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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (3,890)
  • Oceanography
  • Niederschlag
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
  • 2010-2014  (206)
  • 1930-1934
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  • 1
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    Quantitative Entwicklung von Flachseen in Brandenburg im Klimawandel (2014)
    In:  Kaden, S., Dietrich, O., Theobald, S. (Hrsg.). Wassermanagement im Klimawandel – Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von Anpassungsmaßnahmen. Berlin: oekom in Erscheinen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014
    Description: Teilergebnise des BMBF-Verbundforschungsprojektes INKA BB, des TP 22 „Nachhaltige Managementstrategien für glaziale Seen Brandenburgs im Klimawandel“. Ergebnisse aus Berechnungen mit dem NA-Modell EGMO-D für STAR2-Szenarion mit 0 und 2K Temperaturanstieg zur Wasserstandsentwicklung von Flachseen im Raum Brandenburg KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Absenkung der Seewasserspiegel im Extremfall um mehrere Meter, am größten in den Seen im Südosten Berlins und nehmen zum Nordwesten ab, Zunahme der Absenkungen ist am stärksten für Seen, welche im Vergleich zum Zufluss ein großes Volumen besitzen KATASTER-DETAIL: Tmit für (ECAHM, A1B, STAR 0.0T, d.h. T1 0.0 ... kein weiterer Temperaturanstieg nach 2000 und STAR 2.0K, d.h. T2.0 ... weiterer Temperaturanstieg nach 2000 um ca. 2K bis 2060), bis zum Jahr 2018 Stationarität des Füllungsregimes, erst danach Absenkungen zu erwarten Tmit (0K und 2K), von 0,5 m im Jahr 2018 bis auf 4,2 m im Jahr 2053, diejenigen mit 10% Überschreitungswahrscheinlichkeit von 0,4 m bis auf 2,4 m
    Keywords: Nordostdeutschland ; Szenarien 2004-2053 ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Verdunstung ; Abfluss ; Grundwasser
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY INKA BB
  • 2
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    Auswirkungen potenzieller Änderungen des Klimas und der Braunkohleförderung und -verstromung auf natürliche und bewirtschaftete Abflüsse in den Lausitzer Flusseinzugsgebieten (2014)
    In:  Kaden, S., Dietrich, O., Theobald, S. (Hrsg.). Wassermanagement im Klimawandel – Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von Anpassungsmaßnahmen. München: oekom verlag, 2014, S. 121-140
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014
    Description: Ergebnisse von Simulationen der potenziellen zukünftigen natürlichen bzw. bewirtschafteten Abflüsse auf Basis der hydrologischen Modelle SWIM, EGMO, WaSiM-ETH und HBV-light bzw. des Langfristbewirtschaftungsmodells WBalMo für Klimaszenarien von STAR (weiterer Temperaturanstieg um 0 K, 2 K bzw. 3 K) sowie WettReg A1B und eines Szenarios zur Braunkohleförderung und -verstromung (Rückgang des Grundwasserabsenkungsgebiets und der Sümpfungswassereinleitung) KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Rückgang der mittleren natürlichen und bewirtschafteten Abflüsse aufgrund steigender Temperaturen (und der potenziellen Evapotranspiration) sowie teilweise Rückgang der Niederschläge Bei den natürlichen Abflüssen sind die Effekte des Rückgangs des Grundwasserabsenkungsgebiets und der damit verbundenen Vergrößerung der abflusswirksamen Fläche geringer als die Auswirkungen der klimatischen Änderungen. Unsicherheiten der Ergebnisse sowohl aufgrund der Wahl des Klimaszenarios als auch des hydrologischen Modells KATASTER-DETAIL: Delte T (STAR 0K, : 2013-53 vs. 1961-1990) leichter Anstieg der natürlichen Abflüsse durch Rückgang des Grundwasserabsenkungsgebiets; jedoch Rückgang im Vergleich zur Referenzperiode um bis zu 20 % Delte T (STAR 2K, STAR 3K und WettReg A1B: Rückgang der natürlichen Abflüsse im Verlauf des Szenariozeitraums, dabei Rückgang der mittleren Abflüsse (MQ)m Vergleich zur Referenzperiode um bis zu 40 % (STAR 2K) bzw. 50 % (STAR 3K und WettReg A1B), dieser Effekt wird zum Teil durch Rückgang des Grundwasserabsenkungsgebiets gemildert. Bewirtschaftete Abflüsse STAR 0K: z.T. Anstieg bis 2030 STAR 2K, STAR 3K: deutlicher Rückgang ab 2030
    Keywords: Lausitz ; 2013-2053 ; Klima ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Abfluss ; Grundwasser ; Modell
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  • 3
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    A global ocean inventory of anthropogenic mercury based on water column measurements (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-08
    Description: Mercury is a toxic, bioaccumulating trace metal whose emissions to the environment have increased significantly as a result of anthropogenic activities such as mining and fossil fuel combustion. Several recent models have estimated that these emissions have increased the oceanic mercury inventory by 36-1,313 million moles since the 1500s. Such predictions have remained largely untested owing to a lack of appropriate historical data and natural archives. Here we report oceanographic measurements of total dissolved mercury and related parameters from several recent expeditions to the Atlantic, Pacific, Southern and Arctic oceans. We find that deep North Atlantic waters and most intermediate waters are anomalously enriched in mercury relative to the deep waters of the South Atlantic, Southern and Pacific oceans, probably as a result of the incorporation of anthropogenic mercury. We estimate the total amount of anthropogenic mercury present in the global ocean to be 290 +/- 80 million moles, with almost two-thirds residing in water shallower than a thousand metres. Our findings suggest that anthropogenic perturbations to the global mercury cycle have led to an approximately 150 per cent increase in the amount of mercury in thermocline waters and have tripled the mercury content of surface waters compared to pre-anthropogenic conditions. This information may aid our understanding of the processes and the depths at which inorganic mercury species are converted into toxic methyl mercury and subsequently bioaccumulated in marine food webs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lamborg, Carl H -- Hammerschmidt, Chad R -- Bowman, Katlin L -- Swarr, Gretchen J -- Munson, Kathleen M -- Ohnemus, Daniel C -- Lam, Phoebe J -- Heimburger, Lars-Eric -- Rijkenberg, Micha J A -- Saito, Mak A -- England -- Nature. 2014 Aug 7;512(7512):65-8. doi: 10.1038/nature13563.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA. ; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA. ; Observatoire Midi-Pyrenees, Laboratoire Geosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS/IRD/Universite Paul-Sabatier, 14, avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France. ; Department of Biological Oceanography, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, 1790 AB, The Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25100482" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Expeditions ; Food Chain ; *Human Activities ; Mercury/*analysis ; Oceanography ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Ocean science: eddy effects on biogeochemistry (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mahadevan, Amala -- England -- Nature. 2014 Feb 13;506(7487):168-9. doi: 10.1038/nature13048. Epub 2014 Jan 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24476817" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ecosystem ; Oceanography ; Oceans and Seas ; Peru ; Phytoplankton/metabolism ; *Seawater/analysis/chemistry ; *Water Movements ; Wind
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 5
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    Locating Noctiluca Miliaris in the Arabian Sea: An Optical Proxy Approach (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Coincident with shifting monsoon weather patterns over India, the phytoplankter Noctiluca miliaris has recently been observed to be dominating phytoplankton blooms in the northeastern Arabian Sea during the winter monsoons. Identifying the exact environmental and/or ecological conditions that favor this species has been hampered by the lack of concurrent environmental and biological observations on time and space scales relevant to ecologic and physiologic processes. We present a bio-optical proxy for N. miliaris measured on highly resolved depth scales coincident with hydrographic observations with the goal to identify conducive hydrographic conditions for the bloom. The proxy is derived from multichannel excitation chlorophyll a fluorescence and is validated with microscopy, pigment composition, and spectral absorption. Phytoplankton populations dominated by either diatoms or other dinoflagellates were additionally discerned. N. miliaris populations in full bloom were identified offshore in low-nutrient and low-N : P ratio surface waters within a narrow temperature and salinity range. These populations transitioned to high-biomass diatom-dominated coastal upwelling populations. A week later, the N. miliaris blooms were observed in declining phase, transitioning to very-low-biomass populations of non-N. miliaris dinoflagellates. There were no clear hydrographic conditions uniquely associated with the N. miliaris populations, although N. miliaris was not found in the upwelling or extremely oligotrophic waters. Taxonomic transitions were not discernible in the spatial structure of the bloom as identified by the ocean color Chl imagery, indicating that in situ observations may be necessary to resolve community structure, particularly for populations below the surface.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN16543 , Limnology and Oceanography; 59; 6; 2042-2056
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  • 6
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    SWIM: A Semi-Analytical Ocean Color Inversion Algorithm for Optically Shallow Waters (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Ocean color remote sensing provides synoptic-scale, near-daily observations of marine inherent optical properties (IOPs). Whilst contemporary ocean color algorithms are known to perform well in deep oceanic waters, they have difficulty operating in optically clear, shallow marine environments where light reflected from the seafloor contributes to the water-leaving radiance. The effect of benthic reflectance in optically shallow waters is known to adversely affect algorithms developed for optically deep waters [1, 2]. Whilst adapted versions of optically deep ocean color algorithms have been applied to optically shallow regions with reasonable success [3], there is presently no approach that directly corrects for bottom reflectance using existing knowledge of bathymetry and benthic albedo.To address the issue of optically shallow waters, we have developed a semi-analytical ocean color inversion algorithm: the Shallow Water Inversion Model (SWIM). SWIM uses existing bathymetry and a derived benthic albedo map to correct for bottom reflectance using the semi-analytical model of Lee et al [4]. The algorithm was incorporated into the NASA Ocean Biology Processing Groups L2GEN program and tested in optically shallow waters of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. In-lieu of readily available in situ matchup data, we present a comparison between SWIM and two contemporary ocean color algorithms, the Generalized Inherent Optical Property Algorithm (GIOP) and the Quasi-Analytical Algorithm (QAA).
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN15162 , Ocean Color Research Team Meeting; May 05, 2014 - May 07, 2014; Silver Spring, MD; United States
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  • 7
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    Ice-Shelf Flexure and Tidal Forcing of Bindschadler Ice Stream, West Antarctica (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Viscoelastic models of ice-shelf flexure and ice-stream velocity perturbations are combined into a single efficient flowline model to study tidal forcing of grounded ice. The magnitude and timing of icestream response to tidally driven changes in hydrostatic pressure and/or basal drag are found to depend significantly on bed rheology, with only a perfectly plastic bed allowing instantaneous velocity response at the grounding line. The model can reasonably reproduce GPS observations near the grounding zone of Bindschadler Ice Stream (formerly Ice Stream D) on semidiurnal time scales; however, other forcings such as tidally driven ice-shelf slope transverse to the flowline and flexurally driven till deformation must also be considered if diurnal motion is to be matched
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN14540 , Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 395; 184-193
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  • 8
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    Ocean Surface Carbon Dioxide Fugacity Observed from Space (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: We have developed and validated a statistical model to estimate the fugacity (or partial pressure) of carbon dioxide (CO2) at sea surface (pCO2sea) from space-based observations of sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll, and salinity. More than a quarter million in situ measurements coincident with satellite data were compiled to train and validate the model. We have produced and made accessible 9 years (2002-2010) of the pCO2sea at 0.5 degree resolutions daily over the global ocean. The results help to identify uncertainties in current JPL Carbon Monitoring System (CMS) model-based and bottom-up estimates over the ocean. The utility of the data to reveal multi-year and regional variability of the fugacity in relation to prevalent oceanic parameters is demonstrated.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: JPL-Publ-14-15
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  • 9
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    Improved Algorithms for Accurate Retrieval of UV - Visible Diffuse Attenuation Coefficients in Optically Complex, Inshore Waters (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Photochemical processes driven by high-energy ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in inshore, estuarine, and coastal waters play an important role in global bio geochemical cycles and biological systems. A key to modeling photochemical processes in these optically complex waters is an accurate description of the vertical distribution of UVR in the water column which can be obtained using the diffuse attenuation coefficients of down welling irradiance (Kd()). The Sea UV Sea UVc algorithms (Fichot et al., 2008) can accurately retrieve Kd ( 320, 340, 380,412, 443 and 490 nm) in oceanic and coastal waters using multispectral remote sensing reflectances (Rrs(), Sea WiFS bands). However, SeaUVSeaUVc algorithms are currently not optimized for use in optically complex, inshore waters, where they tend to severely underestimate Kd(). Here, a new training data set of optical properties collected in optically complex, inshore waters was used to re-parameterize the published SeaUVSeaUVc algorithms, resulting in improved Kd() retrievals for turbid, estuarine waters. Although the updated SeaUVSeaUVc algorithms perform best in optically complex waters, the published SeaUVSeaUVc models still perform well in most coastal and oceanic waters. Therefore, we propose a composite set of SeaUVSeaUVc algorithms, optimized for Kd() retrieval in almost all marine systems, ranging from oceanic to inshore waters. The composite algorithm set can retrieve Kd from ocean color with good accuracy across this wide range of water types (e.g., within 13 mean relative error for Kd(340)). A validation step using three independent, in situ data sets indicates that the composite SeaUVSeaUVc can generate accurate Kd values from 320 490 nm using satellite imagery on a global scale. Taking advantage of the inherent benefits of our statistical methods, we pooled the validation data with the training set, obtaining an optimized composite model for estimating Kd() in UV wavelengths for almost all marine waters. This optimized composite set of SeaUVSeaUVc algorithms will provide the optical community with improved ability to quantify the role of solar UV radiation in photochemical and photobiological processes in the ocean.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN10860 , Remote Sensing of Environment; 144; 11–27
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  • 10
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    Satellite Ocean Color Sensor Design Concepts and Performance Requirements (2014)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: In late 1978, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched the Nimbus-7 satellite with the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) and several other sensors, all of which provided major advances in Earth remote sensing. The inspiration for the CZCS is usually attributed to an article in Science by Clarke et al. who demonstrated that large changes in open ocean spectral reflectance are correlated to chlorophyll-a concentrations. Chlorophyll-a is the primary photosynthetic pigment in green plants (marine and terrestrial) and is used in estimating primary production, i.e., the amount of carbon fixed into organic matter during photosynthesis. Thus, accurate estimates of global and regional primary production are key to studies of the earth's carbon cycle. Because the investigators used an airborne radiometer, they were able to demonstrate the increased radiance contribution of the atmosphere with altitude that would be a major issue for spaceborne measurements. Since 1978, there has been much progress in satellite ocean color remote sensing such that the technique is well established and is used for climate change science and routine operational environmental monitoring. Also, the science objectives and accompanying methodologies have expanded and evolved through a succession of global missions, e.g., the Ocean Color and Temperature Sensor (OCTS), the Seaviewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS), and the Global Imager (GLI). With each advance in science objectives, new and more stringent requirements for sensor capabilities (e.g., spectral coverage) and performance (e.g., signal-to-noise ratio, SNR) are established. The CZCS had four bands for chlorophyll and aerosol corrections. The Ocean Color Imager (OCI) recommended for the NASA Pre-Aerosol, Cloud, and Ocean Ecosystems (PACE) mission includes 5 nanometers hyperspectral coverage from 350 to 800 nanometers with three additional discrete near infrared (NIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) ocean aerosol correction bands. Also, to avoid drift in sensor sensitivity from being interpreted as environmental change, climate change research requires rigorous monitoring of sensor stability. For SeaWiFS, monthly lunar imaging accurately tracked stability at an accuracy of approximately 0.1% that allowed the data to be used for climate studies [2]. It is now acknowledged by the international community that future missions and sensor designs need to accommodate lunar calibrations. An overview of ocean color remote sensing and a review of the progress made in ocean color remote sensing and the variety of research applications derived from global satellite ocean color data are provided. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the design options for ocean color satellite radiometers, performance and testing criteria, and sensor components (optics, detectors, electronics, etc.) that must be integrated into an instrument concept. These ultimately dictate the quality and quantity of data that can be delivered as a trade against mission cost. Historically, science and sensor technology have advanced in a "leap-frog" manner in that sensor design requirements for a mission are defined many years before a sensor is launched and by the end of the mission, perhaps 15-20 years later, science applications and requirements are well beyond the capabilities of the sensor. Section 3 provides a summary of historical mission science objectives and sensor requirements. This progression is expected to continue in the future as long as sensor costs can be constrained to affordable levels and still allow the incorporation of new technologies without incurring unacceptable risk to mission success. The IOCCG Report Number 13 discusses future ocean biology mission Level-1 requirements in depth.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN16796 , Optical Radiometry for Ocean Climate Measurements; 73-119
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  • 11
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    SWIM: A Semi-Analytical Ocean Color Inversion Algorithm for Optically Shallow Waters (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: In clear shallow waters, light that is transmitted downward through the water column can reflect off the sea floor and thereby influence the water-leaving radiance signal. This effect can confound contemporary ocean color algorithms designed for deep waters where the seafloor has little or no effect on the water-leaving radiance. Thus, inappropriate use of deep water ocean color algorithms in optically shallow regions can lead to inaccurate retrievals of inherent optical properties (IOPs) and therefore have a detrimental impact on IOP-based estimates of marine parameters, including chlorophyll-a and the diffuse attenuation coefficient. In order to improve IOP retrievals in optically shallow regions, a semi-analytical inversion algorithm, the Shallow Water Inversion Model (SWIM), has been developed. Unlike established ocean color algorithms, SWIM considers both the water column depth and the benthic albedo. A radiative transfer study was conducted that demonstrated how SWIM and two contemporary ocean color algorithms, the Generalized Inherent Optical Properties algorithm (GIOP) and Quasi-Analytical Algorithm (QAA), performed in optically deep and shallow scenarios. The results showed that SWIM performed well, whilst both GIOP and QAA showed distinct positive bias in IOP retrievals in optically shallow waters. The SWIM algorithm was also applied to a test region: the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Using a single test scene and time series data collected by NASA's MODIS-Aqua sensor (2002-2013), a comparison of IOPs retrieved by SWIM, GIOP and QAA was conducted.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN18960 , Ocean Optics Conference; Oct 26, 2014 - Oct 31, 2014; Portland, ME; United States
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  • 12
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    Obtaining Remote-Sensing Reflectance from Multiple Instrument Systems (2014)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Obtaining accurate in situ measurements of Apparent Optical Properties (AOPs) is critical to maintaining satellite data quality. One approach to ensure accuracy is to deploy several independent instruments to measure the same phenomenon. During a cruise in June 2012, off the lee coast of the island of Hawaii, repeated profiles were made with two separate radiometric systems, one from Satlantic, Inc. (Hyperpro) and the other from Biospherical Instruments, Inc. (C-Ops). The C-Ops is multispectral, while the Hyperpro is hyperspectral. Both measure above-water solar irradiance (E(sub s)), downwelling in-water irradiance (E(sub d)), and upwelling in-water radiance (L(sub u)). From these measurements remotely-sensed reflectance (R(sub rs))can be calculated and compared with satellite data. All instruments were calibrated shortly before use, and while differences are to be expected due to temporal changes and spectral weighting differences, these should be consistent and minimal. We explore these differences, and compare to data retrieved from the NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer onboard Aqua (MODIS Aqua) when available. We also examine data collection and processing protocols for these systems.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN18823 , Ocean Optics XXII; Oct 26, 2014 - Oct 31, 2014; Portland, ME; United States
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    Remotely Searching for Noctiluca Miliaris in the Arabian Sea (2014)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Reversing monsoonal winds in the Arabian Sea result in two seasons with elevated biological activity, namely the annual summer Southwest Monsoon (SWM; June to September) and winter Northeast Monsoon (NEM; November to March) [Wiggert et al., 2005]. Generally speaking, the SWM and NEM create two geographically distinct blooms [Banse and English, 2000; Levy et al., 2007]. In the summer, winds from the southwest drive offshore Ekman transport and coastal upwelling along the northwestern coast of Africa, which brings nutrient-rich water to the surface from below the permanent thermocline [Bauer et al., 1991]. In the winter, cooling of the northern Arabian Sea causes surface waters to sink, which generates convective mixing that injects nutrients throughout the upper mixed layer [Madhupratap et al., 1996]. This fertilization of otherwise nutrient-deplete surface waters produces one of the most substantial seasonal extremes of phytoplankton biomass and carbon flux anywhere in the world [Smith, 2005].
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN18825 , Ocean Optics XXII; Oct 27, 2014 - Oct 31, 2014; Portland, ME; United States
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  • 14
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    Algorithm Development and Validation of CDOM Properties for Estuarine and Continental Shelf Waters Along the Northeastern U.S. Coast (2014)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: An extensive set of field measurements have been collected throughout the continental margin of the northeastern U.S. from 2004 to 2011 to develop and validate ocean color satellite algorithms for the retrieval of the absorption coefficient of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (aCDOM) and CDOM spectral slopes for the 275:295 nm and 300:600 nm spectral range (S275:295 and S300:600). Remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) measurements computed from in-water radiometry profiles along with aCDOM() data are applied to develop several types of algorithms for the SeaWiFS and MODIS-Aqua ocean color satellite sensors, which involve least squares linear regression of aCDOM() with (1) Rrs band ratios, (2) quasi-analytical algorithm-based (QAA based) products of total absorption coefficients, (3) multiple Rrs bands within a multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis, and (4) diffuse attenuation coefficient (Kd). The relative error (mean absolute percent difference; MAPD) for the MLR retrievals of aCDOM(275), aCDOM(355), aCDOM(380), aCDOM(412) and aCDOM(443) for our study region range from 20.4-23.9 for MODIS-Aqua and 27.3-30 for SeaWiFS. Because of the narrower range of CDOM spectral slope values, the MAPD for the MLR S275:295 and QAA-based S300:600 algorithms are much lower ranging from 9.9 and 8.3 for SeaWiFS, respectively, and 8.7 and 6.3 for MODIS, respectively. Seasonal and spatial MODIS-Aqua and SeaWiFS distributions of aCDOM, S275:295 and S300:600 processed with these algorithms are consistent with field measurements and the processes that impact CDOM levels along the continental shelf of the northeastern U.S. Several satellite data processing factors correlate with higher uncertainty in satellite retrievals of aCDOM, S275:295 and S300:600 within the coastal ocean, including solar zenith angle, sensor viewing angle, and atmospheric products applied for atmospheric corrections. Algorithms that include ultraviolet Rrs bands provide a better fit to field measurements than algorithms without the ultraviolet Rrs bands. This suggests that satellite sensors with ultraviolet capability could provide better retrievals of CDOM. Because of the strong correlations between CDOM parameters and DOM constituents in the coastal ocean, satellite observations of CDOM parameters can be applied to study the distributions, sources and sinks of DOM, which are relevant for understanding the carbon cycle, modeling the Earth system, and to discern how the Earth is changing.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN12080
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    A Synthesis of Light Absorption Properties of the Arctic Ocean: Application to Semi-analytical Estimates of Dissolved Organic Carbon Concentrations from Space (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The light absorption coefficients of particulate and dissolved materials are the main factors determining the light propagation of the visible part of the spectrum and are, thus, important for developing ocean color algorithms. While these absorption properties have recently been documented by a few studies for the Arctic Ocean [e.g., Matsuoka et al., 2007, 2011; Ben Mustapha et al., 2012], the datasets used in the literature were sparse and individually insufficient to draw a general view of the basin-wide spatial and temporal variations in absorption. To achieve such a task, we built a large absorption database at the pan-Arctic scale by pooling the majority of published datasets and merging new datasets. Our results showed that the total non-water absorption coefficients measured in the Eastern Arctic Ocean (EAO; Siberian side) are significantly higher 74 than in the Western Arctic Ocean (WAO; North American side). This higher absorption is explained 75 by higher concentration of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in watersheds on the Siberian 76 side, which contains a large amount of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) compared to waters off 77 North America. In contrast, the relationship between the phytoplankton absorption (a()) and chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration in the EAO was not significantly different from that in the WAO. Because our semi-analytical CDOM absorption algorithm is based on chl a-specific a() values [Matsuoka et al., 2013], this result indirectly suggests that CDOM absorption can be appropriately erived not only for the WAO but also for the EAO using ocean color data. Derived CDOM absorption values were reasonable compared to in situ measurements. By combining this algorithm with empirical DOC versus CDOM relationships, a semi-analytical algorithm for estimating DOC concentrations for coastal waters at the Pan-Arctic scale is presented and applied to satellite ocean color data.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN11435 , Biogeosciences; 11; 12; 3131-3147
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    Global Ocean Phytoplankton (2014)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Marine phytoplankton are responsible for roughly half the net primary production (NPP) on Earth, fixing atmospheric CO2 into food that fuels global ocean ecosystems and drives the ocean's biogeochemical cycles. Phytoplankton growth is highly sensitive to variations in ocean physical properties, such as upper ocean stratification and light availability within this mixed layer. Satellite ocean color sensors, such as the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS; McClain 2009) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS; Esaias 1998), provide observations of sufficient frequency and geographic coverage to globally monitor physically-driven changes in phytoplankton distributions. In practice, ocean color sensors retrieve the spectral distribution of visible solar radiation reflected upward from beneath the ocean surface, which can then be related to changes in the photosynthetic phytoplankton pigment, chlorophyll- a (Chla; measured in mg m-3). Here, global Chla data for 2013 are evaluated within the context of the 16-year continuous record provided through the combined observations of SeaWiFS (1997-2010) and MODIS on Aqua (MODISA; 2002-present). Ocean color measurements from the recently launched Visible and Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS; 2011-present) are also considered, but results suggest that the temporal calibration of the VIIRS sensor is not yet sufficiently stable for quantitative global change studies. All MODISA (version 2013.1), SeaWiFS (version 2010.0), and VIIRS (version 2013.1) data presented here were produced by NASA using consistent Chla algorithms.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN24603 , Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society; 95; 7; S78-S80
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    Surface Nitrification: A Major Uncertainty in Marine N2O Emissions (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The ocean is responsible for up to a third of total global nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, but uncertainties in emission rates of this potent greenhouse gas are high (approaching 100%). Here we use a marine biogeochemical model to assess six major uncertainties in estimates of N2O production, thereby providing guidance in how future studies may most effectively reduce uncertainties in current and future marine N2O emissions. Potential surface N2O production from nitrification causes the largest uncertainty in N2O emissions (estimated up to approximately 1.6 Tg N/yr (sup -1) or 48% of modeled values), followed by the unknown oxygen concentration at which N2O production switches to N2O consumption (0.8 Tg N/yr (sup -1)or 24% of modeled values). Other uncertainties are minor, cumulatively changing regional emissions by less than 15%. If production of N2O by surface nitrification could be ruled out in future studies, uncertainties in marine N2O emissions would be halved.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN15891 , Geophysical Research Letters; 41; 12; 4247–4253
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    Accurately Measuring the Color of the Ocean on Earth and from Space: Uncertainties Revisited and A Report from the Community-Led Spectral Absorption Workshop to Update and Revise the NASA Inherent Optical Properties Protocol (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The color of the ocean (apparent optical properties or AOPs) is determined by the spectral scattering and absorption of light by its dissolved and particulate constituents.The absorption and scattering properties of the water column are the so-called inherent optical properties.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN18822 , Ocean Optics XXII; Oct 26, 2014 - Oct 31, 2014; Portland, ME; United States
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    GEOSTAR, an observatory for deep sea geophysical and oceanographic researches: characteristics, first scientific mission and future activity (2014)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: GEOSTAR (GEophysical and Oceanographic STation for Abyssal Research) is a project funded by in the 4th Framework Programme of the European Commission, with the aim of developing an innovative deep sea benthic observatory capable of carrying out long-term (up to 1 year) scientific observations at abyssal depths. The configuration of the observatory, conceived to be a node of monitoring networks, is made up of two main subsystems: the Bottom Station, which in addition to the acquisition and power systems and all the sensors also hosts the communications systems; and the Mobile Docker, a dedicated tool for surface-assisted deployment and recovery. At present the Bottom Station is equipped with a triaxial broad-band seismometer, two magnetometers (fluxgate and scalar), CTD, transmissometer, ADCP, but it can easily host other sensors for different experiments. The first phase of the project, started in November 1995, was concluded with the demonstration mission in Adriatic Sea at shallow water depth (42 m) in August - September 1998. Some preliminary results of this first scientific experiment are presented and discussed. The second phase, started in 1999, will end with a long-term deep sea scientific mission, scheduled during 2000 for 6-8 months at 3400 m.w.d. in the southern Tyrrhenian bathyal plain.
    Description: Published
    Description: 491-497
    Description: 3A. Ambiente Marino
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Deep-sea researches with multidisciplinary observatories ; Geophysics ; Oceanography ; Tyrrhenian Sea ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research Annual Report 2008 (2014)
    NIOMR | Lagos Nigeria
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Annual reports ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Refereed
    Format: 134
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    Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research Annual Report, 2011. (2014)
    Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research | Lagos, Nigeria
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Non-Refereed
    Format: 231pp.
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    Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research Annual Report, 2010. (2014)
    Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research | Lagos, Nigeria
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Non-Refereed
    Format: 245pp.
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    Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research Annual Report, 2009. (2014)
    Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research | Lagos, Nigeria
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Marine sciences ; Annual reports ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Non-Refereed
    Format: 210pp.
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    The contribution of the Weddell Gyre to the lower limb of the Global Overturning Circulation (2014)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-22
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 119 (2014): 3357–3377, doi:10.1002/2013JC009725.
    Description: The horizontal and vertical circulation of the Weddell Gyre is diagnosed using a box inverse model constructed with recent hydrographic sections and including mobile sea ice and eddy transports. The gyre is found to convey 42 ± 8 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3 s–1) across the central Weddell Sea and to intensify to 54 ± 15 Sv further offshore. This circulation injects 36 ± 13 TW of heat from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to the gyre, and exports 51 ± 23 mSv of freshwater, including 13 ± 1 mSv as sea ice to the midlatitude Southern Ocean. The gyre's overturning circulation has an asymmetric double-cell structure, in which 13 ± 4 Sv of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) and relatively light Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) are transformed into upper-ocean water masses by midgyre upwelling (at a rate of 2 ± 2 Sv) and into denser AABW by downwelling focussed at the western boundary (8 ± 2 Sv). The gyre circulation exhibits a substantial throughflow component, by which CDW and AABW enter the gyre from the Indian sector, undergo ventilation and densification within the gyre, and are exported to the South Atlantic across the gyre's northern rim. The relatively modest net production of AABW in the Weddell Gyre (6 ± 2 Sv) suggests that the gyre's prominence in the closure of the lower limb of global oceanic overturning stems largely from the recycling and equatorward export of Indian-sourced AABW.
    Description: The ANDREX project was supported by the National Environmental Research Council (NE/E01366X/1). L.J. also acknowledges financial support from NSF (OCE-1231803).
    Description: 2014-12-05
    Keywords: Weddell Sea ; Southern Ocean ; Meridional overturning circulation ; Oceanography ; Sea ice ; Climate
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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    Bibliography of technical reports : 1988 (2014)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The technical reports prepared by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1988 are listed in this bibliography.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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    Hydrographic data from R/V Endeavor cruise #143 (2014)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Hydrographic data collected during R/V Endeavor cruise 143 is presented as a preliminary study of subduction in the northeast Atlantic south of the Azores Front. The front is clearly defined at the northern end of CTD section #1 which also shows a layer of 16-18°C water subducted to the south. Section #2, 280 km to the east, is dominated by a large cyclonic ring with characteristics similar to 'eastern' rings reported earlier . An anomalously salty parcel of Mediterranean water in this section is typical of highly saline lenses seen in the Canary Basin.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grant Nos. OCE 85-15642 and OCE 85-18372.
    Keywords: Endeavor (Ship: 1976-) Cruise EN143 ; Oceanography ; Hydrography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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    Kapitel Wald (2013)
    In:  ???
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013
    Description: Simulationen mithilfe des Models 4C zu möglichen Auswirkungen der Klimaänderungen des RCP 8.5 Klimaszenariums auf Wälder in Deutschland Kiefer Fichte Eiche Buche KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Auswirkungen des Klimawandels (Temperatur, Niederschlag, CO2-Gehalt der Atmosphäre) auf die Wälder KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Frühjahr) + und Delta Nied (Frühjahr) -, dann Produktivität der Wälder -; Delta C02 + um 25 - 30 %, dann Produktion der Wälder + um 9 - 20%; Delta T + (an nicht wasserlimitierten Standorten), dann Produktivität der Wälder +; Delta CO2+, dann Wassernutzungseffizienz der Wälder +; Delta T (Sommer) +, dann Waldbrandgefahr +; Delta T (Sommer) + und Delta Nied (Sommer) - (= WaBi -), dann Trockenstress der Wälder + um bis zu 9% und dann Produktivität der Wälder -; Delta T (Sommer) + und Delta Nied (Sommer) -, dann Populationsdichte Kiefern-Großschädlinge +;
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 20. und 21. Jahrhundert ; Boden ; Buche ; Eiche ; Fichte ; Forst ; Kiefer ; Klima ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Phänologie ; Sturmschaden ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Verdunstung ; Waldbrand ; Waldwachstum ; Wassermangel ; Wind ; Grundwasser ; Modell
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    Analysis of uncertainties in the hydrological response of a model-based climate change impact assessment in a subcatchment of the Spree River, Germany (2013)
    In:  Hydrological Processes, early view: 10.1002/hyp.9933.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013
    Description: Ergebnisse aus Berechnungen mit den hydrologischen Modellen HBV-light und WaSiM-ETH angetrieben von den regionalen Klimamodellen (RCM) STAR (+2K, 100 Realisierungen, statistisch), WettReg2010 (A1B, 10 Realisierungen, statistisch), CCLM (A1B, 2 Realisierungen, dynamisch) und REMO (A1B, 1 Realisierung, dynamisch). Untersucht wurden zum einen die Unsicherheiten bezüglich des Einflusses der RCMs und hydrologischen Modelle auf die Endergebnisse sowie die zukünftige Abflussentwicklung in einem Teileinzugsgebiet der Oberen Spree KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Bei der Betrachtung von langjährigen Abflussmittelwerten trägt die Wahl des RCMs die größte Unsicherheit zur Gesamtbandbreite des Modellensembles bei. Die Ergebnisse der hydrologischen Modelle unterscheiden sich nur geringfügig. Die Vulnerabilität des Einzugsgebiets bezüglich klimatischer Änderungen bleibt unbeantwortet, da zum Teil gegensätzlich Entwicklung der tatsächlichen Verdunstung und des Abflusses simuliert werden aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Niederschlagsentwicklungen der RCM KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Temp: Alle RCMs (STAR (+2.4 °C), WettReg (+1.9 °C), CCLM (+1.6 °C), REMO (+1.2 °C)) Temperaturanstieg bis 2060 (dynamische RCMs schwächeren Anstieg im Vergleich zu den statistischen RCMs) Delta ETP: Alle RCMs Anstieg der potenziellen Verdunstung (ETP, Ansatz: Penman-Monteith). Statistische Modelle deutlich stärkeren Anstieg aufgrund geringerer Luftfeuchte und stärkeren Anstieg der Globalstrahlung (STAR: +135 mm/a, WettReg: +171 mm/a) im Vergleich zu den dynamischen RCMs (REMO: +12 mm/a, CCLM: +40 mm/a); Delta Nied: dynamische RCMs berechnen im Mittel leichten Anstieg (REMO: +38 mm/a, CCLM: +1 mm/a), statistische RCMs im Mittel erheblichen Rückgang (STAR: 120 mm/a, WettReg: 105 mm/a); Delta Tatsächliche Verdunstung: dynamische RCMs leichten Anstieg (REMO: zwischen +7-+18 mm/a, CCLM: zwischen +4-+10 mm/a, je nach hydrologischem Modell), statistische RCMs leichten Rückgang (STAR: zwischen -12 - -22 mm/a, WettReg: zwischen -2 - -10 mm/a, je nach hydrologischem Modell)
    Keywords: Lausitz, Nordostdeutschland ; 2031-2060 ; Klima ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Verdunstung ; Globalstrahlung ; Sonnenscheindauer ; Niedrigwasser ; Abfluss ; Grundwasser ; Modell
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    Oceanographic controls on the diversity and extinction of planktonic foraminifera (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-11
    Description: Understanding the links between long-term biological evolution, the ocean-atmosphere system and plate tectonics is a central goal of Earth science. Although environmental perturbations of many different kinds are known to have affected long-term biological evolution, particularly during major mass extinction events, the relative importance of physical environmental factors versus biological interactions in governing rates of extinction and origination through geological time remains unknown. Here we use macrostratigraphic data from the Atlantic Ocean basin to show that changes in global species diversity and rates of extinction among planktonic foraminifera have been linked to tectonically and climatically forced changes in ocean circulation and chemistry from the Jurassic period to the present. Transient environmental perturbations, such as those that occurred after the asteroid impact at the end of the Cretaceous period approximately 66 million years ago, and the Eocene/Oligocene greenhouse-icehouse transition approximately 34 million years ago, are superimposed on this general long-term relationship. Rates of species origination, by contrast, are not correlated with corresponding macrostratigraphic quantities, indicating that physiochemical changes in the ocean-atmosphere system affect evolution principally by driving the synchronous extinction of lineages that originated owing to more protracted and complex interactions between biological and environmental factors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peters, Shanan E -- Kelly, Daniel C -- Fraass, Andrew J -- England -- Nature. 2013 Jan 17;493(7432):398-401. doi: 10.1038/nature11815. Epub 2013 Jan 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA. peters@geology.wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23302802" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atlantic Ocean ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; *Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Extinction, Biological ; Foraminifera/*physiology ; Geologic Sediments ; Oceanography ; Plankton/*physiology ; Seawater/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Precise Comparisons of Bottom-Pressure and Altimetric Ocean Tides (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A new set of pelagic tide determinations is constructed from seafloor pressure measurements obtained at 151 sites in the deep ocean. To maximize precision of estimated tides, only stations with long time series are used; median time series length is 567 days. Geographical coverage is considerably improved by use of the international tsunami network, but coverage in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific is still weak. As a tool for assessing global ocean tide models, the data set is considerably more reliable than older data sets : the root-mean-square difference with a recent altimetric tide model is approximately 5 mm for the M2 constituent. Precision is sufficiently high to allow secondary effects in altimetric and bottom-pressure tide differences to be studied. The atmospheric tide in bottom pressure is clearly detected at the S1, S2, and T2 frequencies. The altimetric tide model is improved if satellite altimetry is corrected for crustal loading by the atmospheric tide. Models of the solid body tide can also be constrained. The free corenutation effect in the K1 Love number is easily detected, but the overall estimates are not as accurate as a recent determination with very long baseline interferometry.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN10820 , Journal of Geophysical Research; 118; 9; 4570-4584
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    Declining Nutrient Concentrations in the Northeast Atlantic as a Result of a Weakening Subpolar Gyre (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Between 1996 and the mid-2000s the upper waters (200-700 m) of the Rockall Trough became warmer (+0.72 C), saltier (+0.088) and reduced in nitrate and phosphate (-2.00 Micron and -0.14 Micron respectively). These changes, out-with calculated errors, can be explained by the varying influence of southern versus subpolar water masses in the basin as the Subpolar Gyre weakened and contracted. Upper water properties strongly correlate with a measure of the strength of the Subpolar Gyre (the first principal component of sea surface height over the Subpolar North Atlantic) prior to the mid-2000s. As the gyre weakens, the upper layers of the trough become warmer (r -0.85), more saline (r -0.86) and reduced in nitrate and phosphate (r +0.81 and r +0.87 respectively). Further the proportion of subpolar waters in the basin decreases from around 50% to less than 20% (r +0. 88). Since the mid-2000s the Subpolar Gyre has been particularly weak. During this period temperatures decreased slightly (-0.21 1C), salinities remained near constant (35.410 +/- 0.005) and phosphate levels low and stable (0.68 +/- 0.02 Micron). These relative lack of changes are thought to be related to the maximum proportion of southern water masses within the Rockall Trough having been reached. Thus the upper water properties are no longer controlled by changes in the relative importance of different water masses in the basin (as prior to the mid-2000s), but rather a different process. We suggest that when the gyre is particularly weak the interannual changes in upper water properties in the Rockall Trough reflect changes in the source properties of the southern water masses. Since the early-2000s the Subpolar Gyre has been weaker than observed since 1992, or modelled since 1960-1970. Hence upper waters within the Rockall Trough may be warmer, saltier and more depleted in nitrate and phosphate than at any time in the last half century.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN11148 , Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers (ISSN 0967-0637); 82; 95-107
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    Technical Report Series on Global Modeling and Data Assimilation (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: MERRA products were used to force an established ocean biogeochemical model to estimate surface carbon inventories and fluxes in the global oceans. The results were compared to public archives of in situ carbon data and estimates. The model exhibited skill for ocean dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), partial pressure of ocean CO2 (pCO2) and air-sea fluxes (FCO2). The MERRA-forced model produced global mean differences of 0.02% (approximately 0.3 microns) for DIC, -0.3% (about -1.2 (micro) atm; model lower) for pCO2, and -2.3% (-0.003 mol C/sq m/y) for FCO2 compared to in situ estimates. Basin-scale distributions were significantly correlated with observations for all three variables (r=0.97, 0.76, and 0.73, P〈0.05, respectively for DIC, pCO2, and FCO2). All major oceanographic basins were represented as sources to the atmosphere or sinks in agreement with in situ estimates. However, there were substantial basin-scale and local departures.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: NASA/TM-2013-104606/VOL 31 , GSFC-E-DAA-TN8985
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    Corrections to the MODIS Aqua Calibration Derived From MODIS Aqua Ocean Color Products (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Ocean color products such as, e.g., chlorophyll-a concentration, can be derived from the top-of-atmosphere radiances measured by imaging sensors on earth-orbiting satellites. There are currently three National Aeronautics and Space Administration sensors in orbit capable of providing ocean color products. One of these sensors is the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Aqua satellite, whose ocean color products are currently the most widely used of the three. A recent improvement to the MODIS calibration methodology has used land targets to improve the calibration accuracy. This study evaluates the new calibration methodology and describes further calibration improvements that are built upon the new methodology by including ocean measurements in the form of global temporally averaged water-leaving reflectance measurements. The calibration improvements presented here mainly modify the calibration at the scan edges, taking advantage of the good performance of the land target trending in the center of the scan.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN13575
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    How Two Sides of the Atlantic Contributed to Understanding of the Global Oceans: Charles Yentsch and Andre Morel (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In a few short days in September of this year, the ocean color/ocean optics community lost two of the founding members of its Hall of FameCharles Yentsch and Andre Morel. Yentsch passed away at the age of 85 on September 19, and Morel passed away on September 23 at the age of 79. It might sound clich to say that someone was instrumental to the advance of science in a particular field, but in the case of Yentsch and Morel and ocean color instrumentation, such an assessment would likely be accurate. Each mans career complimented that of the other Yentsch was one of the first to make measurements of the light field of the ocean from altitude and to advocate an instrument in space that could observe the spectrum of ocean radiance Morels theoretical underpinnings established a firm foundation for the measurements such an instrument could make, allowing their successful interpretation.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN7726 , Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin; 22; 1; 2-6
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    Production Mechanisms, Number Concentration, Size Distribution. Chemical Composition, and Optical Properties of Sea Spray Aerosols (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Over forty scientists from six countries convened in Raleigh, NC on June 4-6 2012 to review the status and prospects of sea spray aerosol research. Participants were researchers from the oceanography and atmospheric science communities, including academia, private industry, and government agencies. The recommendations from the working groups are summarized in a science prioritization matrix that is meant to prioritize the research agenda and identify areas of investigation by the magnitude of their impact on proposed science questions. Str
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN8472 , Atmospheric Science Letters; 14; 4; 207-213
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    Northern North Atlantic Sea Surface Height and Ocean Heat Content Variability (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The evolution of nearly 20 years of altimetric sea surface height (SSH) is investigated to understand its association with decadal to multidecadal variability of the North Atlantic heat content. Altimetric SSH is dominated by an increase of about 14 cm in the Labrador and Irminger seas from 1993 to 2011, while the opposite has occurred over the Gulf Stream region over the same time period. During the altimeter period the observed 0-700 m ocean heat content (OHC) in the subpolar gyre mirrors the increased SSH by its dominantly positive trend. Over a longer period, 1955-2011, fluctuations in the subpolar OHC reflect Atlantic multidecadal variability (AMV) and can be attributed to advection driven by the wind stress ''gyre mode'' bringing more subtropical waters into the subpolar gyre. The extended subpolar warming evident in SSH and OHC during the altimeter period represents transition of the AMV from cold to warm phase. In addition to the dominant trend, the first empirical orthogonal function SSH time series shows an abrupt change 2009-2010 reaching a new minimum in 2010. The change coincides with the change in the meridional overturning circulation at 26.5N as observed by the RAPID (Rapid Climate Change) project, and with extreme behavior of the wind stress gyre mode and of atmospheric blocking. While the general relationship between northern warming and Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) volume transport remains undetermined, the meridional heat and salt transport carried by AMOC's arteries are rich with decade-to-century timescale variability.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN8360 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans; 118; 7; 3670-3678
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    Sampling Small Eddies and Fronts with Boats and Planes in the Southern California Bight: Trials, Tribulations, and Some Successes (2013)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: 2013 UAVSAR Workshop; Mar 26, 2013 - Mar 27, 2013; Pasadena, CA; United States
    Format: text
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    SWOT Oceanography and Hydrology Data Product Simulators (2013)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The proposed Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission would demonstrate a new measurement technique using radar interferometry to obtain wide-swath measurements of water elevation at high resolution over ocean and land, addressing the needs of both the hydrology and oceanography science communities. To accurately evaluate the performance of the proposed SWOT mission, we have developed several data product simulators at different levels of fidelity and complexity.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium; Jul 21, 2013 - Jul 26, 2013; Melbourne; Australia
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  • 39
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    Caracterización de la zona de 'El Rincón' (provincia de Buenos Aires) como área de reproducción de peces costeros (2013)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: In order to characterize the 'El Rincón' (Buenos Aires prov., Argentina) spawning ground, adult fishes were caught with a bottom trawl net and ichthyoplankton samples obtained with a Nackthai net. Salinity and temperature were measured with a CTD. Samples and measurements were performed during the RV Eduardo Holmberg EH-03/08 scientific cruise carried out in November 2008. The region is characterized by the presence of an oceanographic front formed by waters diluted by the discharges of the Negro and Colorado rivers, high salinity waters originated in the San Matías Gulf and intermediate salinity continental shelf waters. The eggs and/or larvae identified corresponded to Argentine anchovy, Brazilian flathead, Argentine seabass, red porgy, leatherjack, butterfish, flatfish and sciaenids and gravid females of stripped weakfish, red progy, Brazilian flat-head, Argentine sandperch, Argentine seabass, leatherjack, flatfish, Atlantic searobin, Brazilian sandperch, red mullet, cocherito and midshipman. The results obtained and the information published allow to suggest that the settlement of a multispecific spawning ground in the area is due to the existence of a recirculation cell that would favour retention of eggs and larvae in the area, to the abundance of zooplankton components that serve as food for larvae and to the closeness of a juvenile nursery ground in the saltmarshes and tidal creeks zone that extends from Bahía Blanca to the Negro river mouth.
    Description: Con el objetivo de caracterizar la zona de reproducción de peces de 'El Rincón' (prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina), durante la Campaña BI Eduardo Holmberg EH-03/08 (noviembre de 2008) se capturaron peces adultos con una red de arrastre de fondo, se tomaron muestras de huevos y larvas con una red Nackthai y se efectuaron mediciones de salinidad y temperatura con un CTD. La región se caracteriza por la presencia de un frente oceanográfico formado por aguas diluidas por la descarga de los ríos Negro y Colorado, aguas de alta salinidad originadas en el Golfo San Matías y aguas de salinidad intermedia de la plataforma continental. Se identificaron huevos y/o larvas de anchoíta, pez palo, mero, besugo, palometa, pampanito, lenguado y esciénidos y hembras grávidas de pescadilla, besugo, pez palo, salmón, mero, palometa, lenguado, testolín, chanchito, trilla, cocherito y lucerna. Los resultados obtenidos y la información publicada permiten sugerir que el establecimiento de un área de desove multiespecífica en la región se debe a la existencia de una celda de recirculación que produciría la retención de huevos y larvas en la zona, a la abundancia de componentes del zooplancton que sirven de alimento a las larvas y a la cercanía de un área de cría de juveniles de la zona de marismas y canales de marea que va desde Bahía Blanca hasta la desembocadura del Río Negro.
    Description: Published
    Description: ictioplancton
    Description: peces marinos
    Description: zonas de desove
    Description: zona costera
    Description: reproducción
    Description: oceanografía
    Description: medioambiente marino
    Keywords: PSW, Argentina, Buenos Aires, El Rincon ; marine environment ; Ichthyoplankton ; Marine fish ; Spawning grounds ; Coastal zone ; Reproduction ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed , Article
    Format: issue:21 p.31-43
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    Observations océanographiques réalisées en 1977 (2013)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Published
    Description: observations océanographiques
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Current observations
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Non-Refereed , Article
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    A transboundary study of the pelagic fish stocks of southern (2013)
    Bueguela Current Comission | Bergen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The main objectives of the survey were the following: • To map the distribution and estimate the abundance of the most commercially important pelagic species in the Namibia-Angola transboundary area (15°50-19°00’), following the survey design utilized in Angolan waters (6 n.mi spacing between transect lines), with special emphasis on the two horse mackerel Cunene horse mackerel (Trachurus trecae) and Cape horse mackerel (Trachurus capensis), sardine “Pilchard” (Sardinops sagax) and other small pelagic species, including anchovy (Engraulis capensis) and round herring (Etrumeus whiteheadi). • To map the distributions and estimate the abundance of the same species in central Namibia south to Dune Point (20°15’ S), following the established survey design with 10 n.mi spacing between the transect lines. • To study and analyse the biological state of the main species, including length frequencies, length-weight relationships, reproductive stages and length-at-maturity. • To map the meteorological and hydrographical conditions in the survey area by means of continuous recordings of weather data such as Sea-surface temperature (SST), Seasurface salinity (SSS), wind
    Description: BCC PROJECT: LMR/NANSEN/1/10 CRUISE REPORTS “DR. FRIDTJOF NANSEN”1) Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway 2) Instituto Nacional de Investigação Pesqueira, Luanda, Angola 3) National Marine Information and Research Centre, Swakopmund, Namibia
    Description: Published
    Description: Northernern Namibia
    Description: Transboundary area
    Description: Trawl sampling procedures
    Description: Acoustical sampling
    Description: Survey grid
    Description: Meteorological sampling
    Description: hydrographical sampling
    Description: Oceanographic conditions
    Description: Transboundary area
    Keywords: Pelagic fisheries ; Fishery surveys ; Acoustics ; Sampling ; Trawls ; Oceanography ; Biomass ; Distribution ; Composition
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Non-Refereed
    Format: 46
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    Evolution spatio-temporelle des indices d'abondance d'assemblages (ichtyauphones) benthiques. Applications aux campagnes océanographiques dans la zone économique exclusive mauritanienne. (2013)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Mémoire pour l'obtention du diplôme de Master 2, soutenu en 2009 à l'Université de la Méditerranée (Aix-Marseille II)
    Description: Published
    Description: Indice d'abondance
    Description: Campagnes océanographiques
    Description: Zone Economique Exclusive
    Description: Ichtyofaune
    Description: Evolution spatiotemporelle
    Keywords: Benthic environment ; Exclusive economic zone ; Oceanography ; Ichthyofauna ; Benthic fauna ; Oceanographic surveys ; Exclusive economic zone ; Spatial distribution
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Theses and Dissertations , Master thesis
    Format: 47pp.
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    Broadband and statistical characterization of echoes from random scatterers : application to acoustic scattering by marine organisms (2013)
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution February 2013
    Description: The interpretation of echoes collected by active remote-sensing systems, such as sonar and radar, is often ambiguous due to the complexities in the scattering processes involving the scatterers, the environment, and the sensing system. This thesis addresses this challenge using a combination of laboratory and fi eld experiments, theoretical modeling, and numerical simulations in the context of acoustic scattering by marine organisms. The unifying themes of the thesis are 1) quantitative characterization of the spectral, temporal, and statistical features derived from echoes collected using both broadband and narrowband signals, and 2) the interpretation of echoes by establishing explicit links between echo features and the sources of scattering through physics principles. This physics-based approach is distinct from the subjective descriptions and empirical methods employed in most conventional fisheries acoustic studies. The fi rst part focuses on understanding the dominant backscattering mechanisms of live squid as a function of orientation. The study provides the first broadband backscattering laboratory data set from live squid at all angles of orientation, and conclusively con firms the fluidlike, weakly-scattering material properties of squid through a series of detailed comparisons between data and predictions given by models derived based on the distorted-wave Born approximation. In the second part, an exact analytical narrowband model and a numerical broadband model are developed based on physics principles to describe the probability density function of the amplitudes of echo envelopes (echo pdf) of arbitrary aggregations of scatterers. The narrowband echo pdf model signi cantly outperforms the conventional mixture models in analyzing simulated mixed assemblages. When applied to analyze fish echoes collected in the ocean, the numerical density of sh estimated using the broadband echo pdf model is comparable to the density estimated using echo integration methods. These results demonstrate the power of the physics-based approach and give a rst-order assessment of the performance of echo statistics methods in echo interpretation. The new data, models, and approaches provided here are important for advancing the eld of active acoustic observation of the ocean.
    Description: Taiwan Merit Scholarship (NSC-095-SAF-I-564-021-TMS), Office of Naval Research (ONR; grants N00014-10-1-0127, N00014-08-1-1162, N00014-07-1-1034), National Science Foundation (NSF; grant OCE-0928801), Naval Oceanographic Offi ce (grant N62306007-D9002), WHOI Ocean Life Institute, and the WHOI Academic Programs O ffice funds.
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Seawater ; Acoustic properties
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Thesis
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    The International Indian Ocean Expedition (2013)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The Distinguished Lecture Series 1964-1965, sponsored by Science Bureau, Washington Board of Trade, presented at Georgetown University, January 27, 1965
    Description: Tonight, I want to tell you about another great oceanographic expedition; one which has been done in the tradition of the past great expeditions, but with all the tools available to modern oceanography. This is the International Indian Ocean Expedition, which constitutes the cooperative efforts of some 27 nations which have committed over 40 oceanographic research vessels to more than 70 cruises in the Indian Ocean over the past four years. It has been supported in this country by the National Science Foundation, the Navy, the Weather Bureau, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Officially, the International Indian Ocean Expedition is being completed during the current year but it will be many years before all the data have been thoroughly analyzed and evaluated.
    Keywords: Anton Bruun (Ship) Cruise ; Chain (Ship : 1958-) Cruise ; Atlantis II (Ship : 1963-) Cruise ; International Indian Ocean Expedition (1960-1965) ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Presentation , Working Paper
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    Report no. 1 : Anton Bruun cruise A : Aden-Bombay, February-March, 1963 (2013)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: En route from the U. S. to Bombay, India during February - March, 1963 an unscheduled oceanographic section of 13 stations was made in the Arabian Sea between Aden and Bombay. Standard hydrographic casts were made to 1400 meters indicated depth (1000 meters at Stations 1-3) for meas9rement of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, nitrite, nitrate and silicate. A large, plastic sampler was used to obtain water samples from depths corresponding to 100, 50, 25, 10 and 1% of the sunlight incident to the surface. These samples were used for measurement of primary productivity (C-14 method), phytoplankton pigments, particulate carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus.
    Keywords: International Indian Ocean Expedition (1960-1965) ; Oceanography ; Anton Bruun (Ship) Cruise A
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Working Paper
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    WHOI Hawaii Ocean Timeseries Station (WHOTS) : WHOTS-9 2012 mooring turnaround cruise report (2013)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Hawaii Ocean Timeseries Site (WHOTS), 100 km north of Oahu, Hawaii, is intended to provide long-term, high-quality air-sea fluxes as a part of the NOAA Climate Observation Program. The WHOTS mooring also serves as a coordinated part of the Hawaii Ocean Timeseries (HOT) program, contributing to the goals of observing heat, fresh water and chemical fluxes at a site representative of the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 22.75°N, 158°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations will be used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. This report documents recovery of the eighth WHOTS mooring (WHOTS-8) and deployment of the ninth mooring (WHOTS-9). Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element and were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each ASIMET system measures, records, and transmits via Argos satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 155 m of the moorings were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, conductivity and velocity in a cooperative effort with R. Lukas of the University of Hawaii. A pCO2 system was installed on the buoys in cooperation with Chris Sabine at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. A set of radiometers were installed in cooperation with Sam Laney at WHOI. The WHOTS mooring turnaround was done on the NOAA ship Hi’ialakai by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The cruise took place between 12 and 19 June 2012. Operations began with deployment of the WHOTS-9 mooring on 13 June. This was followed by meteorological intercomparisons and CTDs. Recovery of the WHOTS-8 mooring took place on 16 June. This report describes these cruise operations, as well as some of the in-port operations and pre-cruise buoy preparations.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA09OAR4320129 and the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region (CINAR).
    Keywords: Hi'ialakai (Ship) Cruise WHOTS-9 ; Oceanographic buoys ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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    Review of the physical oceanography of Massachusetts Bay (2013)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This report responds to an invitation of the National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Center in which the author was asked to report on the present knowledge of oceanography of Massachusetts Bay and vicinity. We have attempted herein to describe the temperature- salinity cycle and the current system and to provide a comprehensive annotated bibliography on hydrography, chemistry and sea level for Massachusetts Bay.
    Description: Prepared for the National Marine Fisheries Service under contract OJ-J-043-40.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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    News bulletin : narrative report: Anton Bruun cruise (2013)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: News bulletin for participants
    Keywords: International Indian Ocean Expedition (1960-1965) ; Oceanography ; Anton Bruun (Ship) Cruise 1 ; Anton Bruun (Ship) Cruise 2 ; Anton Bruun (Ship) Cruise 3 ; Anton Bruun (Ship) Cruise 4-A ; Anton Bruun (Ship) Cruise 4-B ; Anton Bruun (Ship) Cruise 5 ; Anton Bruun (Ship) Cruise 6 ; Anton Bruun (Ship) Cruise 7 ; Anton Bruun (Ship) Cruise 8
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Other
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    L-Band RFI and Measurement of Ocean Heat Transport Aquarius Ocean Salinity Measurements (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.CPR.6162.2012 , World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-12) Union Internationale des Telecommunications (UIT); 6-10 Ffe. 2012; Geneva; Switzerland
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    Does Ocean Color Data Assimilation Improve Estimates of Global Ocean Inorganic Carbon? (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Ocean color data assimilation has been shown to dramatically improve chlorophyll abundances and distributions globally and regionally in the oceans. Chlorophyll is a proxy for phytoplankton biomass (which is explicitly defined in a model), and is related to the inorganic carbon cycle through the interactions of the organic carbon (particulate and dissolved) and through primary production where inorganic carbon is directly taken out of the system. Does ocean color data assimilation, whose effects on estimates of chlorophyll are demonstrable, trickle through the simulated ocean carbon system to produce improved estimates of inorganic carbon? Our emphasis here is dissolved inorganic carbon, pC02, and the air-sea flux. We use a sequential data assimilation method that assimilates chlorophyll directly and indirectly changes nutrient concentrations in a multi-variate approach. The results are decidedly mixed. Dissolved organic carbon estimates from the assimilation model are not meaningfully different from free-run, or unassimilated results, and comparisons with in situ data are similar. pC02 estimates are generally worse after data assimilation, with global estimates diverging 6.4% from in situ data, while free-run estimates are only 4.7% higher. Basin correlations are, however, slightly improved: r increase from 0.78 to 0.79, and slope closer to unity at 0.94 compared to 0.86. In contrast, air-sea flux of C02 is noticeably improved after data assimilation. Global differences decline from -0.635 mol/m2/y (stronger model sink from the atmosphere) to -0.202 mol/m2/y. Basin correlations are slightly improved from r=O.77 to r=0.78, with slope closer to unity (from 0.93 to 0.99). The Equatorial Atlantic appears as a slight sink in the free-run, but is correctly represented as a moderate source in the assimilation model. However, the assimilation model shows the Antarctic to be a source, rather than a modest sink and the North Indian basin is represented incorrectly as a sink rather than the source indicated by the free-run model and data estimates.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.ABS.6018.2012
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    The Effects of Climate Variability on Phytoplankton Composition in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean using a Model and a Satellite-Derived Approach (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Compared the interannual variation in diatoms, cyanobacteria, coccolithophores and chlorophytes from the NASA Ocean Biogeochemical Model with those derived from satellite data (Hirata et al. 2011) between 1998 and 2006 in the Equatorial Pacific. Using NOBM, La Ni a events were characterized by an increase in diatoms (correlation with MEI, r=-0.81, P〈0.05), while cyanobacteria concentrations decreased significantly (r=0.61; P〈0.05). El Nino produced the reverse pattern, with cyanobacteria populations increasing while diatoms plummeted. This represented a radical shift in the phytoplankton community in response to climate variability. However, satellite-derived phytoplankton groups were all negatively correlated with climate variability (r ranged from -0.39 for diatoms to -0.64 for coccolithophores, P〈0.05). Spatially, the satellite-derived approach was closer to an independent in situ dataset for all phytoplankton groups except diatoms than NOBM. However, the different responses of phytoplankton to intense interannual events in the Equatorial Pacific raises questions about the representation of phytoplankton dynamics in models and algorithms: is a phytoplankton community shift as in the model or an across-the-board change in abundances of all phytoplankton as in the satellite-derived approach.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.ABS.6451.2012 , Association for the Sciences of Liminology and Oceanography (ASLO)Conference; Jul 08, 2012 - Jul 13, 2012; Lake Biwa; Japan
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    Sensitivity of Ocean Reflectance Inversion Models for Identifying and Discriminating Between Phytoplankton Functional Groups (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The daily, synoptic images provided by satellite ocean color instruments provide viable data streams for observing changes in the biogeochemistrY of marine ecosystems. Ocean reflectance inversion models (ORMs) provide a common mechanism for inverting the "color" of the water observed a satellite into marine inherent optical properties (lOPs) through a combination of empiricism and radiative transfer theory. lOPs, namely the spectral absorption and scattering characteristics of ocean water and its dissolved and particulate constituents, describe the contents of the upper ocean, information critical for furthering scientific understanding of biogeochemical oceanic processes. Many recent studies inferred marine particle sizes and discriminated between phytoplankton functional groups using remotely-sensed lOPs. While all demonstrated the viability of their approaches, few described the vertical distributions of the water column constituents under consideration and, thus, failed to report the biophysical conditions under which their model performed (e.g., the depth and thickness of the phytoplankton bloom(s)). We developed an ORM to remotely identifY Noctiluca miliaris and other phytoplankton functional types using satellite ocean color data records collected in the northern Arabian Sea. Here, we present results from analyses designed to evaluate the applicability and sensitivity of the ORM to varied biophysical conditions. Specifically, we: (1) synthesized a series of vertical profiles of spectral inherent optical properties that represent a wide variety of bio-optical conditions for the northern Arabian Sea under aN Miliaris bloom; (2) generated spectral remote-sensing reflectances from these profiles using Hydrolight; and, (3) applied the ORM to the synthesized reflectances to estimate the relative concentrations of diatoms and N Miliaris for each example. By comparing the estimates from the inversion model to those from synthesized vertical profiles, we were able to identifY those bio-optical conditions under which the inversion model performs both well and poorly.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.ABS.6436.2012 , Ocean Optics Conference; Oct 08, 2012 - Oct 12, 2012; Glasgow, Scotland; United Kingdom
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    Can We Infer Ocean Dynamics from Altimeter Wavenumber Spectra? (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The wavenumber spectra of sea surface height (SSH) and kinetic energy (KE) have been used to infer the dynamics of the ocean. When quasi-geostrophic dynamics (QG) or surface quasi-geostrophic (SQG) turbulence dominate and an inertial subrange exists, a steep SSH wavenumber spectrum is expected with k-5 for QG turbulence and a flatter k-11/3 for SQG turbulence. However, inspection of the spectral slopes in the mesoscale band of 70 to 250 km shows that the altimeter wavenumber slopes typically are much flatter than the QG or SQG predictions over most of the ocean. Comparison of the altimeter wavenumber spectra with the spectra estimated from the output of an eddy resolving global ocean circulation model (the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model, HYCOM, at 1/25 resolution), which is forced by high frequency winds and includes the astronomical forcing of the sun and the moon, suggests that the flatter slopes of the altimeter may arise from three possible sources, the presence of internal waves, the lack of an inertial subrange in the 70 to 250 km band and noise or submesoscales at small scales. When the wavenumber spectra of SSH and KE are estimated near the internal tide generating regions, the resulting spectra are much flatter than the expectations of QG or SQG theory. If the height and velocity variability are separated into low frequency (periods greater than 2 days) and high frequency (periods less than a day), then a different pattern emerges with a relatively flat wavenumber spectrum at high frequency and a steeper wavenumber spectrum at low frequency. The stationary internal tides can be removed from the altimeter spectrum, which steepens the spectral slopes in the energetic internal wave regions. Away from generating regions where the internal waves
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.ABS.00367.2012 , 20 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry; 24-29 Sept. 2012; Venice; Italy
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    Twenty Years of Progress on Global Ocean Tides: The Impact of Satellite Altimetry (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: At the dawn of the era of high-precision altimetry, before the launch of TOPEX/Poseidon, ocean tides were properly viewed as a source of noise--tidal variations in ocean height would represent a very substantial fraction of what the altimeter measures, and would have to be accurately predicted and subtracted if altimetry were to achieve its potential for ocean and climate studies. But to the extent that the altimetry could be severely contaminated by tides, it also represented an unprecedented global-scale tidal data set. These new data, together with research stimulated by the need for accurate tidal corrections, led to a renaissance in tidal studies in the oceanographic community. In this paper we review contributions of altimetry to tidal science over the past 20 years, emphasizing recent progress. Mapping of tides has now been extended from the early focus on major constituents in the open ocean to include minor constituents, (e.g., long-period tides; non-linear tides in shelf waters, and in the open ocean), and into shallow and coastal waters. Global and spatially local estimates of tidal energy balance have been refined, and the role of internal tide conversion in dissipating barotropic tidal energy is now well established through modeling, altimetry, and in situ observations. However, energy budgets for internal tides, and the role of tidal dissipation in vertical ocean mixing remain controversial topics. Altimetry may contribute to resolving some of these important questions through improved mapping of low-mode internal tides. This area has advanced significantly in recent years, with several global maps now available, and progress on constraining temporally incoherent components. For the future, new applications of altimetry (e.g., in the coastal ocean, where barotropic tidal models remain inadequate), and new mission concepts (studies of the submesoscale with SWOT, which will require correction for internal tides) may bring us full circle, again pushing further development of tidal models as corrections.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.ABS.00365.2012 , 20 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry Symposium; 24-29 Sept.. 2012; Venice-Lido; Italy
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    A l% and 1cm Perspective Leads to a Novel CDOM Absorption Algorithm (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: A next-generation in-water profiler designed to measure the apparent optical properties of seawater was developed and validated across a wide dynamic range of water properties. This new Compact-Optical Profiling System (C-OPS) design uses a novel, kite-shaped, free-falling backplane with adjustable buoyancy and is based on 19 state-of-the-art microradiometers, spanning 320-780 nm. Data collected as part of the field commissioning were of a previously unachievable quality and showed that systematic uncertainties in the sampling protocols were discernible at the 1% optical and 1cm depth resolution levels. A sensitivity analysis as a function of three water types, established by the peak in the remote sensing reflectance spectra, revealed which water types and spectral domains were the most indicative of data acquisition uncertainties. The unprecedented vertical resolution of C-OPS measurements provided near-surface data products at the spectral endpoints with a quality level that has not been obtainable. The improved data allowed development of an algorithm for predicting the spectral absorption due to chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) using ratios of diffuse attenuation coefficients with over 99% of the variance in the data explained.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.ABS.00228.2012 , 2012 ASLO Aquatic Sciences Meeting; Jul 08, 2012 - Jul 13, 2012; Lake Biwa Ostu Shiga; Japan
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    Phytoplankton Assemblage Patterns in the Southern Mid-Atlantic Bight (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: As part of the Wallops Coastal Oceans Observing Laboratory (Wa-COOL) Project, we sampled a time-series transect in the southern Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB) biweekly. Our 2-year time-series data included physical parameters, nutrient concentrations, and chlorophyll a concentrations. A detailed phytoplankton assemblage structure was examined in the second year. During the 2-year study, chlorophyll a concentration (and ocean color satellite imagery) indicated that phytoplankton blooms occurred in January/February during mixing conditions and in early autumn under stratified conditions. The chlorophyll a concentrations ranged from 0.25 microgram 1(exp -1) to 15.49 microgram 1(exp -1) during the 2-year period. We were able to discriminate approximately 116 different species under phase contrast microscopy. Dominant phytoplankton included Skeletonema costatum, Rhizosolenia spp., and Pseudo-nitzschia pungens. In an attempt to determine phytoplankton species competition/succession within the assemblage, we calculated a Shannon Weaver diversity index for our diatom microscopy data. Diatom diversity was greatest during the winter and minimal during the spring. Diatom diversity was also greater at nearshore stations than at offshore stations. Individual genera appeared patchy, with surface and subsurface patches appearing abruptly and persisting for only 1-2 months at a time. The distribution of individual species differed significantly from bulk variables of the assemblage (chlorophyll a ) and total phytoplankton assemblage (cells), which indicates that phytoplankton species may be limited in growth in ways that differ from those of the total assemblage. Our study demonstrated a highly diverse phytoplankton assemblage throughout the year, with opportunistic species dominating during spring and fall in response to seasonal changes in temperature and nutrients in the southern MAB.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN9301 , Botanical Marina; 55; 5; 445-457
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    Diagnostic modeling of dimethylsulfide production in coastal water west of the Antarctic Peninsula (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The rate of gross biological dimethylsulfide (DMS) production at two coastal sites west of the Antarctic Peninsula, off Anvers Island, near Palmer Station, was estimated using a diagnostic approach that combined field measurements from 1 January 2006 through 1 March 2006 and a one-dimensional physical model of ocean mixing. The average DMS production rate in the upper water column (0-60 m) was estimated to be 3.1 +/- 0.6 nM/d at station B (closer to shore) and 2.7 +/- 0.6 nM/d1 at station E (further from shore). The estimated DMS replacement time was on the order of 1 d at both stations. DMS production was greater in the mixed layer than it was below the mixed layer. The average DMS production normalized to chlorophyll was 0.5 +/- nM/d)/(mg cubic m) at station B and 0.7 +/- 0.2 (nM/d)/(mg/cubic m3) at station E. When the diagnosed production rates were normalized to the observed concentrations of total dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSPt, the biogenic precursor of DMS), we found a remarkable similarity between our estimates at stations B and E (0.06 +/- 0.02 and 0.04 +/- 0.01 (nM DMS / d1)/(nM DMSP), respectively) and the results obtained in a previous study from a contrasting biogeochemical environment in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre (0.047 =/- 0.006 and 0.087 +/- 0.014 (nM DMS d1)/(nM DMSP) in a cyclonic and anticyclonic eddy, respectively).We propose that gross biological DMS production normalized to DMSPt might be relatively independent of the biogeochemical environment, and place our average estimate at 0.06 +/- 0.01 (nM DMS / d)/(nM DMSPt). The significance of this finding is that it can provide a means to use DMSPt measurements to extrapolate gross biological DMS production, which is extremely difficult to measure experimentally under realistic in situ conditions.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN9406 , Continental Shelf Research; 32; 96-109
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    Arctic Ocean Freshwater: How Robust are Model Simulations (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Arctic freshwater (FW) has been the focus of many modeling studies, due to the potential impact of Arctic FW on the deep water formation in the North Atlantic. A comparison of the hindcasts from ten ocean-sea ice models shows that the simulation of the Arctic FW budget is quite different in the investigated models. While they agree on the general sink and source terms of the Arctic FW budget, the long-term means as well as the variability of the FW export vary among models. The best model-to-model agreement is found for the interannual and seasonal variability of the solid FW export and the solid FW storage, which also agree well with observations. For the interannual and seasonal variability of the liquid FW export, the agreement among models is better for the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) than for Fram Strait. The reason for this is that models are more consistent in simulating volume flux anomalies than salinity anomalies and volume-flux anomalies dominate the liquid FW export variability in the CAA but not in Fram Strait. The seasonal cycle of the liquid FW export generally shows a better agreement among models than the interannual variability, and compared to observations the models capture the seasonality of the liquid FW export rather well. In order to improve future simulations of the Arctic FW budget, the simulation of the salinity field needs to be improved, so that model results on the variability of the liquid FW export and storage become more robust.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN6103 , Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans; 117
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    The Aquarius Salinity Retrieval Algorithm (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The first part of this presentation gives an overview over the Aquarius salinity retrieval algorithm. The instrument calibration [2] converts Aquarius radiometer counts into antenna temperatures (TA). The salinity retrieval algorithm converts those TA into brightness temperatures (TB) at a flat ocean surface. As a first step, contributions arising from the intrusion of solar, lunar and galactic radiation are subtracted. The antenna pattern correction (APC) removes the effects of cross-polarization contamination and spillover. The Aquarius radiometer measures the 3rd Stokes parameter in addition to vertical (v) and horizontal (h) polarizations, which allows for an easy removal of ionospheric Faraday rotation. The atmospheric absorption at L-band is almost entirely due to molecular oxygen, which can be calculated based on auxiliary input fields from numerical weather prediction models and then successively removed from the TB. The final step in the TA to TB conversion is the correction for the roughness of the sea surface due to wind, which is addressed in more detail in section 3. The TB of the flat ocean surface can now be matched to a salinity value using a surface emission model that is based on a model for the dielectric constant of sea water [3], [4] and an auxiliary field for the sea surface temperature. In the current processing only v-pol TB are used for this last step.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.CP.6202.2012 , GSFC.CP.00243.2012 , 12th Specialist Meeting on Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing of the Environment (MicroRad 2012); Mar 05, 2012 - Mar 09, 2012; Villa Mondragone; Italy|International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2012 Munich IGARSS; Jul 22, 2012 - Jul 27, 2012; Munich; Germany
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    Comparisons of Aquarius Measurements over Oceans with Radiative Transfer Models at L-Band (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Aquarius/SAC-D spacecraft includes three L-band (1.4 GHz) radiometers dedicated to measuring sea surface salinity. It was launched in June 2011 by NASA and CONAE (Argentine space agency). We report detailed comparisons of Aquarius measurements with radiative transfer model predictions. These comparisons are used as part of the initial assessment of Aquarius data and to estimate the radiometer calibration bias and stability. Comparisons are also being performed to assess the performance of models used in the retrieval algorithm for correcting the effect of various sources of geophysical "noise" (e.g. Faraday rotation, surface roughness). Such corrections are critical in bringing the error in retrieved salinity down to the required 0.2 practical salinity unit on monthly global maps at 150 km by 150 km resolution.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.CP.6198.2012 , International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS); Jul 22, 2012 - Jul 27, 2012; Munich; Germany
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    Using NASA's Giovanni System to Simulate Time-Series Stations in the Outflow Region of California's Eel River (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Oceanographic time-series stations provide vital data for the monitoring of oceanic processes, particularly those associated with trends over time and interannual variability. There are likely numerous locations where the establishment of a time-series station would be desirable, but for reasons of funding or logistics, such establishment may not be feasible. An alternative to an operational time-series station is monitoring of sites via remote sensing. In this study, the NASA Giovanni data system is employed to simulate the establishment of two time-series stations near the outflow region of California s Eel River, which carries a high sediment load. Previous time-series analysis of this location (Acker et al. 2009) indicated that remotely-sensed chl a exhibits a statistically significant increasing trend during summer (low flow) months, but no apparent trend during winter (high flow) months. Examination of several newly-available ocean data parameters in Giovanni, including 8-day resolution data, demonstrates the differences in ocean parameter trends at the two locations compared to regionally-averaged time-series. The hypothesis that the increased summer chl a values are related to increasing SST is evaluated, and the signature of the Eel River plume is defined with ocean optical parameters.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.CPR.6211.2012 , American Geophysical Union 2012 Oceans Meeting; Feb 20, 2012 - Feb 24, 2012; Salt Lake City, UT; United States
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    The Antarctic Ice Sheet, Sea Ice, and the Ozone Hole: Satellite Observations of how they are Changing (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Antarctica is the Earth's coldest and highest continent and has major impacts on the climate and life of the south polar vicinity. It is covered almost entirely by the Earth's largest ice sheet by far, with a volume of ice so great that if all the Antarctic ice were to go into the ocean (as ice or liquid water), this would produce a global sea level rise of about 60 meters (197 feet). The continent is surrounded by sea ice that in the wintertime is even more expansive than the continent itself and in the summertime reduces to only about a sixth of its wintertime extent. Like the continent, the expansive sea ice cover has major impacts, reflecting the sun's radiation back to space, blocking exchanges between the ocean and the atmosphere, and providing a platform for some animal species while impeding other species. Far above the continent, the Antarctic ozone hole is a major atmospheric phenomenon recognized as human-caused and potentially quite serious to many different life forms. Satellites are providing us with remarkable information about the ice sheet, the sea ice, and the ozone hole. Satellite visible and radar imagery are providing views of the large scale structure of the ice sheet never seen before; satellite laser altimetry has produced detailed maps of the topography of the ice sheet; and an innovative gravity-measuring two-part satellite has allowed mapping of regions of mass loss and mass gain on the ice sheet. The surrounding sea ice cover has a satellite record that goes back to the 1970s, allowing trend studies that show a decreasing sea ice presence in the region of the Bellingshausen and Amundsen seas, to the west of the prominent Antarctic Peninsula, but increasing sea ice presence around much of the rest of the continent. Overall, sea ice extent around Antarctica has increased at an average rate of about 17,000 square kilometers per year since the late 1970s, as determined from satellite microwave data that can be collected under both light and dark conditions and irrespective of whether clouds are in the way between the surface and the satellite. In contrast, the highest quality satellite measurements of the ozone hole use ultraviolet light, which requires daylight conditions. Still, satellite ultraviolet measurements of the ozone hole have also been made since the late 1970s, and these show a marked increase in the area and depth of the ozone hole in the 1980s and early 1990s, followed by a welcome leveling off of both measures since the mid-1990s.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.ABS.6180.2012 , Antarctica-Imagined Geographies Initiative; Mar 28, 2012 - Mar 29, 2012; Southern Illinois; United States
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    Application of Artificial Neural Networks to the Development of Improved Multi-Sensor Retrievals of Near-Surface Air Temperature and Humidity Over Ocean (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: M12-1499 , 18th Conference on Satellite Meteorology, Oceanography and Climatology; Jan 22, 2012 - Jan 26, 2012; New Orleans, LA; United States|92nd American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting; Jan 22, 2012 - Jan 26, 2012; New Orleans, LA; United States
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    Closing the Seasonal Ocean Surface Temperature Balance in the Eastern Tropical Oceans from Remote Sensing and Model Reanalyses (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Residual forcing necessary to close the MLTB on seasonal time scales are largest in regions of strongest surface heat flux forcing. Identifying the dominant source of error - surface heat flux error, mixed layer depth estimation, ocean dynamical forcing - remains a challenge in the eastern tropical oceans where ocean processes are very active. Improved sub-surface observations are necessary to better constrain errors. 1. Mixed layer depth evolution is critical to the seasonal evolution of mixed layer temperatures. It determines the inertia of the mixed layer, and scales the sensitivity of the MLTB to errors in surface heat flux and ocean dynamical forcing. This role produces timing impacts for errors in SST prediction. 2. Errors in the MLTB are larger than the historical 10Wm-2 target accuracy. In some regions, a larger accuracy can be tolerated if the goal is to resolve the seasonal SST cycle.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: M12-2309 , American Geophysical Union (AGU) 45th Annual Fall Meeting; Dec 03, 2012 - Dec 07, 2012; San Francisco, CA; United States
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    Synthesis of Coastal Ecosystem Science Studies on Sensitivity and Spatial Resolution for GEO-CAPE (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.OVPR.00175.2012 , PACE Science Definition Team Meeting; Mar 14, 2012; Arlington, VA; United States
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    New Measurements for Understanding the Terrestrial Water Cycle (2012)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: AGU Chapman Conference on Remote Sensing of the Terrestrial Water Cycle; Feb 19, 2012 - Feb 22, 2012; Kona, HI; United States
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    VIIRS On-Orbit Calibration for Ocean Color Data Processing (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The NASA VIIRS Ocean Science Team (VOST) has the task of evaluating Suomi NPP VIIRS ocean color data for the continuity of the NASA ocean color climate data records. The generation of science quality ocean color data products requires an instrument calibration that is stable over time. Since the VIIRS NIR Degradation Anomaly directly impacts the bands used for atmospheric correction of the ocean color data (Bands M6 and M7), the VOST has adapted the VIIRS on-orbit calibration approach to meet the ocean science requirements. The solar diffuser calibration time series and the solar diffuser stability monitor time series have been used to derive changes in the instrument response and diffuser reflectance over time for bands M1-M11.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN6422
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    The Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document for Tidal Corrections (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: This Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document deals with the tidal corrections that need to be applied to range measurements made by the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS). These corrections result from the action of ocean tides and Earth tides which lead to deviations from an equilibrium surface. Since the effect of tides is dependent of the time of measurement, it is necessary to remove the instantaneous tide components when processing altimeter data, so that all measurements are made to the equilibrium surface. The three main tide components to consider are the ocean tide, the solid-earth tide and the ocean loading tide. There are also long period ocean tides and the pole tide. The approximate magnitudes of these components are illustrated in Table 1, together with estimates of their uncertainties (i.e. the residual error after correction). All of these components are important for GLAS measurements over the ice sheets since centimeter-level accuracy for surface elevation change detection is required. The effect of each tidal component is to be removed by approximating their magnitude using tidal prediction models. Conversely, assimilation of GLAS measurements into tidal models will help to improve them, especially at high latitudes.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: NASA/TM-2012-208641/Vol9 , GSFC-E-DAA-TN6922
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    Calibration of Ocean Wave Measurements by the TOPEX, Jason-1, and Jason-2 Satellites (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The calibration and validation of ocean wave height measurements by the TOPEX, Jason-1, and Jason-2 satellite altimeters is addressed by comparing the measurements internally among them- selves and against independent wave measurements at moored buoys. The two six-month verification campaigns, when two of the satellites made near-simultaneous measurements along the same ground track, are invaluable for such work and reveal subtle aspects that otherwise might go undetected. The two Jason satellites are remarkably consistent; Topex reports waves generally 1-2% larger. External calibration is complicated by some systematic errors in the buoy data. We confirm a recent report by Durrant et al. that Canadian buoys underestimate significant wave heights by about 10% relative to U.S. buoys. Wave heights from all three altimetric satellites require scaling upwards by 5 6% to be consistent with U.S. buoys.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN6627
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    SWOT: The Surface Water and Ocean Topography Mission. Wide- Swath Altimetric Elevation on Earth (2012)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The elevation of the surface of the ocean and freshwater bodies on land holds key information on many important processes of the Earth System. The elevation of the ocean surface, called ocean surface topography, has been measured by conventional nadirlooking radar altimeter for the past two decades. The data collected have been used for the study of large-scale circulation and sea level change. However, the spatial resolution of the observations has limited the study to scales larger than about 200 km, leaving the smaller scales containing substantial kinetic energy of ocean circulation that is responsible for the flux of heat, dissolved gas and nutrients between the upper and the deep ocean. This flux is important to the understanding of the ocean's role in regulatingfuture climate change.The elevation of the water bodies on land is a key parameter required for the computation of storage and discharge of freshwater in rivers, lakes, and wetlands. Globally, the spatial and temporal variability of water storage and discharge is poorly known due to the lack of well-sampled observations. In situ networks measuring river flows are declining worldwide due to economic and political reasons. Conventional altimeter observations suffers from the complexity of multiple peaks caused by the reflections from water, vegetation canopy and rough topography, resulting in much less valid data over land than over the ocean. Another major limitation is the large inter track distance preventing good coverage of rivers and other water bodies.This document provides descriptions of a new measurement technique using radar interferometry to obtain wide-swath measurement of water elevation at high resolution over both the ocean and land. Making this type of measurement, which addresses the shortcomings of conventional altimetry in both oceanographic and hydrologic applications, is the objective of a mission concept called Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT), which was recommended by the National Research Council's first decadal survey of NASA's Earth science program. This document provides wide-ranging examples of research opportunities in oceanography and land hydrology that would be enabled by the new type of measurement. Additional applications in many other branches of Earth System science ranging from ocean bathymetry to sea ice dynamics are also discussed. Many of the technical issues in making the measurement are discussed as well. Also presented is a preliminary design of the SWOT Mission concept, which is being jointly developed by NASA and CNES, with contributions from the Canadian Space Agency.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: JPL-Publ-12-5
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    NASA In Situ Data Needs to Support the Operational Calibration and Validation of Ocean Color Satellite Data Products (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Calibrating ocean color satellite instruments and validating their data products requires temporal and spatial abundances of high quality in situ oceanographic data. The Consortium for Ocean Leadership Ocean Observing Initiative (OOl) is currently implementing a distributed array of in-water sensors that could provide a significant contribution to future ocean color activities. This workshop will scope the optimal way to use and possibly supplement the planned OOl infrastructure to maximize its utility and relevance for calibration and validation activities that support existing and planned NASA ocean color missions. Here, I present the current state of the art of NASA validation of ocean color data products, with attention to autonomous time-series (e.g., the AERONET -OC network of above-water radiometers), and outline NASA needs for data quality assurance metrics and adherence to community-vetted data collection protocols
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.ABS.00268.2012 , NSF Ocean Observatories Initiative Data Quality Control Workshop; Jun 06, 2012 - Jun 08, 2012; Univ. of Maine; United States
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    Fortnightly Ocean Tides, Earth Rotation, and Mantle Anelasticity (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The fortnightly Mf ocean tide is the largest of the long-period tides (periods between 1 week and 18.6 years), but Mf is still very small, generally 2 cm or less. All long-period tides are thought to be near equilibrium with the astronomical tidal potential, with an almost pure zonal structure. However, several lines of evidence point to Mf having a significant dynamic response to forcing. We use a combination of numerical modeling, satellite altimetry, and observations of polar motion to determine the Mf ocean tide and to place constraints on certain global properties, such as angular momentum. Polar motion provides the only constraints on Mf tidal currents. With a model of the Mf ocean tide in hand, we use it to remove the effects of the ocean from estimates of fortnightly variations in length-of-day. The latter is dominated by the earth's body tide, but a small residual allows us to place new constraints on the anelasticity of the earth's mantle. The result gives the first experimental confirmation of theoretical predictions made by Wahr and Bergen in 1986.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.ABS.00366.2012 , 20 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry; 24-29 Sept. 2012; Venice; Italy
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    Application of Artificial Neural Networks to the Development of Improved Multi-Sensor Retrievals of Near-Surface Air Temperature and Humidity Over Ocean (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Improved estimates of near-surface air temperature and air humidity are critical to the development of more accurate turbulent surface heat fluxes over the ocean. Recent progress in retrieving these parameters has been made through the application of artificial neural networks (ANN) and the use of multi-sensor passive microwave observations. Details are provided on the development of an improved retrieval algorithm that applies the nonlinear statistical ANN methodology to a set of observations from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU-A) that are currently available from the NASA AQUA satellite platform. Statistical inversion techniques require an adequate training dataset to properly capture embedded physical relationships. The development of multiple training datasets containing only in-situ observations, only synthetic observations produced using the Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM), or a mixture of each is discussed. An intercomparison of results using each training dataset is provided to highlight the relative advantages and disadvantages of each methodology. Particular emphasis will be placed on the development of retrievals in cloudy versus clear-sky conditions. Near-surface air temperature and humidity retrievals using the multi-sensor ANN algorithms are compared to previous linear and non-linear retrieval schemes.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: M11-0907 , 2012 American Meteorological Society (AMS) Annual Meeting; Jan 22, 2012 - Jan 26, 2012; New Orleans, LA; United States
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    Calibration Adjustments to the MODIS Aqua Ocean Color Bands (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: After the end of the SeaWiFS mission in 2010 and the MERIS mission in 2012, the ocean color products of the MODIS on Aqua are the only remaining source to continue the ocean color climate data record until the VIIRS ocean color products become operational (expected for summer 2013). The MODIS on Aqua is well beyond its expected lifetime, and the calibration accuracy of the short wavelengths (412nm and 443nm) has deteriorated in recent years_ Initially, SeaWiFS data were used to improve the MODIS Aqua calibration, but this solution was not applicable after the end of the SeaWiFS mission_ In 2012, a new calibration methodology was applied by the MODIS calibration and support team using desert sites to improve the degradation trending_ This presentation presents further improvements to this new approach. The 2012 reprocessing of the MODIS Aqua ocean color products is based on the new methodology.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.ABS.6529.2012 , Ocean Optics Conference 2012; Oct 08, 2012 - Oct 12, 2012; Glasgow, Scotland; United Kingdom
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    Quality and Consistency of the NASA Ocean Color Data Record (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group (OBPG) recently reprocessed the multimission ocean color time-series from SeaWiFS, MODIS-Aqua, and MODIS-Terra using common algorithms and improved instrument calibration knowledge. Here we present an analysis of the quality and consistency of the resulting ocean color retrievals, including spectral water-leaving reflectance, chlorophyll a concentration, and diffuse attenuation. Statistical analysis of satellite retrievals relative to in situ measurements will be presented for each sensor, as well as an assessment of consistency in the global time-series for the overlapping periods of the missions. Results will show that the satellite retrievals are in good agreement with in situ measurements, and that the sensor ocean color data records are highly consistent over the common mission lifespan for the global deep oceans, but with degraded agreement in higher productivity, higher complexity coastal regions.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.ABS.6434.2012 , Ocean Optics Conference; Oct 08, 2012 - Oct 12, 2012; Glasgow, Scotland; United Kingdom
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    NASA OBPG Field Program and SeaBASS Updates (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Calibrating ocean color satellite instruments and validating their data products requires temporal and spatial abundances of high quality in situ oceanographic data. To this end, the Ocean Ecology Laboratory (OEL) maintains two entities that are engaged in field data collection and archival. First, the OEL houses a Field Support Group to collect in situ oceanographic measurements, execute laboratory analyses, revise community-vetted protocols for conducting these exercises, and host community training events. Second, the OEL maintains the SeaWiFS Bio-optical Archive and Storage System (SeaBASS) as the permanent archive for all in situ data collected under the auspices of the NASA Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Program (OBB; Dr. Paula Bontempi, Program Manager). This talk provides the OBB community and interested researchers their annual update on both the Field Support Group and SeaBASS.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.ABS.00283.2012 , NASA Ocean Color Research Team Meeting; Aug 23, 2012 - Aug 25, 2012; Seattle, WA; United States
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    The Multiple Altimeter Beam Experimental Lidar (MABEL), an Airborne Simulator for the ICESat-2 Mission (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) mission is currently under development by NASA. The primary mission of ICESat-2 will be to measure elevation changes of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, document changes in sea ice thickness distribution, and derive important information about the current state of the global ice coverage. To make this important measurement, NASA is implementing a new type of satellite-based surface altimetry based on sensing of laser pulses transmitted to, and reflected from, the surface. Because the ICESat-2 measurement approach is different from that used for previous altimeter missions, a high-fidelity aircraft instrument, the Multiple Altimeter Beam Experimental Lidar (MABEL), was developed to demonstrate the measurement concept and provide verification of the ICESat-2 methodology. The MABEL instrument will serve as a prototype for the ICESat-2 mission and also provides a science tool for studies of land surface topography. This paper outlines the science objectives for the ICESat-2 mission, the current measurement concept for ICESat-2, and the instrument concept and preliminary data from MABEL.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.JA.7267.2012
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    Moisture Fluxes Derived from EOS Aqua Satellite Data for the North Water Polynya Over 2003-2009 (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Satellite data were applied to calculate the moisture flux from the North Water polynya during a series of events spanning 2003-2009. The fluxes were calculated using bulk aerodynamic formulas with the stability effects according to the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. Input parameters were taken from three sources: air relative humidity, air temperature, and surface temperature from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) onboard NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua satellite, sea ice concentration from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E, also onboard Aqua), and wind speed from the ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis. Our results show the progression of the moisture fluxes from the polynya during each event, as well as their atmospheric effects after the polynya has closed up. These results were compared to results from studies on other polynyas, and fall within one standard deviation of the moisture flux estimates from these studies. Although the estimated moisture fluxes over the entire study region from AIRS are smaller in magnitude than ERA-Interim, they are more accurate due to improved temperature and relative humidity profiles and ice concentration estimates over the polynya. Error estimates were calculated to be 5.56 x10(exp -3) g/sq. m/ s, only 25% of the total moisture flux, thus suggesting that AIRS and AMSR-E can be used with confidence to study smaller scale features in the Arctic sea ice pack and can capture their atmospheric effects. These findings bode well for larger-scale studies of moisture fluxes over the entire Arctic Ocean and the thinning ice pack.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.JA.6234.2012
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    State of Climate 2011 - Global Ocean Phytoplankton (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Phytoplankton photosynthesis in the sun lit upper layer of the global ocean is the overwhelmingly dominant source of organic matter that fuels marine ecosystems. Phytoplankton contribute roughly half of the global (land and ocean) net primary production (NPP; gross photosynthesis minus plant respiration) and phytoplankton carbon fixation is the primary conduit through which atmospheric CO2 concentrations interact with the ocean s carbon cycle. Phytoplankton productivity depends on the availability of sunlight, macronutrients (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorous), and micronutrients (e.g., iron), and thus is sensitive to climate-driven changes in the delivery of these resources to the euphotic zone
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.JA.00246.2012
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    Instrument Characterization for Ocean Color Remote Sensing (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN17558
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    Estimation of subsurface thermal structure using sea surface height and sea surface temperature (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-26
    Description: A method of determining a subsurface temperature in a body of water is disclosed. The method includes obtaining surface temperature anomaly data and surface height anomaly data of the body of water for a region of interest, and also obtaining subsurface temperature anomaly data for the region of interest at a plurality of depths. The method further includes regressing the obtained surface temperature anomaly data and surface height anomaly data for the region of interest with the obtained subsurface temperature anomaly data for the plurality of depths to generate regression coefficients, estimating a subsurface temperature at one or more other depths for the region of interest based on the generated regression coefficients and outputting the estimated subsurface temperature at the one or more other depths. Using the estimated subsurface temperature, signal propagation times and trajectories of marine life in the body of water are determined.
    Keywords: Oceanography
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    Biogeochemical and Optical Analysis of Coastal DOM for Satellite Retrieval of Terrigenous DOM in the U.S. Middle Atlantic Bight (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Estuaries and coastal ocean waters experience a high degree of variability in the composition and concentration of particulate and dissolved organic matter (DOM) as a consequence of riverine/estuarine fluxes of terrigenous DOM, sediments, detritus and nutrients into coastal waters and associated phytoplankton blooms. Our approach integrates biogeochemical measurements (elemental content, molecular analyses), optical properties (absorption) and remote sensing to examine terrestrial DOM contributions into the U.S. Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB). We measured lignin phenol composition, DOC and CDOM absorption within the Chesapeake and Delaware Bay mouths, plumes and adjacent coastal ocean waters to derive empirical relationships between CDOM and biogeochemical measurements for satellite remote sensing application. Lignin ranged from 0.03 to 6.6 ug/L between estuarine and outer shelf waters. Our results demonstrate that satellite-derived CDOM is useful as a tracer of terrigenous DOM in the coastal ocean
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.ABS.6128.2012 , GSFC.CPR.00203.2012 , NASA Ocean Color Research Team Meeting; Apr 23, 2012 - Apr 25, 2012; Seattle, WA; United States|2012 Ocean Sciences Meeting; Feb 20, 2012 - Feb 24, 2012; Salt Lake City, UT; United States
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    NASA's Carbon Monitoring System Flux-Pilot Project: A Multi-Component Analysis System for Carbon-Cycle Research and Monitoring (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The importance of greenhouse gas increases for climate motivates NASA s observing strategy for CO2 from space, including the forthcoming Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO-2) mission. Carbon cycle monitoring, including attribution of atmospheric concentrations to regional emissions and uptake, requires a robust modeling and analysis infrastructure to optimally extract information from the observations. NASA's Carbon-Monitoring System Flux-Pilot Project (FPP) is a prototype for such analysis, combining a set of unique tools to facilitate analysis of atmospheric CO2 along with fluxes between the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere or ocean. NASA's analysis system is unique, in that it combines information and expertise from the land, oceanic, and atmospheric branches of the carbon cycle and includes some estimates of uncertainty. Numerous existing space-based missions provide information of relevance to the carbon cycle. This study describes the components of the FPP framework, assessing the realism of computed fluxes, thus providing the basis for research and monitoring applications. Fluxes are computed using data-constrained terrestrial biosphere models and physical ocean models, driven by atmospheric observations and assimilating ocean-color information. Use of two estimates provides a measure of uncertainty in the fluxes. Along with inventories of other emissions, these data-derived fluxes are used in transport models to assess their consistency with atmospheric CO2 observations. Closure is achieved by using a four-dimensional data assimilation (inverse) approach that adjusts the terrestrial biosphere fluxes to make them consistent with the atmospheric CO2 observations. Results will be shown, illustrating the year-to-year variations in land biospheric and oceanic fluxes computed in the FPP. The signals of these surface-flux variations on atmospheric CO2 will be isolated using forward modeling tools, which also incorporate estimates of transport error. The results will be discussed in the context of interannual variability of observed atmospheric CO2 distributions.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.ABS.7158 , 4th NACP All-Investigators Meeting; Feb 04, 2013 - Feb 07, 2013; Albuquerque, NM; United States
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    Comparative Analysis of Upper Ocean Heat Content Variability from Ensemble Operational Ocean Analyses (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Upper ocean heat content (HC) is one of the key indicators of climate variability on many time-scales extending from seasonal to interannual to long-term climate trends. For example, HC in the tropical Pacific provides information on thermocline anomalies that is critical for the longlead forecast skill of ENSO. Since HC variability is also associated with SST variability, a better understanding and monitoring of HC variability can help us understand and forecast SST variability associated with ENSO and other modes such as Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), Tropical Atlantic Variability (TAV) and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). An accurate ocean initialization of HC anomalies in coupled climate models could also contribute to skill in decadal climate prediction. Errors, and/or uncertainties, in the estimation of HC variability can be affected by many factors including uncertainties in surface forcings, ocean model biases, and deficiencies in data assimilation schemes. Changes in observing systems can also leave an imprint on the estimated variability. The availability of multiple operational ocean analyses (ORA) that are routinely produced by operational and research centers around the world provides an opportunity to assess uncertainties in HC analyses, to help identify gaps in observing systems as they impact the quality of ORAs and therefore climate model forecasts. A comparison of ORAs also gives an opportunity to identify deficiencies in data assimilation schemes, and can be used as a basis for development of real-time multi-model ensemble HC monitoring products. The OceanObs09 Conference called for an intercomparison of ORAs and use of ORAs for global ocean monitoring. As a follow up, we intercompared HC variations from ten ORAs -- two objective analyses based on in-situ data only and eight model analyses based on ocean data assimilation systems. The mean, annual cycle, interannual variability and longterm trend of HC have been analyzed
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.JA.6455.2012 , U. S. CLIVAR Variations; 9; 1; 7-10
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    Mean Dynamic Topography of the Arctic Ocean (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: ICESat and Envisat altimetry data provide measurements of the instantaneous sea surface height (SSH) across the Arctic Ocean, using lead and open water elevation within the sea ice pack. First, these data were used to derive two independent mean sea surface (MSS) models by stacking and averaging along-track SSH profiles gathered between 2003 and 2009. The ICESat and Envisat MSS data were combined to construct the high-resolution ICEn MSS. Second, we estimate the 5.5-year mean dynamic topography (MDT) of the Arctic Ocean by differencing the ICEn MSS with the new GOCO02S geoid model, derived from GRACE and GOCE gravity. Using these satellite-only data we map the major features of Arctic Ocean dynamical height that are consistent with in situ observations, including the topographical highs and lows of the Beaufort and Greenland Gyres, respectively. Smaller-scale MDT structures remain largely unresolved due to uncertainties in the geoid at short wavelengths.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN9247 , Geophysical Research Letters; 39; 1; L01601
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    Linking the 8.2 ka Event and its Freshwater Forcing in the Labrador Sea (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The 8.2 ka event was the last deglacial abrupt climate event. A reduction in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) attributed to the drainage of glacial Lake Agassiz may have caused the event, but the freshwater signature of Lake Agassiz discharge has yet to be identified in (delta)18O of foraminiferal calcite records from the Labrador Sea, calling into question the connection between freshwater discharge to the North Atlantic and AMOC strength. Using Mg/Ca-paleothermometry, we demonstrate that approx. 3 C of near-surface ocean cooling masked an 1.0 % decrease in western Labrador Sea (delta)18O of seawater concurrent with Lake Agassiz drainage. Comparison with North Atlantic (delta)18O of seawater records shows that the freshwater discharge was transported to regions of deep-water formation where it could perturb AMOC and force the 8.2 ka event.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN8981 , Geophysical Research Letters; 39; 10; L18703; L18703
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    The Proposed Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) Mission (2012)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A new space mission concept called Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) is being developed jointly by a collaborative effort of the international oceanographic and hydrological communities for making high-resolution measurement of the water elevation of both the ocean and land surface water to answer the questions about the oceanic submesoscale processes and the storage and discharge of land surface water. The key instrument payload would be a Ka-band radar interferometer capable of making high-resolution wide-swath altimetry measurement. This paper describes the proposed science objectives and requirements as well as the measurement approach of SWOT, which is baselined to be launched in 2019. SWOT would demonstrate this new approach to advancing both oceanography and land hydrology and set a standard for future altimetry missions.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: 20 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry Symposium; Sep 24, 2012 - Sep 29, 2012; Venice-Lido; Italy
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    Evolution of Altimetry Calibration and Future Challenges (2012)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Over the past 20 years, altimetry calibration has evolved from an engineering-oriented exercise to a multidisciplinary endeavor driving the state of the art. This evolution has been spurred by the developing promise of altimetry to capture the large-scale, but small-amplitude, changes of the ocean surface containing the expression of climate change. The scope of altimeter calibration/validation programs has expanded commensurately. Early efforts focused on determining a constant range bias and verifying basic compliance of the data products with mission requirements. Contemporary investigations capture, with increasing accuracies, the spatial and temporal characteristics of errors in all elements of the measurement system. Dedicated calibration sites still provide the fundamental service of estimating absolute bias, but also enable long-term monitoring of the sea-surface height and constituent measurements. The use of a network of island and coastal tide gauges has provided the best perspective on the measurement stability, and revealed temporal variations of altimeter measurement system drift. The cross-calibration between successive missions provided fundamentally new information on the performance of altimetry systems. Spatially and temporally correlated errors pose challenges for future missions, underscoring the importance of cross-calibration of new measurements against the established record.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: European Space Agency, 20 Years Progress in Altimetry; Sep 24, 2012 - Sep 29, 2012; Venice; Italy
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    Evaluation of Arctic Sea Ice Thickness Simulated by Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project Models (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Six Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project model simulations are compared with estimates of sea ice thickness derived from pan-Arctic satellite freeboard measurements (2004-2008); airborne electromagnetic measurements (2001-2009); ice draft data from moored instruments in Fram Strait, the Greenland Sea, and the Beaufort Sea (1992-2008) and from submarines (1975-2000); and drill hole data from the Arctic basin, Laptev, and East Siberian marginal seas (1982-1986) and coastal stations (1998-2009). Despite an assessment of six models that differ in numerical methods, resolution, domain, forcing, and boundary conditions, the models generally overestimate the thickness of measured ice thinner than approximately 2 mand underestimate the thickness of ice measured thicker than about approximately 2m. In the regions of flat immobile landfast ice (shallow Siberian Seas with depths less than 25-30 m), the models generally overestimate both the total observed sea ice thickness and rates of September and October ice growth from observations by more than 4 times and more than one standard deviation, respectively. The models do not reproduce conditions of fast ice formation and growth. Instead, the modeled fast ice is replaced with pack ice which drifts, generating ridges of increasing ice thickness, in addition to thermodynamic ice growth. Considering all observational data sets, the better correlations and smaller differences from observations are from the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean, Phase II and Pan-Arctic Ice Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System models.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN9319 , Journal of Geophysical Research; 117; C8; C00D13
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    Ocean Surface Emissivity at L-band (1.4 GHz): The Dependence on Salinity and Roughness (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: A characterization of the emissivity of sea water at L-band is important for the remote sensing of sea surface salinity. Measurements of salinity are currently being made in the radio astronomy band at 1.413 GHz by ESA's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission and NASA's Aquarius instrument aboard the Aquarius/SAC-D observatory. The goal of both missions is accuracy on the order of 0.1 psu. This requires accurate knowledge of the dielectric constant of sea water as a function of salinity and temperature and also the effect of waves (roughness). The former determines the emissivity of an ideal (i.e. flat) surface and the later is the major source of error from predictions based on a flat surface. These two aspects of the problem of characterizing the emissivity are being addressed in the context of the Aquarius mission. First, laboratory measurements are being made of the dielectric constant of sea water. This is being done at the George Washington University using a resonant cavity. In this technique, sea water of known salinity and temperature is fed into the cavity along its axis through a narrow tube. The sea water changes the resonant frequency and Q of the cavity which, if the sample is small enough, can be related to the dielectric constant of the sample. An extensive set of measurements have been conducted at 1.413 GHz to develop a model for the real and imaginary part of the dielectric constant as a function of salinity and temperature. The results are compared to the predictions of models based on parameterization of the Debye resonance of the water molecule. The models and measurements are close; however, the differences are significant for remote sensing of salinity. This is especially true at low temperatures where the sensitivity to salinity is lowest.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.ABS.7008.2012 , 2012 AGU Fall Meeting; Dec 03, 2012 - Dec 07, 2012; San Francisco,CA; United States
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    The Surface Water and Ocean Topography Satellite Mission - An Assessment of Swath Altimetry Measurements of River Hydrodynamics (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission, scheduled for launch in 2020 with development commencing in 2015, will provide a step-change improvement in the measurement of terrestrial surface water storage and dynamics. In particular, it will provide the first, routine two-dimensional measurements of water surface elevations, which will allow for the estimation of river and floodplain flows via the water surface slope. In this paper, we characterize the measurements which may be obtained from SWOT and illustrate how they may be used to derive estimates of river discharge. In particular, we show (i) the spatia-temporal sampling scheme of SWOT, (ii) the errors which maybe expected in swath altimetry measurements of the terrestrial surface water, and (iii) the impacts such errors may have on estimates of water surface slope and river discharge, We illustrate this through a "virtual mission" study for a approximately 300 km reach of the central Amazon river, using a hydraulic model to provide water surface elevations according to the SWOT spatia-temporal sampling scheme (orbit with 78 degree inclination, 22 day repeat and 140 km swath width) to which errors were added based on a two-dimension height error spectrum derived from the SWOT design requirements. Water surface elevation measurements for the Amazon mainstem as may be observed by SWOT were thereby obtained. Using these measurements, estimates of river slope and discharge were derived and compared to those which may be obtained without error, and those obtained directly from the hydraulic model. It was found that discharge can be reproduced highly accurately from the water height, without knowledge of the detailed channel bathymetry using a modified Manning's equation, if friction, depth, width and slope are known. Increasing reach length was found to be an effective method to reduce systematic height error in SWOT measurements.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.ABS.5586.2011 , AGU Chapman Conference on Remote Sensing of the Terrestrial Water Cycle; Feb 19, 2012 - Feb 22, 2012; Kona, HI; United States
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    Modeling and Assimilating Ocean Color Radiances (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Radiances are the source of information from ocean color sensors to produce estimates of biological and geochemical constituents. They potentially provide information on various other aspects of global biological and chemical systems, and there is considerable work involved in deriving new information from these signals. Each derived product, however, contains errors that are derived from the application of the radiances, above and beyond the radiance errors. A global biogeochemical model with an explicit spectral radiative transfer model is used to investigate the potential of assimilating radiances. The results indicate gaps in our understanding of radiative processes in the oceans and their relationships with biogeochemical variables. Most important, detritus optical properties are not well characterized and produce important effects of the simulated radiances. Specifically, there does not appear to be a relationship between detrital biomass and its optical properties, as there is for chlorophyll. Approximations are necessary to get beyond this problem. In this reprt we will discuss the challenges in modeling and assimilation water-leaving radiances and the prospects for improving our understanding of biogeochemical process by utilizing these signals.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.ABS.6242.2012
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    Satellite Ocean Biology: Past, Present, Future (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Since 1978 when the first satellite ocean color proof-of-concept sensor, the Nimbus-7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner, was launched, much progress has been made in refining the basic measurement concept and expanding the research applications of global satellite time series of biological and optical properties such as chlorophyll-a concentrations. The seminar will review the fundamentals of satellite ocean color measurements (sensor design considerations, on-orbit calibration, atmospheric corrections, and bio-optical algorithms), scientific results from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) and Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) missions, and the goals of future NASA missions such as PACE, the Aerosol, Cloud, Ecology (ACE), and Geostationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events (GeoCAPE) missions.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.ABS.6239.2012 , Dept. of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Seminar Series; Mar 19, 2012; Raleigh, NC; United States
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    The Effect of ENSO on Phytoplankton Composition in the Pacific Ocean (2012)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The effect of climate variability on phytoplankton communities was assessed for the tropical and sub-tropical Pacific Ocean between 1998 and 2005 using an established biogeochemical assimilation model. The phytoplankton communities exhibited wide range of responses to climate variability, from radical shifts in the Equatorial Pacific, to changes of only a couple of phytoplankton groups in the North Central Pacific, to no significant changes in the South Pacific. In the Equatorial Pacific, climate variability dominated the variability of phytoplankton. Here, nitrate, chlorophyll and all but one of the 4 phytoplankton types (diatoms, cyanobacteria and coccolithophores) were strongly correlated (p less than 0.01) with the Multivariate El Nino Southern Oscillation Index (MEI). In the North Central Pacific, MEI and chlorophyll were significantly (p〈0.01) correlated along with two of the phytoplankton groups (chlorophytes and coccolithophores). Ocean biology in the South Pacific was not significantly correlated with MEI. During La Ni a events, diatoms increased and expanded westward along the cold tongue (correlation with MEI, r=-0.81), while cyanobacteria concentrations decreased significantly (r=0.78). El Nino produced the reverse pattern, with cyanobacteria populations increasing while diatoms plummeted. The diverse response of phytoplankton in the different major basins of the Pacific suggests the different roles climate variability can play in ocean biology.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC.ABS.01008.2012 , NASA Ocean Color Research team Meeting; Apr 23, 2012 - Apr 25, 2012; Seattle, WA; United States
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    Aquarius Main Structure Configuration (2012)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Aquarius/SAC-D Observatory is a joint US-Argentine mission to map the salinity at the ocean surface. This information is critical to improving our understanding of two major components of Earth's climate system - the water cycle and ocean circulation. By measuring ocean salinity from space, the Aquarius/SAC-D Mission will provide new insights into how the massive natural exchange of freshwater between the ocean, atmosphere and sea ice influences ocean circulation, weather and climate. Aquarius is the primary instrument on the SAC-D spacecraft. It consists of a Passive Microwave Radiometer to detect the surface emission that is used to obtain salinity and an Active Scatterometer to measure the ocean waves that affect the precision of the salinity measurement. The Aquarius Primary Structure houses instrument electronics, feed assemblies, and supports a deployable boom with a 2.5 m Reflector, and provides the structural interface to the SAC-D Spacecraft. The key challenge for the Aquarius main structure configuration is to satisfy the needs of component accommodations, ensuring that the instrument can meet all operational, pointing, environmental, and launch vehicle requirements. This paper describes the evolution of the Aquarius main structure configuration, the challenges of balancing the conflicting requirements, and the major configuration driving decisions and compromises.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: 2012 IEEE Aerospace Conference; Mar 03, 2012 - Mar 10, 2012; Big Sky, MT; United States
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 96
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    Características oceanográficas en Isla Malpelo y su relación con la Cuenca Oceánica del Pacífico Colombiano (2012)
    INVEMAR, Santa Marta (Colombia)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: La isla Malpelo conforma la ecorregión insular del Pacífico colombiano y contiene un mosaico de ecosistemas terrestres, litorales y submareales únicos. Considerando su carácter insular es de esperar que las características oceanográficas en esta localidad se encuentren influenciadas por la dinámica física y química del Pacífico Oriental Tropical (POT), siendo moduladas por las condiciones propias de la Cuenca Oceánica del Pacífico Colombiano (COPC). En este trabajo, se utilizó información in situ para describir las condiciones termohalinas de la columna de agua en la isla Malpelo e identificar las masas de agua dominantes durante los dos períodos hidroclimatológicos característicos de la COPC. Adicionalmente, se analizó la variabilidad térmica y halina en el COPC y se definió el campo de circulación geostrófico superficial a partir de información oceanográfica in situ durante los mismos períodos de tiempo con el propósito de evaluar su efecto sobre las condiciones oceanográficas en el ambiente pelágico de la isla Malpelo.
    Description: Malpelo Island forms the insular ecoregion of the Colombian Pacific, and is composed by a mosaic of terrestrial ecosystems, and unique coastal and shallow subtidal systems. Considering its insular nature, the oceanographic features of this locality are expected to be related with the physical and chemical dynamics of the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) and be modulated by the regional dynamic of the Colombian Pacific Oceanic Basin (COPC in Spanish). In this work, in situ data was used to describe the thermohaline conditions in the water column in Malpelo Island and identify key water mass during the two contrasting hydro-meteorological periods of the COPC. Furthermore, we analyzed the thermal and haline variability in the COPC and defined the surface geostrophic flow from in situ oceanographic data during the same time in order to evaluate its effect on the oceanographic conditions in the pelagic environment off Malpelo Island.
    Description: INVEMAR
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Water masses
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed , Article
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    Productividad planctónica y condiciones oceanográficas locales en Isla Gorgona durante julio 2006 (2012)
    INVEMAR, Santa Marta (Colombia)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: La isla Grogona es la mayor área insular en el Pacífico colombiano. Esta isla, localizada a 30 Km del continente, alberga una alta diversidad biológica y ecosistémica entre la que se incluye el arrecife coralino más desarrollado del Pacífico Oriental Tropical. A pesar de la alta relevancia de esta localidad en la política nacional ambiental, un escaso esfuerzo de investigación ha sido focalizado hacia la descripción del ambiente pelágico, el cual sustenta las particularidades ecosistémicas de isla Gorgona. En este trabajo se describen las condiciones de temperatura, transparencia, trubidez, salinidad, oxígeno disuelto, nutrientes nitrogenados (nitratos) y productividad plantónica (clorofila-a y biomasa zooplanctónica) local en el ambiente pelágico del Parque Nacional Natural Gorgona durante julio 2006 a partir de un muestreo sistemático en 24 estaciones oceanográficas. Se seleccionó el mes de julio debido a que corresonde al período oceanográfico "cálido" de la cuenca Pacífica colombiana. La temperatura y salinidad superficial (promedio ± error estándar) fueron 27.81 ± 0.08 °C y 31.75 ± 0.04 respectivamente. Se identificó una fuerte estratificación vertical, con la presencia de una termoclina permanente entre 45-55 m de profundidad. La transparencia en la columna de agua fue de 10.37 ± 0.33 m, siendo la turbidez superficial altamente variable (14.13 ± 2.60 NTU). El oxígeno disuelto superficial fue de 4.29 ± 0.03 mL L-1 y la clorfofila-a superficial fue de 0.15 ± 0.01 μg Clo-a L-1, presentándose los mayores registros de colorofila-a a 30 m de profundidad (0.27 ± 0.03 μg Clo-a L-1). La biomasa zooplanctónica (peso húmedo) fue altamente variable en la zona de estudio, con registros entre 16.59-311.53 mg 100 m-3. El fitoplancton estuvo dominado por diatomeas (91.17 %) del género Rhizosolenia (22.4 %) y Odontella (21.6 %), y se identificaron 31 grandes grupos taxonómicos de zooplancton con dominancia de copépodos (56.8 %) y apendicularias (16.9 %).
    Description: Planktonic productivity and local oceanographic variability in Gorgona Island, eastern tropical Pacific of Colombia. Gorgona Island is the vastest insular area in the Colombian Pacific Ocean. This island, located 30 Km offshore, has a high biological and ecosystem diversity; Gorgona´s coral reef is considered the best developed in the eastern tropical Pacific, being declared Natural National Park (PNN) in 1980. Despite its relevance in Colombian conservation policy, a reduced research effort has been focused to describe and to evaluate the local variability in the biological, physical and chemical condition of the pelagic environment. In order to define the oceanographic conditions of the PNN Gorgona during the warm season, the local variability of plankton productivity (Chlorophyll-a and zooplankton biomass) and physcial (temperature, transparency, trubidity) and chemical (salinity, dissolved oxygen, nitrate) conditions of pelagic system were evaluated at 24 sampling stations during July 2006. The mean surface temperature and salinity were 27.81 ± 0.08 °C and 31.75 ± 0.01 respectively. A strong vertical stratification was detected, with a permanent thermocline between 45-55 m depth. Water column transparency was 10.37 ± 0.33 m, and turbidity was highly variable (14.13 ± 2.60 NTU). Surface dissolved oxygen was 4.29 ± 0.03 mL L-1. Surface Chlorophyll-a was 0.15 ± 0.015 μg Clo-a L-1, however the highest records were at 30 m depth (0.27 ± 0.03 μg Clo-a L-). Zooplankton biomass was highly variable in the study zone (16.59-311.53 mg 100 m-3). Phytoplankton was dominated by diatomeas (91.17 %) of the genera Rhizosolenia (22.4 %) and Odontella (21.6 %). Futhermore, 31 taxonomic groups of zooplankton were identified, with dominance of copepods (56.8 %) and apendicularians (16.9 %).
    Description: INVEMAR
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Phytoplankton ; Zooplankton
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed , Article
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  • 98
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    Respuesta del ambiente marino a algunos eventos metereológicos sinópticos medidos sobre los arrecifes de San Andrés y de las Islas del Rosario, Caribe colombiano (2012)
    INVEMAR, Santa Marta (Colombia)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Continuous measurements were taken of oceanographic and meteorological parameters for two stations of the Global Ocean Observing System of the Southwest Caribbean, framed in the INAP project. The response of the surface layer, to atmospheric events, allowed to differentiate the pass of two cold fronts by Johnny Cay station (San Andres Island) and the arrival of the “Veranillo” in the sensors of Tesoro Island (Islas del Rosario, Cartagena). The cold fronts produced a decrease in the atmospheric pressure, air temperature, caused radical changes in wind direction and speed followed by precipitation. This situation lowered the sea surface temperature, the surface layer pH and rose momentarily the sea level. The “Veranillo” came to Archipelago of Rosario generating a strong increase in wind speed and solar radiation. The response in the sea surface layer was evident through a significant increase in sea level.
    Description: INVEMAR
    Description: Published
    Description: Veranillo; INAP
    Keywords: Meteorology ; Oceanography ; Cold fronts
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed , Article
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  • 99
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    Climate variability, oceanography, bowhead whale distribution, and Iñupiat subsistence whaling near Barrow, Alaska (2012)
    Arctic Institute of North America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Arctic Institute of North America, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of Arctic Institute of North America for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Arctic 63 (2010): 179-194.
    Description: The annual migration of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) past Barrow, Alaska, has provided subsistence hunting to Iñupiat for centuries. Bowheads recurrently feed on aggregations of zooplankton prey near Barrow in autumn. The mechanisms that form these aggregations, and the associations between whales and oceanography, were investigated using field sampling, retrospective analysis, and traditional knowledge interviews. Oceanographic and aerial surveys were conducted near Barrow during August and September in 2005 and 2006. Multiple water masses were observed, and close coupling between water mass type and biological characteristics was noted. Short-term variability in hydrography was associated with changes in wind speed and direction that profoundly affected plankton taxonomic composition. Aggregations of ca. 50–100 bowhead whales were observed in early September of both years at locations consistent with traditional knowledge. Retrospective analyses of records for 1984–2004 also showed that annual aggregations of whales near Barrow were associated with wind speed and direction. Euphausiids and copepods appear to be upwelled onto the Beaufort Sea shelf during Eor SEwinds. A favorable feeding environment is produced when these plankton are retained and concentrated on the shelf by the prevailing westward Beaufort Sea shelf currents that converge with the Alaska Coastal Current flowing to the northeast along the eastern edge of Barrow Canyon.
    Description: This work was supported by NSF Grants OPPPP-0436131 to C. Ashjian (S. Braund Subcontract), OPPPP-0436110 to R. Campbell, OPPPP-0436127 to W. Maslowski, OPPPP-0436009 to C. Nicolson and J. Kruse, OPPPP-043166 to S. Okkonen, and OPPPP-0435956 to Y. Spitz, E. Sherr, and B. Sherr.
    Keywords: Bowhead whale ; Plankton ; Oceanography ; Beaufort Sea ; Subsistence whaling
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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    At Sea Test 2 deployment cruise : cruise 475 on board R/V Oceanus September 22 – 26, 2011 Woods Hole –Woods Hole, MA (2012)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The R/V Oceanus, on Cruise 475, carried out the deployment of three moorings for the Coastal and Global Scale Nodes (CGSN) Implementing Organization of the NSF Ocean Observatories Initiative. These three moorings are prototypes of the moorings to be used by CGSN at the Pioneer, Endurance, and Global Arrays. Oceanus departed from Woods Hole, Massachusetts on September 22, 2011 and steamed south to the location of the mooring deployments on the shelf break. Over three days, September 23-25, Oceanus surveyed the bottom at the planned mooring sites, deployed the moorings, and carried out on site verification of the functioning of the moorings and moored hardware. Oceanus returned to Woods Hole on September 26, 2011.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through the Consortium for Ocean Leadership
    Keywords: Oceanus (Ship : 1975-) Cruise OC475 ; Oceanographic buoys ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: application/pdf
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