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  • Articles  (24,915)
  • 2000-2004  (24,537)
  • 1945-1949  (378)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (24,915)
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  • Articles  (24,915)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamical analysis of the atmospheric angular momentum short-term fluctuations. Comparison with the Earth (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 73 (2000), S. 660-670 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Keywords: Key words: Atmospheric angular momentum – Nonlinear time series analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract. The general behaviour of geophysical flows (atmosphere, oceans) is mainly nonlinear. Nevertheless, to date most of the studies concerning the atmospheric angular momentum functions and the Earth rotation time series have been devoted to their linear characterization and comparison, assuming their stochastic nature. In order to look for an alternative description of that time series, nonlinear time series analysis is applied to the effective atmospheric angular momentum short-term fluctuations (the pressure term of the equatorial functions and the wind term of the axial function) evaluated from the National Center for Environmental Prospect (NCEP)/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Reanalysis Project, assuming a possible deterministic and nonlinear nature for these systems. The method consists of embedding the time series into a multidimensional space to recover the `attractor' of the system. It is shown that the dynamics of these processes are indeed nonlinear, deterministic and low-dimensional, thanks to their geometrical and topological description in the embedded space. The existence of a positive Lyapunov adds the property of chaoticity to the underlying system. It is found that the atmospheric processes observed through the angular momentum functions are chaotic and we are able to quantify the associated characterizations (D E=5, 4〈D Lyap〈5, variations of stability). We can also evaluate a theoretical horizon of prediction for the systems of about 6 days. The results suggest that the atmospheric angular momentum time series should no longer be described as purely stochastic processes. Additionally, the various nonlinear quantities evaluated are of the same order as those previously found for the short-term fluctuations of the Earth's rotation, indicating that the observed chaotic dynamics in the Earth's rotation is induced (through forcing processes) and belongs for a large part to the atmospheric dynamics, as expected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001900050004
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foreword Avantpropos (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 74 (2000), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001900050274
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    List of IAG National Correspondents (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 74 (2000), S. 163-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001900050279
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new method for computing the ellipsoidal correction for Stokes's formula (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 74 (2000), S. 223-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Keywords: Key words: Geoidal height – Stokes' formula – Ellipsoidal correction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract.  This paper generalizes the Stokes formula from the spherical boundary surface to the ellipsoidal boundary surface. The resulting solution (ellipsoidal geoidal height), consisting of two parts, i.e. the spherical geoidal height N 0 evaluated from Stokes's formula and the ellipsoidal correction N 1, makes the relative geoidal height error decrease from O(e 2) to O(e 4), which can be neglected for most practical purposes. The ellipsoidal correction N 1 is expressed as a sum of an integral about the spherical geoidal height N 0 and a simple analytical function of N 0 and the first three geopotential coefficients. The kernel function in the integral has the same degree of singularity at the origin as the original Stokes function. A brief comparison among this and other solutions shows that this solution is more effective than the solutions of Molodensky et al. and Moritz and, when the evaluation of the ellipsoidal correction N 1 is done in an area where the spherical geoidal height N 0 has already been evaluated, it is also more effective than the solution of Martinec and Grafarend.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001900050280
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Topographic effects by the Stokes–Helmert method of geoid and quasi-geoid determinations (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 74 (2000), S. 255-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Keywords: Key words: Direct effect – Helmert reduction – Stokes' formula – Topographic effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract. The topographic potential and the direct topographic effect on the geoid are presented as surface integrals, and the direct gravity effect is derived as a rigorous surface integral on the unit sphere. By Taylor-expanding the integrals at sea level with respect to topographic elevation (H) the power series of the effects is derived to arbitrary orders. This study is primarily limited to terms of order H 2. The limitations of the various effects in the frequently used planar approximations are demonstrated. In contrast, it is shown that the spherical approximation to power H 2 leads to a combined topographic effect on the geoid (direct plus indirect effect) proportional to H˜2 (where terms of degrees 0 and 1 are missing) of the order of several metres, while the combined topographic effect on the height anomaly vanishes, implying that current frequent efforts to determine the direct effect to this order are not needed. The last result is in total agreement with Bjerhammar's method in physical geodesy. It is shown that the most frequently applied remove–restore technique of topographic masses in the application of Stokes' formula suffers from significant errors both in the terrain correction C (representing the sum of the direct topographic effect on gravity anomaly and the effect of continuing the anomaly to sea level) and in the term t (mainly representing the indirect effect on the geoidal or quasi-geoidal height).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001900050284
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IAG Newsletter (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 74 (2000), S. 269-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001900050285
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Robust estimation based on energy minimization principles (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 74 (2000), S. 291-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Keywords: Key words: Least-energy (robust) estimation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract.  It is argued that the tendency of nature to minimize energy may be used as a unifying basis for all robust estimators. Robustness is defined and discussed based on mechanical rather than empirical and abstract tools. This mechanical view of robustness is then extended to design new and useful robust data editors that suppress the outlying content of the contaminated observations. These editors are applied to edit samples of sea-surface heights, gravity observations and reduced global positioning system baselines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001900050287
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deconvolution with wavelets and vaguelettes (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 74 (2000), S. 306-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Keywords: Key words: Wavelets – Vaguelette – Galerkin method – Multiscale analysis – Convolution equations – Quadrature formula – Mallat algorithm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract. The use of wavelets for the solution of convolution equations is studied as a possible alternative to the well-established Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) technique. Two possible solution strategies are investigated: (1) The use of wavelets for the representation of both the given data and the unknown solution. This leads to an algorithm with good de-noising and data-compression properties. In terms of computational efficiency this algorithm is inferior to FFT. (2) The use of wavelets for the representation of the unknown solution and of so-called vaguelettes for the representations of the given data. This leads to an algorithm which is even faster than FFT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001900050288
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On outlier-hiding effects in specific Gauss–Markov models: geodetic examples (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 74 (2000), S. 581-589 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Keywords: Key words: Gauss–Markov model – Least-squares estimation – Diagonal pattern – Outlier-hiding effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract.  A specific subclass of Gauss–Markov models has been defined as containing the models for which the disturbance/response matrix, determined under the assumption of uncorrelated observations, consists of independent diagonal blocks. A proposed modification of reliability assessment procedure for such models is presented By the appropriate reduction of a given full covariance matrix for the observations, the proposal allows the assessment to be made in the resulting model which, in contrast to the initial model, is free from outlier-hiding effects of the type not occurring in ordinary models. The theoretical findings are demonstrated using simple numerical examples. All the proofs supporting the proposal are gathered in Appendixes. The proposal, which is not without its own weak points, is an attempt to associate the reliability assessment in specific Gauss–Markov models with effective outlier detection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001900000121
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IAG Newsletter (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 74 (2000), S. 603-620 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001900000123
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GPS-based precise orbit determination of the very low Earth-orbiting gravity mission GOCE (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 74 (2000), S. 590-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Keywords: Key words: GOCE – GPS – Gravity field determination – Precise orbit determination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract.  A prerequisite for the success of future gravity missions like the European Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) is a precise orbit determination (POD). A detailed simulation study has been carried out to assess the achievable orbit accuracy based on satellite-to-satellite tracking (SST) by the US global positioning system (GPS) and in conjunction the implications for gravity field determination. An orbit accuracy at the few centimeter level seems possible, sufficient to support the GOCE gravity mission and in particular its gravity gradiometer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001900000119
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quality service success - property management development to empowerment: a Hong Kong analysis (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 148-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: In recent years, businesses have had to improve to suit the daily dynamic of global environment. The key is to encourage employees to take the initiative and become more involved in the success, or failure, of the enterprise. The process for securing that involvement and creating change is empowerment. The prerequisites for a successful, empowered workplace include a great amount of training, active top-management support and employee involvement. Provides an overview of the employee empowerment considerations pressing upon the property professional's attitude and proposes an overall empowerment process management model in effective quality service delivery. Reports on a research project investigating the current and potential existence, implementation and levels of training in empowering management styles in ten international property management groups in Hong Kong. However, in the East meets West culture of Hong Kong, empowerment is starting to be introduced to a selection of staff in several international real estate chains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800010341471
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Playing back the past. Part 2: joining up the dots: surveying old buildings and the work of the RCHME (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 130-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Describes how RCHME carries out surveys of old buildings in order to explain not only their present state, but the past stages of their development, and how this helps in understanding the past. Outlines how the archetypal stages of any survey (client's requirements; inspection; documentary research; survey report) apply to surveys of this type. Describes how documentary research, vital in this type of survey, is used and explains the extent to which modern technology contributes; includes case examples. Concludes with some brief relevant anecdotes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800010341453
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    The Party Wall etc. Act 1996: differences of opinion in interpreting section 1 (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 213-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Notes that differences of opinion often arise regarding the correct interpretation of provisions within the Party Wall etc. Act 1996. Argues that this is frequently due to ambiguities within the wording of the statute and to a lack of clarity within its provisions regarding its relationship to the common law. Examines three areas within section 1 of the statute where differences of opinion arise and challenges some of the assumptions regarding their correct interpretation. Concludes that differences of opinion will continue to arise until the deficiencies within the legislation are properly addressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800010360056
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Validity of process under the Party Wall etc. Act 1996 (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 266-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper considers the entire process leading to the making of a valid award under section 10 of the Party Wall etc. Act 1996. The powers and duties of the appointed surveyors, the validity of their appointment, and the effect of their awards are examined. The validity of some of the commonly used award clauses is also commented upon. The paper also considers agreements between the parties insofar as they might affect a dispute and the subsequent award. Finally, examples are provided as to where liability might lie for failure to produce a valid award, with important warnings for appointed surveyors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800010360128
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dealing with rights of light (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 239-243 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The law relating to light is complex. This paper explains the law of light, how rights to light may be acquired, and how they may be defended. The particular positions of landlords, tenants, the Crown and the City of London are explained in the context of the law of light. In addition, the relevance of claims for injunctions and damages is also explained in this context.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800010360083
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The grumble point: is it still worth the candle? (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 255-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to encourage discussion on whether the acceptable standards of natural illumination have increased since Colls was decided in 1904. It invites discussion as to whether new parameters should be set or whether the 50/50 rule should be changed. Reference is made to the circumstances in which the grumble point of 0.2 per cent was calculated and to the method of measuring this accurately with the aid of a Waldram diagram. Comments are invited from readers to continue the debate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800010360092
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Surveyor variability in large-scale house condition surveys (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 19 (2001), S. 156-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Deals with surveyor variability, in terms of identifying defects, when undertaking surveys of residential properties. It is based on a sample of 38 surveyors who took part in a large-scale house condition survey (LSHCS). Seeks to quantify the extent of the variability of surveyors in LSHCS, and proposes methods to try to reduce the incidence of variability. Discusses not only the variability of surveyors in identifying defects to building elements, but also their perceptions of lifetimes for building elements. Concludes that the accuracy of data collection (i.e. the process of surveying a dwelling) is paramount if the information derived from the data is to be of value to the parties described. Also concludes that a mechanism for assessing individual surveyor's variable tendencies needs to be developed to try to reduce the impact of variability at the survey data analysis stage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800110406658
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Evaluation of the role of the contractor's personnel in enhancing the project constructability (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 19 (2001), S. 193-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Contractors' personnel play a prominent role in enhancing the constructability of facilities design, construction and assessment. Looks at the constructability concepts identified by the Construction Industry Institute at Austin, Texas (CII) and represents and describes the constructability concepts in relation to contractors' personnel. Discusses the role of each of them in enhancing constructability of facilities projects. Concludes that a set of obligations are the answer to the question of "How can the contractor's personnel enhance the project constructability?".
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000005840
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  • 20
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    A multivariate approach to the prediction of maintenance needs in public housing: the tenant dimension (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 19 (2001), S. 133-142 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper sets out to develop a bridge for the existing gap in knowledge by exploring the characteristics of the tenants of some LA housing estates and how they affect maintenance need. Without the proper integration of information relating to property and the users of the dwelling, the phenomenon of housing maintenance need prediction will remain an intractable problem for housing managers. The paper therefore explores the hypothesis that dwellings within the same estate and having every conceivable architectural attribute in space and time in common will exhibit different maintenance need profiles as a result of differences in tenants' characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800110394012
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  • 21
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    Construction of dwellings and structures in ancient China (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 19 (2001), S. 262-274 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Construction works, which contributed to the built environment of the primitive, slave and feudal societies in ancient China, constitute an important component of Chinese history. This paper discusses the nest and cave dwellings as well as the tools used in the primitive society (before 2100 BC) of China. Construction works in the Slave Society (2100-500 BC) encompassed the construction of city walls as well as wood and earth structures, covering roofs, wall and floor facing, and drainage facilities. The invention of new building materials and construction tools as well as standardization in working procedures and material consumption are discussed in "Feudal society" (221 BC-AD 1840). The paper suggests that the more than 5,000 years of rich history of construction works in China should not be ignored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800110412859
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  • 22
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    Building regulation and sustainable housing. Part 3: setting and implementing standards (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 19 (2001), S. 27-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: In this final paper in the series we set out the energy efficiency standards which should be pursued over the next five to ten years. Compared with a business as usual scenario based on past improvements, our proposed standards could go a long way to nullify the increase in carbon dioxide emissions which would be expected from the projected increase in the size of the housing stock in the next 20 years (an increase of some 4 million by 2021). Such an approach would provide an important breathing space so as to allow the development of even higher new build standards and to allow improvements in the efficiency of the existing stock. In addition to establishing an improvement programme for 2000/1 and 2005/6 the paper also assesses a number of important implementation issues. It deals with the barriers of practicability, technical risk and cost and concludes that such barriers are largely perceptual. We argue that with the establishment of very clear goals and implementation programmes, the Government together with the house building industry could achieve significantly higher standards than current regulations without major upheaval and, in the process, take a very large step towards the overall goal of creating a truly sustainable housing stock.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800110384211
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  • 23
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    Modelling culvert construction in artificially frozen ground using finite element analysis (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 19 (2001), S. 253-261 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper describes the development of a computer finite element method (FEM) model for simulating the temporary earthwork support technique, artificial ground freezing. Specifically, ice-wall thickness growth and ground movement (due to frost heave and thaw settlement) were evaluated with the use of the finite element software package ABAQUS. Other parameters modelled were obtained from a combination of a priori research and invaluable practitioner experience. Simulation results were then compared with measurements obtained from a live field project to assess model accuracy. Output results obtained from the FEM analyses provided demonstrable evidence of the model's inherent ability to simulate "realistically" the effects of ground freezing analysis process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800110413696
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  • 24
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    Maintenance skills training of UK construction plant operatives: a pilot survey (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 20 (2002), S. 22-30 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Conducts an in-depth examination of the current Certification of Training Achievement (CTA) scheme and critically appraises the role of construction plant operatives within the UK construction industry. Reveals a cacophony of practitioner disapproval of the CTA scheme and the Intermediate Construction Certificate (ICC) route towards attaining the National Vocational Qualification/Scottish Vocational Qualification (NVQ/SVQ) standard.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800210426231
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  • 25
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    Application of FRP bars as reinforcement in civil engineering structures (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 20 (2002), S. 62-72 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper presents an overview and discusses the applications of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) bars as reinforcement in civil engineering structures. Following a discussion of the science underpinning their use, selected case studies where FRP reinforcement has been used are presented. The use of FRP reinforcement is rapidly gaining pace and may replace the traditional steel due to its enhanced properties and cost-effectiveness. In addition, FRP reinforcement offers an effective solution to the problem of steel durability in aggressive environments and where the magnetic or electrical properties of steel are undesirable.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800210433837
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  • 26
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    Conservation finance 1: support for historic buildings (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 20 (2002), S. 73-77 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Throughout Europe there is an ever-increasing number of properties or areas protected due to their cultural heritage interest. This results in obligations for owners (duties to maintain, keep in good repair, etc.). However, it is generally accepted that laws and policies must provide positive incentives as well as the negative controls in order to successfully preserve and use this heritage. In the UK there is now a well-developed system of grant aid and a few fiscal measures but demand for assistance outweighs supply. In Ireland a limited amount of financial support measures have recently been provided. Looking further afield, this study examines the need for developing specific measures according to European policy and identifies practice in European Union countries and North America in relation to grant assistance, loans, fiscal and compensation measures. A second paper will examine economic arguments and methods of combining support to sustain the built heritage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800210433846
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  • 27
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    Strengthening of RC beams: some experimental findings (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 20 (2002), S. 173-181 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper aims to study the effect of external glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) plates on the flexural and shear behaviour of structurally deficient reinforced concrete (RC) beams, a total of ten 180mm×250mm×2,500mm beams, including over-designed, unplated under-designed and plated under-designed, were tested under four-point bending condition. Experimental results indicate that the use of GFRP plates enhances the strength and deformation capacity of RC beams by altering their failure modes. Application of side plates on shear-deficient RC beams appears to be more effective than using bottom plates on flexure-deficient RC beams. However, without any improvement of concrete compressive capacity, additional shear capacities provided to the beams under the action of side plates increase the likelihood of beam failure by concrete crushing. Simultaneous use of bottom and side plates on flexural- and shear-deficient RC beams may result in reduced deflection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800210456823
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    Risk and liability for consultants advising on the built heritage (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 21 (2003), S. 8-15 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Professional consultants are liable for damage resulting from negligent advice, design or acts. This research examines the perspectives of professionals involved in advice on the built heritage. It examines the risks for consultants as perceived by conservation advisory bodies, insurers, legal consultants and conservation consultants. The paper explores the risks assumed in conservation of the built heritage and control measures generally adopted. Results indicate two types of consultancy advice that incur different risk levels. Conservation consultancy can be separated by the knowledge and experience of the consultant(s) involved, either conservation awareness or general property and construction awareness only. The former can be further subdivided by the particular nature of their advice: advice relating to survey and valuation, and advice relating to repair and refurbishment. Consultants perceive clients to be divided into two categories: informed and uninformed. A typology of clients and professional consultants is presented, which indicates broad risk categories.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800310470817
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    Cost factors affecting the design of ground- supported floors (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 21 (2003), S. 22-28 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The cost of concrete ground-supported floor slabs represents a significant proportion of the total capital cost of industrial projects. There are many structural design issues that impact on the concrete contractors' method of construction. This is becoming more apparent with the use of new high-technology levelling and trowelling equipment, which has significantly increased the pour and finishing rates, resulting in much faster slab construction times compared with the traditional methods of construction. Selection of both the design and the construction methods exerts a large influence on the initial cost. According to the results of the research reported in this paper, it may be possible to save between 2-4 per cent of the building cost if high technology solutions are incorporated into the design and construction process. This paper investigates cost issues that impact on the design and construction of ground-supported floors for industrial buildings.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800310470835
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    An investigation into home owner maintenance awareness, management and skill-knowledge enhancing attributes (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 21 (2003), S. 70-78 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Recent governments have highlighted the problems of unfitness and why individual homeowners should intervene to deal with the maintenance problems of their own homes. Current estimates of the cost of comprehensive renewal are said to run into billions of pounds. There is also a genuine concern that the number of unfit dwellings will continue to increase regardless of the steady pace of renewal programmes. Arguably this concern has greatly influenced the dynamics of primary maintenance attributes of property owners. The primary attributes are recognised to be a product of increased owner-maintenance awareness; enhanced owner-maintenance skills and knowledge; and the owner-maintenance management abilities. These attributes are interwoven, and therefore cannot be left out of current initiatives to improving the backlog of under-maintenance in the owner-occupier sector.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800310479061
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    Fibre reinforced polymer materials for prestressed concrete structures (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 21 (2003), S. 95-101 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) materials are currently used for concrete structures in areas where corrosion problems are serious. Recent applications of FRP rebars in normal reinforced concrete structures in fact cannot fully utilise the strength of FRP. A more rational use of FRP would be in the area of prestressed concrete (PC) structures. In spite of the superb strength provision of FRP tendons over steel tendons, use of FRP PC members is often questioned by practising design engineers. This is largely due to the brittleness of FRP tendons and lack of ductility in FRP RC structures. Recent research has demonstrated some important findings in promoting the confidence of adopting FRP RC beams. This paper reviews some recent work on the use of FRP in PC structures. Future possible research areas are also highlighted.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800310479098
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    Benchmarks to minimize water leakages in basements (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 21 (2003), S. 131-145 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Basement defects such as water seepages/leakages are tedious and expensive to rectify. Intensive research has been conducted to study the problem type, their causes and preventive measures. The study explored 987 water seepage/leakage cases in 61 buildings. Eleven significant factors leading to the occurrence of water seepage in basements were identified. The implications of six benchmarks, namely: degree of water-tightness; safety measures for structural concrete; performance of waterproofing systems; integrity of basement structure; provision for movement and quality of compaction in concreting, for minimizing four types of water seepage/leakage problems in basements are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800310507140
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    Developing future energy-performance standards for UK housing: the St Nicholas Court project - Part 2 (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 21 (2003), S. 206-215 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper and part 1, which appeared in the last issue, set out the results of a housing field trial designed to evaluate the impact of an enhanced energy-performance standard for dwellings. The project was designed to inform the next review of part L of the Building Regulations for England and Wales, which, following the publication of the UK government's White Paper on energy policy, is expected in 2005. The project reported explores the implications of an enhanced standard in the context of timber frame construction. Although, for programming reasons, it was necessary to terminate the research project at the end of the design phase, the results suggest that the standard investigated is well within the capacity of the industry. It was clear, however, that the whole supply chain will need to take a positive approach to the development of new solutions. The secret to a smooth and cost-optimised transition is that the necessary development work begins immediately, not when regulation changes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800310511794
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    Which instruments should surveyors use to monitor moisture condition? (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 22 (2004), S. 7-19 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper discusses the concept of "monitoring" moisture content (MC) as a surveying aid in connection with appraisal of buildings and when assessing the drying out of buildings, for example, after flooding damage. It also presents the findings of testing of various instruments to record the drying out of brick, timber and cement screed specimens. Conclusions are drawn on the most appropriate methods for the surveyor to use when monitoring the MC of construction materials.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800410530891
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    Towards improved construction waste minimisation: a need for improved supply chain integration? (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 22 (2004), S. 20-29 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: In recent years, economic, political and social pressures to adopt sustainable work practices have led to a renewed emphasis on developing effective waste minimisation measures for major construction projects. This research explored the efficacy of measures used for minimising waste in high profile UK-based projects. The case studies revealed a diverse range of waste strategies, the broader applicability of which was then explored via a questionnaire survey of waste minimisation specialists. The most effective measures were deemed to be those that fostered "waste minimisation partnerships" throughout the supply chain. Questions remain, however, as to whether the industry is culturally prepared for the collaborative relationships necessary to engender radical improvements in waste minimisation performance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800410533285
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    Learning building pathology using computers - evaluation of a prototype application (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 22 (2004), S. 30-38 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Building surveying employers are requiring graduates with a high level of cognitive and experiential skills to enable them to survey buildings directly after graduation with little or no supervision.This has led to a change in thinking for educators as providing this type of graduate requires learning and training material that is time-consuming and costly to provide, as it requires learners to be actively involved in real surveying tasks. This paper presents the results of a prototype application developed to enable inexperienced surveyors to learn building pathology without leaving their desktops.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800410530909
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    Impact of flood characteristics on damage caused to UK domestic properties: the perceptions of building surveyors (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 22 (2004), S. 95-104 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Flood damage to domestic properties can be considered as a function of two key factors, that is, the flood characteristics and characteristics of the property. A thorough literature review identified that little or no consideration is given to the characteristics of flood when assessing flood-damaged domestic properties. This paper presents the perceptions of 289 building surveyors regarding flood characteristics as part of a 2-year research project to benchmark the assessment of flood-damaged domestic properties in the UK. Surveyors perceived the sewage, fasciae and contaminant content, and depth of the floodwater. Findings also revealed that methods to determine these factors were primarily a function of individual subjective perceptions. Definitive guidance is therefore, needed to minimise variations in subsequent repair and reinstatement works.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800410538622
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    Tensions and omissions in maintenance management advice for historic buildings (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 22 (2004), S. 138-147 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper presents a review of the literature pertinent to the management of the maintenance of historic buildings. First, literature on the philosophy and principles of conservation is considered, followed by a review of the more recent subject of the management of conservation and its processes. Throughout the review the maintenance management requirements of heritage and non-heritage buildings are compared and contrasted. Key themes are identified for best practice (including those for condition surveys) and the paper concludes with the identification of perceived gaps in knowledge.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800410549035
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    New developments for key worker housing in the UK (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 22 (2004), S. 179-189 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper discusses the severe housing affordability problems of certain areas of the UK and the Government's "Key Worker" initiative designed to enable teachers, health workers and other essential workers to purchase housing in these areas. A case study of a proprietary pre-fabricated housing type, which may provide one solution to the provision of low cost housing, is presented. A detailed analysis of the energy requirements of the case study building and its assessment under the BRE's EcoHomes scheme is provided.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800410563714
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    Building defects diagnosis by infrared thermography (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 22 (2004), S. 259-263 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The application of infrared thermography has provided a reliable and accurate assessment method for the inspection of buildings and structures. The principle of the infrared thermography technique is the detection of energy by an infrared scanner and mapping the temperature contours over the surface of a target object to provide an appropriate measure of the damaged building or structure. This paper reviews the background of infrared thermography and the factors influencing the IR imaging. The applicability of infrared thermography in two particular situations is considered - the delamination of external wall finishes and a roofing system condition survey.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800410571571
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    Building regulation and sustainable housing. Part 2: technical issues (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 77-88 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: If the building control system is to deliver housing which achieves major reductions in carbon dioxide emissions, it is important to ensure not only that energy efficiency standards are set at an appropriate level but also that the specification of standards takes into account realised performance. It is argued in this paper that, in many cases, there is a large gap between notional performance, as defined by the calculation methods embodied in the Building Regulations, and performance achieved in practice. Although it is accepted that some variation in performance is to be expected, there are a number of areas where closer attention to the methods used to estimate thermal performance, and the inclusion of hitherto unregulated aspects, could help to achieve a much closer match between what is expected and what is achieved. In particular, the paper discusses ways in which the Regulations could be improved so that the impact of thermal bridging, construction quality, window performance and airtightness are more closely controlled.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800010330121
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    Playing back the past. Part 1: deciphering old structures and the work of the RCHME (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 74-76 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Postulates the metaphor of a "video camera" to discuss the way old structures accumulate physical signs of the events through which they have existed. Outlines the nature and purpose of the RCHME, its constitution, size, and its objectives of: survey, curating and making available its archives, and recording of "threatened buildings". Suggests why the past is regarded as significant and how historical research operates by piecing together evidence. Explains how old structures contribute their stored evidence to this process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800010330103
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    Learning building pathology using computers - a prototype application (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 111-119 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Building defects are notoriously difficult to identify, even by the most experienced surveyor. Traditional training methods of identifying defects in buildings involved the physical visiting of a property. This has become more difficult as insurance and organisational issues have made this practice unsafe and costly. Methods of training surveyors can be brought up to date with the introduction of desktop technology to provide learners with a rich set of learning resources in a much easier format. Defects generated from real life cases using digital cameras are stored in a format that can be transformed into QuickTime VR movies and then used to train inexperienced surveyors. This paper describes a prototype application using case-based-reasoning virtual reality and multimedia authoring technologies. The architecture of the system is described and some details of the methodology used are discussed. An iterative approach is used to develop the system and validate it.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800010330167
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    Achieving exemplary quality in the construction professions (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 155-162 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Explores the nature of quality management in professional practices regarded as exemplary by experienced clients. Ten case studies of projects carried out by such firms were selected. Focuses on three areas: the view of professional clients; the approach to quality management taken by exemplary practices; and the approach taken to managing change taken by these practices. Reaches four main conclusions: quality culture was regarded by both clients and practitioners as more important than a formal quality system; clients tended to devote more effort to initial selection of professionals than to subsequently monitoring their performance; exemplary professionals were guided by their own strong principles rather than simply reacting to client instructions; briefing was a key element in project success.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800010341480
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    Invalid party wall awards and how to avoid them (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 168-177 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Considers the reasons for the invalidity of party wall awards. Examines decided cases under earlier party wall legislation in the context of the Party Wall etc. Act 1996. Explains invalidity on the basis of an excess of the surveyors' statutory authority. Defines this authority in terms of jurisdiction and power. Demonstrates the limits of the surveyors' authority and emphasises the importance of strict compliance with statutory procedures. Concludes that surveyors should adopt an inquisitive and analytical approach to the scope of their authority to avoid the possibility of invalid awards. Echoes John Anstey's earlier warning that surveyors should avoid a broad-brush approach to their duties which will only leave them "covered in soot".
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800010341525
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    Boundaries and conservation (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 192-194 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: J. Anstey and M.R.G. Conzen both made important contributions to the study of urban boundaries. Conzen's work provides a framework for the analysis of the process of physical change in the historic urban environment. Anstey's work provides an understanding of the legal controls over boundaries. These two perspectives are brought together to examine the reasons for the persistence or obliteration of plan form in British towns. Comment is made on the effectiveness of the planning and conservation control system in conserving town plans.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800010360029
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    What is a structure? (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 205-207 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Considers the meaning of "structure" within the Party Wall etc. Act 1996. Notes that a literal meaning might include all man-made objects in the built environment. Argues, however, that such an interpretation might be subject to a qualifying limitation on the basis of the golden rule of statutory interpretation and the presumption against depriving an individual of his rights. Suggests, on this basis, that only significant objects which are sufficiently proximate to the building operations to involve some real invasion of an adjoining owner's rights should be included within the definition. Notes that this leaves considerable scope for discretion to be exercised by surveyors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800010360047
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    Party walls and adverse possession: party wall divides lawyers and surveyors (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 221-224 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper concerns the 1999 Court of Appeal case of Prudential Assurance Co Ltd v. Waterloo Real Estate Inc., where it was held that a party wall can be adversely possessed by one of its owners. After an examination of the facts of the case, the paper analyses the legal requirements for a party wall to become adversely possessed; in particular the requirement that the land be possessed by the claimant and that the claimant has the requisite intention to possess the land. The practical consequences of the decision are also discussed, as well as preventative measures to avoid such situations arising.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800010360065
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    Why the adjoining owner's surveyor needs an engineer (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 228-230 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper explains the reasons for the appointment of an engineer by an adjoining owner's surveyor in the context of party wall and adjacent excavation works. Recent changes in contract procedures and professional relationships, together with associated downward pressures on fees, are identified as having contributed to a vulnerability for adjoining owners in these circumstances. The engineer's role in scrutinising temporary works is therefore demonstrated to provide an increasingly important safeguard for adjoining owners.
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    Sensible and co-operative solutions under the Party Wall etc. Act 1996 (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 259-261 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper notes the challenges faced by surveyors outside London by the demands of implementing the new party wall legislation. It pays tribute to John Anstey's guidance in this area and emphasises the importance of adopting a practical and common-sense approach to the legislation. It cites a recent example where this approach was found to be successful and notes the continuing development of party wall expertise nationwide.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800010360119
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    Environmental benchmarking of Hong Kong buildings (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 19 (2001), S. 38-46 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A method for assessing the environmental performance of Hong Kong's buildings has been developed, known as the Hong Kong Building Environmental Assessment Method or HK-BEAM. The assessment is a type of expert-based survey, either of the design, in the case of proposed buildings, or an evaluation of building performance for newly built or existing buildings. The assessment essentially provides a benchmark of environmental performance against a series of qualitative and quantitative measures that earn "credits". Buildings can be rated as "excellent", "very good", "good" or "fair". The assessment covers global, local and indoor issues. The original assessment has been in use since 1996 and allowed appraisal of new and existing air-conditioned offices. A new version has been recently produced for residential buildings. The latest version has addressed some of the criticisms of the earlier versions and covers a wider range of issues, taking a life-cycle approach. Reviews the latest new residential version, making comparisons with the earlier new offices scheme.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800110384220
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    A review of the proposals for amending the energy efficiency provisions in the Building Regulations for dwellings (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 19 (2001), S. 89-99 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Reviews the UK government's proposals for amending the energy efficiency of new dwellings. With the aid of worked examples the alternative calculation methods for U-values are demonstrated. The author concludes that the new methods are cumbersome to calculate by hand and that where there is only one bridged layer the difference between the old and new methods is negligible. It is envisaged that manufacturers and SAP providers will quickly provide new calculation suites to enable designers to undertake calculations effectively and easily.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800110393608
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    Contractor selection for small building works in Hong Kong (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 20 (2002), S. 129-135 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Contractor selection models have been developed for large scale works with the assumption of the availability of contractor's information for the clients. However, a similar study of small building works, especially building maintenance and repair works, is almost ignored. In light of the small amount of work, the employment of building consultants for the selection of contractors in small works is often not feasible, and the cost of acquiring the contractor's information is often prohibitively high. This research uses case studies to show that a contractor selection model for large scale works does not perform well in small works without the advice of the consultant. The high proportion of specification costs in small works contracting deters the detailed design and documentation stage. A wider variation of tender sums is therefore expected and revealed in the case studies. This paper reviews the building procurement mechanism in small building works in Hong Kong and argues that the employment of a property management agent is conducive to the contractor selection process. Accordingly, further investigations are warranted for a contractor selection model for small building works.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800210445690
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    Flood defence and the surveyor: what's new? (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 20 (2002), S. 117-122 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The long historical background to flood defence is outlined. It is noted that many of the concerns and approaches are not new. However in some areas changes are occurring. The freshwater flooding across much of England and Wales in spring 1998 hastened new approaches to the relationship between flood defence agencies and the public. Recent published guidance on flood proof construction is described and reviewed, and a role for the building surveyor is identified.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800210445672
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    Issues of site inspections for fire safety ranking of multi-storey buildings (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 21 (2003), S. 79-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Recent fire disasters in Hong Kong and other cities in China show that fire safety should receive more attention. In Hong Kong, a large number of pre-1980 high-rise buildings were designed according to old prescriptive building and fire codes. The fire protection measures of these buildings may not be the same as the standard in effect today, even if all fire safety items have been well maintained. Assessment of the fire safety level of these old buildings - on the basis of current prescriptive requirements - may return a conclusion that many buildings' fire safety systems are "sub-standard", and the fire safety level is unacceptably low. However, whether such a conclusion is warranted, thereby triggering immediate improvement action, is debatable, because the rigid prescriptive requirements in the fire codes do not provide a holistic picture of the fire safety level in these buildings. This paper discusses the issues of site inspections for a systematic approach to perform the fire safety ranking for multi-storey buildings.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800310479070
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    The fight against SARS: a backfilling connection for the prevention of drying out of floor drains' U-traps (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 21 (2003), S. 114-118 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was first reported in China in November 2002 and had spread to Hong Kong by late February 2003. Initially hospitals were the main sites of the infection which was thought to be due to an airborne virus. However the spread of the virus to large residential tower blocks led authorities to suspect that the evaporation of toilet floor drain U-traps may be a possible way of spreading the virus. The paper reports a full scale rig testing of methods to prevent the evaporation of the U-trap water seals and concludes with recommendations for further research.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800310507122
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    Strength and durability performance of HPC incorporating pozzolans at elevated temperatures (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 20 (2002), S. 123-128 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The inclusion of pozzolans like pulverised fuel ash (PFA), silica fume (SF) and metakaolin (MK) enhances the properties of concrete both in fresh and hardened states. In the case of high performance concrete (HPC), their role in enhancing the workability, strength and durability is extremely significant. However HPC has been observed to be more vulnerable than normal strength concrete when exposed to elevated temperatures. This paper presents an overview and discusses the strength and durability performance of high-performance pozzolanic concretes incorporating PFA, SF, and MK subjected to elevated temperatures. Various researchers have demonstrated that addition of silica fume causes HPC to perform poorly when subjected to elevated temperatures. Higher loss of strength and spalling risks are also associated with it. Addition of PFA and MK has been found to improve the fire performance of HPC both in terms of residual strength and durability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800210445681
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    What is the moisture meter trying to tell us? (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 20 (2002), S. 162-172 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Many surveyors are confused about the role and accuracy of moisture meters. Draws upon extensive field experience of their use and reports the findings of laboratory testing of various materials with the most frequently used moisture meter. The meter is tested in pin probe and "search" modes on timber, PFA block, lime plaster and plasterboard. The resulting graphs help to explain what the meter reading on screen actually means and can only help surveyors get more out of the meter to diagnose dampness more effectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800210456814
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    The decision to build and the organisation (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 20 (2002), S. 189-198 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The decision to build initiates the development process. After taking account of all the factors it represents a decision to embark on a built solution to satisfy the organisation's strategic objectives. It is a decision that senior managers and members of the design team should be aware of, reflect on and consider why the decision to build was made in the first place. By understanding the history of the strategic decision the design team may be better able to respond to client requirements and opportunities by providing the most appropriate building. In practice, most participants in the design process are often divorced from the decision within the client organisation and may lack the necessary background information that informed, guided or forced the choice of a building solution. There is a dearth of well-documented material and literature on this key decision in the development process. The literature is sparse and that which does exist often ignores or only includes as a secondary issue the decision to build. The attitude is often one where the decision is generally accepted as a given, not to be revisited or amended by later players. Presents some key findings from the research into the project inception and the decision to build process, with particular emphasis on the environmental factors that influence the process and the product.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800210456832
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    Improving the flood resistance of domestic property (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 22 (2004), S. 79-83 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A number of factors are now combining to make floods in the UK more frequent, more widespread and more costly. These include greater variations in weather patterns with more and heavier rain; changes in land use with increased development on the floodplain and the effectiveness and availability of flood defences and drainage systems. While the Government has a significant flood management programme in place to address the needs of the UK's at risk areas, individual property owners can, perhaps in partnership with their mortgage provider, insurer or local authority, do much to increase the resistance of their properties to flood damage. Further, these repairs could significantly reduce the cost of subsequent damage, should flooding occur again. The options considered in this paper include the use of flood protection products and the use of more flood-resilient materials and repairs methods with a review of the cost- benefit of the latter depending on the type, severity and frequency of flooding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800410538604
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    Surveyor variability - application of social judgement theory (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 21 (2003), S. 63-69 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Surveyor variability has been previously identified as a barrier to the consistency and usability of house condition survey data. This paper explores the use of social judgement theory (SJT) as a potential method to account for, and reduce the impact of, surveyor variability. The study followed the principles of SJT first proposed by Egon Brunswik. The results of the study indicate that the SJT method does have the potential to aid understanding of the survey judgement policy of individual surveyors in terms of the importance they give to building elements and the underlying focus, or theme, of a survey. Knowledge of this policy could be utilised in house condition surveys by recalibration of survey results to take account of a surveyor's policy. In addition, training requirements for individual surveyors could be identified.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800310479052
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    Polypropylene fibres in concrete with regard to durability (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 21 (2003), S. 87-94 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Recent laboratory research has shown that small additions of monofilament polypropylene fibres in concrete, in diameter range of 22 to 35 micron by 19mm long, reduce the flow of water through the concrete matrix by preventing the transmission of water through the normal modes of ingress, e.g. capillaries, pore structure, covercrete, etc. The implications of these qualities in concrete with polypropylene fibre additions is that cement hydration will be improved, separation of aggregate will be reduced and the flow of water through concrete that causes deterioration from freeze/thaw action and rebar corrosion will be reduced, creating an environment in which enhanced durability may take place. As a consequence, lower life cycle costs and best value will be achieved for concrete use, with an ultimate reduction in the cost of maintaining the aging infrastructure. A unique aspect of this work is that heart and covercrete are analysed and compared with corroborative results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800310479089
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    Developing future energy performance standards for UK housing: The St Nicholas Court project - Part 1 (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 21 (2003), S. 119-130 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper (and Part 2, to appear in the next issue) set out the results of a housing field trial designed to evaluate the impact of an enhanced energy performance standard for dwellings. The project was designed to inform the next review of Part L of the Building Regulations for England and Wales, which, following the publication of the UK government's white paper on energy policy, is expected in 2005. The project explores the implications of an enhanced standard in the context of timber frame construction. Although for programming reasons it was necessary to terminate the research project at the end of the design phase, the results suggest that the standard investigated is well within the capacity of the industry but it was clear that the whole supply chain will need to take a positive approach to the development of new solutions. The secret to a smooth and cost optimised transition is for the necessary development work to begin immediately, not when regulation changes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800310507131
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    A factor approach to analysis of home maintenance outcomes and attributes of management successes in the owner-occupied sector (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 21 (2003), S. 158-172 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper seeks to explore and detect underlying relationships between identifiable attributes that are influential to successful outcomes of home maintenance activities. The study's approach is to identify, from the perspective of owner-occupiers, the attributes that are influential on the successful outcomes of home maintenance activities. The study is primarily based on 186 questionnaire responses from a stratified random sample of owner-occupiers taken from 12 local authority wards identified on the basis of a Ward Index of Multiple Deprivation. The intercorrelations among the attributes influential to the outcomes of home maintenance activities demanded the application of principal component analysis to determine the factors perceived to dictate home maintenance outcomes. This resulted in the extraction of nine significant factors, which combine to exert their influence on the quality of the maintenance activities in the owner-occupied sector.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800310507168
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    Traditional roofing techniques in the Lake District National Park (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 21 (2003), S. 196-205 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper considers vernacular roofing practices for natural slate within the Lake District National Park and looks at the application of traditional techniques within the environmentally-sensitive area. The paper examines the geology of the Lake District, slate production, methods of re-slating and specific techniques and details. The paper uses case studies of recent roofing projects to illustrate good practice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800310511541
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    Freeze/thaw durability in concrete with fibre additions (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 21 (2003), S. 225-233 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: From recent laboratory research monofilament and fibrillated polypropylene fibres were used in structural concrete and have been tested against 150 freeze/thaw cycles. The findings show monofilament fibres to play a significant role in protecting the concrete matrix against the forces encountered. External cube integrity was shown to be a poor indicator of structural condition. A significant aspect of the work is the range of tests applied to the freeze/thaw concrete cubes against the control sample. Strong evidence of condition was obtained from ultrasonic, compressive strength and weight loss. Surface scaling was not a satisfactory indication of the structural condition of the concrete.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800310511569
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    A surveyor's millennium review of building and design (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 8-16 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Presents the writer's personal review of construction and design of mainly domestic buildings of the Second Millennium. After a brief historical commentary a summary of the main defects the surveyor is likely to encounter in buildings of each period of the millennium is given. The importance of local knowledge is emphasised and as an example the main problems encountered in buildings of the West of England are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800010322445
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    A review of builder registration in the state of Victoria, Australia (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 38-46 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Builders have a long history of a public perception of poor image and low quality products. Political and administrative demands for builder registration and tighter control of entry into the industry have been seen to be the solution to these problems. However, progress towards registration and control has proved elusive. Recently, the state of Victoria in Australia introduced mandatory builder registration under its Building Control Act 1993. Further reform for the housing industry was introduced in 1996 through the Domestic Building Contracts and Tribunal Act 1995. As the first legislation of its kind in Australia, the Victorian experience provides a case study for similar developments elsewhere. This paper reviews the history of builder registration in Victoria and identifies the major provisions of the 1995 Act, including the organisations established to regulate and supervise the implementation of the legislation. The perceived drawbacks and benefits of the new system are also analysed following the limited experience since the introduction of the legislation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800010322526
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    A factor approach to the analysis of components' defects in housing stock (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 46-58 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper seeks to explore and detect underlying relationships between identifiable primary causes of defects in local authority housing stock with the view to identifying which groups of building components are associated with one another. It is primarily based on responses to a questionnaire from building surveyors who were involved in the day-to-day diagnosis of defects of a large local authority housing stock. The intercorrelations among the primary defect-causing factors demanded the application of principal component analysis to determine the factors affecting deterioration of the building fabric. This resulted in the extraction of nine significant factors which combine to exert their influence on the building.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800010322508
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    New directions of environmental management in construction: accepted levels of pollution (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 89-98 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Argues that the traditional construction procurement and management dimensions of time, quality and cost should be augmented by a fourth dimension - the environment. Discusses the considerable pollution problems of Hong Kong and the impact that construction has on the environment of the island. A well planned, managed and audited environmental assurance approach is advocated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800010330130
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    Approaches to the repair of traditional timber-framed buildings: the application of conservation philosophy into practice (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 136-147 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Considers some of the issues that arise when conservation philosophy is put into practice, by examining the repair of protected historic timber-framed buildings. Examines, primarily, the attitudes of key national heritage organisations, a number of prominent individuals and a significant number of conservation officers. Suggests that, while the practical and theoretical role of the repair guidance is acknowledged by practitioners, the reality is that work carried out to timber-framed buildings often lacks the clarity and coherence contained within that guidance. Suggests, further, that current guidance, while coherent, is too narrowly based and fails to reflect current concerns regarding appropriate approaches to valuing the built cultural heritage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800010341462
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    Analysis of a database of subsidence damage (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 19 (2001), S. 7-15 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Describes the format and scope of a database of predominantly technical information relating to subsidence and heave claims on shrinkable/expansible clay soils. The database includes information on 484 individual subsidence claims, comprising details of the property and its structure, the damage, ground and foundation conditions, vegetation, and monitoring and remedial measures. The data are analysed and implications for the investigation of subsidence claims are examined. The analyses indicate that, among other results: detached properties have greater susceptibility to subsidence or heave claims than non-detached properties; properties built prior to 1900 are less susceptible to damage than those built in the 1900-1944 period; there are no reasons to be concerned over current minimum depth requirements for construction in shrinkable/expansible clays; and London clay is the most commonly encountered "problem" soil.
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    Mortgage valuation report forms and the identification of subsidence (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 19 (2001), S. 15-21 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Examines whether surveyors engaged in mortgage valuation inspections using questionnaire-style report forms supplied by lending institutions are subject to an increased risk of liability in respect of identifying the present and future threat of subsidence to domestic properties. Analysis of the mortgage valuation report forms used by 34 different lending institutions showed that 20 per cent failed to ask any subsidence-related questions, only 6 per cent asked about the geology or soil type of the site, and only 9 per cent asked about the location of trees relative to the building. Evaluation of the report forms showed that the type, quality and quantity of questioning were such that 24 out of the 34 were inadequate and unreliable, leaving the surveyor at an increased risk of litigation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800110384194
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    The Homebuyers' Report and Valuation - how long should it take? (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 19 (2001), S. 21-26 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The research examines the time it takes to undertake a RICS/ISVA Homebuyer Survey and Valuation survey. Over 650 surveyors (94 per cent response rate) completed datasheets on how long they spend on site, dictating and finally checking a Homebuyers' Report on four property types. The sample for this research represents over 45 per cent of those professionals that carry out Homebuyers' Reports. The sample was drawn from organisations varying in size from large corporates to sole practitioner firms. The results of this research are presented, analysed and compared to the earlier work of Hollis and Bright.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800110384202
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    Investigating the effects of site and environmental conditions on a historic building and its contents (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 19 (2001), S. 46-57 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: An investigation of the effects of site and environmental conditions on a historic building and its contents has been undertaken at Withcote Chapel, Leicestershire, with the intention of establishing a relationship between dampness and levels of material deterioration. High and fluctuating levels of relative humidity within the building have been previously corrected using dehumidification, its demise leading to concerns for the long-term welfare of important fixtures and fittings. Appropriate remedial action, including the proposed application of conservation heating, is put forward for discussion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800110384239
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    Quantifying the relationships between buildability, structural quality and productivity in construction (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 19 (2001), S. 106-112 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Achieving high productivity and quality standards are two important issues in the construction industry. Buildability is an important concept adopted to help raise productivity and quality standards in the industry. While it is generally acknowledged that buildability is able to help raise productivity and quality standards in construction, no study has so far provided quantitative evidence to support the positive relationships between buildability, productivity and quality. Buildability is measured using the buildable design appraisal system in Singapore. Likewise, quality is measured using the construction quality assessment system. Productivity of building projects is measured by means of the floor area constructed per manday. By correlating these quantitative measures, there is empirical evidence to support the positive relationships between buildability, structural quality and productivity in construction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000005627
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    To build or not to build? Assessing the strategic needs of construction industry clients and their stakeholders (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 19 (2001), S. 121-132 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The pre-design stage of construction projects has become a focal point in design management research in the last decade, as it is primarily the source of problems such as rework, change orders, and contractual claims. In particular, it is widely acknowledged that client briefing is an intractable problem which many projects encounter. Primarily this is because little attention is given to assessing the needs of the client, stakeholders and those of the design team. With this in mind, this paper presents a soft system approach known as strategic needs analysis (SNA) to assist clients, stakeholders and their design teams in determining their strategic needs for a given project. The rationale for using a SNA approach during the early stages of the project development process and in relation to the strategic environment of the client organization is presented and discussed. The SNA process is described and applied to two case study projects. It is concluded that SNA can improve the strategic decision-making process of a project, as clients are able to identify their strategic needs and thus improve the effectiveness of the briefing process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800110393941
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    The specification and repair of stone slate roofing within the Yorkshire Dales National Park (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 19 (2001), S. 57-67 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Deals with the specification and repair of stone slate roofing within the Yorkshire Dales National Park. Initially examines the importance of roofing works and then goes on to give advice on preliminary items of access and safety. The methods of re-slating are then discussed and specific techniques of details are considered and illustrated. The surveying of stone slate roofs has been the subject of a previous paper.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800110384248
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  • 79
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    Vertically restrained clay brickwork cladding (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 19 (2001), S. 82-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The use of clay brickwork masonry as a cladding on framed building structures is reviewed and the problems with the modern form of construction for brickwork cladding highlighted. The potential for developing simpler, improved forms of cladding, in which free vertical movement of the brickwork is restrained, is discussed. Preliminary results are presented of an ongoing programme of research to investigate the performance of clay brickwork under conditions of vertical restraint, involving the construction and monitoring of full-scale brickwork test panels on a multi-storey concrete frame.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800110393572
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  • 80
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    Making sense of the party wall legislation: still no easy task (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 20 (2002), S. 13-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Notes the ambiguities within the party wall legislation. Describes the "proceduralist" and "rightist" approaches to interpretation of the statute. Provides examples of each approach. Traces the development of the current judicial approach to interpretation and describes surveyors' responses to this. Cites the recent case of Frances Holland School v. Wassef [2001] as demonstrating the consistency of the judicial approach. Discusses issues, raised by the case, relating to ex parte awards and the statutory definition of "owner". Concludes that surveyors should follow a rightist approach to the legislation, whilst also understanding the limits of the rightist doctrine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800210426213
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  • 81
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    Geomorphology and stone conservation: sandstone decay in Stoke-on-Trent (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 20 (2002), S. 50-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Identifying stone decay forms is an essential first step in stone conservation. In this study a visually based geomorphological approach was used to provide a rapid assessment of the general weathering characteristics displayed by building sandstones in Stoke-on-Trent. Stone decay was found to be largely caused by the mechanical disruption of the sandstone and its occurrence was extremely variable in both space and time. The study demonstrates the close interrelationship between stone properties, environmental conditions, morphology of weathering features, and building characteristics. It is important that these close and dynamic interrelationships are recognised when seeking to explain or predict stone behaviour for management purposes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800210433828
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  • 82
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    The realities of applying total quality management in the construction industry (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 20 (2002), S. 88-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Japanese contractors have been successful in adopting total quality management (TQM) practices in their domestic operations. By examining Japanese contractors in a foreign country, the research presented in this paper shows that the implementation of TQM in the construction industry is constrained by national markets where the clients, subcontractors and site operatives are not imbued with the same quality culture. The location-bound nature of the production process, competitive bidding which emphasises cost, dependence on subcontractors and the non-direct link between the main contractors and site operatives are some of the constraining factors. Nonetheless, as demonstrated by the Japanese contractors, TQM routines can still be implemented, provided local norms and contracting practices are accommodated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800210433864
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  • 83
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    Conservation finance 2: area-based initiatives and the role of foundations, funds and non-profit agencies (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 20 (2002), S. 112-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper develops the issue of funding from a first paper "Conservation finance 1: support for historic buildings"), which highlighted specific measures in use including direct grant aid, low-interest loans, fiscal relief, tax credits, the transference of development rights with associated funding measures and compensation schemes. Further consideration is given to other avenues for raising finance in support of the built heritage from public and also other sources as a part of the process of developing integrated conservation strategies (such as via foundations, lotteries, revolving funds and non-profit organisations, combining methods of financing for individual properties including for housing rehabilitation and through area-based schemes). Taken together, the two papers examine different approaches to funding the built heritage by reference to practice in western Europe and North America.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800210445663
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  • 84
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    The significance of cracks in low-rise buildings (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 20 (2002), S. 155-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper suggests a framework for the systematic investigation of cracking in low-rise buildings. The procedure to follow is described in detail and monitoring equipment is recommended. A data-gathering and assessment methodology is presented and the important question of whether the cracking is "significant" is considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800210456805
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  • 85
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    Investigation and assessment of attitudes to and perceptions of the built environments in NHS trust hospitals (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 20 (2002), S. 182-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This study investigated the perceptions and attendant behavioural attitudes of stakeholders, including patients and visitors, to the built environments and supporting facilities provided by an NHS trust hospital. The study used a variety of methodologies to collect empirical data. This included an extensive literature survey and research review, one-to-one patient interviews, a large questionnaire survey, patients' picture stories, a novice-expert technique and a series of futures conferences. By these methods, the study assessed how stakeholders perceived the health-care environment, including buildings, internal and external areas, and landscape and aesthetic considerations. It further identified their preferences for a range of services that were not typically provided by the NHS and established the extent of their willingness to pay.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800210457138
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  • 86
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    Constructionline: a review of current issues and future potential (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 21 (2003), S. 16-21 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Reviews the early years of the operation of the "one-stop" approved list for public sector construction work in the UK. The findings of questionnaire studies of clients and contractors/consultants suggest that a majority of users are satisfied with the system but that some fine-tuning is required to ensure further take-up of Constructionline.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800310470826
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  • 87
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    Selection of demolition techniques: a case study of the Warren Farm Bridge (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 21 (2003), S. 36-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: There are numerous demolition techniques available to the demolition contractor from the well-known blasting techniques to the less known hydrodemolition techniques. It is essential for the demolition contractor to be aware of the various types of demolition techniques available in the demolition industry and to know their advantages and disadvantages. It is also equally important for the demolition contractor to have a set of criteria to follow in order to arrive at the most appropriate demolition technique to employ on projects. This paper outlines the case study of the demolition of Warren Farm Bridge over the M1 motorway in the UK. The demolition was closely followed from the planning stage until the actual execution on-site with the co-operation of the demolition contractors and site agents. The paper also discusses the selection criteria for demolition techniques and as a result some guidelines for selecting a demolition technique have been produced.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800310470853
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  • 88
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    Condition inspections of residential property: a procedural framework (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 20 (2002), S. 31-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Presents a procedural framework for the inspection of domestic property. A mechanistic task, such as sketching the site plan and roof plan, is advocated in order to achieve focus, familiarity and freedom to undertake the inspection alone. An inspection of the exterior followed by the interior is recommended and a "top-down" procedure is suggested. The type of information to record and how to record it are both discussed and reference is made to the existing and forthcoming benchmark standards of SAVA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800210426240
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  • 89
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    The state of health and safety in the UK construction industry with a focus on plant operators (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 20 (2002), S. 78-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Using statistics obtained from the Health and Safety Executive, compares accident rates occurring within the UK construction industry to the accident rates occurring within other industries; then assesses and discusses these. Results reveal that the construction industry is arguably the most hazardous industry and has consistently recorded a poor accident record. Off-highway plant and equipment is a considerable contributor to the industry's infamous record. Then assesses accidents relating to individual plant items and discusses the underlying reasons for such accidents. Part of the problem stems from poor mechanical design but in the majority of cases the operator is at fault. Training programmes and initiatives have previously attempted to address this problem but regrettably the Provision and Use of Work Equipment regulations do not enforce mandatory training and certification. Provides a potential solution to this problem through the use of psychometric test development. Hypothesizes such an approach as representing a useful technique for both improving the skills and competence of existing operatives, and aiding the selection process when hiring new operatives.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800210433855
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  • 90
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    Commercial lease renewals - get a move on! (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 20 (2002), S. 136-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The Civil Procedure Rules that came into effect in October 2001 were intended to speed up litigation between landlords and tenants. This paper argues that they have had the opposite effect in that they have made the whole process of lease negotiation more onerous and complex. In a bid to enlighten commercial property practitioners, a practical guide though the chronological minefield of Part 2 of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 ("the Act") and the CPR 1998 Part 56 is offered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800210445708
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  • 91
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    Maintainability of wet areas of non-residential buildings (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 22 (2004), S. 39-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper discusses some important findings from a research project on the maintainability of wet areas of high-rise non-residential, buildings. The implications of six key factors of maintainability namely water-tightness, spatial, integrity, ventilation, material and plumbing on the occurrence of 14 most common defects found in wet areas were evaluated. Problem areas evaluated include water leakage from ceiling, staining/discolouration, paint defects, cracking/spalling of concrete, cracking/debonding of tiles, fungi/algae growth, pipe leakage and corrosion. An industry wide survey was conducted and the factors including workmanship, design detailing, maintenance and material incompatibility under tropical conditions are identified and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800410530918
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  • 92
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    Assessment of ageing high alumina cement concrete (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 16-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper reviews the techniques available for assessing the material characteristics and long-term performance of high alumina cement concrete construction. The use of some of these techniques is illustrated in a case study on typical pre-cast concrete beams.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800010322454
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  • 93
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    Building regulation and sustainable housing. Part 1: a critique of Part L of the Building Regulations 1995 for England and Wales (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 28-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper presents a critique of the energy efficiency aspects of the Building Regulations for England and Wales as they relate to dwellings. It is argued that a significant improvement in the regulations is required if large reductions in CO2 emissions are to be achieved in the first half of the next century and that considerable scope for regulation improvement exists (almost 90 per cent reductions in space heating are achievable). The paper identifies the shortcomings of the methods used to demonstrate compliance and proposes new approaches which would increase consistency and enable a clear programme of improvement to be established.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800010322517
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  • 94
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    The missing link (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 22-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Research is being carried out into the performance of surveyors undertaking a Homebuyer Report. The background to that research was published in Hollis and Bright (1999) and in Hollis (1999). This paper is a further sub-set of that work and deals with the analysis of the methodology of inspection based upon the observed inspections of parts of two buildings. It looks at the observation process of inspection undertaken by a sample of six surveyors. This showed that parts of the exposed interior of the building were not being looked at. The time for the examination of a room was created by tests to set a model against which the inspections could be measured. The conclusion is that the inspection may be only 10 per cent of that anticipated. The method of standard reporting is considered, and the absence of linkage between evidence collected for reporting in various compartments noted. The conclusions in this interim stage in the research suggest that there should be a better documented catalogue of inspection process and that there should be a greater emphasis placed upon the contemplation of the implication of the evidence. The conclusions are based upon a very small sample, and this means that the results may not be conclusive.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800010322490
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  • 95
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    Unnecessary inconvenience and compensation within the party wall legislation (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 99-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Examines the obligations to avoid unnecessary inconvenience and to pay compensation for loss or damage within the Party Wall, etc. Act 1996. Considers the argument that the two obligations are directly related. Demonstrates that the obligation to pay compensation only relates to work lawfully undertaken under the Act and that the obligation to avoid unnecessary inconvenience exists to define the limits of such work. Concludes that the two obligations are separate but complementary aspects of the statutory code and that no direct relationship exists between the two.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800010330149
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  • 96
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    Accrediting the surveyors (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 105-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper reviews a computerised system ISIS (Interactive Survey Information System) which could be used for the assessment or accreditation of those that inspect buildings. In the system developed by the author, the user is presented with colour images of a building and is able to inspect and interact with any or all of these pictures at will. By using navigation tools, realistic travel in many directions through and around the building is possible. Tests to aid inspection and diagnosis can be undertaken by using normal surveying tools available from the survey menu. The way the survey is undertaken, the order and number of images examined and where and when tools have been used, is recorded for later audit analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800010330158
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  • 97
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    Property Explorer - a guided tour of a virtual house (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 163-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Describes a computer-aided learning package developed as a multi-media teaching resource. The package models a three-bedroomed terrace house and students are able to interact with the model and simulate a building survey. The program is being developed as a CPD resource, particularly with the new seller's survey in mind.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800010341499
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  • 98
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    The appointed surveyor as arbitrator (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 18 (2000), S. 199-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper considers the legal status of a surveyor appointed under section 10 of the Party Wall etc. Act 1996. By reference to that Act as well as to the Arbitration Act 1996, the European Convention and to rules of natural justice it argues that the section 10 procedure is a statutory arbitration. It therefore argues that the appointed surveyor is an arbitrator who must be independent, act impartially, and be immune from suit. It also suggests that surveyors' awards can be adopted as judgments by the courts and that they can only be appealed against provided the strict appeals criteria of the Arbitration Act are met.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800010360038
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  • 99
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    Environmental assessment of rammed earth construction systems (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 19 (2001), S. 99-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Present concerns for sustainable development have led to a revival of traditional building practices using natural or recycled resources. There is a perception that buildings constructed from such materials are environmentally benign. This perception is questionable, as often no evaluation is undertaken to assess the associated environmental impacts. Rammed earth is one such construction technology that has seen renewed interest in recent years. The energy required to manufacture materials (i.e. embodied energy) is a significant component of the life cycle energy associated with buildings. This paper assesses the embodied energy of rammed earth construction relative to brick veneer and cavity brick construction. Rammed earth was found to have significantly less embodied energy than cavity brick construction (to which it is closer in thermal performance), but was approximately equivalent to brick veneer construction. Topics of further research identified include thermal performance and strategies for reducing the embodied energy of cement used for earth stabilisation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800110393680
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  • 100
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    A systematic approach to risk management for construction (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 19 (2001), S. 245-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Systematic risk management is expecting the unexpected - it is a tool which helps control risks in construction projects. Its objective is to introduce a simple, practical method of identifying, assessing, monitoring and managing risk in an informed and structured way. It provides guidance for implementing a risk control strategy that is appropriate to control construction projects at all levels. This paper will review systematic management approaches to risk. It discusses the allocation of risk and suggests that risk needs to be identified and managed early in the procurement process. In addition, a case study of a small project that was affected by difficult economic circumstances is included to demonstrate the effectiveness of systematic risk management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800110412615
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