate current approaches to flexibility initiatives in business, the increasing interest in these arrangements, the key benefits to business from the use of these alternatives, and the continuing barriers to the use of flexible arrangements. They also help to clarify effective strategies and practices for successful flexibility initiatives, along with critical skills needed by supervisors and employees using these arrangements. Detailed examples from two Catalyst Award-winning organizations - The Bank of Montreal and Deloitte & Touche LLP - are included.
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    Notes: nvestigates whether career expectations of women in construction change once they begin working in the industry, in comparison to men. Focus group interviews and a literature review formed the basis for developing a survey questionnaire. The results revealed that professional women had higher expectations and were more committed to remaining in the construction industry than female students. Female students had significantly higher financial expectations than male students, while male students had significantly higher expectations in relation to the number of people they expect to supervise. Professional men were responsible for supervising significantly more people than professional women. The findings also suggest that there are fewer women in the construction industry over the age of 36 years, in comparison to men. It is recommended that this area of research should be developed further.
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    Women in management review 14 (1999), S. 44-53 
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    Notes: Chinese women are often perceived as passive, submissive, lacking aggressiveness and a drive to be successful managers. Using a previously validated culturally modified Miner Sentence Completion Scale-H (for hierarchic), this study compares the motivation to manage a sample of 156 BBA and MBA students in Hong Kong. Results indicate no significant differences between the scores of males and females on the total MSCS-H or its components, including assertiveness and competitiveness. Gender role differences are not supported by differences in managerial motivation of Hong Kong business students.
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    Information, technology & people 12 (1999), S. 276-286 
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    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: This paper deals with a problem relevant to the development and use of the Electronic Patient Record, and in particular looks forward to the time when such records are shared between large numbers of health carers. It asks questions concerning decision-making about how much of the health care record an individual Health Care Practitioner of any stated specialism (notionally in the British National Health Service, but generally applicable) should be able to see of the record, in relation to his or her perceived need. The authors conclude that a Health Care Practitioner meeting the criteria for a Health Care Professional should largely determine the information he or she needs to allow the practice of good health care ("need-to-know"). On the other hand those whose work does not accord them Health Care Professional status should, where appropriate, be granted access to data by the Health Care Professionals for whom they work ("allowed-to-know"). Finally, it presents and briefly describes an object-oriented model to illustrate the authors' conclusions.
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    Information, technology & people 12 (1999), S. 333-358 
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    Notes: Intranets hold great promise as "organizational Internets" to allow information sharing and collaboration across departments, functions and different information systems within an organization. Yet not much is known about how to implement intranets. We adapt a taxonomy based on institutional theory and distinguish six broad diffusion drivers that might be considered to sustain the implementation process. An exploratory field study of four intranet implementations was conducted to analyze which drivers were used and the results that were yielded. We draw several conclusions. First, all six drivers were deployed in the analyzed cases. Second, the choice of drivers varied with the level of the intranet (corporate or unit), the implementation stage, and existing organizational practices and contingencies. Third, it seems that the critical drivers are knowledge building, subsidy and mobilization in the early stages of implementation. In the later stages knowledge deployment, subsidy and innovation directives were most commonly used.
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    Information, technology & people 12 (1999), S. 44-70 
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    Notes: Discusses the qualitative analysis of a case study of analyst-client communications using grounded theory and themed analyses. Describes in detail the interaction that took place between an analyst and a client in a public sector agency in Tasmania, Australia. Uses a theatrical metaphor to give a representation that encompasses chronological and contextual aspects, providing an immediacy that enables the reader to appreciate how the interaction developed over time. Using concepts derived from the use of grounded theory techniques, demonstrates how these concepts and themes operated in this particular case. Concludes with a general discussion of themes and contextual influences as they occur in the case of the student assistance scheme and other cases studied by the author.
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    Information, technology & people 12 (1999), S. 86-112 
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    Notes: Reports part of a grounded theory study in which 15 facilitators, already experienced in conventional meetings, were trained to become facilitators of face-to-face electronic meetings. Presents a model - "Active reflection" - of the reflective practice processes used by the trainee facilitators. Active reflection is a term which describes the trainees' accounts of the two complementary action reflection processes: reflection on action (thinking back on what was done) and reflection in action (thinking about the action while one is doing it). Identifies a number of implications for group support systems facilitation training and practice.
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    Information, technology & people 12 (1999), S. 176-191 
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    Notes: This paper describes the findings of a field study that explores the process of information systems (IS) development in a large organization. The paper argues that traditional IS development methodologies are treated primarily as a necessary fiction to present an image of control or to provide a symbolic status, and are too mechanistic to be of much use in the detailed, day-to-day organization of systems developers' activities. By drawing on the insights gained from this study, the paper outlines some implications for IS development methodologies. A secondary purpose of the paper is to illustrate the use of an "ecological" research approach to IS development as advocated by Shneiderman and Carroll.
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    Information, technology & people 12 (1999), S. 389-402 
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    Notes: Increased demand for organized home help for elderly and disabled people and parallel budget cuts of social care require new efficient solutions to save home-helpers' time and ensure the current quality of provided services. A number of trials for renewing grocery purchasing process as a part of home help for the elderly and disabled have lately been initiated in Finland. In all but one of these trials electronic commerce (EC) services are included in the purchase process. In this article we compare these trials using the time efficiency of home-helpers as a primary criterion. Using electronic order delivery gives even additional benefits, releasing the home-helper from the need to visit the grocery store. The Full EC Model would be the best solution. However, it might not be feasible for most customers, who do not necessarily have the technology or ability to use it. Therefore, the intermediary based EC seems to be most suitable for this customer group.
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    Women in management review 14 (1999), S. 325-333 
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    Notes: In the UK and other western countries the financial services sector is seen as offering women better career prospects than most other sectors. Unprecedented numbers of well-qualified young women are now achieving promotion to first-line and middle management positions. Companies are represented as progressive employers, committed to promoting equal opportunities. However, a cross-cultural study of three Turkish and six UK banks and high street financial organisations explores how organisational ideologies and cultures operate to perpetuate inequality, based on managers' gendered conceptions of "the ideal worker". Favoured staff were identified, sponsored, promoted and rewarded, often based on their personal affinity with senior managers rather than objective criteria. This distinction between favour and exclusion operates not only along the traditional lines of gender, class, age, sexual orientation, religion and physical ability, but also along the new dimensions of marriage, networking, safety, mobility and space. Despite local and cross-cultural differences in the significance of these factors, the cumulative disadvantage suffered by women managers and supervisors in both countries was remarkably similar.
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    Women in management review 14 (1999), S. 194-203 
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    Notes: This article argues that strategies to promote gender equity in organizations need to focus on assumptions in the organizational culture that underpin work practices and behaviors. An analytic case is used to demonstrate the importance of bringing cultural assumptions to the surface during the organizational change process and examining their implications for both gender equity and organizational effectiveness. Initial efforts aimed at changing work practices were disappointing. However, the understanding that cultural assumptions had unintended consequences for both gender equity and organizational effectiveness provided a foundation for the organization to continue to experiment after the initial intervention. The article argues that linking changes in work practices and processes to underlying assumptions provides a basis for the organization to engage in an on-going and iterative process of inquiry, experimentation, reflection, and learning that can generate surprising and positive outcomes over time.
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    Notes: This paper critically examines the influence of information technology (IT) on women's career structures. Globalization is forcing an increasing inter-dependence of radically re-engineered labour forces and the further "internal" exploitation of the internationalization of the dual labour market many women have endured. The global trend is towards further fragmenting a shrinking, gender-based set of career opportunities and creating an increasingly marginalized, part-time, "pink collar" labour force, associated with the putative revolution of the tertiary sector transforming out of industrial, manufacturing economies. The implications of the emergence of a "pink collar" labour force largely go unexamined. The much heralded argument that IT will transform "coercive" organizational structures and work practices needs, yet again, to be critically examined in the context of the further destruction of professional opportunities for women in radically re-engineered public sectors, aggressively "micro-economized" labour forces and rapidly dissipating organizational and social contracts.
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    Notes: Books reviewed in this article.Acs, Zoltan J., Bo Carlsson and Charlie Karlsson (1999). Entrepreneurship, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and the Macroeconomy.Ahiakpor, James C.W. (ed.) (1998). Keynes and the Classics Reconsidered.Arestis, Philip (ed.) (1998). Method, Theory and Policy in Keynes.Cencini, Alvaro (1997). Monetary Theory.Almut Oetjen, M.A.Chomsky, Noam (1999). Profit over People.Erber, Georg, Harald Hagemann and Stephan Seiter (1998). Zukunftsperspektiven Deutschlands un internationalen Wettbewerh.Frey, Bruno S. (1997). Ein neuer Föderalismus für Europa.Gentry, Bradford S. (ed.) (1998). Private Capital Flows and the Environment.Maneschi, Andrea (1998). Comparative Advantage in International Trade.Marimon, Ramon and Andrew Scott (eds.) (1999). Computational Methods for the Study of Dynamic Economics.Menkhoff, Lukas and Beate Reszat (eds.) (1998). Asian Financial Markets.Nell, Edward J. (1998). The General Theory of Transformational Growth.Oates, Wallace E. (ed.) (1998). The Economics of Fiscal Federalism and Local Finance.Storchmann, Karl-Heinz (1999). Das Defizit im öffentlichen Personennahverkehr in Theorie und Empiric.Terres, Paul (1999). Die Logik einer wettbewerblichen Geldordnung.Wittschorek, Peter (Hrsg.) (1999). Agenda 2000.
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    Notes: Acocella, Nicola (1998). The Foundations of Economic Policy.Apolte, Thomas (1999). Die ökonomische Konstitution eines föderalen Systems.Burtless, Gary, Robert Z. Lawrence, Robert E. Litan and Robert J. Shapiro (1998). Globaphobia.Buti, Marco and Andre Sapir (eds.) (1998). Economic Policy in EMU. A Study by the European Commmission Services. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 256 pp. $ 35.00. ISBN 0-19-829478-6.Held, Martin (Hrsg.) (1997). Normative Grundfragen der Ökonomik.Jänicke, Martin, Philip Kunig and Michael Stitzel (1999). Umweltpolitik.Lemmen, Jan (1998). Integrating Financial Markets in the European Union.Lys, Thomas (ed.) (1997). Monetary Theory and Monetary Policy.Nurmi, Hannu (1998). Rational Behaviour and the Design of Institutions.Pies, Ingo and Martin Leschke (Hrsg.) (1998). Gary Beckers ökonomischer Imperialismus.Preeg, Ernest H. (1998). From Here to Free Trade.Reiner, Sabine (1998). Was ist politisch an der Politischen Ökonomie?Sharma, Soumitra (ed.) (1998). John Maynard Keynes.Visser, Jelle and Anton Hemerijk (1997). A Dutch Miracle.Wagener, Hans-Jurgen (ed.) (1998). Economic Thought in Communist and Post-Communist Europe.Wray, L. Randall (1998). Understanding Modern Money.
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    Notes: Review of the more widely discussed saving theories suggests that they are unable to account for the observed positive impact of a country's rate of economic growth on its saving ratio. In particular, the compositional explanation offered by the Life Cycle theory would appear to be based on debatable premises. A more promising explanation is found in the examination of the saving behavior of individual households and the respective motives: their saving ratio tends to vary positively with the percentage change in their income. The importance of the distribution of such changes among the economic agents is obvious. A number of implications for economic growth are discussed, including the roles of direct taxation, the export and agricultural sectors and, especially, domestic and foreign capital.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEine Überprüfung der wesentlichen Theorien des Sparens deutet darauf hin, dass sie nicht in der Lage sind, die beobachtete positive Wirkung der Wachstumsrate eines Landes auf die Sparquote zu erklären. Insbesondere die Erklärung der Lebenszyklustheorie scheint auf fraglichen Voraussetzungen aufzubauen. Eine vielversprechendere Erklärung liefert die Untersuchung des Sparverhaltens individueller Haushalte und ihrer jeweiligen Sparmotive: ihre Sparquote variiert positiv mit prozentualen Einkommensveränderungen. Die Bedeutung der Verteilung solcher Veränderungen unter den ökonomischen Agenten ist offensichtlich. Einige Konsequenzen für das Wirtschaftswachstum werden diskutiert, unter anderem die Rolle, die direkte Besteuerung, Export- und Landwirtschaftssektor, sowie in- und ausländisches Kapital spielen.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméUne revue des théories principales de l'épargne nous amène à conclure qu'elles ne peuvent pas expliquer l'effet positif observé du taux d'accroissement d'une économie sur le rapport entre l'épargne et le revenue. En particulier, l'explication compositionelle proposée par la théorie du Cycle de Vie semble être basée sur des prémisses contestables. Une explication plus promettante se révèle en examinant le comportement des families individuelles quant à l'épargne et les motifs correspondants: le rapport entre l'épargne et le revenu tend à changer positivement avec la variation du taux de changement du revenu. L'importance de la distribution de tels taux parmi les agents économiques est évidente. Quelques implications intéressantes à l'égard de la croissance économique sont discutées, y compris les rôles de l'impôt direct, des secteurs exportateurs et agricoles et, en particulier, des capitaux nationaux et étrangers.
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    Notes: Conventional economic theories of population growth build upon the work of Gary Becker and Richard Easterlin. Although different in many important respects, these theories assume that women and men have the same preferences with respect to the target number of children. For this reason, they fail to explain important patterns of demographic change, particularly in less developed regions of the world. In this article, a model of population growth is developed which examines the implications of assuming that women prefer fewer children than men. In this scenario, changes in variables which serve to empower women, such as education and family planning, contribute to the reduction of family size and, thereby, in the rate of population growth, irrespective of relative prices and levels of income. Moreover, modeling the household with differential gender-specific preference functions enriches the traditional models of fertility, allowing for explanations of demographic change which are consistent with the stylized facts of fertility.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungHerkömmliche volkswirtschaftliche Theorien des Bevölkerungswachstums beruhen auf den Arbeiten von Gary Becker und Richard Easterlin. Obwohl in vieler Beziehung recht unterschiedlich, gehen beide Theorien von der Annahme aus, dass Frauen und Manner die gleichen Ziele im Hinblick auf die Kinderzahl haben. Aus diescm Grund gelingt es diesen Theorien nicht, wichtige Grundzüge demographischer Veränderungen, besonders in weniger entwickelten Gebieten der Welt, zu erklären. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird ein Modell des Bevölkerungswachstums entwickelt, das von der Annahme ausgeht, dass Frauen es vorziehen, weniger Kinder zu haben, und das die Auswirkungen dieser Annahme untersucht. In diesem Modell tragen unterschiedliche Variablen, die den Einfluss der Frauen erhöhen, wie z.B. Ausbildung und Familienplanung, unabhängig von relativen Unterschieden bei Preisen und Einkommenshöhe, zu einer Reduzierung der Kinderzahl und somit der Rate des Bevölkerungswachstums bei. Indem man einen Haushalt anhand von unterschiedlichen geschlechtsspezifischen Präferenzfunktionen darstellt, erreicht man ausserdem eine Bereicherung der traditionellen Fertilitàtsmodelle, die die Erklärung von demographischen Veränderungen in Übereinstimmung mit allgemein bekannten Fertilitätsfakten ermöglichen.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLes théories économiques conventionnelles au sujet de la croissance démographique reposent sur l'œuvre de Gary Becker et Richard Easterlin. Quoiqu'elles diffèrent à beaucoup d'égards, ces théories supposent que les hommes et les femmes ont les mêmes préférences par rapport au nombrecible d'enfants. C'est pourquoi elles ne peuvent réussir à expliquer certains changements démographiques, particulièrement dans les regions les moins développées du monde. Dans cet article, on se propose d'élaborer un modèle de croissance démographique qui étudie ce qu'implique l'hypothèse que les femmes préférent moins d'enfants que les hommes. Dans ce scénario, les changements de variables qui servent à rendre les femmes autonomes, comme l'éducation et le planning familial, contribuent à la réduction de la taille de la famille, et donc, du taux de croissance démographique, sans tenir compte des rapports de prix et des revenus. En outre, l'établissement d'un modèle de ménage avec des fonctions de satisfaction différentielles propres à chaque sexe enrichit les modèles traditionnels de fertilité, compte tenu des explications des changements démographiques qui sont compatibles avec les faits stylisés de la fertilité.
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    Notes: In this paper I argue that potential Marshallian external economies may be realised through cooperative inter-firm relations. Knowledge spillovers, the use of specialised machinery, the development of a local market for special skills, and the joint provision of sector services are modeled as Prisoner's Dilemma games. The model investigates the impact of changing payoffs and non-random pairing of agents on the viability and stability of the cooperative outcome. This model is then applied to the furniture industries of Italy and London in the 1980s.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDiese Studie argumentiert, dass potentielle Marshallianische Extemalitäten realisiert werden können durch kooperative Beziehungen zwischen Firmen. Wissenstransfer, die Benutzung von Spezialmaschinen, die Entwicklung eines lokalen Marktes für spezialisierte Fähigkeiten, und die gemeinsame Erstellung sektoraler Dienstleistungen sind als Prisoner's Dilemma Spiele modelliert. Das Modell untersucht den Effekt von sich ändernden Gewinnen und von nicht-zufälligen Zusammenstellungen von Spielerpaaren auf die Möglichkeit und Stabilität des kooperativen Resultats. Dieses Modell wird dann auf die Möbelindustrien Italiens und Londons während der 1980er Jahre angewendet.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméDans cette article je postule que les economies extemes de Marshall peuvent potentiellement être réalisées à travers des relations de coopération entre compagnies. Les retombées de savoir, I'utilisation de machines spécialisées, le développement d'un marché local pour des competences spécifiques, et l'approvisionnement joint de services de secteur sont conçus comme jeu de Prisoner's Dilemma. Je me sers du modèle pour analyser les effets sur la viabilité et la stabilité du résultat coopératif, produits par la modification de deux suppositions: d'abord, en changeant le gain résultant de la cooperation mutuelle, et ensuite en considérant la situation où les chances qu'un joueur rencontre un autre joueur de même genre sont plus grandes que celles produites par le hasard. Ce modèle est ensuite appliqué aux industries de meubles d'Italie et de Londres dans les années 1980.
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    Notes: The 1990s have seen several big currency crises. Some observers argue that the crises show ‘fixed’ exchange rates are unsustainable. Dozens of countries have sustained such exchange rates for years or decades, though. Differences between pegged and fixed exchange rates explain why some exchange rates have lasted while others have succumbed to speculative attacks.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDie neunziger Jahre haben mehrcre grosse Währungskrisen erlebt. Einige Beobachter behaupten, solche Krisen zeigen, dass feste Wechselkurse nicht haltbar seien. Dennnoch hat eine Reihe anderer Lander solche Wechselkurse jahre- oder jahrzehntelang aufrechterhalten. Unterschiede zwischen einem Wechselkurs, der in Bandbreiten schwanken darf (‘pegged’) und einem absolut festen Wechsclkurs erklären, warum sich einige Wechselkurse durchgesetzt haben, wührend andere spekulativen Angriffen zum Opfer gefallen sind.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLes années 1990 ont connu plusieurs crises monétaires importantes. Quelques observateurs affirment que ces crises démontrent que les taux de change ‘fixes’ sont indéfendables. Pourtant, des douzaines de pays ont soutenu des tels taux de change pendant des décennies, même des siècles. Cela s'explique par la différence entre les taux de change vraiment fixes et les taux de change fixes mais ajustables (‘pegged’).
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    Notes: Although there are many accepted faults with GNP per capita as a measure of the utility gained from wealth, most commentators would still argue that an increase in GNP per capita will have positive effects on total utility outweighing any negative externalities. Taking lessons from a conception of the nature and causes of happiness that harks back to Adam Smith and the original Utilitarians, this paper argues that increases in absolute income should have little effect on happiness in rich countries, and that there might instead be channels linking happiness causally with growth. Using time series evidence from happiness polls in ten wealthy countries, the paper finds no support for a causal link from growth to happiness, weak support for a reverse causation and further (weak) support for links between national equality and happiness and leisure time and happiness. The paper concludes by offering some consequences of this for theory and policy.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungObwohl das BSP pro Kopf als Mass für den Nutzen von Wohlstand viele allgemein anerkannte Fehler aufweist, würden die meisten Kommentatoren nach wie vor behaupten, dass eine Zunahme des BSP pro Kopf eine positive Wirkung auf den Gesamtnutzen hat, die alle negativen Extemalitäten übersteigt. Aufbauend auf einer Vorstellung von der Natur und den Ursachen von Glück, die bis zu Adam Smith und den ursprünglichen Utilitarismus zurückreicht, argumentiert dieser Artikel, dass eine Zunahme des absoluten Einkommens vvenig Auswirkungen auf Glück in den reichen Ländern hat. Stattdessen könnten aber Kanäle existieren, die Glück kausal mit Wachstum verbinden. Die Auswertung von Zeitreihen aus Umfragen über Glück und Zufriedenheit in zehn reichen Ländern unterstützt diese These nicht, ergibt aber schwache Beweise für den umgekehrten Zusammenhang und weitere (schwache) Beweise für einen Zusammenhang zwischen Gleichheit und Glück bzw. Freizeit und Glück. Der Schluss des Papieres zieht daraus Konsequenzen für Theorie und Politik.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméBien que les défauts de la mesure de l'utilité de la richesse par le PIB par tête soient largement reconnus et acceptés, la plupart des spécialistes soutiennent toujours l'idée selon laquelle les effets positifs d'une augmentation du PIB par tête sur l'utilité totale l'emportent largement sur ses externalités négatives. En se basant sur une conception de la nature et des causes du bien-être qui remonte à Adam Smith et aux premiers utilitaristes, cet article soutient la thèse selon laquelle une augmentation du revenu absolu a peu d'effets sur le bien-être des pays riches, et que, inversement, il existerait peut-être des voies par lesquelles le bien-être a des effets sur la croissance. En mettant en valeur les résultats de l'analyse de séries de données recueillies à travers des sondages sur le bien-être dans dix pays riches, cet article montre qu'il n y a pas de rapport causal entre la croissance et le bienêtre, que le rapport causal entre bien-être et croissance est faible, de même que ceux entre égalité national et bien-être, et loisirs et bien-être. Cet article conclut en offrant quelques conséquences de ces résultats pour la théorie et les politiques à mettre en oeuvre.
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