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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (3,895)
  • Oceanography
  • Niederschlag
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
  • 2015-2019  (180)
  • 1930-1934
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: La vida en el mar depende de la disponibilidad de luz para la fotosíntesis. Desde la 'bio-óptica' se intenta comprender cómo la intensidad y la distribución espectral de la luz son atenuadas debido a la dispersión y absorción en el medio acuático a causa de la presencia de los componentes ópticamente activos (COA), es decir, el agua misma, el fitoplancton (PHY), el material orgánico coloreado disuelto (CDOM) y el material particulado no algal (NAP). Las denominadas 'propiedades ópticas inherentes' (IOPs) son cantidades que caracterizan cómo la luz es absorbida o dispersada por los COA, convirtiéndose en importantes descriptores del medio acuático. A su vez, las IOPs junto con las condiciones de iluminación determinan el color del mar, el cual puede ser sensado remotamente y traducido mediante algoritmos satelitales en magnitudes biogeoquímicas de interés como la concentración de clorofila a ([Cla]). No obstante, la concentración de los COA y por ende las IOPs varían regional y estacionalmente; conocer esta variabilidad resulta fundamental para poder utilizar la bio-óptica y el sensoramiento remoto para monitorear el ambiente marino y desarrollar algoritmos satelitales con rigor científico. En este sentido, las series temporales de observaciones oceánicas son la base de la compresión de los procesos oceánicos y permiten evidenciar cambios que ocurren en grandes escalas de tiempo. El objetivo general de esta tesis fue entender la dinámica de las propiedades bio-ópticas en la serie temporal Estación Permanente de Estudios Ambientales (EPEA), ubicada en la costa bonaerense (frente a Mar del Plata) del Mar Argentino. Se armó una base de datos de variables bio-ópticas (más de 700 espectros de absorción) correspondientes al periodo 2000-2016. Se puso a punto el método de determinación empírica del coeficiente de absorción espectral del CDOM demostrándose estadísticamente que existen por lo menos dos formas espectrales , se modelaron con un modelo de regresión segmentada (SRM). Se describió la variabilidad de las IOPs y de condiciones ambientales de la serie EPEA. El ciclo estacional aparece como la alternancia de un período frío con la columna de agua mezclada a un período más cálido - estratificado. La mayor variabilidad interanual se observa en los meses de primavera - verano, sugiriendo que estos meses son diferentes de un año a otro según el grado de estratificación de la columna de agua, lo cual se manifiesta en la [Cla] y en las IOPs. El ciclo anual de la [Cla] superficial tiene su máximo en invierno (? 1.25 mgm-3), al igual que el de la absorción de luz por el NAP; en cambio la absorción de luz por el fitoplancton es relativamente invariable a lo largo del año. Se validaron los algoritmos operacionales de NASA para estimar [Cla] y las IOPs para los sensores SeaWiFS y MODIS-Aqua. SeaWiFS presenta mayor sesgo que MODIS, el sesgo de estos algoritmos empíricos es mayor en verano que en invierno. En cambio, el algoritmo semi-analítico GIOP en su configuración estándar no fue útil para estimar las IOPs en la EPEA.
    Description: PhD
    Description: Tesis (doctorado)
    Keywords: Imágenes satelitales ; Propiedades ópticas ; Sensoramiento remoto ; Fitoplancton ; Producción primaria ; Oceanografía ; Análisis de series de tiempo ; Modelado ; Procesamiento de datos ; Aguas costeras ; Modelos matemáticos ; Ambiente marino ; Monitoreo ambiental ; Satellite sensing ; Optical properties ; Remote sensing ; Phytoplankton ; Primary production ; Oceanography ; Time series analysis ; Modelling ; Data processing ; Coastal waters ; Mathematical models ; Marine environment ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 131pp.
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: At present, Ukraine lacks a unified information storage and retrieval system to render informational support to marine and oceanic research and management studies. There is an urgent need for setting up a State oceanological information system (SOIS) and for organising information exchange; there is also a need for legal regulation of information exchange between information holders both at the national and international levels. A network of national specialised data centres whose creation is now underway in such fields as oceanography, living marine resources, non-living resources and marine pollution, will form the basis for SOIS. The 'Marine Living Resources' information subsystem will ensure the automatic solution, at the national level of the following main tasks: 1) integrated research on the state of bioresources and their habitats in the World Ocean; 2) real-time monitoring of the state of marine environment and marine living resources, at first in the Azov-Black Sea region and later on throughout the World Ocean; 3) interrelated continuous forecasting (prognostic monitoring) of both marine environment and marine living resources; 4) establishment and management of regional databases on marine living resources; 5) model development at ecosystem level; 6) modernisation and adaptation of the existing functional problems on information processing and analysis; 7) analysis of marine living resources exploitation levels; 8) development of optimal exploitation strategy for various regions of the World Ocean (managing stocks in a sustainable manner and conserving stability of biocenoses); 9) development of ecological disaster warning system for individual region threatened by natural degradation and anthropogenic pressure; 10) elaboration of measures on conservation and reproduction of bioresources; 11) elaboration of tactics and strategy of Ukraine's fishery development. Technical framework is proposed basing on local area computer networks, and communication channels that link Datacentres into the SOIS.
    Description: В настоящее время в Украине отсутствует единая информационная система, которая обеспечивала бы информационную поддержку исследований и хозяйственной деятельности в морях и океанах. В связи с этим существует необходимость безотлагательного создания государственной океанологической информационной системы (ГОИС), организации каналов сбора и обмена информацией и правовой регламентации информационного взаимодействия между держателями информации и на внутри- и межгосударственном уровнях. Основой ГОИС является сеть создаваемых национальных специализированных центров данных (НСЦД) по направлениям океанография, живые морские ресурсы, неживые ресурсы и загрязнённость морей. Создание ГОИС и сети НСЦД позволит на государственном уровне организовать сбор, хранение, обработку, анализ и обеспечение пользователей разноплановой информацией по различным аспектам изучения, рационального и эффективного использования организациями и предприятиями различных министерств и ведомств Украины живых и неживых ресурсов Мирового океана, в том числе — Азово-Черноморского бассейна.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Marine research ; Information centers ; Databases ; Aquatic living resources ; Oceanography ; Mathematical modelling ; Forecasts ; Водные живые ресурсы ; Информационные центры ; Базы данных ; Океанография ; Математическое моделирование
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Non Refereed
    Format: pp.128-130
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  • 3
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: The unconsolidated sedimentary layer in the eastern Mediterranean Sea becomes more variable in thickness toward the east. The distribution pattern suggests that the primary sources of sediment in Cenozoic times have been the Nile River, elevated areas of Cyrenaica, the Taurus, and the Apennines.
    Description: Submitted to the Office of Naval Research under contract Nonr-4029 (00); NR 260-101, and partially supported by National Science Foundation Grants GP-2370 and GA-283.
    Keywords: Marine geology ; Sediments ; Mediterranean Sea ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 4
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    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution September 2019.
    Description: This thesis addresses the dynamics of estuarine networks, based on hydrographic observations in Newark Bay, a sub-estuarine network connected to the Hudson River estuary through New York Harbor. Estuarine networks differ from simple estuaries in that they may have multiple connections to the ocean, multiple freshwater sources, and often contain complex junctions between estuarine segments. The Newark Bay estuarine network is connected to the sea through two tidal straits, and is fed by multiple internal and external sources of fresh water. The estuarine network is also naturally divided into a series of reaches, each of which is characterized by a different cross-sectional geometry. This thesis focuses on the hydrographic variability and varying exchange flow within the Newark Bay estuarine network. Shipboard hydrographic measurements reveal the time-dependent formation of salinity fronts between reaches of the estuary. Each front is generated by a different mechanism; however, all are generated by tidal flow through channel junctions during ebb tide, and are advected landward during flood tide. Mooring-based measurements confirm that these fronts form during nearly every tidal cycle, and that the fronts are associated with substantial changes in local salinity on tidal timescales. The effect of tidal processes, such as frontal advection, on the exchange flow is investigated by applying the isohaline total exchange flow (TEF) framework to mooring-based observations in multiple reaches of the estuarine network. This reveals that over half of the exchange flow is driven by tidal processes at all sites within the estuary. Both the TEF-based salt balance and the standard Eulerian salt balance indicate that tidal processes are also responsible for at least half of the landward salt flux at most sites within the estuary; TEF and Eulerian salt balances are nearly identical. Tidal processes within the estuary are in large part associated with fronts. The large influence of tidal processes on the exchange flow in Newark Bay is thus likely due to the prevalence of channel junctions within the estuarine network.
    Description: The studies contained in this thesis were largely funded as part of a National Science Foundation Coastal SEES project (Grant OCE-1325136), which was developed to investigate the effects of anthropogenic modifications on the physical processes in estuaries. Additional funding was provided by the J. Seward Johnson Fund at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and by Hudson River Foundation Graduate Fellowship GF/01/17.
    Keywords: Dissertations, Academic ; Oceanography ; Marine sciences
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Thesis
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  • 5
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    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution June 2019.
    Description: Submesoscale ocean dynamics and instabilities, with characteristic scales 0.1–10 km, can play a critical role in setting the ocean’s surface boundary layer thickness and associated density stratification. Submesoscale instabilities contribute to lateral stirring and tracer dispersal. These dynamics are investigated in the Bay of Bengal, motivated by the upper ocean’s potentially coupled interactions with Monsoon winds and convection. The region’s excess precipitation and runoff generates strong salinity gradients that typically set density fronts and stratification in the upper 50 m. Since we cannot synoptically measure currents containing fast-evolving and oscillating components across the submesoscale range, we instead analyze passive tracer distributions (spice ⌘ density-compensated temperature (T) and salinity (S) anomalies), identifying signatures of flows and testing dynamical theories. The analysis is based on over 9000 vertical profiles of T and S measured along ⇠4800 km of ship tracks in the Bay of Bengal during ASIRI and MISO-BOB expeditions in 2013, 2015, and 2018. Observations in the surface mixed layer reveal ⇠1 km scale-selective correlation of surface T and S, with compensation reducing cross-front density gradients by ⇠50%. Using a process study ocean model, we show this is caused by submesoscale instabilities slumping fronts, plus surface cooling over the resultant enhanced salinity stratification, potentially thwarting the forward cascade of energy. In the stratified interior, we present a spectral analysis of horizontal spice variance statistics from wavenumber k ⇠0.01 cpkm to ⇠1 cpkm. At scales 〈10 km, stratified layers that are closer to the surface exhibit redder passive tracer spectra (power spectra k−3, gradient spectra k−1) than predicted by quasi-geostrophic or frontogenetic theories. Complimentary observations reveal spice patterns with multiple, parallel, ⇠10 m thin layers, crossing isopycnals with O(10−4) slopes, coherent over at least 30–80 km, with coincident layers of stratification anomalies. Comparison with shear measurements, and a numerical process study, suggest that both submesoscale sheared eddies, and thin near-inertial waves, form such layers. Fast formation timescales and large aspect ratios suggest they enhance horizontal mixing by shear dispersion, reducing variance at ⇠1–10 km scales.
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Winds ; Salinity ; Oceanic mixing ; Bengal, Bay of ; Indian Ocean
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Thesis
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  • 6
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    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physical Oceanography at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution September 2019.
    Description: The Galápagos Cold Pool (GCP) is a region of anomalously cold sea surface temperature (SST) just west of the Galápagos Archipelago. Modeling studies have shown that the GCP is maintained by wind- and current-driven upwelling. The Galápagos Archipelago lies on the equator, in the path of the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) as it flows eastward across the Pacific at the depth of the thermocline. It is hypothesized that the EUC upwells into the GCP as it reaches the topographical barrier of the Galápagos Archipelago. The path of the EUC in the vicinity of the archipelago is not well understood. The ‘Repeat Observations by Gliders in the Equatorial Region’ (ROGER) program deployed a fleet of Spray autonomous underwater gliders in the region just west of the Galápagos Archipelago from 2013 – 2016 with the goal of continuously occupying three transects that form a closed area, with the archipelago as the eastern boundary. Gliders obtained subsurface measurements of temperature, salinity, and velocity with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolution. These measurements are used to observe the path of the EUC as it bifurcates into a north and south branch around the Galápagos Archipelago. Net horizontal transport into the volume defined by the closed area formed by the glider transects is used to estimate an average vertical velocity profile in the region of the GCP, indicating upwelling in the upper 300 m. The bifurcation latitude of the EUC, estimated to be approximately 0.4∘S from volume transport as a function of salinity, is coincident with the meridional center of the archipelago, suggesting the bifurcation latitude is topographically controlled. Ertel potential vorticity and a Bernoulli function are qualitatively conserved, supporting an inertial model of the EUC. Average spectral variance from Argo profiling float observations is used to show that tropical instability waves propagate with frequency and wavelength consistent with linearized, equatorial 𝛽-plane model results and may impact the GCP, according to their vertical structure.
    Description: Funding for my thesis research was provided by the National Science Foundation (grants OCE-1232971 and OCE-1233282), the NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship Program (grant 80NSSC17K0443), the J. Seward Johnson Fund, and the Karen L. Von Damm Fellowship.
    Keywords: Ocean temperature ; Galapagos ; Hydrography ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Thesis
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: NASA GMAO is one of the contributing agencies in the Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation (JCSDA). One of the projects of the JCSDA is the Joint Effort for Data Assimilation Integration (JEDI). The JEDI framework needs a database of observations of the earth system. This talk is about planning for the ocean observations to be used in the JEDI based assimilation system at GMAO, NASA. We present preliminary requirements of such an observational database and scope out issues that need multi-agency attention in future.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN65402 , Workshop on the Interface for Observation Data Access (IODA); Feb 11, 2019 - Feb 13, 2019; Monterey, CA; United States
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Coastal waters serve as transport pathways to the ocean for all agricultural and other runoff from terrestrial sources, and many are the sites for upwelling of nutrient rich, deep water; they are also some of the most biologically productive on Earth. Estimating the impact coastal waters have on the global carbon budget requires relating satellite-based remote-sensing retrievals of biological productivity (e.g., chlorophyll alpha concentration) to in situ measurements taken in near-surface waters. The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) can uniquely constrain the "atmospheric correction" needed to derive ocean color from remote-sensing imagers. Here, we retrieve aerosol amount and type from MISR over all types of water. The primary limitation is an upper bound on aerosol optical depth (AOD), as the algorithm must be able to distinguish the surface. This updated MISR research aerosol retrieval algorithm (RA) also assumes that light reflection by the underlying ocean surface is Lambertian. The RA computes the ocean surface reflectance (R (sub rs)) analytically for a given AOD, aerosol optical model, and wind speed. We provide retrieval examples over shallow, turbid, and eutrophic waters and introduce a productivity and turbidity index (PTI), calculated from retrieved spectral R (sub rs), that distinguished water types (similar to the the normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI, over land). We also validate the new algorithm by comparing spectral AOD and Angstrom exponent (ANG) results with 2419 collocated AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) observations. For AERONET 558 nanometer-interpolated AOD less than 1.0, the root-mean square error (RMSE) is 0.04 and linear correlation coefficient is 0.95. For the 502 cloud-free MISR and AERONET collocations with an AERONET AOD greater than 0.20, the ANG RMSE is 0.25 and r is 0.89. Although MISR RA AOD retrieval quality does not appear to be substantially impacted by the presence of turbid water, the MISR-RA-retrieved Angstrom exponent seems to suffer from increased uncertainty under such conditions. MISR supplements current ocean color sources in regions where sunglint precludes retrievals from single-view-angle instruments. MISR atmospheric correction should also be more robust than that derived from single-view instruments such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). This is especially true in regions of shallow, turbid, and eutrophic waters, locations where biological productivity can be high, and single-view-angle retrieval algorithms struggle to separate atmospheric from oceanic features.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN65670 , Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (e-ISSN 1867-8548); 12; 1; 675-689
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Atmospheric correction is an essential procedure of ocean color remote sensing, which obtains water-leaving signals from satellite or airborne sensors. Due to the small percentage of the water leaving signals in the total measurement, atmospheric correction requires precise evaluation of the radiometric contributions from the aerosol and ocean surface. It is often challenging over coastal waters when absorbing aerosols are present and when water leaving signals in the near infrared spectral region are non-negligible. In this work, we report on a joint retrieval algorithm that determines aerosol and ocean optical properties using the polarimetric measurements based on a coupled atmosphere and ocean radiative transfer model. Two bio-optical models are designed for ocean water properties. One model parameterizes the open ocean optical properties in terms of the concentration of chlorophyll a. The other is a generalized bio-optical model for coastal waters that describes the absorption and scattering by phytoplankton, colored dissolved organic matter and non-algal particles using multiple parameters. We applied the algorithm to the airborne Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) measurements acquired over both open and coastal ocean waters. Through the comparisons with in situ ocean color measurements, the flexibility and accuracy of the retrieval algorithm in retrieving aerosol and water leaving radiance properties are demonstrated under various aerosol and ocean water conditions.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN67105 , International Ocean Colour Science Meeting (IOCS 2019); Apr 09, 2019 - Apr 12, 2019; Busan; Korea, Republic of
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2019-09-18
    Description: The basic product measured by OCI is the top-of atmosphere (TOA) radiance at different wavelengthsThree types of calibration/characterization are necessary for ocean color processing: - Prelaunch calibration/characterization (absolute/spectral calibration and image artifacts) - On-orbit calibration (solar diffuser and lunar measurements) - Vicarious calibration (in-situ measurements of water-leaving radiance)
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN72983 , SPIE Remote Sensing 2019; Sep 09, 2019 - Sep 12, 2019; Strasbourg; France
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2019-09-17
    Description: The Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission represents NASA's next investment in satellite ocean color and the study of Earth's ocean-atmosphere system, enabling new insights into oceanographic and atmospheric responses to Earth's changing climate. PACE objectives include extending systematic cloud, aerosol, and ocean biological and biogeochemical data records, making essential ocean color measurements to further understand marine carbon cycles and ecosystem responses to a changing climate, and improving knowledge of how aerosols influence ocean ecosystems and, conversely, how ocean ecosystems and photochemical processes affect the atmosphere. PACE objectives also encompass management of fisheries, large freshwater bodies, and water quality and reducing uncertainties in climate and radiative forcing models of the Earth system. PACE observations will also provide information on radiative properties of land surfaces and characterization of the vegetation and soils that dominate their reflectance. The primary PACE instrument - the Ocean Color Instrument (OCI) - is a hyperspectral imaging radiometer that spans the ultraviolet to shortwave infrared, with a ground sample distance of 1-kilometer at nadir. This includes continuous collection of spectra from 340 to 890 nanometers in 5-nanometer steps. The PACE payload is complemented by two multi-angle polarimeters with spectral ranges that span the visible to near-infrared region. Scheduled for launch in late 2022-to-early 2023, the PACE observatory will enable significant advances in the study of Earth's biogeochemistry, carbon cycle, clouds, hydrosols, and aerosols in the ocean-atmosphere system. We present a brief overview of the PACE mission, followed by a detailed discussion of the capabilities and design concept of OCI.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN71657 , SPIE Remote Sensing 2019; Sep 09, 2019 - Sep 12, 2019; Strasbourg; United States
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2019-10-09
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN73670 , 2019 Joint Satellite Conference; Sep 28, 2019 - Oct 04, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2019-12-31
    Description: The (Sea-Ice Ocean and Coupled Assimilation) SOCA project focuses on meshing atmospheric and marine data assimilation efforts to create innovative data assimilation systems. One of the main goals ofSOCA is to make use of surface-sensitive radiances to constrain sea-ice and upper ocean fields (e.g., salinity, temperature, sea-ice fraction, sea-ice temperature, etc.). the focus of this research is to build first elements toward an ocean/sea-ice/atmosphere coupled data assimilation capability, with a focus on supporting and developing the assimilation of observations sensitive to multiple sub-domains. We Setup the existing Joint Effort for Data assimilation Integration (JEDI) coupled UFO (CRTM related) for surface sensitive microwave radiances (SST and SSS) focusing on Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Imager (GMI) and Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP).
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN76205 , AGU 2019 Fall Meeting; Dec 11, 2019
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2019-08-08
    Description: Satellite laser ranging (SLR) observations are routinely applied toward the estimation of dynamic oblateness, C(sub 20), which is the largest globally integrated component of Earth's time-variable gravity field. Since 2002, GRACE and GRACE Follow-On have revolutionized the recovery of higher spatial resolution features of global time-variable gravity, with SLR continuing to provide the most reliable estimates of C (sub 20).We quantify the effect of various SLR processing strategies on estimating C(sub 20) and demonstrate better signal recovery with the inclusion of GRACE-derived low-degree gravity information in the forward model. This improved SLR product modifies the Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheet mass trends by -15.4 and -3.5 Gt/year, respectively, as compared to CSR TN11, and improves global mean sea level budget closure by modifying sea level rise by +0.08 mm/year. We recommend that this new C(sub 20) product be applied to RL06 GRACE data products for enhanced accuracy and scientific interpretation.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN70257 , Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276) (e-ISSN 1944-8007); 46; 12; 6910-6917
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2020-01-22
    Description: In most places extreme high tides undergo a clear seasonal variation. It is well known that semidiurnal tides tend to peak during equinox seasons, and diurnals during solstice seasons. This is a consequence of the solar and lunar declinations, which when large maximize diurnal tides at the expense of semidiurnals. The semiannual range modulation of tidal extremes for a pure semidiurnal tide is determined mainly by the amplitude of the K2 constituent; a pure diurnal is determined mainly by P1. Mixed tidal regimes tend to experience maxima very roughly around the times of solstice, but not always, with the semiannual modulation generally a complicated function of constituent amplitudes and phases. These modulations are here mapped worldwide by analyzing tidal extremes predicted with a global tide model. The known 4.4-year modulation in extreme tides is a consequence of declinational and perigean effects coming in and out of phase. The phase of the 4.4-year modulation is controlled by the phase of the semiannual modulation, irrespective of whether the tide is diurnal, semidiurnal, or mixed.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN76436 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (ISSN 2169-9291) (e-ISSN 2169-9291); 124; 8; 5907-5922
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2019-11-05
    Description: The Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission represents NASA's next investment in satellite ocean color and the study of Earth's ocean-atmosphere system, enabling new insights into oceanographic and atmospheric responses to Earth's changing climate. PACE objectives include extending systematic cloud, aerosol, and ocean biological and biogeochemical data records, making essential ocean color measurements to further understand marine carbon cycles and ecosystem responses to a changing climate, and improving knowledge of how aerosols influence ocean ecosystems and, conversely, how ocean ecosystems and photochemical processes affect the atmosphere.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN73063 , SPIE Remote Sensing; Sep 09, 2019 - Sep 12, 2019; Strasbourg; France
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Sea ice is considered an important indicator of climate change. Interest has focused on the trend towards reduced sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean, particularly during summer months. In the Southern Hemisphere, sea ice has also received attention due to a trend towards increasing cover, in opposition to the Northern Hemisphere and to climate model projections. This all changed in the austral spring 2016, when the Southern Ocean sea ice cover dropped dramatically, and has remained consistently at below average values up to the present. Here I review some of the issues and perceived causes of the 2016 sea ice reduction. Several studies have suggested a change in surface winds, which would allow warmer waters to move upwards in the water column and towards the surface. Results from the GMAO (Global Modeling and Assimilation Office) ocean data assimilation system are consistent with this hypothesis, and indicate a significant warming of subsurface waters occurred in the winter of 2016, and has remained in place.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN69347 , Conference on Polar Meteorology and Oceanography; May 19, 2019 - May 23, 2019; Boulder, CO; United States
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Ocean heat content (OHC) is a key climate variable that needs to be monitored to know how Earth's energy imbalance is changing, yet observing OHC remains a challenge. The present study examines whether a depth integral of the ocean's electrical conductivity (conductance), which may be inferred from both in situ methods and satellite magnetometers over the global ocean, could help monitor OHC. The ocean's electrical conductivity locally depends on temperature, salinity, and pressure, but it is not as well known how the conductance depends on OHC and ocean salt content. By examining the output of an ocean state estimate shown to agree well with observations that have not been assimilated, this study evaluates the fundamental limitations of using perfectly known ocean conductance to predict OHC, rather than the challenges associated with accounting for observational error. It is found that the ocean's conductance and OHC fields are nonlinearly related but nevertheless highly correlated. A statistical framework tends to predict OHC more accurately than ocean salt content from ocean conductance in regions where conductivity is more sensitive to salinity than temperature. The annually (bidecadally) averaged OHC can be predicted from a combination of conductance and depthaveraged conductivity ocean fields to within nearly 0.1% (1%) error globally and even more accurately in many poorly observed (e.g., icecovered) regions. Practical application of this statistical framework to monitor OHC requires examination of the effect of uncertainties in the observed bathymetry and ocean conductance, which vary with application.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN66463 , JGR Oceans (ISSN 2169-9275) (e-ISSN 2169-9291); 124; 1; 667-679
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A recently developed algorithm to estimate surface ocean chlorophyll a concentrations (Chl in milligrams per cubic meter), namely, the ocean color index (OCI) algorithm, has been adopted by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration to apply to all satellite ocean color sensors to produce global Chl maps. The algorithm is a hybrid between a banddifference color index algorithm for lowChl waters and the traditional bandratio algorithms (OCx) for higherChl waters. In this study, the OCI algorithm is revisited for its algorithm coefficients and for its algorithm transition between color index and OCx using a merged data set of highperformance liquid chromatography and fluorometric Chl. Results suggest that the new OCI algorithm (OCI2) leads to lower Chl estimates than the original OCI (OCI1) for Chl less than 0.05 milligrams per cubic meter, but smoother algorithm transition for Chl between 0.25 and 0.40 milligrams per cubic meter. Evaluation using in situ data suggests that similar to OCI1, OCI2 has significantly improved image quality and crosssensor consistency between SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor), MODISA (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer on Aqua), and VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) over the OCx algorithms for oligotrophic oceans. Mean crosssensor difference in monthly Chl data products over global oligotrophic oceans reduced from approximately 10 percent for OCx to 1-2 percent for OCI2. More importantly, data statistics suggest that the current straylight masking scheme used to generate global Chl maps can be relaxed from 7 by 5 to 3 by 3 pixels without losing data quality in either Chl or spectral remote sensing reflectance (R (sub rs) by lambda (sensor wavelength), per steradian (sr (sup 1)) for not just oligotrophic oceans but also more productive waters. Such a relaxed masking scheme yields an average relative increase of 39 percent in data quantity for global oceans, thus making it possible to reduce data product uncertainties and fill data gaps.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN67550 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (ISSN 2169-9275) (e-ISSN 2169-9291)
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  • 20
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    Instituto Tecnológico Buenos Aires (ITBA)
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de la simulación numérica de la circulación de las aguas en el estuario del Río de la Plata (Argentina). El modelo matemático está basado en el modelo teórico de flujo cuasi-bidimensional a superficie libre. La influencia de la marca astronómica se tiene en cuenta a través de las condiciones de borde de la desembocadura. Las corrientes y niveles calculados para distintos instantes del ciclo de mareas, muestran razonable con las observaciones. Estos resultados demuestran la factibilidad de la simulación, abriendo la posibilidad de utilizar esta técnica para encarar estudios más profundos, con vistas a solucionar problemas concretos que experimenta hoy el Río de la Plata.
    Description: Bachelors
    Description: Tesis (licenciatura)
    Keywords: Cartas hidrográficas ; Datos hidrográficos ; Relevamiento hidrográfico ; Hidrografía ; Oceanografía ; Estuarios ; Dinámica de estuarios ; Mareas de estuarios ; Corrientes de marea ; Análisis matemático ; Modelos matemáticos ; Hydrographic charts ; Hydrographic data ; Hydrographic surveying ; Hydrography ; Oceanography ; Estuaries ; Estuarine dynamics ; Estuarine tides ; Tidal currents ; Mathematical analysis ; Mathematical models
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 118pp.
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: La caracterización de zonas marinas para el cultivo de peces constituye una necesidad para el desarrollo de esta actividad, que puede constituir, a mediano o largo plazo, una fuente estable de alimento de alto valor comercial, sustitución de importaciones, y remplazo de los volúmenes de captura de la actividad extractiva pesquera, que ha disminuido en los últimos años. Se evalúan áreas profundas (〉 20 m) del golfo de Ana María, Cuba, con el objetivo de seleccionar sitios potenciales para el cultivo en jaulas de peces marinos nativos. Además de la profundidad, se registró la temperatura, salinidad y oxígeno disuelto, y la intensidad de las corrientes como factores importantes en el éxito del cultivo y la seguridad del sistema. Se identificaron seis zonas con profundidades entre 20-30 m, adyacentes a canales de intercambio donde las corrientes se intensifican. La temperatura media del agua de 27,7 °C y la salinidad de 36-38 UPS, el oxígeno disuelto con extremos entre 6-7 mg/L. Tres de las seis zonas evaluadas mostraron corrientes con intensidad 〉 20 cm/s, y las otras tres 〈 20 cm/s. En todos los casos con valores medios superiores a 10 cm/s y geográficamente protegidas por bajos y cayos que amortiguan el efecto del oleaje. Los resultados indican que las zonas evaluadas muestran condiciones para el cultivo en jaulas flotantes de peces y otros recursos marinos.
    Description: The characterization of marine areas for fish farming, is necessity for the development of the this activities; which may constitute, to medium or long term, a stable source of food of commercial high value, substitution of imports, and replacement of catch volumes of extractive fishing activity due to it has declined in the last years. Deep areas (〉 20 m) of the gulf of Ana María, Cuba, are evaluated in order to select potential sites for cage culture of marine fish. In addition to depth (〉 20 m), temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen, and currents intensity were recorded as important factors in the success of the crop and the safety of the system. Six areas were identified with depths between 20 and 30 m, adjacent to exchange channels where the currents are intensified. The mean values 27,7 °C of water temperature, the salinity from 36 to 38 PSU, the dissolved oxygen between 6 and 7 mg/L. Three of the six zones evaluated showed currents with intensity 〉 20 cm / s, and the other three 〈 20 cm/s. In all cases with mean values above 10 cm/s and geographically protected by cays that reduce the effect of the waves. The results indicate that the evaluated zones show conditions for growing in floating cages of fish and other marine resources.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Oceanografía ; Cultivo de peces ; Golfo de Ana María ; Cuba ; Oceanography ; Fish farming ; Gulf of Ana Maria
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.7-12
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2017. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here under a nonexclusive, irrevocable, paid-up, worldwide license granted to WHOI. It is made available for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Methods in Ecology and Evolution 9 (2018): 1212-1220, doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12959.
    Description: Electronic tagging of marine fishes is commonly achieved with archival tags that rely on light levels and sea surface temperatures to retrospectively estimate movements. However, methodological issues associated with light-level geolocation have constrained meaningful inference to species where it is possible to accurately estimate time of sunrise and sunset. Most studies have largely ignored the oceanographic profiles collected by the tag as a potential way to refine light-level geolocation estimates. Open-source oceanographic measurements and outputs from high-resolution models are increasingly available and accessible. Temperature and depth profiles recorded by electronic tags can be integrated with these empirical data and model outputs to construct likelihoods and improve geolocation estimates. The R package HMMoce leverages available tag and oceanographic data to improve position estimates derived from electronic tags using a hidden Markov approach. We illustrate the use of the model and test its performance using example blue and mako shark archival tag data. Model results were validated using independent, known tracks and compared to results from other geolocation approaches. HMMoce exhibited as much as 6-fold improvement in pointwise error as compared to traditional light-level geolocation approaches. The results demonstrated the general applicability of HMMoce to marine animals, particularly those that do not frequent surface waters during crepuscular periods.
    Description: This work was funded by awards to C. Braun from the Martin Family Society of Fellows for Sustainability Fellowship at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Grassle Fellowship and Ocean Venture Fund at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and the NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship.
    Keywords: Satellite telemetry ; Movement ecology ; Oceanography ; State-space model ; Behavioral state
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Ekaterina Ivanovna Studenikina (1937–2013) was an outstanding hydrobiologist, Doctor of Biological Sciences, professor, Honoured Worker of Fisheries of the Russian Federation, Head of the Hydrobiology Laboratory and of the Department of Oceanography in the Azov Sea Research Fisheries Institute (1984–2013). E.I. Studenikina made an enormous contribution to the study of the Azov and Black Seas ecosystems; she was the author of numerous scientific works devoted to the problems of fisheries, formation and rational use of biological resources, ecology of water bodies of fishery value, etc.
    Description: Екатерина Ивановна Студеникина (1937–2013 гг.) — выдающийся гидробиолог, доктор биологических наук, профессор, почетный работник рыбного хозяйства России, заведующая лабораторией гидробиологии и отделом океанографии Азовского научно-исследовательского института рыбного хозяйства (1984–2013 гг.). Е.И. Студеникина внесла огромный вклад в изучение экосистем водоемов Азово-Черноморского бассейна, является автором многочисленных научных работ, посвященных проблемам рыбного хозяйства, формированию и рациональному использованию биологических ресурсов, экологии рыбохозяйственных водоемов и др.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Researchers ; Hydrobiology ; Oceanography ; Marine ecosystems ; Aquatic biological resources ; Phytoplankton ; Zooplankton ; ASFA_2015::H::Historical account ; ASFA_2015::F::Fishery institutions
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Non Refereed
    Format: pp.127-130
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  • 24
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    AtlantOS Ocean Best Practices Working Group
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Presentation at 'Evolving and Sustaining Ocean Best Practices Workshop, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Paris, France, 15-17 Nov 2017'
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Best practices ; Forward look ; G7 ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Conference Material , Non Refereed
    Format: 33 slides
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Temperature is one of the fundamental parameters in physical oceanography and study of marine processes. The variation of spatial and local of Sea Surface Temperature (SST)plays an important role on climate change , life of fish, ocean currents, salinity and the other characteristics of seas and lakes. The purpose of this research was to predict SST in the Caspian Sea. The data on the Caspian Sea surface temperature that have been measured with Aqua satellite from MODIS sensor have been collected from 2003 to 2007. This data was analyzed by Fourier series method. Using Fourier analysis Fourier coefficients were calculated and temperature was predicted for future years. Average SST has been calculated for 24 selected stations in three different regions of Caspian Sea. . The pattern of SST in different times forCaspian Sea during 2003-2007 was identified. The result of spectral time series showed that temperature variation in different times have a similar pattern. In all stations spectral frequency have a 12 month periodic pattern.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Physical ; Sea Surface Temperature ; SST ; Fourier analysis ; Spectral Analysis ; Parameters ; Oceanography ; Marine
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.84-97
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Results of YugNIRO complex researches are presented and assessment of the state and prospects of development for Ukrainian fisheries in international legal aspect is given. Main results of oceanographic researches, problems of ctenophore Mnemiopsis development dynamics, problems of biology and stock assessment of commercial target species in the Azov-Black Sea area and in the Indian Ocean as well as problems of exploration of fishing areas in the North-Eastern Atlantic are considered. Prospects of production of new medicinal prophylactic preparations made of Black Sea seaweeds are revealed. Conception of development of fisheries in the Crimea is offered.
    Description: Представлены результаты комплексных исследований ЮгНИРО, дана оценка состояния и перспектив развития рыболовства Украины в международно-правовом аспекте. Рассмотрены основные итоги океанографических исследований, вопросы динамики развития гребневика мнемиопсиса, биологии и оценки запасов промысловых объектов Азово-Черноморского бассейна и Индийского океана и освоения промыслом районов Северо-Восточной Атлантики. Показаны перспективы получения новых лечебно-профилактических препаратов из черноморских водорослей. Представлена концепция развития рыбного хозяйства Крыма.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Forecast ; Legal aspects ; Stock assessment ; Fishing areas ; Algae ; Fishery products processing ; Commercial species ; Mnemiopsis leidyi ; Non-edible products ; Oceanography ; ASFA_2015::A::Aquatic living resources ; ASFA_2015::F::Fisheries management ; ASFA_2015::F::Fish catch statistics ; ASFA_2015::A::Aquatic communities ; ASFA_2015::C::Coastal oceanography
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book/Monograph/Conference Proceedings , Non Refereed
    Format: 298pp.
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Problems of state of commercial fish species and invertebrate stocks in the Azov and Black Seas Basin and in some areas of the World Ocean are considered; oceanographic characteristics are presented taking into account natural and anthropogenic factors. Assessment of the by-catch value in purse seine fisheries in the North Equatorial Area of the Indian Ocean is given. Data on information support of the YugNIRO fisheries research are given; prospects of computer processing of echometric surveys of fish schools are shown. New data on 4 diphyllobothriidae species paraziting in Pinnipedia in the Antarctic are presented.
    Description: Рассмотрены вопросы состояния запасов промысловых видов рыб и беспозвоночных в Азово-Черноморском бассейне и некоторых районах Мирового океана, приведены океанографические характеристики с учетом природных и антропогенных влияний, дана оценка величины прилова кошелькового флота в Северном экваториальном районе Индийского океана. Приведены данные информационного обеспечения рыбохозяйственных исследований ЮгНИРО, показаны перспективы компьютерной обработки материалов эхометрических съемок рыбных скоплений. Представлены новые сведения о 4 видах дифиллоботриид, паразитирующих у ластоногих в Антарктике.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Parazites ; Fishery exploitation ; Biological aggregations ; Echometric surveys ; Information support ; Pinnipedia ; Marine invertebrates ; By-catch ; Purse seiners ; ASFA_2015::A::Aquatic living resources ; ASFA_2015::F::Fish catch statistics ; ASFA_2015::A::Aquatic communities ; ASFA_2015::B::Biological resources ; ASFA_2015::F::Fishery institutions
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book/Monograph/Conference Proceedings , Non Refereed
    Format: 125pp.
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2021-12-09
    Description: We describe a synthesis of the Mediterranean Sea circulation structure and dynamics from a 23-year- long reanalysis of the ocean circulation carried out by Adani et al. (2011). This mesoscale permitting dynamical reconstruction of past ocean variability in the Mediterranean Sea allows the study of the time-mean circulation and its low frequency, decadal, components. It is found that the time-mean circu- lation is composed of boundary and open ocean intensified jets at the border of cyclonic and anticyclonic gyres. The large scale basin circulation is generally characterized in the northern regions by cyclonic gyres and in its southern parts by anticyclonic gyres and eddy-dominated flow fields, with the exception of the Tyrrhenian and the northern Ionian Sea. The time-mean Tyrrhenian Sea circulation is dominated by cyclonic gyres of different intensity and intermittency. The northern Ionian Sea circulation, however, reverses in sign in two ten-year periods, the first in 1987–1996 and the second in 1997–2006, which is here called the Northern Ionian reversal phenomenon. This reversal is provoked by the excursion of the Atlantic-Ionian Stream from the middle to the northern parts of the basin. The decadal variability of other parts of the basin is characterized by changes in strength of the basin scale structures. The water mass formation rates and variability are dominated by event-like periods where the intermediate and deep waters are formed for 2–3 years at higher rates. The largest deep water formation events of the past 23 years occurred separately in the western and eastern Mediterranean basin: the first coincided with the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (Roether et al., 1996) and the second with the western Mediterranean deep water formation event in 2005–2006 (Smith et al., 2008). A new schematic of the basin-scale circu- lation is formulated and commented.
    Description: Published
    Description: 318-332
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 29
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: High frequency acoustic backscattering systems are being used in monostatic modes to evaluate the use of acoustic techniques to detect and study a variety of fluid processes in the oceanic environment. A short outline of those research programs actively evaluating and using acoustic techniques is presented, followed by a detailed review of this investigator's program. This program uses a multifrequency high frequency acoustic system to study a variety of processes including turbulent mixing, air-sea interactions, internal waves, interleaving water masses, natural particulate dispersion and distribution, the dispersion of particulates associated with deep ocean disposal of industrial chemical waste, and biological response to a variety of stimulae including fluid motion, predators, and oceanographic instrumentation. Graphic acoustic data records of several of the above phenomena are described.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-77-C-0196; NR 083-004, for the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration under Grants NA79AA-D-00030 (Ocean Dumping Program) and NA79AA-D-00102 (Office of Sea Grant) and for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 77-08682.
    Keywords: Underwater acoustics ; Oceanography ; Marine biology
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The First U.S. North Atlantic Regional Workshop on Remote Sensing in the Coastal and Marine Environment was held at the W. Alton Jones Campus, University of Rhode Island, May 30- June 1, 1979. The objectives of the meeting were to determine and document regional user needs for marine environmental data that might be acquired by remote sensing and to further the interchange of information between the developers of remote sensing technology, suppliers of remote sensing data products, and users of coastal and marine information. The workshop was structured to expose coastal specialists and users of marine data to the potentials of remote sensing and to provide a mechanism through which representatives of the remote sensing community might gain knowledge of the priorities of the potential users. A mutual awareness of the perspectives of each group is essential for beginning a dialogue and for overcoming one of the major obstacles to technology transfer - communications. In planning the remote sensing workshop, a committee was organized to insure a balanced review of the technology and to invite the involvement of the user community. The members of t;1e planning committee represented scientific, private, and federal interests. The activity documented in this report consists of invited presentations that were grouped in the following categories: (1) a technical orientation of earth resources remote sensing, including data sources and processing, (2) a review of the present status of remote sensing -technology applicable to the coastal and marine environment, (3) a description of data and information needs of selected coastal and marine activities and (4) an outline of plans for marine monitoring systems for the U.S. East Coast and a concept for an East Coast remote sensing facility. In addition to these invited presentations, one of the evening sessions was devoted to three working groups that addressed user needs and remote sensing potentials in the areas of coastal processes and management, commercial and recreational fisheries, and marine physical processes. The results of these working group sessions were presented and discussed on the morning of the final day. The recommendations of the workshop, which are provided in the executive summary and in the body of this document, represent a cross-section of needs for present and future consideration for remote sensing data. They concern improvement in addressing user remote sensing data needs, defining deficiencies, and in specifying research areas. The two and one-half day meeting provided an effective mechanism for establishing new dialogue between operational and research regional marine data users and the appropriate federal agencies and private interests developing remote sensing technology. Participants in this workshop reflected a cross section of U.S. North Atlantic interests, with representation from state, federal, academic research, and commercial activities. The ultimate goal of the workshop will be continued input and association with remote sensing programs by the marine user.
    Description: We acknowledge the financial support for the project which came from the Office of Resource Observation Division of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Center for Ocean Management Studies of the University of Rhode Island, and the Marine Policy and Ocean Management Program of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
    Keywords: Coasts ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 31
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The bibliography reviews inventory-like studies of the Georges Bank region and presents information on the scope of the work, topics treated, geographic area of concern, and audience. The primary purpose was to evaluate the nature and type of maps used in the works reviewed so the notations include the number of maps, their formats and scales, cartographic quality and base map content .
    Description: Prepared by the Marine Policy and Ocean Management Program and the Coastal Research Center with funds from the Pew Memorial Trust, the Mellon Foundation and the Department of Commerce, NOAA Office of Sea Grant under Grant #NA 80AA-D-00077.
    Keywords: National Sea Grant Program (U.S.) ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 32
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Also published as: Journal of Marine Research 37 (1979): 515-529
    Description: The hypothesis that variations in eddy diffusivity may be responsible for some of the observed distributions of oceanic scalars is explored. A gradient in eddy diffusivity affects property distributions much as would an additional velocity field from regions of high to low eddy diffusivity. In support of such an interpretation, the cross-isopycnal distribution of density is compared with an eddy diffusivity prescribed by the combination of boundary mixing and isopycnal exchange. Since the surface area available for boundary mixing varies with depth, similar variations are reflected in property distributions. For isopycnal distributions, an eddy diffusivity field inferred from the eddy potential energy field description of Dantzler (1977) is compared with the salinity distribution from the Mediterranean Outflow.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-400 and for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 76-81190.
    Keywords: Eddies ; Oceanography
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Also published as Journal of Marine Research, 1975, Volume 33, No . 3, pp. 355-382
    Description: Twenty neutrally buoyant SOFAR floats were used in the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE) to study the structure and variability of the deep ocean currents. The floats were clustered so that the pattern of motions could be resolved (mapping and pattern recognition). A number of float trajectories are shown and the very individual character of their signature is emphasized. Some floats remain nearly stationary for a year whereas others will cover hundreds of kilometers to the south or west in just a few months. Superposition of all trajectories in the spaghetti diagram is shown to reveal considerable organization of the "eddy" field in the MODE area and is thought to be caused by the near presence of the Blake-Bahama Outer Ridge to the west. There is considerable asymmetry to the float dispersal with floats rapidly scattering to the south and west, but not to the north and east even though the r .m.s. velocities are a factor 3 to 6 times greater than the mean drift. The evolution and dispersal of the float cluster is illustrated in a set of figures in each of which a 12 day segment of all float trajectories is displayed. At times their mobility and relative motion is shown to be associated with onset of sudden swirls and regions of large horizontal shear, features that are not evident from the analysis of individual trajectories. Cluster averages of the float velocities and kinetic energy, computed weekly and plotted as a function of time, show substantial variability. Much better averages are obtained by limiting the cluster to floats within a geographical region. As the spaghetti diagram indicates and the following paper discusses in more detail there exist substantial geographical variations in the average kinetic energy levels. These may be in some way caused topographically by the close proximity to the continental margin. Whatever the reason they caution us to reexamine the notion that the scale of variation of the second order eddy statistics is large compared to the eddies themselves, at least in the MODE-I area. Ten floats also contained a system to record the local pressure, temperature and vertical currents. The pressure and temperature yield data concerning low frequency vertical displacements and the vertical current meters measure the internal wave sea state which is shown to be remarkably constant.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contracts N00014-66-C-0241; NR 083-004 ( WHOI), N00014-67-A-0097-001 (Yale University) and NSF Grants GX-30220 (WHOI), GX-30416 (Yale University) .
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE)
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 34
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The technical reports prepared by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1978 are listed in this bibliography.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Eighty-two CTD stations were taken in the Mediterranean Sea during February, 1975 . These stations were concentrated in the Alboran Sea near Gibraltar to investigate whether water typical of the deep western Mediterranean was flowing directly up and over the sill at Gibraltar. Temperature, salinity, and potential temperature at standard pressures are presented for each of the stations.
    Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation under Grants OCE76-10940 and OCE74-19782 A03 and for the National Oceanographic Data Center under the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Purchase Order 6-19641 to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Chain (Ship : 1958-) Cruise CH118
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 36
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Ten SOFAR floats were instrumented during the MODE field experiment to record pressure, temperature, and vertical water displacement during a four month drift. This report describes the acquisition and reduction of this data and then summarizes in graphical form some of the principal results.
    Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation, International Decade of Ocean Exploration Grant GX-30220
    Keywords: Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE) ; Data processing ; Oceanography ; Ocean currents
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 37
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-06-22
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2018-06-22
    Description: The marine portion of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) in the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE) accounts for one-fourth of the cryospheric contribution to global sea-level rise and is vulnerable to catastrophic collapse. The bedrock response to ice mass loss, glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), was thought to occur on a time scale of 10,000 years. We used new GPS measurements, which show a rapid (41 millimeters per year) uplift of the ASE, to estimate the viscosity of the mantle underneath. We found a much lower viscosity (4 x 10 18 pascal-second) than global average, and this shortens the GIA response time scale from tens to hundreds of years. Our finding requires an upward revision of ice mass loss from gravity data of 10% and increases the potential stability of the WAIS against catastrophic collapse.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 39
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-08-24
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 40
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-06-01
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 41
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-11-02
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 42
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-07-06
    Description: Zinc (Zn) is a key micronutrient for marine phytoplankton, with a global distribution that is similar to silicic acid. The processes that govern this relationship, despite the very different biological cycling of Zn and silica, remain poorly understood. Here, we use diagnostic and mechanistic models to show that only a combination of Southern Ocean biological uptake and reversible scavenging of Zn onto sinking particles can explain the observations. The distinction between organic and adsorbed Zn can also reconcile the vertical distribution and mass balance of Zn isotopes, which previously appeared at odds. This holistic understanding explains the Zn deficiencies observed throughout the low-latitude ocean and implies a greater sensitivity of the marine Zn cycle to climate-driven changes in organic matter cycling than previously recognized.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 43
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-04-13
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 44
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-06-15
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 45
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-02-23
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 46
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-03-09
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 47
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-03-09
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 48
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-01-05
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2019-05-15
    Description: Particulate organic carbon (POC) represents a small portion of total carbon in the ocean. However, it plays a large role in the turnover of organic matter through the biological pump and other processes. Early on since the development of the POC measurement technique in the 1960s, it was known that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) adsorbs and is retained both on and in the filter. That retained DOC is measured as if it was part of the particulate fraction, an artifact that can cause significant overestimates of POC concentration. We set out to address the long-standing question of whether the magnitude of the DOC adsorption is affected by the quantity and quality of the dissolved organic matter in the sample. However, our results precluded an unequivocal answer to that question; nevertheless, the experimental data generated did allow us to develop and test predictive models that relate the mass of carbon adsorbed to the volume of sample filtered. The results indicate that the uptake of DOC can be predicted using an exponential model and that a saturation point is approached when approximately a half-liter of water is filtered. This model can be a valuable tool for correcting existing POC data sets that did not account for DOC adsorption. Nonetheless, this approach should not be regarded as a substitute for collecting in situ filter blanks in parallel with POC samples to properly correct for this artifact.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN57520 , GSFC-E-DAA-TN57027 , Limnology and Oceanography: Methods (e-ISSN 1541-5856); 16; 6; 356-366
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2019-06-08
    Description: The last glacial maximum (LGM) at approximately 2318k (kthousand calendar years) provides an important contrast to our present and pre-industrial climate in a warming world. Global observational datasets of LGM land and sea surface conditions have been synthesized and present some interesting challenges both for providing another scenario for understanding climate change and for climate sensitivity. These challenges are ongoing, as data increase and modeling improves. By definition, the LGM is defined as the time during the last glacial interval in which maximum ice was sequestered in ice sheets as visible in the marine isotopic records. Maximum cooling is visible from pollen and macrofossil records 14C dated to this interval, and ice sheets and alpine glaciers are roughly at their maximum extent throughout the globe. The ice cores extracted from Greenland and Antarctica have given us high-resolution records of greenhouse gases, dust, and isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen which reveal the progression out of the LGM at 18k as climate warmed.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN55979 , Our Warming Planet; 1; 331-348
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2019-06-08
    Description: Sea ice is an important component of the global climate system. Sea ice forms, grows, and melts in the ocean. Sea ice grows during the fall and winter and melts during the spring and summer. Sea ice can melt completely in summer or survive multiple years. Sea ice can be classified by stages of development (thickness and age), that is, first-year sea ice (ice thickness typically 〈1.8 m) and multiyear sea ice (ice thickness typically 〉1.8 m). Sea ice occurs in both hemispheres. In the Northern Hemisphere, sea ice develops in the Arctic Ocean and surrounding bodies including Hudson and Baffin Bay, Gulf of St. Lawrence, the Greenland Sea, the Bering Sea, and the Sea of Okhotsk (sea ice can be observed as far south as Bohai Bay, China, ~38N). In the Southern Hemisphere, sea ice only develops around Antarctica, reaching a maximum equatorward extension at around ~55S).
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN55974 , Our Warming Planet; 1; 295-307
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Dr. Ved Chirayath's plenary presentation will highlight two instrument technologies he invented at NASA including Fluid Lensing, the first remote sensing technology capable of imaging through ocean waves in 3D at sub-cm resolutions, and MiDAR (Multispectral Imaging, Detection and Active Reflectance), a next-generation active hyperspectral remote sensing and optical communications instrument. Fluid Lensing has been used to provide the first 3D multispectral imagery of shallow marine systems from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, or drones), including coral reefs in American Samoa and stromatolite reefs in Hamelin Pool, Western Australia. MiDAR is being deployed on aircraft, and underwater remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) as a new method to remotely sense living and nonliving structures in extreme environments. MiDAR images targets with high-intensity narrowband structured optical radiation to measure an object's non-linear spectral reflectance, image through fluid interfaces such as ocean waves with active fluid lensing, and simultaneously transmit high-bandwidth data. As an active instrument, MiDAR is capable of remotely sensing reflectance at the centimeter (cm) spatial scale with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) multiple orders of magnitude higher than passive airborne and spaceborne remote sensing systems with significantly reduced integration time. This allows for rapid video-frame-rate hyperspectral sensing into the far ultraviolet and VNIR wavelengths. Finally, Chirayath will present preliminary results from NASA NeMO-Net (Neural Multi-Modal Observation and Training Network), the first neural network for global coral reef classification using fluid lensing and MiDAR.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN65987 , ARC-E-DAA-TN61144 , ARC-E-DAA-TN60494 , Ocean Optics; Oct 07, 2018 - Oct 12, 2018; Dubrovnik; Croatia|Pacific Islands Environment Conference: Greening; Jun 23, 2019 - Jun 28, 2019; Tamuning; Guam
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: We live in an era in which increasing climate variability is having measurable impact on marine ecosystems within our own lifespans. At the same time, an ever-growing human population requires increased access to and use of marine resources. To understand and be better prepared to respond to these challenges, we must expand our capabilities to investigate and monitor ecological and bio geo chemical processes in the oceans. In response to this imperative, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) conceived the Pre-Aerosol, Clouds, and ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission to provide new information for understanding the living ocean and for improving forecasts of Earth System variability. The PACE mission will achieve these objectives by making global ocean color measurements that are essential for understanding the carbon cycle and its inter-relationship with climate change, and by expanding our understanding about ocean ecology and biogeochemistry. PACE measurements will also extend ocean climate data records collected since the 1990s to document changes in the function of aquatic ecosystems as they respond to human activities and natural processes over short and long periods of time. These measurements are pivotal for differentiating natural variability from anthropogenic climate change effects and for understanding the interactions between these processes and various human uses of the ocean. PACE ocean science goals and measurement capabilities greatly exceed those of our heritage ocean color sensors, and are needed to address the many outstanding science questions developed by the oceanographic community over the past 40 years.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: NASA/TM-2018-219027/Vol. 2 , GSFC-E-DAA-TN65844
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We assess the impact of satellite sea surface salinity (SSS) observations on seasonal to interannual variability of tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean dynamics as well as on dynamical ENSO forecasts. Our coupled model is composed of a primitive equation ocean model for the tropical Indo-Pacific region that is coupled with the global SPEEDY atmospheric model (Molteni, 2003). The Ensemble Reduced Order Kalman Filter is used to assimilate observations to constrain dynamics and thermodynamics for initialization of the coupled model. The baseline experiment assimilates satellite sea level, SST, and in situ subsurface temperature and salinity observations. This baseline is then compared with experiments that additionally assimilate Aquarius (version 4.0) and SMAP (version 2.0) SSS. Twelve-month forecasts are initialized for each month from Sep. 2011 to Dec. 2016. We find that including satellite SSS significantly improves NINO 3.4 sea surface temperature anomaly validation after 1 out to 12 month forecast lead times. For initialization of the coupled forecast, the positive impact of SSS assimilation is brought about by surface freshening near the eastern edge of the western Pacific warm pool and density changes that lead to shallower mixed layer between 10 degrees South latitude-5 degrees North latitude. SST differences at initialization force wide-spread downwelling favorable curl over most of the tropical Pacific. Over an average forecast, SST remains warmer with SSS assimilation at the eastern edge of the warm pool. This warm SST propagates into the eastern Pacific and drags westerly wind anomalies eastward into the NINO 3.4 region. In addition, salting near the ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone) leads to a deepening of the mixed layer and thermocline near 8 degrees North latitude. These patterns together lead to a funneling effect that provides the background state to amplify equatorial Kelvin waves. We show that the downwelling Kelvin waves are amplified by assimilating satellite SSS and lead to significantly improved forecasts particularly for the 2015 El Nino.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN52575 , 2018 Ocean Sciences Meeting; Feb 11, 2018 - Feb 16, 2018; Portland, OR; United States
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: During the past few years the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) modeling groups have produced, respectively, global atmosphere-only and ocean-only simulations with km-scale grid spacing. These simulations have proved invaluable for process studies and for the development of satellite and in-situ sampling strategies. Nevertheless, a key limitation of these "nature" simulations is the lack of interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere, which limits their usefulness for studying air-sea interactions and for designing observing missions to study these interactions. We present here results from a coupled GEOS-MIT "nature run" simulation, wherein we have coupled a cubed-sphere-720 (~ 1/8) configuration of the GEOS atmosphere to a lat-lon-cap-1080 (~ 1/12) configuration of the MIT ocean. We compare near-surface diagnostics of this fully coupled ocean-atmosphere simulation to equivalent atmosphere-only and ocean-only simulations. A particular focus of the comparisons is the coupled versus uncoupled differences in interactions between Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and ocean surface wind. We discuss, in particular, a several-day mode of temporal variability in the SST-wind cycle and how it is represented in the different model simulations and in observationally-based products. A mechanism for the cycle, which is driven by SST-wind feedback, is proposed.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN64108 , American Geophysical Union (AGU) 2018 Fall Meeting; Dec 10, 2018 - Dec 14, 2018; Washington, D.C.; United States
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Knowing the spatial and temporal distribution of the underwater light field, i.e., the spectral and angular structure of the radiant intensity at any point in the water column, is essential to understanding the biogeochemical processes that control the composition and evolution of aquatic ecosystems and their impact on climate and reaction to climate change. At present, only a few properties are reliably retrieved from space, either directly or via water-leaving radiance. Existing satellite products are limited to planar photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) and ultraviolet (UV) irradiance above the surface and diffuse attenuation coefficient. Examples of operational products are provided, and their advantages and drawbacks are examined. The usefulness and convenience of these products notwithstanding, there is a need, as expressed by the user community, for other products, i.e., sub-surface planar and scalar fluxes, average cosine, spectral fluxes (UV to visible), diurnal fluxes, absorbed fraction of PAR by live algae (APAR), surface albedo, vertical attenuation, and heating rate, and for associating uncertainties to any product on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Methodologies to obtain the new products are qualitatively discussed in view of most recent scientific knowledge and current and future satellite missions, and specific algorithms are presented for some new products, namely sub-surface fluxes and average cosine. A strategy and roadmap (short, medium, and long term) for usage and development priorities is provided, taking into account needs and readiness level. Combining observations from satellites overpassing at different times and geostationary satellites should be pursued to improve the quality of daily-integrated radiation fields, and products should be generated without gaps to provide boundary conditions for general circulation and biogeochemical models. Examples of new products, i.e., daily scalar PAR below the surface, daily average cosine for PAR, and sub-surface spectral scalar fluxes are presented. A procedure to estimate algorithm uncertainties in the total uncertainty budget for above-surface daily PAR, based on radiative simulations for expected situations, is described. In the future, space-borne lidars with ocean profiling capability offer the best hope for improving our knowledge of sub-surface fields. To maximize temporal coverage, space agencies should consider placing ocean-color instruments in L1 orbit, where the sunlit part of the Earth can be frequently observed.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN57031 , Frontiers in Marine Science (e-ISSN 2296-7745); 5; 3
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) is a multi-satellite constellation that measures ocean wind speed using GPS reflectometry. CYGNSS wind measurements are not as impacted by rainfall, making them useful in and near tropical convective systems. Combining IMERG with CYGNSS enables the study of wind-precipitation interactions in convection, and shipborne radar can provide context for these analyses.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN61748 , PMM 2018 Science Team Meeting; Oct 08, 2018 - Oct 12, 2018; Phoenix, AZ; United States
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2019-12-28
    Description: Sea level anomaly (SLA) maps are routinely produced by objective analysis of data from the constellation of satellite altimeter missions in operation since 1992. Beginning in 2014, changes in the Data Unification and Altimeter Combination System (DUACS) used to create the SLA maps resulted in improved spatial resolution of mesoscale variability, but it also increased the levels of aliased tidal variability compared to the methodology employed prior to 2014. The present work investigates the magnitude and spatial distribution of these tidal signals, which are typically smaller than 1 cm in the open ocean but can reach tens of centimeters in the coastal ocean. In the open ocean, the signals are caused by a combination of phase-locked and phase-variable baroclinic tides. In the coastal ocean, the signals are a combination of aliased high-frequency nontidal variability and aliased variability caused by erroneous tidal corrections applied to the along-track altimetry prior to objective analysis. Several low-pass and bandpass filters are implemented to reduce the tidal signals in the mapped SLA, and independent tide gauge data are used to provide an objective assessment of the performance of the filters. The filter that attenuates both the small-scale (less than 200 km) and the high-frequency (period shorter than 108 days) components of SLA removes aliased baroclinic tidal variability and improves the accuracy of tidal analysis in the open ocean while also performing acceptably in the coastal ocean.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN65502 , Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (ISSN 0739-0572) (e-ISSN 1520-0426); 35; 12; 2421-2435
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2019-09-12
    Description: Fixation of organic carbon by phytoplankton is the foundation of nearly all open-ocean ecosystems and a critical part of the global carbon cycle. But quantification and validation of ocean primary productivity at large scale remains a major challenge, due to limited coverage of ship-based measurements and the difficulty of validating diverse measurement techniques. Accurate primary productivity measurements from autonomous platforms would be highly desirable, due to much greater potential coverage. In pursuit of this goal we estimate gross primary productivity over two months in the springtime North Atlantic from an autonomous Lagrangian float using diel cycles of particulate organic carbon derived from optical beam attenuation. We test method precision and accuracy by comparison against entirely independent estimates from a locally parameterized model based on chlorophyll a and light measurements from the same float. During nutrient replete conditions (80% of the study period), we obtain strong relative agreement between the independent methods across an order of magnitude of productivities (r(sq.)=0.97), with slight under-estimation by the diel cycles method (-19+/-5 %). At the end of the diatom bloom, this relative difference increases to -58 % for a six-day period, likely a response to SiO4 limitation, which is not included in the model. In addition, we estimate gross oxygen productivity from O2 diel cycles and find strong correlation with diel cycles-based gross primary productivity over the entire deployment, providing further qualitative support to both methods. Finally, simultaneous estimates of net community productivity, carbon export and particle size suggest that bloom growth is halted by a combination of reduced productivity due to SiO4 limitation and increased export efficiency due to rapid aggregation. After the diatom bloom, high chlorophyll a normalized productivity indicates that low net growth during this period is due to increased heterotrophic respiration and not nutrient limitation. These findings represent a significant advance in the accuracy and completeness of upper ocean carbon cycle measurements from an autonomous platform.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN57238 , Biogeosciences (ISSN 1726-4170) (e-ISSN 1726-4189); 15; 14; 4515-4532
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: This report studies tsunamis caused by asteroids, both those that arise from atmospheric blast waves moving across the water surface from airburst asteroids, and those that arise when the asteroid reaches the water and forms a crater. We perform numerical experiments that compare simulations using depth-averaged models (shallow water and several forms of Boussinesq) with linearized Euler (acoustics plus gravity) and ALE hydrocode simulations. We find that neither of the depth-averaged models do a good job of initiating the tsunami, but in some cases can be used to propagate a solution generated by a higher-fidelity method. A list of our conclusions and recommendations for further study is given in Section 5.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: NASA/CR-2018-219786 , ARC-E-DAA-TN53167
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Ocean color satellite measurements have yielded valuable information about the base of the marine food web for over 20 years. The Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission is building an advanced spectrometer to further refine ecosystem monitoring. Higher spectral resolution data from PACE will enable identification of additional marine biological indicators and their response to multiple stressors to guide sustainable management. Seafood is an important source of protein for a significant number of people. Wild catches cannot match increasing demand and their sustainability is in question. Aquaculture is an ever more important industry to feed the world's population. We share early efforts to engage a community of practice around food security to increase satellite data product use in support of resource management, business decisions, and policy analysis. Understanding the needs of applied scientists as well as non-traditional users of satellite data early in the PACE mission process will improve planning and preparation for a broader user base and hopefully help to mitigate food insecurity.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN61933 , Ocean Optics XXIV; Oct 07, 2018 - Oct 12, 2018; Dubrovnik; Croatia
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We assess the impact of satellite sea surface salinity (SSS) observations on dynamical ENSO forecasts for the big 2015 El Nino event. From March to June 2015, the availability of two overlapping satellite SSS instruments, Aquarius and SMAP, allows a unique opportunity to compare and contrast coupled forecasts generated with the benefit of these two satellite SSS observation types. Four distinct experiments are presented that include 1) freely evolving model SSS (i.e. no satellite SSS), relaxation to 2) climatological SSS (i.e. WOA13 (World Ocean Atlas 2013) SSS), 3) Aquarius and 4) SMAP initialization. Coupled hindcasts are generated from these initial conditions for March 2015. These forecasts are then validated against observations and evaluated with respect to the observed El Nino development.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: AGU Paper No. AI14A-1557 , GSFC-E-DAA-TN52668 , 2018 Ocean Sciences Meeting; Feb 11, 2018 - Feb 16, 2018; Portland, OR; United States
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Ocean color measured from satellites provides daily global, synoptic views of spectral water-leaving reflectances that can be used to generate estimates of marine inherent optical properties (IOPs). These reflectances, namely the ratio of spectral upwelled radiances to spectral downwelled irradiances, describe the light exiting a water mass that defines its color. IOPs are the spectral absorption and scattering characteristics of ocean water and its dissolved and particulate constituents. Because of their dependence on the concentration and composition of marine constituents, IOPs can be used to describe the contents of the upper ocean mixed layer. This information is critical to further our scientific understanding of biogeochemical oceanic processes, such as organic carbon production and export, phytoplankton dynamics, and responses to climatic disturbances. Given their importance, the international ocean color community has invested significant effort in improving the quality of satellite-derived IOP products, both regionally and globally. Recognizing the current influx of data products into the community and the need to improve current algorithms in anticipation of new satellite instruments (e.g., the global, hyperspectral spectroradiometer of the NASA Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission), we present a synopsis of the current state of the art in the retrieval of these core optical properties. Contemporary approaches for obtaining IOPs from satellite ocean color are reviewed and, for clarity, separated based their inversion methodology or the type of IOPs sought. Summaries of known uncertainties associated with each approach are provided, as well as common performance metrics used to evaluate them. We discuss current knowledge gaps and make recommendations for future investment for upcoming missions whose instrument characteristics diverge sufficiently from heritage and existing sensors to warrant reassessing current approaches.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN52075 , Progress in Oceanography (ISSN 0079-6611); 160; 186-212
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2019-11-23
    Description: A Global Ocean Carbon Algorithm Database (GOCAD) has been developed from over 500 oceanographic field campaigns conducted worldwide over the past 30 years including in situ reflectances and coincident satellite imagery, multi- and hyperspectral Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) absorption coefficients from 245715 nm, CDOM spectral slopes in eight visible and ultraviolet wavebands, dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC, respectively), and inherent optical, physical, and biogeochemical properties. From field optical and radiometric data and satellite measurements, several semi-analytical, empirical, and machine learning algorithms for retrieving global DOC, CDOM, and CDOM slope were developed, optimized for global retrieval, and validated. Global climatologies of satellite-retrieved CDOM absorption coefficient and spectral slope based on the most robust of these algorithms lag seasonal patterns of phytoplankton biomass belying Case 1 assumptions, and track terrestrial runoff on ocean basin scales. Variability in satellite retrievals of CDOM absorption and spectral slope anomalies are tightly coupled to changes in atmospheric and oceanographic conditions associated with El Nio Southern Oscillation (ENSO), strongly covary with the multivariate ENSO index in a large region of the tropical Pacific, and provide insights into the potential evolution and feedbacks related to sea surface dissolved carbon in a warming climate. Further validation of the DOC algorithm developed here is warranted to better characterize its limitations, particularly in mid-ocean gyres and the southern oceans.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN65578 , Applied Sciences (e-ISSN 2076-3417); 8; 12; 2687
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2019-11-23
    Description: The early Earth's environment is controversial. Climatic estimates range from hot to glacial, and inferred marine pH spans strongly alkaline to acidic. Better understanding of early climate and ocean chemistry would improve our knowledge of the origin of life and its coevolution with the environment. Here, we use a geological carbon cycle model with ocean chemistry to calculate self-consistent histories of climate and ocean pH. Our carbon cycle model includes an empirically justified temperature and pH dependence of seafloor weathering, allowing the relative importance of continental and seafloor weathering to be evaluated. We find that the Archean climate was likely temperate (0-50deg C) due to the combined negative feedbacks of continental and seafloor weathering. Ocean pH evolves monotonically from 6.6(sup + 0.6) (sub -0.4) (2 sigma) at 4.0 Ga to 7.0(sup +0.7) (sub-0.5) (2 sigma) at the Archean-Proterozoic boundary, and to 7.9(sup +0.1) (sub -0.2) (2 sigma) at the Proterozoic-Phanerozoic boundary. This evolution is driven by the secular decline of pCO2, which in turn is a consequence of increasing solar luminosity, but is moderated by carbonate alkalinity delivered from continental and seafloor weathering. Archean seafloor weathering may have been a comparable carbon sink to continental weathering, but is less dominant than previously assumed, and would not have induced global glaciation. We show how these conclusions are robust to a wide range of scenarios for continental growth, internal heat flow evolution and outgassing history, greenhouse gas abundances, and changes in the biotic enhancement of weathering.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN54732 , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (ISSN 0027-8424) (e-ISSN 1091-6490); 115; 16; 4105-4110
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2019-11-19
    Description: We report the first radiative transfer model that is able to simulate phytoplankton fluorescence with both photo chemical and non-photo chemical quenching included. The fluorescence source term in the inelastic radiative transfer equation is proportional to both the quantum yield and scalar irradiance at excitation wavelengths. The photo chemical and non photo chemical quenching processes change the quantum yield based on the photosynthetic active radiation. A sensitivity study was performed to demonstrate the dependence of the fluorescence signal on chlorophyll a concentration, aerosol optical depths and solar zenith angles. This work enables us to better model the phytoplankton fluorescence, which can be used in the design of new space-based sensors that can provide sufficient sensitivity to detect the phytoplankton fluorescence signal. It could also lead to more accurate remote sensing algorithms for the study of phytoplankton physiology.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN60698 , Remote Sensing (e-ISSN 2072-4292); 10; 8; 1309
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2019-11-15
    Description: Marine phytoplankton contribute roughly half the net primary production (NPP) on Earth, fixing atmospheric CO2 into food that fuels global ocean ecosystems and drives biogeochemical cycles. Phytoplankton growth is dependent on availability of light and nutrients (e.g., iron, nitrogen, phosphorous) in the upper ocean euphotic zone, which in turn is influenced by physical factors such as ocean temperature. SeaWiFS and MODIS are satellite ocean color sensors that provide observations of sufficient frequency and geographic coverage to globally monitor changes in the near-surface concentration of the phytoplankton pigment chlorophyll-a (Chla; mg -cu m), which serves as a proxy for phytoplankton abundance. Here, global Chla distributions for 2017 are evaluated within the context of the 20-year continuous record provided through the combined observations of SeaWiFS (19972010) and MODIS on Aqua (MODISA, 2002present). All Chla data used in this analysis correspond to NASA processing version R2018.0, which utilizes common algorithms and calibration methods to maximize consistency in the multi-mission satellite record.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN60708 , Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (ISSN 0003-0007) (e-ISSN 1520-0477); 99; 8; S94-S96
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: La evaluación de sitios marinos constituye una tarea prioritaria en el inventario de zonas marinas con potencial para el cultivo de peces; esta es importante en términos de costos de inversión/operación y rentabilidad derivada del crecimiento y supervivencia de la especie a cultivar. En general, las características oceanográficas del sitio determinan la eficiencia y viabilidad técnica, operativa y económica del cultivo. Se evaluó el potencial de las aguas costeras abiertas adyacentes a la localidad de Boca Ambuila, Cienfuegos, región sur central de Cuba. Esto se hizo a partir de estudios precedentes (2008), muestreos oceanográficos en temporada seca y lluviosa (abril y septiembre 2011), de un ciclo diurno de temperatura, oxígeno y medición de corrientes marinas en agosto de 2011. Aunque la temperatura media anual en la región es de 27.56 a 28.75ºC, se registraron valores medios de 27.49°C en abril/2011 a 30.97°C en agosto/2011, y valores extremos de oxígeno disuelto de 6.89 mg y 4.97 mg L-1 respectivamente, en abril y septiembre de 2011. En el sitio se reportan corrientes de 10 a 15 cm s-1, pero en agosto de 2011 se registraron valores menores con una media de 5.48 cm s-1. Salinidad, pH, turbidez, demanda química (DQO) y biológica (DBO5) de oxígeno, nutrientes y otras variables hidrometeorológicas, mostraron intervalos permisibles para el cultivo de peces nativos. Con base en lo anterior, el sitio cumple con los requerimientos am bientales básicos para el cultivo de peces marinos en jaulas flotantes, además de que en la zona terrestre costera existe una instalación acuícola y condiciones adecuadas para la reproducción, desove y cultivo larvario de peces marinos en ambiente controlado.
    Description: Assessment of marine sites is a priority task in the inventory of potential marine areas for fish farming, which is important in terms of investment costs/operation and profitability derived from the growth and survival of the species to cultivate. In general, the oceanographic characteristics of the site determine the efficiency and technical, operational and economic feasibility of the crop. The potential of open coastal waters adjacent to the town of Boca Ambuila, Cienfuegos, south central region of Cuba was assessed. This was done on the basis of previous studies (2008), oceanographic surveys during dry and in rainy season (April to September 2011), a diurnal cycle of temperature, oxygen and measurement of currents in August 2011. Although average annual temperature in the region is 27.6 to 28.8ºC, mean values of 27.5°C were recorded in April/2011 to 30.9°C in August/2011, and extreme values of dissolved oxygen of 6.9 mg and 4.9 mg L-1 respectively in April and September 2011. The current site reported 10 to 15 cm s-1, but in August 2011 lower values were recorded, with an average of 5.5 cm s-1. Salinity, pH, turbidity, chemical demand (COD) and biological (BOD5) oxygen, nutrients and other hydro-meteorological variables, showed permissible ranges for culturing native fish. Based on the above, the site meets the basic environmental requirements for marine fish farming in floating cages. Plus, in the coastal land area there is an aquaculture facility and suitable conditions for breeding, spawning and larval marine fish farming in a controlled environment.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Oceanografía ; Selección de sitios ; Piscicultura marina ; Cuba ; Oceanography ; Site selection ; Fish farming
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.1-8
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The Nantucket Shoals Flux Experiment (NSFE79) was conducted across the continental shelf and upper slope south of Nantucket from March, 1979 to April , 1980 to measure the flow of shelf water from the Georges Bank/Gulf of Maine region into the Middle Atlantic Bight. Conceived as a cooperative field experiment involving the Northeast Fisheries Center (NMFS), U.S. Geological Survey (Woods Hole), University of New Hampshire, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the experiment contained two principal components, a moored array of current meter and bottom instrumentation deployed at six locations across the shelf and upper slope spanning a depth range from 46 m to 810 m, and a series of 27 hydrographic surveys made along or near the moored array line during the experiment. A basic description of the NSFE79 hydrographic data has been given in Part 1 by Wright (1983). A description of the moored array components and the basic moored array data sets is presented here in Part 2.
    Description: The NEFC participation was supported by the NMFS Marine Resources Monitoring, Assessment, and Prediction (MARt-1AP) Program. The U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) supported the USGS field and analysis component under t~emoranda of Understanding M550-MU6-79, M551-MU8- 24, M551-MU9-4, and M551-MU0-18. The WHO! and UNH field programs were supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants OCE 78-19513 and OCE 78-26229.
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Hydrography ; Ocean currents ; Moored arrays
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: A hydrographic survey was made on August 1-16, 1981 on the People's Republic of China R/V Shijian to measure the regional hydrographic structure in the East China Sea near the mouth of the Chang Jiang (Yangtze) River. The objectives of the hydrographic program were to document the spatial structure of the Chang Jiang discharge over the continental shelf and characterize the river's influence on the shelf water masses during a period of maximum river discharge. A summary of the hydrographic observations made during Cruise ECS81-1 on the R/V Shijian is presented in graphic form.
    Description: Prepared for the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration under Cooperative Agreement NA81AA-H-00008 and for the National Science Foundation under Grant 0CE 80-14941.
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Stream measurements ; Shijian (Ship) Cruise ECS81-1
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Held at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass., April 20-21, 1982
    Description: This report details the results of a workshop held at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHO!) on April 20-21, 1982. The workshop, part of an effort by the Marine Policy and Ocean Management Program (MPOM) of WHO! intended to assist interested developing countries in formulating strategies for ocean resource use and management within their new 200-rnile exclusive economic zones. The effort, presently called the Cooperative International Marine Affairs Program (CIMAP), began in November of 1981 after the William H. Donner Foundation of New York City responded favorably to a proposal submitted by Dr. David A. Ross, Director of MPOM.
    Description: Prepared by the Marine Policy and Ocean Management Program with funds from the William H. Donner Foundation, the Pew Memorial Trust, and the. Johnson Endowment Fund.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Because of the Law of the Sea Conference and other factors there recently has been a continuing expansion in the legal, economic, and scientific control over the ocean by coastal countries. This paper presents the results of a questionnaire survey mailed to U.S. marine scientists, soliciting their experiences during the last decade in conducting research in the coastal waters of foreign countries and their expectations for the future. Tables present the countries where research had been conducted, methods of and difficulties in obtaining clearance from foreign governments, the affect of foreign rules on design, planning and execution of research, and areas of interest for future research. Fifty-eight percent of the seventy-two respondents (136 originally sent) had encountered difficulties in obtaining permission to work in foreign coastal waters. Forty-nine percent anticipate that Law of the Sea Treaty requirements may cause such problems for them in the future. The respondents made comments and recommendations bearing on future U.S. marine research in foreign waters. One set of tables presents results for the total group; another set presents results for subgroups of those in particular scientific disciplines.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Pew Memorial Trust, the Department of Commerce, NOAA, Office of Sea Grant under Grant NA80-AA-D-00077 (E/L-1), and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's Marine Policy and Ocean Management Program.
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Law and legislation ; Maritime law
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This is a data report, giving temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen data obtained during five surveys of the beta-triangle area of the eastern North Atlantic in the years 1979-81. The report is divided into two parts. Part I consists of a listing of station data obtained on all stations occupied -- on the periphery of the triangle, inside it, and some nearby stations outside it. Part II is a set of profiles of this data drawn on the three sides of the triangle, for easy reference and visual comparison. Detailed scientific study of the data is published elsewhere.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE B0-15789 and by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Eastward (Ship) Cruise ; Atlantis II (Ship : 1963-) Cruise AII107 ; Researcher (Ship) Cruise ; Oceanus (Ship : 1975-) Cruise OC18 ; Atlantis II (Ship : 1963-) Cruise AII109
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Three surveys were made during June, 1980 on the R/V Oceanographer to measure the regional hydrographic structure in the East China Sea near the mouth of the Chang Jiang (Yangtze) River. The objective of the hydrographic program was to document the spatial and temporal structure of the Chang Jiang plume over the continental shelf and characterize the river's influence on the shelf water masses. A summary of the hydrographic observations made during Cruise RP-05-0C-80 on the R/V Oceanographer is presented in graphic form.
    Description: Prepared for the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration under Cooperative Agreement NA81AA-H-00008 and for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE-80-14941.
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Hydrography ; Oceanographer (Ship) Cruise
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: A hydrographic survey was made on November 18-23, 1981 on the People's Republic of China R/V Shijian to measure the regional hydrographic structure in the East China Sea near the mouth of the Chang Jiang (Yangtze) River. The objectives of the hydrographic program were to document the spatial structure of the Chang Jiang discharge over the continental shelf and characterize the river's influence on the shelf water masses during a period of low river discharge. A summary of the hydrographic observations made during Cruise ECS81-2 on the R/V Shijian is presented in graphic form.
    Description: Prepared for the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration under Cooperative Agreement NA81AA-H-00008 and for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 80- 14941.
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Stream measurements ; Shijian (Ship) Cruise ECS81-2
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The CAMS Interactive Atlas Package allows a user to computer contour any hydrographic quantity on any isosurface in any global projection. It consists of two parts: a large, and growing, data base which can be easily supplemented with user-supplied data, and a set of computer software routines that manage the data, interpolate onto the isosurface, and draw the maps. The data base presently includes the Levitus Climatological Atlas, IGY data, GEOSECs, TTO, and many NODC stations, all in a common format. In addition, the WHO! CTD data set can be easily accessed. This data base will be supplemented as new data becomes available. The software routines allow the user to interpolate the data vertically on to a selected isopleth, such as an isobaric or isopycnal surface, and then horizontally interpolate the station data onto a regular grid for final contouring. Land mass areas can be automatically blanked out. The continental boundaries are drawn in and the contouring done in any one of fifteen projections. Station locations, cruise tracks, and bottom topography can all be included. The contour map can be plotted on either a vector plotter or a raster device, allowing the use of color in the final product.
    Description: Funding was provided by The Center for the Analysis of Marine Systems (CAMS), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. CAMS has been generously funded by the Exxon Foundation, Mobil Foundation, and an anonymous donor.
    Keywords: Information storage and retrieval systems ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: At 1300 hours on 12 September 1981 the research vessel ENDEAVOR departed Woods Hole on a 22 day cruise to study the physical, chemical and biological structure of warm core ring 81-D. The cruise was the first of 5 ENDEAVOR cruises planned as part of the NSF/NASA-sponsored Warm Core Ring study.
    Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation OCE under Grant OCE 80-16983.
    Keywords: Water masses ; Ocean circulation ; Marine biology ; Chemical oceanography ; Oceanography ; Endeavor (Ship: 1976-) Cruise EN74
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 78
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-09-08
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 79
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-09-01
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 80
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-09-01
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 81
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-05-19
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2017-04-21
    Description: Arctic sea-ice loss is a leading indicator of climate change and can be attributed, in large part, to atmospheric forcing. Here, we show that recent ice reductions, weakening of the halocline, and shoaling of the intermediate-depth Atlantic Water layer in the eastern Eurasian Basin have increased winter ventilation in the ocean interior, making this region structurally similar to that of the western Eurasian Basin. The associated enhanced release of oceanic heat has reduced winter sea-ice formation at a rate now comparable to losses from atmospheric thermodynamic forcing, thus explaining the recent reduction in sea-ice cover in the eastern Eurasian Basin. This encroaching "atlantification" of the Eurasian Basin represents an essential step toward a new Arctic climate state, with a substantially greater role for Atlantic inflows.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 83
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-04-21
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 84
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-04-21
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 85
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-02-10
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 86
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-01-06
    Description: Author: Kip Hodges
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 87
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-01-27
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2017-05-26
    Description: Ksionzek et al . (Reports, 28 October 2016, p. 456) provide important data describing the distribution of dissolved organic sulfur (DOS) in the Atlantic Ocean. Here, we show that mixing between water masses is sufficient to explain the observed distribution of DOS, concluding that the turnover time of refractory DOS that Ksionzek et al . present cannot be deduced from their data.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2017-05-26
    Description: Dittmar et al . proposed that mixing alone can explain our observed decrease in marine dissolved organic sulfur with age. However, their simple model lacks an explanation for the origin of sulfur-depleted organic matter in the deep ocean and cannot adequately reproduce our observed stoichiometric changes. Using radiocarbon age also implicitly models the preferential cycling of sulfur that they are disputing.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 90
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-01-27
    Description: Polynitrogens have the potential for ultrahigh-performing explosives or propellants because singly or doubly bonded polynitrogens can decompose to triply bonded dinitrogen (N2) with an extraordinarily large energy release. The large energy content and relatively low activation energy toward decomposition makes the synthesis of a stable polynitrogen allotrope an extraordinary challenge. Many elements exist in different forms (allotropes)—for example, carbon can exist as graphite, diamond, buckyballs, or graphene. However, no stable neutral allotropes are known for nitrogen, and only two stable homonuclear polynitrogen ions had been isolated until now—namely, the N3− anion (1) and the N5+ cation (2). On page 374 of this issue, Zhang et al. (3) report the synthesis and characterization of the first stable salt of the cyclo-N5− anion, only the third stable homonuclear polynitrogen ion ever isolated. Author: Karl O. Christe
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 91
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Tides are the most predictable of oceanographic phenomena, due both to the simplicity and predictability of the astronomical forcing and to the near linearity of the ocean's dynamical response. In the classical and simplest scenario, tidal prediction is based on harmonic analysis of past measurements at a fixed location. Limits to predictability arise because isolated astronomical spectral lines are broadened into "cusps" of incoherent energy, for example through interactions with non-tidal flows. Tidal prediction at locations without past measurements has historically been a major challenge, but, owing to near-global observations of modern satellite altimeters, the empirical harmonic approach now yields reasonably accurate predictions throughout most of the open ocean. Advances in numerical modeling and data assimilation allow these predictions to be refined (especially in shallow seas where observations remain insufficient to directly constrain tidal wave structure) and extended to include tidal currents. We review recent progress in the development of global and regional-scale tidal prediction capabilities, summarize accuracy of available charts, and briefly consider outstanding issues. Satellite altimetry has also helped unravel the global tidal energy budget and has clarified the role of internal tides as a sink of tidal energy. We summarize these results, and then turn to the challenging problem of predicting internal tides. To the extent that low modes remain coherent with the surface tide, elevations can be directly mapped. We review current efforts in this direction, which are already producing charts with predictive capability. However, internal tides (especially higher modes) interact much more strongly with lower-frequency ocean flows, so a significant fraction of this tidal signal is intermittent and incoherent. We close with a brief review of ongoing efforts to model global tides in combination with wind-forced ocean motions.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN61479 , Journal of Marine Research (ISSN 0022-2402) (e-ISSN 1543-9542); 75; 3; 189-237
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Discretisation of the horizontal pressure gradient force in layered ocean models is a challenging task, with non-trivial interactions between the thermodynamics of the fluid and the geometry of the layers often leading to numerical difficulties. We present two new finite-volume schemes for the pressure gradient operator designed to address these issues. In each case, the horizontal acceleration is computed as an integration of the contact pressure force that acts along the perimeter of an associated momentum control-volume. A pair of new schemes are developed by exploring different control-volume geometries. Non-linearities in the underlying equation-of-state definitions and thermodynamic profiles are treated using a high-order accurate numerical integration framework, designed to preserve hydrostatic balance in a non-linear manner. Numerical experiments show that the new methods achieve high levels of consistency, maintaining hydrostatic and thermobaric equilibrium in the presence of strongly-sloping layer geometries, non-linear equations-of-state and non-uniform vertical stratification profiles. These results suggest that the new pressure gradient formulations may be appropriate for general circulation models that employ hybrid vertical coordinates andor terrain-following representations.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN43459 , Ocean Modelling (ISSN 1463-5003); 116; 1-15
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  • 93
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: John Turner and Josefino Comiso call for a coordinated push to crack the baffling rise and fall of sea ice around Antarctica.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN45118 , Nature (ISSN 0028-0836) (e-ISSN 1476-4687); 547; 7663; 275-277
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An analysis of 2000-2015 monthly Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System-Energy Balanced and Filled (CERES-EBAF) and Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA2) data reveals statistically significant fall and wintertime relationships between Arctic surface longwave (LW) radiative flux anomalies and the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and Arctic Dipole (AD). Signifying a substantial regional imprint, a negative AD index corresponds with positive downwelling clear-sky LW flux anomalies (greater than10W m(exp -2)) north of western Eurasia (0 deg E-120 deg E) and reduced sea ice growth in the Barents and Kara Seas in November-February. Conversely, a positive AO index coincides with negative clear-sky LW flux anomalies and minimal sea ice growth change in October-November across the Arctic. Increased (decreased) atmospheric temperature and water vapor coincide with the largest positive (negative) clear-sky flux anomalies. Positive surface LW cloud radiative effect anomalies also accompany the negative AD index in December-February. The results highlight a potential pathway by which Arctic atmospheric variability influences the regional surface radiation budget over areas of Arctic sea ice growth.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: NF1676L-25952 , Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276) (e-ISSN 1944-8007); 44; 9; 4341–4350
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A recent revision of the NASA global ocean colour record shows changes in global ocean chlorophyll trends. This new 18-year time series now includes three global satellite sensors, the Sea-viewing Wide Field of view Sensor (SeaWiFS), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS-Aqua), and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS). The major changes are radiometric drift correction, a new algorithm for chlorophyll, and a new sensor VIIRS. The new satellite data record shows no significant trend in global annual median chlorophyll from 1998 to 2015, in contrast to a statistically significant negative trend from 1998 to 2012 in the previous version. When revised satellite data are assimilated into a global ocean biogeochemical model, no trend is observed in global annual median chlorophyll. This is consistent with previous findings for the 1998-2012 time period using the previous processing version and only two sensors (SeaWiFS and MODIS). Detecting trends in ocean chlorophyll with satellites is sensitive to data processing options and radiometric drift correction. The assimilation of these data, however, reduces sensitivity to algorithms and radiometry, as well as the addition of a new sensor. This suggests the assimilation model has skill in detecting trends in global ocean colour. Using the assimilation model, spatial distributions of significant trends for the 18-year record (1998-2015) show recent decadal changes. Most notable are the North and Equatorial Indian Oceans basins, which exhibit a striking decline in chlorophyll. It is exemplified by declines in diatoms and chlorophytes, which in the model are large and intermediate size phytoplankton. This decline is partially compensated by significant increases in cyanobacteria, which represent very small phytoplankton. This suggests the beginning of a shift in phytoplankton composition in these tropical and subtropical Indian basins.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN44550 , Remote Sensing Letters (ISSN 2150-704X) (e-ISSN 2150-7058); 8; 12; 1102-1111
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Using a modified geostatistical technique, empirical variograms were constructed from the first derivative of several diverse remote sensing reflectance and phytoplankton absorbance spectra to describe how data points are correlated with distance across the spectra. The maximum rate of information gain is measured as a function of the kurtosis associated with the Gaussian structure of the output, and is determined for discrete segments of spectra obtained from a variety of water types (turbid river filaments, coastal waters, shelf waters, a dense Microcystis bloom, and oligotrophic waters), as well as individual and mixed phytoplankton functional types (PFTs; diatoms, chlorophytes, cyanobacteria, coccolithophores). Results show that a continuous spectrum of 5 to 7 nm spectral resolution is optimal to resolve the variability across mixed reflectance and absorbance spectra. In addition, the impact of uncertainty on subsequent derivative analysis is assessed, showing that a limit of 3 Gaussian noise (SNR 66) is tolerated without smoothing the spectrum, and 13 (SNR 15) noise is tolerated with smoothing.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN45082 , Optics Express (e-ISSN 1094-4087); 25; 16; A785-A797
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Arctic warming over the BarentsKara Seas and its impacts on the mid-latitude circulations have been widely discussed. However, the specific mechanism that brings the warming still remains unclear. In this study, a possible cause of the regional Arctic warming over the BarentsKara Seas during early winter (OctoberDecember) is suggested. We found that warmer sea surface temperature anomalies over the western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO) modulate the transient eddies overlying the oceanic frontal region. The altered transient eddy vorticity flux acts as a source for the Rossby wave straddling the western North Atlantic and the BarentsKara Seas (Scandinavian pattern), and induces a significant warm advection, increasing surface and lower-level temperature over the Eurasian sector of the Arctic Ocean. The importance of the sea surface temperature anomalies over the WNAO and subsequent transient eddy forcing over the WNAO was also supported by both specially designed simple model experiments and general circulation model experiments.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN64751 , Environmental Research Letters (e-ISSN 1748-9326); 12; 3; 034021
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Marine phytoplankton contribute roughly half the net primary production (NPP) on Earth, fixing atmospheric CO2 into food that fuels global ocean ecosystems and drives biogeochemical cycles. Satellite ocean color sensors, such as SeaWiFS, MODIS, and VIIRS, provide observations of sufficient frequency and geographic coverage to globally monitor changes in the near-surface concentrations of the phytoplankton pigment chlorophyll-a (Chla; mg -cu m) that serve as a proxy for phytoplankton abundance. Here, global Chla distributions for 2016 are evaluated within the context of the 19-year continuous record provided through the combined observations of SeaWiFS (19972010), MODIS on Aqua (MODISA, 2002present), and VIIRS on Suomi-NPP (2011present). All Chla data used in this analysis correspond to version R2014.0, which utilized common algorithms and calibration methods to maximize consistency in the multi-mission satellite record.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN60706 , Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (ISSN 0003-0007) (e-ISSN 1520-0477); 98; 8; S87-S89
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Shear TUrbulence Resuspension Mesocosm (STURM) tanks, with high instantaneous bottom shear stress and realistic water column mixing in a single system, allow realistic benthic-pelagic coupling studies with sediment resuspension. The 1 m3 tanks can be programmed to produce tidal or episodic sediment resuspension for extended time periods (e.g. 4 weeks), over muddy sediments with a variety of benthic organisms. A resuspension paddle produces uniform bottom shear stress across the sediment surface while gently mixing a 1 m deep overlying water column. The STURM tanks can be programmed to different magnitudes, frequencies, and durations of bottom shear stress (and thus resuspension) with proportional water column turbulence levels over a wide range of mixing settings for benthic-pelagic coupling experiments. Over ten STURM calibration settings, RMS turbulent velocity ranged from 0.26 to 4.52 cm s1, energy dissipation rate from 0.0016 to 2.65 cm2 s3, the average bottom shear stress from 0.0035 to 0.19 Pa, and the instantaneous maximum bottom shear stress from 0.07 to 1.7 Pa. We have performed four 4-week benthic-pelagic coupling ecosystem experiments with tidal resuspension and stepwise erosion experiments (both with and without infaunal bivalves), carried out experiments on oyster biodeposit resuspension, mimicked storms overlain on tidal resuspension, and studied the effects of varying frequency and duration of resuspension on sedimentary contaminant release. The large size of the tanks allows water quality and particle measurements using standard oceanographic instrumentation. The realistic scale and complexity of the contained ecosystems has revealed indirect feedbacks and responses that are not observable in smaller, less complex experimental systems.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN51381 , Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology; 499; 35-50
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Internal waves at tidal frequencies, i.e., the internal tides, are a prominent source of variability in the ocean associated with significant vertical isopycnal displacements and currents. Because the isopycnal displacements are caused by ageostrophic dynamics, they contribute uncertainty to geostrophic transport inferred from vertical profiles in the ocean. Here it is demonstrated that a newly developed model of the main semidiurnal (M2) internal tide derived from satellite altimetry may be used to partially remove the tide from vertical profile data, as measured by the reduction of steric height variance inferred from the profiles. It is further demonstrated that the internal tide model can account for a component of the near-surface velocity as measured by drogued drifters. These comparisons represent a validation of the internal tide model using independent data and highlight its potential use in removing internal tide signals from in situ observations.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN45570 , Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 44; 9; 4241–4245
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