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  • Molecular Diversity Preservation International  (229,834)
  • 2015-2019  (229,834)
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  • 1
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    The Marsili Volcanic Seamount (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea): A Potential Offshore Geothermal Resource (2015)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Italy has a strong geothermal potential for power generation, although, at present, the only two geothermal fields being exploited are Larderello-Travale/Radicondoli and Mt. Amiata in the Tyrrhenian pre-Apennine volcanic district of Southern Tuscany. A new target for geothermal exploration and exploitation in Italy is represented by the Southern Tyrrhenian submarine volcanic district, a geologically young basin (Upper Pliocene-Pleistocene) characterised by tectonic extension where many seamounts have developed. Heat-flow data from that area show significant anomalies comparable to those of onshore geothermal fields. Fractured basaltic rocks facilitate seawater infiltration and circulation of hot water chemically altered by rock/water interactions, as shown by the widespread presence of hydrothermal deposits. The persistence of active hydrothermal activity is consistently shown by many different sources of evidence, including: heat-flow data, gravity and magnetic anomalies, widespread presence of hydrothermal-derived gases (CO2, CO, CH4), 3He/4He isotopic ratios, as well as broadband OBS/H seismological information, which demonstrates persistence of volcano-tectonic events and High Frequency Tremor (HFT). The Marsili and Tyrrhenian seamounts are thus an important—and likely long-lasting-renewable energy resource. This raises the possibility of future development of the world’s first offshore geothermal power plant.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4068-4086
    Description: 3A. Ambiente Marino
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Marsili seamount ; hydrothermal circulation ; geothermal resource ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.04. Marine geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Land subsidence, Ground Fissures and Buried Faults: InSAR Monitoring of Ciudad Guzmán (Jalisco, Mexico) (2015)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We study land subsidence processes and the associated ground fissuring, affecting an active graben filled by thick unconsolidated deposits by means of InSAR techniques and fieldwork. On 21 September 2012, Ciudad Guzmán (Jalisco, Mexico) was struck by ground fissures of about 1.5 km of length, causing the deformation of the roads and the propagation of fissures in adjacent buildings. The field survey showed that fissures alignment is coincident with the escarpments produced on 19 September 1985, when a strong earthquake with magnitude 8.1 struck central Mexico. In order to detect and map the spatio-temporal features of the processes that led to the 2012 ground fissures, we applied InSAR multitemporal techniques to process ENVISAT-ASAR and RADARSAT-2 satellite SAR images acquired between 2003 and 2012. We detect up to 20 mm/year of subsidence of the northwestern part of Ciudad Guzmán. These incremental movements are consistent with the ground fissures observed in 2012. Based on interferometric results, field data and 2D numerical model, we suggest that ground deformations and fissuring are due to the presence of areal subsidence correlated with variable sediment thickness and differential compaction, partly driven by the exploitation of the aquifers and controlled by the distribution and position of buried faults.
    Description: Published
    Description: 8610-8630
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: InSAR ; ground subsidence ; buried faults ; ground fissuring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Quantifying Effusion Rates at Active Volcanoes through Integrated Time-Lapse Laser Scanning and Photography (2016)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: During volcanic eruptions, measurements of the rate at which magma is erupted underpin hazard assessments. For eruptions dominated by the effusion of lava, estimates are often made using satellite data; here, in a case study at Mount Etna (Sicily), we make the first measurements based on terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), and we also include explosive products. During the study period (17–21 July 2012), regular Strombolian explosions were occurring within the Bocca Nuova crater, producing a ~50 m-high scoria cone and a small lava flow field. TLS surveys over multi-day intervals determined a mean cone growth rate (effusive and explosive products) of ~0.24 m3·s−1. Differences between 0.3-m resolution DEMs acquired at 10-minute intervals captured the evolution of a breakout lava flow lobe advancing at 0.01–0.03 m3·s−1. Partial occlusion within the crater prevented similar measurement of the main flow, but integrating TLS data with time-lapse imagery enabled lava viscosity (7.4 × 105 Pa·s) to be derived from surface velocities and, hence, a flux of 0.11 m3·s−1 to be calculated. Total dense rock equivalent magma discharge estimates are ~0.1–0.2 m3·s−1 over the measurement period and suggest that simultaneous estimates from satellite data are somewhat overestimated. Our results support the use of integrated TLS and time-lapse photography for ground-truthing space-based measurements and highlight the value of interactive image analysis when automated approaches, such as particle image velocimetry (PIV), fail.
    Description: Published
    Description: 14967 - 14987
    Description: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: lava flow; scoria cone; effusion rate; terrestrial laser scanning; time-lapse photography; Mt. Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    The Use of Surveillance Cameras for the Rapid Mapping of Lava Flows: An Application to Mount Etna Volcano (2017)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In order to improve the observation capability in one of the most active volcanic areas in the world, Mt. Etna, we developed a processing method to use the surveillance cameras for a quasi real-time mapping of syn-eruptive processes. Following an evaluation of the current performance of the Etna permanent ground NEtwork of Thermal and Visible Sensors (Etna_NETVIS), its possible implementation and optimization was investigated to determine the locations of additional observation sites to be rapidly set up during emergencies. A tool was then devised to process time series of ground-acquired images and extract a coherent multi-temporal dataset of georeferenced map. The processed datasets can be used to extract 2D features such as evolution maps of active lava flows. The tool was validated on ad-hoc test fields and then adopted to map the evolution of two recent lava flows. The achievable accuracy (about three times the original pixel size) and the short processing time makes the tool suitable for rapidly assessing lava flow evolutions, especially in the case of recurrent eruptions, such as those of the 2011–2015 Etna activity. The tool can be used both in standard monitoring activities and during emergency phases (eventually improving the present network with additional mobile stations) when it is mandatory to carry out a quasi-real-time mapping to support civil protection actions. The developed tool could be integrated in the control room of the Osservatorio Etneo, thus enabling the Etna_NETVIS for mapping purposes and not only for video surveillance.
    Description: Published
    Description: 192
    Description: 5V. Sorveglianza vulcanica ed emergenze
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: volcano monitoring ; lava flow mapping ; surveillance camera ; hazard assessment ; geo spatial dataset ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Joint Terrestrial and Aerial Measurements to Study Ground Deformation: Application to the Sciara Del Fuoco at the Stromboli Volcano (Sicily) (2017)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The 2002-2003 Stromboli eruption triggered the failure of part of the Sciara del Fuoco slope, which generated a tsunami that struck the island and the northern coastline of Sicily. The Sciara del Fuoco is a very steep slope where all lava flows from the craters' emplacement; most lateral eruptions usually take place from fissures propagating in this sector of the volcano. The eruption went on to produce a lava field that filled the area affected by the landslide. This in turn led to further instability, renewing the threat of another slope failure and a potentially related tsunami. This work describes a new joint approach, combining surveying data and aerial image correlometry methods, to study the motion of this unstable slope. The combination has the advantage of very precise surveying measurements, which can be considered the ground truth to constrain the very-high-resolution aerial photogrammetric data, thereby obtaining highly detailed and accurate ground deformation maps. The joint use of the two methods can be very useful to obtain a more complete image of the deformation field for monitoring dangerous and/or rather inaccessible places. The proposed combined methodology improves our ability to study and assess hazardous processes associated with significant ground deformation.
    Description: This Research has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness research projects AYA2010-17448 and ESP2013-47780-557 C2-1-R, and the EU 7th FP MED-SUV project (contract 308665). It is a contribution to the Moncloa Campus of International Excellence
    Description: Published
    Description: 463
    Description: 1V. Storia e struttura dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: surveying ; data integration ; aerial photogrammetry ; monitoring ; flank instability ; sector collapse ; landslide ; tsunami ; volcanoes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    InSAR Time Series Analysis of Natural and Anthropogenic Coastal Plain Subsidence: The Case of Sibari (Southern Italy) (2015)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We applied the Small Baseline Subset multi-temporal InSAR technique (SBAS) to two SAR datasets acquired from 2003 up to 2013 by Envisat (ESA, European Space Agency) and COSMO-SkyMed (ASI, Italian Space Agency) satellites to investigate spatial and temporal patterns of land subsidence in the Sibari Plain (Southern Italy). Subsidence processes (up to ~20 mm/yr) were investigated comparing geological, hydrogeological, and land use information with interferometric results. We suppose a correlation between subsidence and thickness of the Plio-Quaternary succession suggesting an active role of the isostatic compensation. Furthermore, the active back thrusting in the Corigliano Gulf could trigger a flexural subsidence mechanism even if fault activity and earthquakes do not seem play a role in the present subsidence. In this context, the compaction of Holocene deposits contributes to ground deformation. Despite the rapid urbanization of the area in the last 50 years, we do not consider the intensive groundwater pumping and related water table drop as the main triggering cause of subsidence phenomena, in disagreement with some previous publications. Our interpretation for the deformation fields related to natural and anthropogenic factors would be a comprehensive and exhaustive justification to the complexity of subsidence processes in the Sibari Plain.
    Description: PON (Operational National Plan) 2007–2013 from MIUR (Italian Research Ministry of Research) Project AMICUS (Study for the environmental protection and the mitigation of Anthropogenic Pollution In the Coastal Environment of selected areas of Calabria; ID: PON01_ 02818) - COSMO-SkyMed® PRODUCTS, © ASI (Italian Space Agency)—provided under license of ASI in the framework of the S3 Project “Short term earthquake prediction and preparation” (DPC-INGV, 2013). The Envisat images are provided by ESA (European Space Agency) under the CAT.1P 5605
    Description: Published
    Description: 16004–16023
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e Osservazioni
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: SBAS-InSAR ; Sibari Plain ; subsidence ; geology ; anthropic processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Multi-Objective Optimization of Drainage Networks for Flood Control in Urban Area Due to Climate Change (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-12
    Description: The Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) of the United Nations mentions that extreme rainfalls might increase their intensity and frequency in most mid-latitude locations and tropical regions by the end of this century, as a consequence of the rise of the average global surface temperature. Human action has given way to global warming which manifests with an increase in extreme rainfall. If these climatic conditions are added to the waterproofing that cities have been experiencing as a result of urban development, a scenario of growing concern for the managers of drainage systems is generated. The objective of drainage networks is preventing the accumulation of rainwater on the surface. Under the new conditions of climate change, these need to be modified and adapted to provide cities with the security they demand. The following article describes a method for flood control by using a rehabilitation model that connects the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) 5 model with a genetic algorithm to find the best solutions to the flood problem. The final analysis is performed using the Pareto efficiency criteria. The innovation of this method is the inclusion of a local head loss in the drainage network, allowing the upstream flow to be retained by decreasing the downstream concentration time. These elements called hydraulic controls improve system performance and are installed in the initial part of some pipes coming out of storm tanks. As a case study, the developed method has been applied in a section of the drainage network of the city of Bogotá.
    Electronic ISSN: 2504-3900
    Topics: Technology
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  • 8
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    CNN-Based Deep Architecture for Health Monitoring of Civil and Industrial Structures Using UAVs (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Health monitoring of civil and industrial structures has been gaining importance since the collapse of the bridge in Genoa (Italy). It is vital for the creation and maintenance of reliable infrastructure. Traditional manual inspections for this task are crucial but time consuming. We present a novel approach for combining Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and artificial intelligence to tackle the above-mentioned challenges. Modern architectures in Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) were adapted to the special characteristics of data streams gathered from UAV visual sensors. The approach allows for automated detection and localization of various damages to steel structures, coatings, and fasteners, e.g., cracks or corrosion, under uncertain and real-life environments. The proposed model is based on a multi-stage cascaded classifier to account for the variety of detail level from the optical sensor captured during an UAV flight. This allows for reconciliation of the characteristics of gathered image data and crucial aspects from a steel engineer’s point of view. To improve performance of the system and minimize manual data annotation, we use transfer learning based on the well-known COCO dataset combined with field inspection images. This approach provides a solid data basis for object localization and classification with state-of-the-art CNN architectures.
    Electronic ISSN: 2504-3900
    Topics: Technology
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  • 9
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    Geometrical Parametrization of Piezoelectric Sensors for Acoustical Monitoring in Hadrontherapy (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Hadrontherapy has been constantly evolving in leaps and bounds since the 1950s, when the use of heavy particles was proposed as an alternative treatment to radiotherapy with gamma rays or electrons. The main objective of this treatment is to maximize the dose applied to the tumour, avoiding damage to the surrounding tissue. One of the keys to the success of hadrontherapy is to achieve instantaneous monitoring of the energy deposition in the environment. Since energy deposition leads to the generation of a thermoacoustic pulse, acoustic technologies have been tested with successful results. However, for this purpose, it is essential to increase the sensitivity of the sensors for the acoustical signal and, therefore, to optimize their geometry as a function of the beam that would be used. We have studied a PTZ material in volumetric and surface volumes through experimental measures and FEM methods. In this text, we start with numerical studies which determine the dependence of the thermoacoustic signal frequency with the energy and duration of the hadron beam.
    Electronic ISSN: 2504-3900
    Topics: Technology
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  • 10
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    Acoustic Bragg Peak Localization in Proton Therapy Treatment: Simulation Studies (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: A full chain simulation of the acoustic hadron therapy monitoring for brain tumors is presented in this work. For the study, a proton beam of 100 MeV was considered. In the first stage, Geant4 was used to simulate the energy deposition and to study the behavior of the Bragg peak. The energy deposition in the medium produced local heating that can be considered instantaneous with respect to the hydrodynamic time scale producing a sound pressure wave. The resulting thermoacoustic signal was subsequently obtained by solving the thermoacoustic equation. The acoustic propagation was simulated by the Finite Element Method (FEM) in the brain and the skull, where a set of piezoelectric sensors were placed. Lastly, the final received signals in the sensors were processed in order to reconstruct the position of the thermal source and, thus, to determine the feasibility and accuracy of acoustic beam monitoring in hadron therapy.
    Electronic ISSN: 2504-3900
    Topics: Technology
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  • 11
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    Undervoltage Identification in Three Phase Induction Motor Using Low-Cost Piezoelectric Sensors and STFT Technique (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Three-phase induction motors (IMs) are electrical machines used on a large scale in industrial applications because they are versatile, robust and low maintenance devices. However, IMs are significantly affected when fed by unbalanced voltages. Prolonged operation under voltage unbalance (VU) conditions degrades performance and shortens machine life by producing imbalances in stator currents that abnormally raise winding temperature. With the development of new technologies and research on non-destructive techniques (NDT) for fault diagnoses in IMs, it is relevant to obtain economically accessible, efficient and reliable sensors capable of acquiring signals that allow the identification of this type of failure. The objective of this study is to evaluate the application of low-cost piezoelectric sensors in the acquisition of acoustic emission (AE) signals and the identification of VU through the analysis of short-term Fourier transform (STFT) spectrograms. The piezoelectric sensor makes NDT feasible, as it is an affordable and inexpensive component. In addition, STFT allows time-frequency analyses of acoustic emission signals. In this NDT, two sensors were coupled on both sides of an induction motor frame. The AE signals obtained during the IM operation were processed and the resulting spectrograms were analyzed to identify the different VU levels. After comparing the AE signals for faulty conditions with the signals for the IM operating at balanced voltages, it was possible to obtain a desired identification that confirmed the successful application of low-cost piezoelectric sensors for VU condition detection in three-phase induction machines.
    Electronic ISSN: 2504-3900
    Topics: Technology
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  • 12
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    Multi-Robot Mapping and Navigation Using Topological Features (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Robot mapping and exploration is basic to many robotic applications such as search and rescue operations in disaster scenarios, warehouse management, service robotics, patrolling and autonomous driving. With recent advances in robot navigation and sensor compactness, single robot systems can accurately model the environment and perform complex autonomous navigation tasks. On the other hand, multi-robot systems can speed up mapping and exploration tasks in emergency situations, such as rescue missions, by making use of distributed sensors, thereby increasing the range of exploration tasks to an extent that is not possible with a single robot. Each robot explores and maps different areas of the same environment that are finally merged and connected to make a global map. To build a map of an unknown environment, each robot must perform SLAM, or Simultaneous Localization and Mapping. A big challenge with a multi-robot SLAM system is the transfer of shared map information between multiple robots. There is a possibility of transferring individual measurement errors to the global map, resulting in excess computation and memory required to store such maps. To overcome this problem, we propose to use topological feature map representation that can store information into nodes and edges and does not have any large memory requirements. We present a combined metric-topological mapping approach to multi-robot SLAM. This method maintains a topological pose graph with sensor information stored in nodes and edges that can be optimized globally with reduced information sharing. By combining local metric and topological maps built by individual robots, the reduced graph structure can be merged and extended to map large areas effectively. To robustly merge local maps into global one, we used visual features from each robot that are matched in a distributed system. The graph node-edge structure is used for path planning and navigation. At the same time information sharing between robots results in optimized task distribution between multi-robots.
    Electronic ISSN: 2504-3900
    Topics: Technology
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  • 13
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    Indoor Localization through Mobile Participatory Sensing and Magnetic Field (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Development of indoor location systems that use smartphone sensors has been a topic of interest to industry and academia. In this paper, we describe an experiment that was performed to evaluate the feasibility of creating a mobile indoor localization model based on data from participatory sensing. To achieve it, seven smartphone users used their integrated magnetometers to collected magnetic field information on a building. The data collected are utilized to train three machine learning algorithms: The k Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Decision Trees (J48), and Naïve Bayes algorithms. The performance of the algorithms was measured through the accuracy and kappa statistics. Our results indicate that it is possible to create an infrastructure-less indoor localization model at room level using data from participatory sensing. The model with the most significant performance was obtained with the KNN, since it offers an accuracy of 97.12%, while the model with the most reduced performance was Naïve Bayes, since it offers an accuracy of 50.79%.
    Electronic ISSN: 2504-3900
    Topics: Technology
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  • 14
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    Multi-Electrode Capacitive and Inductive Sensing Applied to Level Measurement of Multiphase Fluids (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Multiphase gravity separators are widely used in the petroleum industry to separate the produced stream of oil, water and natural gas into pure (single-phase) streams. These equipment work based on the density differences of each fluid which tend to settle into layers when dwelled for some time in the separator. It is fundamental to monitor the levels of these phases inside the vessel, so that this information can be used in control strategies in order to increase the efficiency and safety of the process. In this work, we present a novel multiphase level sensor based on capacitance and inductance measurements of planar multi-electrodes and multi-coils. The sensor is low-cost, fast and does not apply ionizing radiation, being therefore simple to operate. The prototype sensor was constructed in standard printed-circuit board (PCB) technology and highly sensitive capacitance and inductance measurements are acquired with modern integrated circuit devices. Since the capacitive sensor readings depend on the water salinity, we perform simultaneous inductance measurements to compensate for such dependence. We have tested the prototype from two different approaches: varying the water salinity and for different water/oil mixtures. Preliminary results have shown the capability of the sensor to differentiate each one of the produced fluids, i.e., salty water, oil and gas, as well as the interfaces between them. A 16 electrodes capacitive-only sensor prototype was also built and tested.
    Electronic ISSN: 2504-3900
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  • 15
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    A Novel Cross-Layering Power Control Mechanism for AODV (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Wireless networks are technologies with a growing interest in the area of telecommunications, such as the case of MANETs. Despite its advantages, MANETs present several challenges in the transmission of information due to the limited bandwidth, high error rate, energy consumption restriction, and variable topologies. The transmission power can significantly influence some of the aforementioned issues. This paper proposes Density Power Control Mechanism (DPCM), which employs a cross-layering approach between AODV (Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) routing protocol and the physical layer to adapt power transmission. DPCM aims to reduce collisions, maintain or improve the performance of AODV as well as to save power in the nodes. Our results indicate that our proposal can improve the performance of the network and save power at the same time. Moreover, it is especially useful for low- and medium-density scenarios.
    Electronic ISSN: 2504-3900
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  • 16
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    Feasibility Study of Multi Inertial Measurement Unit (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: An inertial measurement unit (IMU) typically has three accelerometers and three gyroscopes. The output of those inertial sensors is used by an inertial navigation system to calculate the navigation solution–position, velocity and attitude. Since the sensor measurements contain noise, the navigation solution drifts over time. When considering low cost sensors, multiple IMUs can be used to improve the performance of a single unit. In this paper, we describe our designed 32 multi-IMU (MIMU) architecture and present experimental results using this system. To analyze the sensory data, a dedicated software tool, capable of addressing MIMUs inputs, was developed. Using the MIMU hardware and software tool we examined and evaluated the MIMUs for: (1) navigation solution accuracy (2) sensor outlier rejection (3) stationary calibration performance (4) coarse alignment accuracy and (5) the effect of different MIMUs locations in the architecture. Our experimental results show that 32 IMUs obtained better performance than a single IMU for all testcases examined. In addition, we show that performance was improved gradually as the number of IMUs was increased in the architecture.
    Electronic ISSN: 2504-3900
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  • 17
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    Detection of Transverse Defects in Rails Using Noncontact Laser Ultrasound (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Rail inspections are required and used to ensure safety and preserve the availability of railway infrastructure. According to the statistics published by railroad administrations worldwide, the transverse fissure appearing in railhead is the principal cause of rail accidents. These particular defects are initiated inside the railhead. Detection of these cracks has always been challenging because a defect signature remains mostly small until the defect size reaches a significant value. The present work deals with the theoretical analysis of an integrated contact-less system for rail diagnosis, which is based on ultrasounds. The generation of these waves was performed through non-ablative laser sources. Rotational laser vibrometry was used to achieve the reception of the echoes. Detection of flaws in the rail was monitored by considering special ultrasound wave signal based indicators. Finite element modeling of the rail system was performed, and transverse defect detection of the rail was analyzed.
    Electronic ISSN: 2504-3900
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  • 18
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    Analysis and Design of IoT-Enabled, Low-Cost Distributed Angle Measurement System (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: A Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR) is a recent technology with good potential in small-scale solar power applications. It is composed of many long rows of mirrors that focus the sunlight onto a fixed elevated tubular receiver. Mirror segments are aligned horizontally and track the sun such that the receiver does not need to be moved. The efficiency with which the LFR can convert solar to thermal energy depends on the accuracy of the sun tracking system. To maximize the degree of sunlight capture, precise solar tracking is needed so that incident solar rays can be adequately focused to the focal point given by the location of the tubular receiver. The tilt angles of each row are relevant for the tracking controller to achieve correct positioning. Encoders are generally employed in closed-loop tracking systems as feedback signals used to inform the controller with the actual position of collector mirrors. Recently, inclinometers have begun to replace encoders as the most viable and cost-effective sensor technology solution; they offer simpler and more precise feedback, as they measure the angle of tilt with respect to gravity and provide the ability to adjust the system to the optimal angle for maximum output. This paper presents the research results on the development of remote measurements for the precise control of an LFR tracking system, by using distributed angle measurements. The applied methodology enables precision measurement LFR inclination angles through the fusion of data from multiple accelerometers, supported by low-cost wireless transceivers in a wireless sensor network, capable of exchanging information in a cloud infrastructure.
    Electronic ISSN: 2504-3900
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  • 19
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    Monitoring of the Ceramic Kerf During the Laser Cutting Process through Piezoelectric Transducer (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Advanced ceramics are widely used in industry due to their unique properties. However, the machining of ceramic components by conventional methods is difficult due to their high level of hardness and brittleness. In this sense, laser beam machining (LBM) is presented as an alternative to conventional methods, enabling the machining of workpieces through more accurate and less invasive techniques. Despite the advantages of laser machining, the process still needs to be studied in detail, as advanced ceramic machining is considered a stochastic process. Thus, real-time monitoring systems are required in order to optimize the ceramic laser machining. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel method for monitoring the cutting kerf in the laser cutting process of ceramic components using a low-cost piezoelectric transducer (PZT) and digital signal processing. Tests were performed on the surface of an alumina ceramic workpiece under different machining conditions. The cutting kerf was measured by a digital microscope and the raw signals from the PZT transducer were collected at a sampling rate of 2 MHz. Time domain and frequency domain analyses were performed in order to find a frequency band that best correlates with the process conditions. Finally, a linear regression was calculated in order to correlate the PZT signal and the measured kerf. The results showed that the piezoelectric transducer was sensitive to the acoustic activity generated during the process, allowing the real-time monitoring of the cutting kerf. Thus, the approach proposed in this paper can be used efficiently in the monitoring of the laser cutting process.
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    Numerical Study of a Multi-Layered Strain Sensor for Structural Health Monitoring of Asphalt Pavement (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Crack initiation and propagation vary the mechanical properties of the asphalt pavement and further alter its designate function. As such, this paper describes a numerical study of a multi-layered strain sensor for the structural health monitoring (SHM) of asphalt pavement. The core of the sensor is an H-shaped Araldite GY-6010 epoxy-based structure with a set of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric transducers in its center beam, which serve as a sensing unit, and a polyurethane foam layer at its external surface which serves as a thermal insulation layer. Sensors are coated with a thin layer of urethane casting resin to prevent the sensor from being corroded by moisture. As a proof-of-concept study, a numerical model is created in COMSOL Multiphysics to simulate the sensor-pavement interaction, in order to design the strain sensor for SHM of asphalt pavement. The results reveal that the optimum thickness of the middle polyurethane foam is 11 mm, with a ratio of the center beam/wing length of 3.2. The simulated results not only validate the feasibility of using the strain sensor for SHM (traffic load monitoring and damage detection), but also to optimize design geometry to increase the sensor sensitivity.
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    Real-Time Detection of Plastic Shards in Cheese Using Microwave-Sensing Technique (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Recently, Lidl had to set a recall action due to dangerous pieces of plastic found in the cheese products. The plastic shards, if swallowed, can cut the oral cavity or obstruct breathing. Current inspection techniques in the cheese industry are for the detection of metals using X-ray that does not offer a complete solution, as many foreign bodies can go undetected. This paper demonstrates the use of a portable real-time microwave sensing technique for the nondestructive detection of plastic in cheese. The electromagnetic (EM) patch antenna was designed and tested on five Cheddar cheese samples. Different sizes of plastic shards, 1 × 10 mm, 2 × 15 mm and 5 × 20 mm, were inserted into the samples, and measurements were taken with and without foreign objects. The initial results demonstrated that the patch antenna at 4GHz was able to detect and classify Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) shards with an R2 = 0.95. The initial results are promising, and further investigation will be undertaken to detect different shapes and types of foreign objects in food products.
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    3D Pavement Surface Reconstruction Using An RGB-D Sensor (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Data collection plays an important role in pavement health monitoring, which is usually performed using costly devices, including point-based lasers and laser scanners. The main aim of this study measures pavement characteristics using an RGB-D sensor. By recording the depth and color images simultaneously, the sensor benefits the data fusion. By mounting the sensor on a moving cart, and fixing the vertical distance from the ground, data were collected along 100 m of the asphalt pavement using MATLAB. At each stop point, multiple frames were collected, the central region of interests was stored, and a low pass filter was subsequently applied to the data. To create a 3D surface of the pavement, sensor calibration was performed to map the RGB and depth infrared images. The SURF (speeded-up robust features) and MSAC (M-estimator sample consensus) algorithms were used to match the stitched images along the longitudinal profile. A case study of measuring roughness and rutting is applied to test the validity of the method. The result confirms that the proposed system is capable of measuring such indices with acceptable accuracy.
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    Real-Time Motion Tracking for Humans and Robots in a Collaborative Assembly Task (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Human-robot collaboration combines the extended capabilities of humans and robots to create a more inclusive and human-centered production system in the future. However, human safety is the primary concern for manufacturing industries. Therefore, real-time motion tracking is necessary to identify if the human worker body parts enter the restricted working space solely dedicated to the robot. Tracking these motions using decentralized and different tracking systems requires a generic model controller and consistent motion exchanging formats. In this work, our task is to investigate a concept for a unified real-time motion tracking for human-robot collaboration. In this regard, a low cost and game-based motion tracking system, e.g., HTC Vive, is utilized to capture human motion by mapping into a digital human model in the Unity3D environment. In this context, the human model is described using a biomechanical model that comprises joint segments defined by position and orientation. Concerning robot motion tracking, a unified robot description format is used to describe the kinematic trees. Finally, a concept of assembly operation that involves snap joining is simulated to analyze the performance of the system in real-time capability. The distribution of joint variables in spatial-space and time-space is analyzed. The results suggest that real-time tracking in human-robot collaborative assembly environments can be considered to maximize the safety of the human worker. However, the accuracy and reliability of the system regarding system disturbances need to be justified.
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    Materials-Related Challenges for Autonomous Sensor Nodes (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: The current technological trends associated with Industry 4.0 and the Internet of Things (IoT) require an interconnected network of sensor nodes providing distributed information on the environment in order to enable intelligent action to be taken by control systems. Typical examples are the condition monitoring of machines or industrial equipment, or the detection of hazardous environmental conditions (e.g., in chemical plants). Such sensors need to be distributed in areas that are difficult to reach for wiring or to exchange batteries, and thus need to be self-powered and energy-independent. In this work, we provide an overview of possible strategies to realise a positive energy balance in autonomous sensor nodes without the use of batteries, focussing on gas sensors for air-quality monitoring as a use case. We will first present ways to reduce the power budget of sensing elements using self-heating nanowires made of CMOS-compatible metal oxides. We will then concentrate on energy harvesting and storage, showing state-of-the-art possibilities in both cases: broadband piezoelectric harvesters, perovskite-based photovoltaic elements, and high-energy density ceramic capacitors. Finally, we will discuss the possibility of integrating all sensor node elements in a single device using advanced interconnect technologies.
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    Application of Torque Transducer and Rotary Encoder in a Hardware-in-the-Loop Wind Turbine Emulation (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Wind energy is one of the most promising forms of renewable energy. For the constant evolution of power generation technology, the use of sensors is fundamental to the development of wind turbine emulators. A wind turbine emulator allows tests and evaluations of a wind power system, regardless of weather conditions. Therefore, to further improve this technology, this work focuses on the application of a torque transducer and a rotary encoder for the implementation of a closed-loop wind turbine emulator. The sensors provide the torque and speed feedback signals to the computational model so that the model could plot the power curves and produce the set point voltage used by a variable-frequency drive (VFD) to control a three-phase induction motor (TIM). The emulator was implemented using a control algorithm designed on LabVIEW, with an NI 6211 for the data acquisition. Finally, the system emulates the behaviour of a wind turbine, considering the variations in wind speed, aerodynamic phenomena, load effects, and pitch angle. Experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of using the TIM-VFD assembly for emulating a wind turbine since the wind turbine emulator behaved like a wind turbine in real-time.
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    Feasibility of Automatic Detection of High-Frequency Oscillations in Human Tripolar Laplacian Electroencephalogram Using Exponentially Embedded Family (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Epilepsy affects approximately 67 million people worldwide with up to 75% from developing countries. Diagnosing epilepsy using electroencephalogram (EEG) is complicated due to its poor signal-to-noise ratio, high sensitivity to various forms of artifacts, and low spatial resolution. Laplacian EEG signal via novel and noninvasive tripolar concentric ring electrodes (tEEG) is superior to EEG via conventional disc electrodes due to its unique capabilities, which allow automatic attenuation of common movement and muscle artifacts. In this work, we apply exponentially embedded family (EEF) to show feasibility of automatic detection of gamma band high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) in tEEG data from two human patients with epilepsy as a step toward the ultimate goal of using the automatically detected HFOs as auxiliary features for seizure onset detection to improve diagnostic yield of tEEG for epilepsy. Obtained preliminary results suggest the potential of the approach and feasibility of detecting HFOs in tEEG data using the EEF based detector with high accuracy. Further investigation on a larger dataset is needed for a conclusive proof.
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    Smartphone Mode Recognition During Stairs Motion (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Smartphone mode classification is essential to many applications, such as daily life monitoring, healthcare, and indoor positioning. In the latter, it was shown that knowledge of the smartphone location on pedestrians can improve the positioning accuracy. Most of the research conducted in this field is focused on pedestrian motion in a horizontal plane. In this research, we use supervised machine learning techniques to recognize and classify the smartphone mode (text, talk, pocket and swing) while accounting for the movement up and downstairs. We distinguish between the going up and the down motion, each with four different smartphone modes, making eight states in total. This classification is based on the use of an optimal set of sensors that varies according to battery life and the energy consumption of each sensor. The classifier was trained and tested on a dataset constructed from multiple user measurements (total of 94 min) to achieve robustness. This provided an accuracy of more than 90% in the cross validation method and 91.5% if the texting mode is excluded. When considering only stairs motion, regardless of the direction, the accuracy improves to 97%. These results may assist many algorithms, mainly in pedestrian dead reckoning, in improving a variety of challenges such as speed and step length estimation and cumulative error reduction.
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    Numerical Performance of Thermodynamic Behavior of Shipping-Container Architecture (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-05
    Description: The reuse of shipping containers in architecture has grown in global popularity. However, few studies focus on understanding its thermodynamic behavior. The present study addresses, through numerical simulations, the transitory behavior of a typical house built with containers under different climates, both cold and warm. We examined container with different build construction and observed their effect, from completely naked to those that are coated with materials of different insulation and thermal inertia. Additionally, orientation and other design resources, such as height with respect to the ground, shadow elements, and the position of the windows, were considered. With all these multiparametric studies, quantitative conclusions were obtained that can be considered in design.
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    Beetroot as a Source of Natural Dyes for Ham (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) was subjected to extraction procedures in order to obtain the respective extracts containing the natural dyes and subjected to cytotoxicity assays in AGS cell line. Encapsulation of the extracts in nanosystems based on soybean lecithin and maltodextrin was performed. Lyophilized extracts before and after encapsulation in maltodextrin were applied in the formulation of leg ham and used in pilot scale of production. The colour of ham samples from the different assays was evaluated visually and by colorimetry.
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    Photochromic Azoderivatives for Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: We present microwave-assisted synthesis and in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibition of di-PRLC4OAzo, a new azoderivative designed on the basis of aza-stilbene active compounds, already reported by the group. From the total series of azoderivatives synthetized, di-PRLC4OAzo showed the powerful in vitro enzymatic response for its (E) isomer (IC50: 1.08 µM) by Ellman’s assay, beside a stable photostationary state monitored by UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, indicating it might be an efficient photo-responsible probe to remote control the activity of the enzyme.
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    Synthesis of the 2-tetrazolylmethyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-β-carbolines via Ultrasound-Assisted One-Pot Ugi-azide/Pictet–Spengler Process (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: A serie of 2-tetrazolylmethyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-β-carbolines were synthesized via a one pot Ugi-azide/Pictet–Spengler process under mild ultrasound-assisted conditions. The products containing two privileged heterocyclic frameworks: 1,5-disubstituted-1H-tetrazole and tetrahydro-β-carboline, which are present in a variety of bioactive compounds and commercial drugs.
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    A New Perspective on the Kauzmann Entropy Paradox: A Crystal/Glass Critical Point in Four- and Three-Dimensions (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-17
    Description: In this article, a new perspective on the Kauzmann point is presented. The “ideal glass transition” that occurs at the Kauzmann temperature is the point at which the configurational entropy of an undercooled metastable liquid equals that of its crystalline counterpart. We model solidifying liquids by using a quaternion orientational order parameter and find that the Kauzmann point is a critical point that exists to separate crystalline and non-crystalline solid states. We identify the Kauzmann point as a first-order critical point, and suggest that it belongs to quaternion ordered systems that exist in four- or three-dimensions. This “Kauzmann critical point” can be considered to be a higher-dimensional analogue to the superfluid-to-Mott insulator quantum phase transition that occurs in two- and one-dimensional complex ordered systems. Such critical points are driven by tuning a non-thermal frustration parameter, and result due to characteristic softening of a `Higgs’ type mode that corresponds to amplitude fluctuations of the order parameter. The first-order nature of the finite temperature Kauzmann critical point is a consequence of the discrete change of the topology of the ground state manifold of the quaternion order parameter field that applies to crystalline and non-crystalline solids.
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    An Amine/Azine Functionalized MOF as a New Fluorescent Probe for Selective Sensing of Metal Ions (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Metal-organic frameworks are a class of attractive materials for fluorescent sensing. Here, we report the exploration of fluorescent Zn-based amine/azine-functionalized MOF, TMU-17-NH2, ([Zn(NH2-BDC)(4-bpdb)].2DMF; NH2-BDC = amino-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 4-bpdb = 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl)-2,3-diaza-2,3-butadiene) for highly selective and sensitive detection of Fe3+ in DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide) solution. TMU-17-NH2 shows fast recognition of Fe3+ ions with a response time of
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    Identifying Systemic Risks and Policy-Induced Shocks in Stock Markets by Relative Entropy (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-17
    Description: Systemic risks have to be vigilantly guided against at all times in order to prevent their contagion across stock markets. New policies also may not work as desired and even induce shocks to market, especially those emerging ones. Therefore, timely detection of systemic risks and policy-induced shocks is crucial to safeguard the health of stock markets. In this paper, we show that the relative entropy or Kullback–Liebler divergence can be used to identify systemic risks and policy-induced shocks in stock markets. Concretely, we analyzed the minutely data of two stock indices, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) and the Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) Composite Index, and examined the temporal variation of relative entropy for them. We show that clustered peaks in relative entropy curves can accurately identify the timing of the 2007–2008 global financial crisis and its precursors, and the 2015 stock crashes in China. Moreover, a sharpest needle-like peak in relative entropy curves, especially for the SSE market, always served as a precursor of an unusual market, a strong bull market or a bubble, thus possessing a certain ability of forewarning.
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    Addressing Health Inequities in South Chattanooga: Lead Contamination and Childhood Lead Poisoning (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-05
    Description: Soil lead contamination is an environmental health risk that greatly affects children in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The Southside Chattanooga Lead Superfund Site was added to the National Priorities List in late 2018 by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA has designated the clean-up threshold for soil lead contamination to be equal to or over 360 parts per million. For the EPA to conduct soil testing and proceed with clean-up, a signed access authorization letter from the tenant or property owner must be submitted. As of 7 May 2019, there are still 4371 properties to test with an estimated 1100 expected to be above the remediation threshold. Despite mailing the letters and having several public meetings, the rate of return is approximately thirty percent for access authorization forms. To increase the response rate, local non-profit agencies, the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC) Lions Club, and the UTC Master’s in Public Health program have been involved in educating the community. Efforts include community health fairs, grant-funded community-based blood lead testing for children, and a door-to-door canvassing campaign where residents are informed of the issue, provided with educational materials, and asked to sign and return access authorization letters to the EPA. The impact of community engagement is measured by the number/proportion of residents engaged, the number of signed authorization forms submitted, and the number of children tested for elevated blood lead levels. This poster presentation will discuss lead contamination in Chattanooga, and the results of our engagement work in the community.
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    Bioactive Sesquiterpene Obtained from Schinus areira L. (Anacardiaceae) Essential Oil (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-15
    Description: The essential oils (EOs) from the leaves of Schinus areira and one of its components, globulol, were studied for their antioxidant, antimutagenic and antipromutagenic activities. The chemical composition of the EOs obtained using hydrodistillation was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and fractionated using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The active compound (16.61%) isolated was identified by comparison of its 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy with those reported in the literature. The antioxidant activity of the EOs and globulol were determined using two methods: crocin bleaching inhibition (Trolox Equivalent Value, TEV Krel = 1.16 ± 0.11 vs. 1.24 ± 0.22) and scavenging of the DPPH radical (IC50 = 38.75 ± 2.5 μg/mL vs. 5.60 ± 0.9 μg/mL). The antimutagenic and antipromutagenic activities were evaluated in vitro and ex vivo, using the Ames assay with five strains of Salmonella typhimurium with and without exogenous metabolic activation (rat liver fraction S9), against different mutagens. The result determined that globulol and EOs of S. areira at the applied doses do not exhibit any mutagenic effect and showed the highest antioxidant activity.
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    Synthesis of 3-Tetrazolylmethyl-4H-Chromen-4-Ones Via Ugi-Azide Reaction Catalyzed by ZnO Nanoparticles (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: A serie of novel 3-tetrazolylmethyl-4H-chromen-4-ones were synthesized via Ugi-azide reaction under mild ultrasound-assisted conditions (room temperature, EtOH, 10% mol ZnO nanoparticles). The products containing two privileged heterocyclic frameworks: 1,5- disubstituted-1H-tetrazole and 3-substituted-4H-chromen chromen-4-ones, which are present in a variety of bioactive compounds and commercial drugs
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    Capacitive, Non-Invasive and Coplanar-Electrode Transducer for Measuring Iron Ore Moisture (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Currently, the mineral industry makes iron ore beneficiation processes in humid or natural moisture. Excessive moisture in iron ore can affect the beneficiation process, causing loss of productivity and transport issues, as well as reducing the efficiency of dewatering subprocesses and safety. The traditional technic for measuring iron ore moisture is the standard oven method, which is very accurate, but not very representative. Furthermore, it has a high time response: up to 24 h for each mineral sample. Consequently, corrective and preventive actions to the process become inefficient. Alternative technics, such as the microwave method, perform online moisture measurements but with low accuracy. Recently, we developed a high accuracy capacitive sensor for measuring ore moisture but not online (bench device). This paper refers to the development of a capacitive, non-invasive, coplanar-electrode transducer for iron ore moisture measurement, designed for online applications. To achieve this, we constructed a signal conditioning system, based on an 8-bit microcontroller and a driven shield for the sensor element. The system transmits the processed data via radio frequency to a computer. Moreover, it applies a statistical filter to the measurements, based on standard deviation and moving average, as a way for minimizing electromagnetic interference. The statical calibration results reached a coefficient of determination of 98.41%. The coplanar, non-invasive approach of the transducer offers the advantage of preserving the physical integrity of the sensor electrodes as well as a future online application.
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    LoRaWAN and Blockchain based Safety and Health Monitoring System for Industry 4.0 Operators (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: The latest advances in the different Industry 4.0 technologies have enabled the automation and optimization of complex tasks of production processes thanks to their ability to monitor and track the state of physical elements like machinery, environmental sensors/actuators or industrial operators. This paper focuses on the latter and presents the design and evaluation of a system for monitoring industrial workers that provides a near real-time decentralized response system aimed at reacting and tracing events that affect operator personal safety and health. Such a monitoring system is based on the information collected from sensors encapsulated in IoT wearables that are used to measure both personal and environmental data. The communications architecture relies on LoRaWAN, an LPWAN (Low-Power Wide-Area Network) technology that offers good reliability in harsh communications environments and that provides relatively long distance communications with low-energy consumption. Specifically, each wearable sends the collected information (e.g., heart rate, altitude, external temperature, gas concentration, location) from the sensors to the nearest LoRaWAN gateway, which is transmitted to a pool of nodes where information is stored in a distributed manner. Such a decentralized system allows for providing information redundancy and guarantees its availability as long as there is an operative node. In addition, the proposed system is able to store and to process the collected data through smart contracts in a blockchain, which eliminate the need for a central backend and ensure the traceability and immutability of such data in order to share them with third parties (e.g., insurance companies or medical services).
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    Green Infrastructures in Stormwater Control and Treatment Strategies (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-12
    Description: Green infrastructures can provide multiple benefits and play an important role in cities’ resilience to extreme stormwater events caused by climate change. Additionally, these techniques can contribute to the protection of transport infrastructures, averting major environmental and economical adversities. Stormwater can be treated through several processes, some processes being more effective than others for specific contaminants. A review of some of the most commonly used green infrastructures (GI) for stormwater management in urban environments was carried out, with emphasis on their efficiency in reducing peak flow rates, runoff volumes and the following pollutants: total suspended solids, heavy metals, total phosphorus and total nitrogen. The GI studied were green roofs, bioretention systems, filter strips, vegetated swales and trenches. In addition to the advantages in the urban water cycle, benefits of amenity and ecosystem services of these GI have also been identified. The discussion of the results and the comparative analysis of GI performance were carried out taking advantage of a table that summarizes the range of percentages of GI efficiency obtained in various studies for the different functions.
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    Online Digitalization Technologies for Monitoring Activities in the Marine Environment (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: This proceeding shows the results of the investigation of the techniques of the integration, management, and visualization of massive data from the digitalization of environmental and procedural parameters of facilities that operate in the marine environment. The work focuses on three main lines: (1) research on the development of a cloud-based system for big data, which allows the hosting of the data generated by different devices to be monitored (GPS, sounds, vibrations, video, temperature, emissions, consumption, power, etc.); (2) the implementation of a first layer of analysis and visualization of information; and (3) big data analytics research for the post-processing of information. The studies will be applied to underwater noise monitoring. With this, progress has been made in another of the pillars of Web 4.0—the use of context information—as the application is in charge of intelligently processing the data of the different variables together although they are not, in principle, directly related.
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    Checking Procedure of the Trieste (Italy) Subsea Pipeline by Transient Tests. Preliminary Results (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-12
    Description: The subsea transmission main (TM) of Trieste, Italy, plays a crucial role in the water supply system managed by AcegasApsAmga SpA (Hera Group). With the aim of implementing a systematic inspection procedure (at present divers are used for periodic surveys) AcegasApsAmga SpA decided to proceed with Transient Test-Based Techniques (TTBTs). In this paper, the results of preliminary transient tests generated by means of the existing devices (the first option to be considered within TTBTs) are discussed and possible alternatives are highlighted.
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    Assessing the Performance of SuDS in the Mitigation of Urban Flooding: The Industrial Area of Sesto Ulteriano (MI) (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-12
    Description: Recent development dynamics of urban centers forced administrations to deal more frequently with problems linked to the inability of traditional sewer systems to manage rainwater in a sustainable and effective manner. Currently, several laws require compliance with the quantitative and qualitative stormwater limits to be discharged into watercourses but, in parallel with a “regulatory” approach, integrated strategies are increasingly being developed. A fundamental role is carried out by Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS), whose basic principle is the management of rainwater at the source, through the implementation of prevention, mitigation and treatment strategies. This study, starting from a project proposal made by different Italian firms and funded by PoliS-Lombardia, aims to assess the benefits deriving from the widespread application of SuDS in the Sesto Ulteriano industrial area, through a comparison between a scenario that represents the current configuration of the drainage network, and an ideal scenario where SuDS are taken into consideration. SWMM5 software was used, in order to simulate the behavior of the drainage network in contexts without and with SuDS, after the construction of the synthetic rainfall data sets. Although only event scale simulations have been conducted so far, the encouraging results suggest that these systems really contribute can to mitigating the effects of flooding in urban areas.
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    A Step by Step Investigation of Cr(III) Recovery from Tannery Waste (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-12
    Description: The effluent of tanneries is a hazardous waste and a combination of physical-chemical and biological techniques is required for its treatment. As a result of the previous processes, a sludge with high chromium content is produced. So, the aim of this study is the hydrometallurgical recovery of chromium in the context of a circular economy. According to chemical characterization, the only form of metal that existed in the sludge was the trivalent, while its content was up to 14.8% w/w. Among the examined acids, the highest efficiency in Cr(III) leaching was achieved by the H2SO4 (93%), due to the formation of the soluble CrSO4+. Regarding the step of precipitation, no significant varions were observed between the two alkaline medias that were tested, namely NaOH and Ca(OH)2.
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  • 45
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    Flood and Flash Flood Hazard Mapping Using the Frequency Ratio, Multilayer Perceptron and Their Hybrid Ensemble (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-12
    Description: The importance of identifying the areas vulnerable for both floods and flash-floods is an important component of risk management. The assessment of vulnerable areas is a major challenge in the scientific world. Adaptation and mitigation have generally been treated as two separate issues, both in public politics and in practice, in which mitigation is seen as the attenuation of the cause, and studies of adaption look into dealing with the consequences of climate change. Studies on the impact of climate change on flood risk are mostly conducted at the river basin or regional scale. Remote sensing and GIS technologies, together with the latest modelling techniques, can contribute to our ability to predict and manage floods. Various methods are commonly used to map flood sensitivity. Recent methods such as multicriteria evaluation, decision tree analysis (DT), fuzzy theory, weight of samples (WoE), artificial neural networks (ANN), frequency ratio (FR) and logistic regression (LR) approaches have been widely used by many researchers.
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  • 46
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    Infiltration-Exfiltration System for Stormwater Control: A Full Scale Test (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-12
    Description: The current approach to stormwater management should focus on dealing with water on its source. The Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SuDS) promotes runoff peak flow and volume attenuation, load removal while providing amenites and biodiversities but can be difficult to apply in developed urban centers. An infiltration-exfiltration system (IES) placed on road gutters can function on receiving runoff from roads and directing them to the sewers system reducing peak flow and volume. This research follows up a full-scale test of an IES installed in São Paulo, Brazil. The IES has 49 × 1880 m dimension and a cross-section of 49 × 30 cm with a pervious concrete surface layer. The pervious concrete showed mechanical results acceptable for a low vehicular traffic and infiltration rate that allows water infiltration. Rainfall-runoff modeling showed that the proposed IES had a low effect on runoff peak flow and volume attenuation. A deeper gravel layers depth and outlet flow restrictor would improve performance. The proposed IES function on avoid ponding, promoting water treatment, and reducing inlet maintenance.
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    Performance of Heterogeneous Catalytic Ozonation with Minerals in Degradation of p-Chlorobenzoic Acid (p-CBA) from Aqueous Solutions (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-12
    Description: Water pollution is a critical environmental issue nowadays. One major problem is the pollution of freshwaters by pollutants of low concentrations (ng/L–μg/L), known as micropollutants. The most promising techniques for micropollutants degradation are Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs). Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation is among them, and recent studies have shown that it can be an efficient water treatment technique. The aim of this study is to evaluate the catalytic activity of five minerals (anatase, dolomite, kaolin, talc and zeolite) on the ozonation of small concentrations of p-CBA at pH 7 by batch mode experiments. p-CBA was employed as a model compound for evaluation of single and catalytic ozonation performance, because it cannot be efficiently removed by direct ozonation (kO3 〈 0.15 M−1s−1), while it has high reactivity with hydroxyl radicals (k·OH = 5×109 M−1s−1). It was found that all applied solid materials can be characterized as catalysts, except kaolin, theuse of which presented almost the same performance with single ozonation. The best results were obtained by zeolite and dolomite (〉99.4%) within 15 min reaction/oxidation time. These materials were neutrally (PZC = 6.8) and positively (PZC = 8.9) charged, respectively, during the oxidation process (pH 7), favoring the contact of micropollutant and ozone with the catalysts’ surface. On the other hand, the addition of anatase and talc in the ozonation system resulted in 97.5% and 98.5% p-CBA degradation, respectively, due to their slightly negative surface charge throughout the reaction. Conclusively, the experimental results indicated that the performance of heterogeneous catalytic ozonation is strongly depending on the surface charge of the solid materials (catalysts).
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    Surface and Groundwater Quality in South African Area—Analysis of the Most Critical Pollutants for Drinking Purposes (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-12
    Description: According to a recent report by World Health Organization, the countries which still have limited access to water for drinking purposes are mainly those in the Sub-Saharan region. (Potential) water sources for drinking needs may contain different contaminants. In this context, the current study consists in an overview of the quality of surface water and groundwater in the Republic of South Africa (RSA) and Mozambique (MZ) and provides the variability ranges of the concentrations of the main pollutants in the two countries. Chemical and physical characteristics and concentrations of macropollutants, inorganic compounds (metals) and selected microorganisms were collected for surface water and groundwater and compared with the standards for drinking water set in the two countries. It was found that in surface water, microorganisms were always at very high concentrations. In addition, nickel (in RSA) and boron and chlorine (in MZ) were the most critical compounds. It emerged that in groundwater, arsenic, lead and chlorine (in RSA) and boron, sodium and chlorine (in MZ) were the main critical pollutants. Adequate treatments in the construction of new drinking water plants in rural areas should be selected on the basis of these most critical compounds and their observed variability over time.
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    Adsorption of Model Dyes on Recycled Silica Gel (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-12
    Description: Silica gel was used as an adsorbent for dyes in aqueous solutions. Afterwards, the silica gel with the adsorbed dye was heated to 600 °C, at which the dye combusted, leaving behind clean silica gel. This silica gel can be reused in the adsorption process. The operation leaves behind little waste products. It is an optimal procedure for educational and other research laboratories which are working with biological stains, food colorants and some non-commercial dyes.
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  • 50
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    Quantifying the Log Reduction of Pathogenic Microorganisms by Constructed Wetlands: A Review (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-12
    Description: Over the last 30 years, constructed wetlands (CWs) have been used as an alternative, cost-efficient way of treating wastewater, often in combination with conventional wastewater technologies. When CWs are attached at the end of conventional wastewater treatment plants, they treat the effluent and thus provide a polishing step. However, recent studies have shown that when CWs are used as the main wastewater treatment method for the agricultural reuse of effluents, they perform poorly on meeting the accepted limit of microbial contamination. Moreover, CWs are increasingly used within the scope of the circular economy and water reuse applications. Therefore, there is a need for a comprehensive exploration of the performance of CWs on pathogen removal. This paper explores relevant case studies regarding pathogen removal from constructed wetlands to create a comprehensive dataset that provides a complete overview of CWs performance under various conditions. After a systematic literature review, a total of 48 case studies were qualified for both qualitative and quantitative analyses. From the dataset, the general performance, optimal conditions, and knowledge gaps were identified. The review confirmed that constructed wetlands (as a standalone treatment) cannot meet the accepted limits of pathogen removal. However, they can be a credible choice for wastewater polishing when they are combined with conventional wastewater treatment systems. Regarding the most common indicators that were recorded, the removal of Escherichia coli ranged between 0.01–5.6 log; the removal of total and fecal coliforms was 0.2–5.32 log and 0.07–6.08 log, respectively; while the removal of fecal streptococci was 0.2–5.2 log. The great variability of pathogen removal indicates that the complexity of CWs makes it difficult to draw robust conclusions regarding their removal efficiency. Potential correlations were identified between influent and effluent concentrations, as well as between log removal and hydraulic characteristics. Additionally, no correlations between pathogen removal and temperature/climatic zones were found since average pathogen removal per country showed high variation throughout the various climatic zones. The dataset can be used as a benchmark of CWs’ performance as a barrier against the spreading of pathogens in the environment. The knowledge gaps identified in this review can provide direction for further research. Finally, a potential meta-analysis of the dataset using statistical analysis can pave the way for a better understanding of the design and operational parameters of CWs in order to fine-tune and quantify the factors that influence the performance of these systems.
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    A Comparison between Conceptual and Physically Based Models in Predicting the Hydrological Behavior of Green Roofs (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-12
    Description: The evolving climate conditions contribute to increase flooding risk in urban areas. Green roofs are effective tools for controlling and managing stormwater runoff. With the aim to prevent these damaging events, an accurate modelling of the response of green roofs to storm events becomes essential. The goal of this research is to compare the accuracy of two hydrological models in predicting the behavior of two green roof test beds in terms of runoff production. The test beds are located in the campus of University of Salerno, in a typical Mediterranean climate and they differ in the composition of the drainage layer. The selected models are the Storm Water management model (SWMM) model and the Nash model. They have been calibrated against hourly data of 25 rainfall-runoff events observed at the experimental site and compared using a number of goodness of fit indexes. The Nash cascade model aims to be a very simple but effective approach. No substantial differences were observed in the behavior of the two green roof plots, though they differ in their design characteristics. Finally, the existence of a relationship between the errors and the rainfall characteristics has been found.
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    Monitoring of the Ceramic Kerf During the Laser Cutting Process through Piezoelectric Transducer (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Advanced ceramics are widely used in industry due to their unique properties. However, the machining of ceramic components by conventional methods is difficult due to their high level of hardness and brittleness. In this sense, laser beam machining (LBM) is presented as an alternative to conventional methods, enabling the machining of workpieces through more accurate and less invasive techniques. Despite the advantages of laser machining, the process still needs to be studied in detail, as advanced ceramic machining is considered a stochastic process. Thus, real-time monitoring systems are required in order to optimize the ceramic laser machining. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel method for monitoring the cutting kerf in the laser cutting process of ceramic components using a low-cost piezoelectric transducer (PZT) and digital signal processing. Tests were performed on the surface of an alumina ceramic workpiece under different machining conditions. The cutting kerf was measured by a digital microscope and the raw signals from the PZT transducer were collected at a sampling rate of 2 MHz. Time domain and frequency domain analyses were performed in order to find a frequency band that best correlates with the process conditions. Finally, a linear regression was calculated in order to correlate the PZT signal and the measured kerf. The results showed that the piezoelectric transducer was sensitive to the acoustic activity generated during the process, allowing the real-time monitoring of the cutting kerf. Thus, the approach proposed in this paper can be used efficiently in the monitoring of the laser cutting process.
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    The Sn2 Reaction: A Theoretical-Computational Analysis of a Simple and Very Interesting Mechanism (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) reaction is one of the most frequently processes chosen as model mechanism to introduce undergraduate chemistry students to computational chemistry methodology. In this work, we performed a computational analysis for the ionic SN2 reaction, where the nucleophile charged (X−; X=F, Cl, Br, I) attacks the carbon atom of the substrate (CH3Cl) through a backside pathway, and simultaneously, the leaving group is displaced (Cl−). The calculations were performed applying DFT methods with the Gaussian09 program, the B3LYP functional, the 6-31+G* basis set for all atoms except iodine (6-311G*), and the solvents effects (acetonitrile and cyclohexane) were evaluated with the PCM model. We evaluated the potential energy surface (PES) for the mentioned reaction considering the reactants, the formation of an initial complex between the nucleophile and the substrate, the transition state, a final complex where the leaving group is still bound to the substrate and the products. We analyzed the atomic charge (ESP) and the bond distance throughout the process. Gas phase and solvent studies were performed in order to analyze the solvation effects on the reactivity of the different nucleophiles. We observed that increasing solvent polarity, decreases reaction rates. On the other hand, we thought it would be enriching, to carry out a reactivity analysis from the point of view of molecular orbitals. Therefore, we analyzed the MOs HOMO and the MOs LUMO of the different stationary states on PES, both in a vacuum (gas phase) and in acetonitrile as the solvent.
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    Synthesis of a Novel Porphyrin-Based Metal–Organic Framework (Co-Por MOF) (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: In this study, a novel porphyrin-based metal–organic framework (Co-Por MOF) was successfully synthesized by a simple one-step solvothermal method. We report a metal–organic framework based on the covalent interaction of an organic linker, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP) with cobalt clusters. The properties of this material were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet visible adsorption spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential reflectance spectroscopy (DRS).
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    Ultra-Resonance Microwave Defectoscopy of Metal Surfaces (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: A novel microwave high-resolution near-field non-destructive testing technique is proposed and experimentally evaluated in reflectometry imaging scenarios involving planar metal surfaces. Traditionally, microwave reflectometry does not provide high dynamic contrast between the defect and background material in the case of metal structures due to intrinsically high reflection magnitude from the metal surfaces masking defect a microwave signature. A high-Q resonant sensor based on the loaded aperture is designed to interact very strongly even with small defects on the metal surface providing very high two-dimensional spatial resolution of approximately one tenth of a wavelength, λ, at λ/20–λ/10 standoff distance. Experimental results demonstrate a defect-to-background contrast greater than 5 dB amplitude and 50° phase in raw microwave data. To further enhance the spatial resolution and defect contrast, a phase-modulated near field imaging technique is proposed and experimentally evaluated in the case of a defected metal plate. This technique is based on fast variation of the reflection phase in the narrow frequency band around the resonance, which essentially enables elimination of background a microwave signature from the reflected signal. The proposed imaging technique should find applications in non-destructive surface testing and evaluation of metal and alloy structures.
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    Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics and Entropy Production in Simulation of Electrical Tree Growth (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-17
    Description: In the present work we applied the nonequilibrium thermodynamic theory in the analysis of the dielectric breakdown (DB) process. As the tree channel front moves, the intense field near the front moves electrons and ions irreversibly in the region beyond the tree channel tips where electromechanical, thermal and chemical effects cause irreversible damage and, from the nonequilibrium thermodynamic viewpoint, entropy production. From the nonequilibrium thermodynamics analysis, the entropy production is due to the product of fluxes Ji and conjugated forces Xi: σ = ∑iJiXi ≥ 0. We consider that the coupling between fluxes can describe the dielectric breakdown in solids as a phenomenon of transport of heat, mass and electric charge.
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    On the Relationship between City Mobility and Blocks Uniformity (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-17
    Description: The spatial organization and the topological organization of cities have a great influence on the lives of their inhabitants, including mobility efficiency. Entropy has been often adopted for the characterization of diverse natural and human-made systems and structures. In this work, we apply the exponential of entropy (evenness) to characterize the uniformity of city blocks. It is suggested that this measurement is related to several properties of real cities, such as mobility. We consider several real-world cities, from which the logarithm of the average shortest path length is also calculated and compared with the evenness of the city blocks. Several interesting results have been found, as discussed in the article.
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    The Potential of L-Band UAVSAR Data for the Extraction of Mangrove Land Cover Using Entropy and Anisotropy Based Classification (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-17
    Description: Mangrove forests serve as an ecosystem stabilizer since they play an important role in providing habitats for many terrestrial and aquatic species along with a huge capability of carbon sequestration and absorbing greenhouse gases. The process of conversion of carbon dioxide into biomass is very rapid in mangrove forests. Mangroves play a crucial role in protecting the human settlement and arresting shoreline erosion by reducing wave height to a great extent, as they form a natural barricade against high sea tides and windstorms. In most cases, human settlement in the vicinity of mangrove forests has affected the eco-system of the forest and placed them under environmental pressure. Since, a continuous mapping, monitoring, and preservation of coastal mangroves may help in climate resilience, a mangrove land cover extraction method using remotely sensed L-band full-pol UAVSAR data (acquired on 25 February 2016) based on Entropy (H) and Anisotropy (A) concepts has therefore been proposed in this study. The k-Mean clustering has been applied to the subsetted (1-Entropy) * (Anisotropy) image generated by PolSARpro_v5.0 software’s H/A/Alpha Decomposition. The mangrove land cover of the study area was extracted to be 116.07 Km2 using k-Mean clustering and validated with the mangrove land cover area provided by Global Mangrove Watch (GMW) data.
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    Quantum Genetic Terrain Algorithm (Q-GTA): A Technique to Study the Evolution of the Earth Using Quantum Genetic Algorithm (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-17
    Description: In recent years, geologists have put in a lot of effort trying to study the evolution of Earth using different techniques studying rocks, gases, and water at different channels like mantle, lithosphere, and atmosphere. Some of the methods include estimation of heat flux between the atmosphere and sea ice, modeling global temperature changes, and groundwater monitoring networks. That being said, algorithms involving the study of Earth’s evolution have been a debated topic for decades. In addition, there is distinct research on the mantle, lithosphere, and atmosphere using isotopic fractionation, which this paper will take into consideration to form genes at the former stage. This factor of isotopic fractionation could be molded in QGA to study the Earth’s evolution. We combined these factors because the gases containing these isotopes move from mantle to lithosphere or atmosphere through gaps or volcanic eruptions contributing to it. We are likely to use the Rb/Sr and Sm/Nd ratios to study the evolution of these channels. This paper, in general, provides the idea of gathering some information about temperature changes by using isotopic ratios as chromosomes, in QGA the chromosomes depict the characteristic of a generation. Here these ratios depict the temperature characteristic and other steps of QGA would be molded to study these ratios in the form of temperature changes, which would further signify the evolution of Earth based on the study that temperature changes with the change in isotopic ratios. This paper will collect these distinct studies and embed them into an upgraded quantum genetic algorithm called Quantum Genetic Terrain Algorithm or Quantum GTA.
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    Photochemical Dissipative Structuring of the Fundamental Molecules of Life (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-18
    Description: It has been conjectured that the origin of the fundamental molecules of life, their proliferation over the surface of Earth, and their complexation through time, are examples of photochemical dissipative structuring, dissipative proliferation, and dissipative selection, respectively, arising out of the nonequilibrium conditions created on Earth’s surface by the solar photon spectrum. Here I describe the nonequilibrium thermodynamics and the photochemical mechanisms involved in the synthesis and evolution of the fundamental molecules of life from simpler more common precursor molecules under the long wavelength UVC and UVB solar photons prevailing at Earth’s surface during the Archean. Dissipative structuring through photochemical mechanisms leads to carbon based UVC pigments with peaked conical intersections which endow them with a large photon disipative capacity (broad wavelength absorption and rapid radiationless dexcitation). Dissipative proliferation occurs when the photochemical dissipative structuring becomes autocatalytic. Dissipative selection arises when fluctuations lead the system to new stationary states (corresponding to different molecular concentration profiles) of greater dissipative capacity as predicted by the universal evolution criterion of Classical Irreversible Thermodynamic theory established by Onsager, Glansdorff, and Prigogine. An example of the UV photochemical dissipative structuring, proliferation, and selection of the nucleobase adenine from an aqueous solution of HCN under UVC light is given.
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    New Diarylureas as Activators of the Heme-Regulated EIF2α Kinase for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-07
    Description: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has reached epidemic proportions. […]
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    Mechanical Line Fit Model to Monitor the Position of KM3NeT Optical Modules from the Acoustic and Compass/Accelerometer Sensor System Data (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: The KM3NeT deep-sea neutrino telescope will use thousands of Digital Optical Modules (DOMs) forming a 3D array to detect the Cherenkov’s light produced by the particles generated after a neutrino interaction in the medium. The DOMs are arranged in Detection Units (DUs), structures anchored and maintained vertical by buoyancy each one containing 18 DOMs at different height. The DOMs are, thus, subject to movements due to sea currents. For a correct reconstruction of events detected by the telescope, it is necessary to monitor the position of each DOM with 10 cm accuracy. For this, an Acoustic Positioning System (APS) with a piezo-ceramic transducer installed in each DOM and a long baseline of acoustic transmitters and receivers on the seabed is used. Besides, there is a system of compass/accelerometers in the DOMs to determine their orientation. Then, a mechanical model is used to reconstruct the shape of the DU taking as input the information from the positioning sensors and using the sea current velocity as free parameter of the DU Line Fit method. The mechanical equations consider the buoyancy and the drag force of any item in the DU line. This work describes the data process of the different sensors and systems to obtain the fit shape of DUs, the situation for the first DUs installed as an example and to study the viability and define the full process to apply in KM3NeT.
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    Development of a Low-Cost Instrumentation System Applied to an Electrolytic Cell (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Humanity’s growing long-term energy demand will be the opportunity for new energy generation sources. In this scenario, the use of hydrogen as an energy source has become an interesting alternative to energy production, as the use of fossil fuels can lead to harmful consequences, such as the emission of greenhouse gases. This paper presents the development of a low-cost instrumentation system for monitoring the temperature, current, voltage, and gas flow rate of a dry electrolytic cell. Through the electrolysis process, the cell generates a hydrogen-rich gas which is used as an additive in an internal combustion engine to reduce pollutant gas emissions and primary fuel consumption. The measured variables are presented as a function of the time to analyze the behavior of the electrolyzer. The main advance reported in this work is related to the use of a low-cost sensor for a hydrogen-rich gas flow measurement, in which calibration was performed indirectly using a rotameter as a reference. The calibration curve adjusted to the experimental data by linear regression presented a coefficient of determination of 0.9957. Thus, the use of the low-cost sensor is a feasible alternative for measuring the electrolysis gas generated by the cell.
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    An IoT-Based Smart Framework for a Human Heartbeat Rate Monitoring and Control System (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: This research paper presents the design and implementation of an internet of things-based (IoT) smart framework for human heartbeat rate monitoring and control system. A comprehensive study of various techniques and technologies that are used in controlling the heartbeat rate is explored. The proposed system was designed and implemented on a breadboard with the various system components that are assembled, connected and tasted. Experimental results obtained from the implemented prototype were found to be accurate, as the system was able to sense and read the heartbeat rate of its user and transmit the sensed data through the internet. The system components were soldered on a breadboard, and cased inside a plastic container with the heart pulse sensor stretched, so as to be clipped on the fingertip of the system’s user. Experimental results demonstrate that the resting heartbeat rate of children below the age of 17 is between 65 to 115 beats per minute (bpm) and the resting heartbeat rate of an adult between the ages of 17 to 60 is 60 to 100 bpm. In addition, the resting heartbeat rate of old people who are 60 years old and above, their heartbeat rate is between 65 to 120 bpm. These findings are in agreement with the state-of-the-art in the medical field. Furthermore, this research paper presents an approach that is flexible, reliable, and confidential for heartbeat rate monitoring and control system using sensor network and IoT technology which can be deployed to the medical field to assist the medical practitioners in doing their work easily.
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    Full Scale Bridge Damage Detection Using Sparse Sensor Networks, Principal Component Analysis, and Novelty Detection (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Over the decades, visual inspection has been adopted as a means to monitor infrastructure health. While visual inspection provides insights on a bridge’s condition, it has been generally agreed that it is insufficient and inefficient. This has called for the creation of autonomous, robust, continuous, and quantitative structural health monitoring (SHM) systems to detect potential deficiencies in an early stage, and monitor future condition. Various methods have been explored that associate changes in condition with changes in the structure’s vibration characteristics. These methods have been mostly tested on laboratory specimens experiencing simulated damage. There is need for extending validation of these SHM methods on in-situ structures experiencing real damage under operational and environmental conditions. This paper summarizes a full-scale experiment exploring bridge damage detection effectiveness under variable traffic loads. Three different types of damage were introduced into a full-scale, bridge deck mock-up. These included crash-induced bridge barrier damage, controlled barrier damage, and damage to the deck slab. At the end of each introduced damage case, the bridge’s response to the multiple passages was recorded using specific vehicles specifications. Data was extracted and analyzed to identify damage using principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA) as damage-sensitive features. The extracted damage features were thereafter used as input for unsupervised learning (novelty detection). One interesting observation was how PCA revealed possibly significant damage after a crash, which under visual inspection appeared to be minor. Novelty detection using PCA as its damage feature was shown to provide robust damage detection irrespective of load, speed variation, and signal noise levels.
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    Electromagnetic Characterization of Engineered Materials Using Capacitively Loaded Aperture Sensors (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: A novel method for electromagnetic (EM) characterization of engineered artificial materials such as biomaterials, nanomaterials, and composite materials is proposed and experimentally evaluated in this paper. The method is based on resonance transmission properties of capacitively loaded apertures in conductive screens. The advantage of this new method over the existing techniques (free space, loaded waveguide, microstrip and coplanar waveguide resonators, coaxial probe, etc.) is three-fold: (i) resonance EM field enhancement inside the loaded aperture leads to very high sensitivity and therefore accuracy of EM parameters de-embedding, (ii) only small thin samples of material under test are required (with a sample area substantially smaller than squared wavelength of radiation, ~0.01 λ2), (iii) the method is easily scalable over the frequency and wavelength and based on relatively simple permittivity and permeability de-embedding procedure. The experimental setup in the microwave S-band (2–3 GHz) is based on two dipole antennas, capacitive aperture in the conductive screen, unloaded and loaded with material under test, and vector network analyzer (VNA) for signal generation and data acquisition. Analytical de-embedding procedure is developed and applied to the characterization of carbon nanotube (CNT) material microwave absorption. It is demonstrated that the method offers very high accuracy in material characterization based on minimal material samples.
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    Wireless Channel Characterization and System Analysis of Complex Utility Tunnel Environments (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: The evolution of wireless communications has led to the adoption of a wide range of applications and utilities not only by the general public but also by administrative authorities. Consequently, the huge growth of new city services requires in some specific cases the construction of underground tunnels in order to reduce visual impact within the city center, as well as enabling the maintenance and operation works of utilities. One of the main challenges is that, inherently, underground service tunnels lack coverage from exterior wireless systems, such as mobile networks or municipal WLAN networks, which can be potentially dangerous for maintenance personnel working within the tunnels. In this work, wireless channel characterization for urban tunnel scenarios will be analyzed based on the assessment of LoRaWAN and ZigBee technologies operating at 868 MHz. For this purpose, a real urban utility tunnel has been modeled and simulated by means of an in-house 3D ray launching code and compared with experimental measurements, showing good agreement. The singularity and complexity of the limited tunnel dimensions and the inclusion of additional elements such as service trays, user pathways, and handrails have been considered. Results provide an adequate radio planning approach for the deployment of wireless systems in urban utility scenarios, with optimal coverage and enhanced quality of service. Besides, in order to have access to the data obtained by the potential WSN deployed within the tunnels, a solution to store such information in a cloud is included in the study.
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    Identification of Stator Winding Insulation Faults in Three-Phase Induction Motors Using MEMS Accelerometers (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: In recent years, the advancement of the microelectronics industry has allowed for a major expansion in the development of sensor-based equipment and applications, driven primarily by the cost reduction of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) devices. Currently, using this type of component, it is feasible to develop cost-effective systems aimed at early detection of failures in electrical machines and, in special cases, three-phase induction motors (TIM). These devices, coupled with predictive maintenance records, can prevent unexpected shutdowns due to malfunctions and signal the need for actions to extend the life cycle of the equipment. This is a relevant topic considering that the industrial sector is increasingly seeking for solutions based on non-destructive techniques (NDT) for preventive and predictive fault diagnosis. In this scenario, the objective of this work is to evaluate the application of a low-cost MEMS accelerometer to identify insulation failures in stator windings through vibration analysis. For this purpose, two MEMS accelerometers were coupled on either side of the frame of a TIM. Then, vibration signals were acquired for different types and levels of insulation failures. The data obtained were processed using different metrics such as root mean square (RMS), kurtosis, and skewness. The results allowed us to identify the insulation faults applied to the TIM, confirming the feasibility of applying the low-cost MEMS accelerometer in the vibration analysis for fault diagnosis.
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    Sensors for the Determination of Organic Load (Chemical Oxygen Demand) Utilizing Copper/Copper Oxide Nanoparticle Electrodes (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a widely used parameter in analyzing and controlling the degree of pollution in water. Methods of analysis based on electrochemical sensors are increasingly being used for COD quantitation because they could be simple, accurate, sensitive and environmentally friendly. Electro-oxidizing the organic contaminants to completely transform them into CO2 and H2O is considered the best method for COD estimation using sensors. In this sense, copper electrodes have been reported based on the fact that copper in alkaline media acts as a powerful electrocatalyst for oxidation of aminoacids and carbohydrates, which are believed to be the major culprits of organic pollution. In this work, three kinds of copper/copper oxide electrodes were studied that employed the cyclic voltammetry technique: electrodeposited copper nanoparticle electrode, copper nanoparticle–graphite composite electrode and copper oxide nanoparticle–graphite composite electrode. Actual COD estimations are based on the measurements of oxidation currents of organic compounds. Glucose, potassium hydrogen phthalate and ethylene glycol were chosen to be the standard substances to observe the responses, and to correlate the current intensity vs. the COD values. The performed calibrations showed that glucose and ethylene glycol can be oxidized by these three electrodes, as the current intensity increased along with increasing concentrations. However, only the electrodeposited copper nanoparticle electrode showed the ability to oxidize potassium hydrogen phthalate. Besides, the obtained voltammetric profiles presented different shapes with the tested organic compounds, suggesting this can be used as a potential fingerprint for distinguishing the organic compounds. Ongoing work is focused on optimizing measuring conditions and detecting the COD values of real samples.
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    Modeling the Nonlinear Properties of Ferroelectric Materials in Ceramic Capacitors for the Implementation of Sensor Functionalities in Implantable Electronics (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: For several years, the requirements on miniaturization of electronic implants with application in functional electrostimulation have been increasing, while functionality and reliability should not be impaired. One solution concept is to use neither active electronic components nor sensors or batteries. Instead, the functionalities are ensured by the use of intrinsic nonlinear properties of the already used components and energy is transferred by inductive coupling. In this paper, ceramic capacitors are investigated as a first step towards exploiting the nonlinear characteristics of ferroelectric materials. The ceramic capacitors are characterized by simulation and measurements. The modeling is carried out in Mathcad Prime 3.1 and ANSYS 2019 R2 Simplorer and different solvers are compared for exemplary calculations. Finally, a measurement setup is realized to validate the models. Calculations show that the trapezoid method with a number of 500 k points in the given solution interval is best suited for ANSYS. In Mathcad, the Adams, Bulirsch–Stoer, Backward Differentiation Formula, Radau5, and fourth order Runge–Kutta methods with an adaptive step width and a resolution of 50 k points are the most suitable. The nonlinear properties of ferroelectric materials in ceramic capacitors modeled with these methods using ANSYS and Mathcad show small and equal deviation from the measurements.
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    Highly Efficient Fruit Mass and Size Estimation Using Only Top View Images (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: This paper presents a new methodology for the estimation of the mass and size of a common Vietnamese fruit, the cavendish-type banana. We only used top-view images. Most previous works focused on volume estimation using a plurality of cameras to infer the three-dimensional information. In this work, we only used a single camera mounted on top of the fruit. We have found that our proposal leads to a relatively small estimation error (approximately 6%) compared to the results obtained from the measurements using a water-displacement method and a static digital scale. The results indicate that our system shows a great potential to be used in a real industrial setting. Future work will aim to investigate other features such as ripeness and bruises to increase the effectiveness and practicality of the system.
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    Millimeter Wave Spatial Channel Characterization for Vehicular Communications (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: With the growing demand of vehicle-mounted sensors over the last years, the amount of critical data communications has increased significantly. Developing applications such as autonomous vehicles, drones or real-time high-definition entertainment requires high data-rates in the order of multiple Gbps. In the next generation of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) networks, a wider bandwidth will be needed, as well as more precise localization capabilities and lower transmission latencies than current vehicular communication systems due to safety application requirements; 5G millimeter wave (mmWave) technology is envisioned to be the key factor in the development of this next generation of vehicular communications. However, the implementation of mmWave links arises with difficulties due to blocking effects between mmWave transceivers, as well as different channel impairments for these high frequency bands. In this work, the mmWave channel propagation characterization for V2X communications has been performed by means of a deterministic in-house 3D ray launching simulation technique. A complex heterogeneous urban scenario has been modeled to analyze the different propagation phenomena of multiple mmWave V2X links. Results for large and small-scale propagation effects are obtained for line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) trajectories, enabling inter-data vehicular comparison. These analyzed results and the proposed methodology can aid in an adequate design and implementation of next generation vehicular networks.
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    Robust Detection of Hidden Material Damages Using Low-Cost External Sensors and Machine Learning (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Machine learning (ML) techniques are widely used in structural health monitoring (SHM) and non-destructive testing (NDT), but the learning process, the learned models, and the prediction consistency are poorly understood. This work investigates and compares a wide range of ML models and algorithms for the detection of hidden damage in materials monitored using low-cost strain sensors. The investigation is performed by means of a multi-domain simulator imposing a tight coupling of physical and sensor network simulation in the real-time scale. The device under test is approximated by using a mass-spring network and a multi-body physics solver.
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    Towards the Internet of Augmented Things: An Open-source Framework to Interconnect IoT Devices and Augmented Reality Systems (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: The latest Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR) systems are able to provide innovative methods for user interaction, but their full potential can only be achieved when they are able to exchange bidirectional information with the physical world that surround them, including the objects that belong to the Internet of Things (IoT). The problem is that elements like AR display devices or IoT sensors/actuators often use heterogeneous technologies that make it difficult to intercommunicate them in an easy way, thus requiring a high degree of specialization to carry out such a task. This paper presents an open-source framework that eases the integration of AR and IoT devices as well as the transfer of information among them, both in real time and in a dynamic way. The proposed framework makes use of widely used standard protocols and open-source tools like MQTT, HTTPS or Node-RED. In order to illustrate the operation of the framework, this paper presents the implementation of a practical home automation example: an AR/MR application for energy consumption monitoring that allows for using a pair of Microsoft HoloLens smart glasses to interact with smart power outlets.
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    Underwater Acoustic Communication for The Marine Environment’s Monitoring (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Within the possibilities of non-linear acoustics, the parametric effect offers a range of acoustic applications that are currently being exploited in different areas. In underwater acoustics, environmental monitoring and security are one of the applications that can benefit from these technologies, allowing the transmission of information in a directivity controlled and efficient manner. An essential aspect for the optimal functioning of these technologies is the choice of the modulation that best suits the needs of communication. In the present work, different modulation techniques are explained, through their non-linear propagation, that allows generating the signals to be propagated. Among the modulations presented in this work, we have Amplitude Modulation (AM), Continuous Phase Frequency Shift Keying (CPFSK), and Linear Frequency Modulation (LFM) modulations normally used in communications. These modulations are performed with a modulating signal (sine and sine-sweeps type) whose non-linear demodulation determines the shape of the 1 and 0 bits, through the transmission of a bit string. With all this, comparisons are made between each technique, to obtain a more precise detection and discrimination of the bits.
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    IoT Based Monitoring System for White Button Mushroom Farming (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: In Nepal, most of the farmers depend upon traditional agricultural practices. Adapting modern agricultural technology plays an important role in improving overall efficiency as well as the productivity of their yields. In modern agriculture, the Internet of Things (IoT) connects farmers to their farm via sensors so that they can easily monitor the real-time conditions of their farm from anywhere. The White Button Mushroom is a widely cultivated crop among Nepalese farmers. Although being the most consumed and cultivated crop, it is still overshadowed by the traditional cultivation approach, which is resulting in low productivity, high manpower efficiency, and more effort and cost. This work aims to develop a monitoring system to monitor the environmental conditions of a mushroom farm. It enables a user to monitor crucial factors such as temperature, humidity, moisture, and light intensity on a mushroom farm through the end devices. White Button Mushroom requires an optimum temperature ranging from 22 to 25 °C and humidity from 70% to 90%. Sensors are placed at fixed locations and spots of the farm. Then, the sensors measure the status of parameters, which are transmitted to the remote monitoring station via a low power Node MCU (micro-controller unit). Thus, obtained data are stored in a cloud platform. The codes for the controller are written in the Arduino programming language, debugged, compiled, and burnt into the microcontroller using the Arduino integrated development environment. The result shows successful monitoring of environmental conditions accessing the Internet from anywhere. It minimizes human efforts and automates production, which could be beneficial to Nepalese farmers.
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    Portable ECG System Design Using the AD8232 Microchip and Open-Source Platform (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: This paper presents the design of a portable electrocardiograph (ECG) device using the AD8232 microchip as the analog front-end (AFE). Starting with the manufacturer’s evaluation board of the AFE chip for testing circuit configurations, open-source hardware and software components were integrated into a breadboard prototype. Ultimately, a custom printed circuit board (PCB) was produced. The prototype required to accommodate the microchip on a SMD-to-DIP adapter for testing with the breadboard-friendly Arduino microcontroller alongside a data logger and a Bluetooth breakout board. The analog ECG signal from the AFE output was digitized using one channel of the 10-bit analog-to-digital Converter (ADC) of the ATmega328 microcontroller contained in the Arduino Nano board. The digitized ECG signal can be transmitted not only by serial cable using the Arduino functions, but also via Bluetooth to a PC or to an Android smartphone system when the HC-06 shield is used. The data logging shield provides gigabytes of storage, and the signal is recorded to a micro SD card adapter along with the date and time stamp data of the sample capture (real-time clock provided). In addition to hardware and software development, a simulation was used in the analog circuit design with SPICE Multisim software and the related macromodel library to assess system stability. Besides the analog filters in the AFE stage, digital filtering by means of simple difference equations was investigated. A menu was incorporated to choose from the several modes of operation of the device. The ECG test signals were obtained from a patient simulator (SimCube) and real patients. A portable ECG system for monitoring applications that complies with electrical safety regulations and medical equipment design was realized.
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    An Efficient Algorithm for Cleaning Robots Using Vision Sensors (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: In recent years, cleaning robots like Roomba have gained popularity. These cleaning robots have limited battery power, and therefore, efficient cleaning is important. Efforts are being undertaken to improve the efficiency of cleaning robots. Most of the previous works have used on-robot cameras, developed dirt detection sensors which are mounted on the cleaning robot, or built a map of the environment to clean periodically. However, a critical limitation of all the previous works is that robots cannot know if the floor is clean or not unless they actually visit that place. Hence, timely information is not available if the room needs to be cleaned. To overcome such limitations, we propose a novel approach that uses external cameras, which can communicate with the robots. The external cameras are fixed in the room and detect if the floor is untidy or not through image processing. The external camera detects if the floor is untidy, along with the exact areas, and coordinates of the portions of the floor that must be cleaned. This information is communicated to the cleaning robot through a wireless network. Thus, cleaning robots have access to a `bird’s-eye view’ of the environment for efficient cleaning. In this paper, we demonstrate the dirt detection using external camera and communication with robot in actual scenarios.
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    Dual-Mode Radiation Sensor for UAS Platforms (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Remote sensing technologies are important for radiation safety and environmental security applications. A dual-mode Cs2LiYCl6:Ce3+ (CLYC) sensor was developed for simultaneous neutron measurements and gamma-ray spectroscopy. To keep users away from hazardous areas, an unmanned aerial system was used as a mobile sensor platform. The sensor was integrated into a multicopter platform as a ‘plug and fly’ component allowing deployment in the field conditions. The photon energy resolution of the CLYC sensor was measured as less than 5% at 662 keV. The detection of neutrons was achieved via 6Li(n,α)t reaction. The sensor’s signal communication and data fusion were programmed using robot operating system framework, as well as on-board signal analysis functions including the neutron-photon pulse shape discrimination and the identification of photo peaks in the gamma spectrum. These data with added real-time kinematic GPS and time stamps were reported to the user enabling real time awareness of the monitored area, further analysis in temporal and spatial domains, and radiation mapping and source search tasks.
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    Estimating Chlorophyll-a and Dissolved Oxygen Based on Landsat 8 Bands Using Support Vector Machine and Recursive Partitioning Tree Regressions (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: In general, water quality mapping is done by interpolation of in situ measurement samples. Often, these parameters change with time. Due to geographic variability and the lack of budget in Nepal, such measurements are done less often. Remote sensors that collect spectral information continually can be very useful in the regular monitoring of water quality parameters. Landsat Operational Land Imager (OLI) bands have been used to estimate water quality parameters. In this work, we model two water quality parameters: chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and dissolved oxygen (DO) using sequential minimal optimization regression (SMOreg), which implements a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm and recursive partitioning tree (REPTree) regressions. A total of 19 measurements were taken from Phewa Lake, Nepal and various secondary bands were derived from using Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) bands. These bands underwent feature selection, and regression models were created based on selected bands and sample data. The results showed satisfactory modelling of water quality parameters using Landsat 8 OLI bands in Phewa Lake. Due to a limited number of data, cross-validation was done with 10 folds. The SVM showed a better result than the REPTree regression. For future studies, the performance can be further evaluated in large lakes with larger sample numbers and other water quality parameters.
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    Evaluating Temperature Influence on Low-Cost Piezoelectric Transducer Response for 3D Printing Process Monitoring (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: The 3D printing process deals with the production of three-dimensional objects with defined geometries. However, this manufacturing process has a crucial point established at the beginning of the object manufacturing, where anomalies can occur and compromise the entire object produced. The piezoelectric diaphragm has been studied as an alternative to the conventional acoustic emission (AE) sensor concerning the monitoring of structures and processes. It has in its assembling a ceramic element with piezoelectric properties, which makes its response sensitive to temperature variations. The Pencil Lead Break (PLB) method is widely used due to its efficiency in the characterization of AE sensors. The present work aims to study the influence of temperature on the piezoelectric diaphragm response for the monitoring of the 3D printing process. PLB tests were performed on the glass surface of a 3D printer at three different temperatures, and the raw signal was collected at 5 MHz sample rate. The signal was investigated in the time and frequency domain. The results demonstrate that the frequency response of the sensor is directly influenced by the temperature variations. In addition, the signal amplitude variations occur differently along the entire spectrum, and frequency bands with small and large amplitude variations can be selected for a comparison study. Furthermore, two frequency bands were carefully selected, and the mean error was obtained regarding the reference temperatures of 25 and 45 °C. It can be inferred that the piezoelectric transducer has low sensitivity to temperature variation if a proper frequency band is selected, where an acceptable error of 16.9% was obtained.
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    In Vivo Recognition of Vascular Structures by Near-Infrared Transillumination (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-15
    Description: Transillumination is a very well-known non-invasive optical technique that relies on the use of non-ionizing radiation to obtain information about the internal morphology of biological tissues. In a previous work, we implemented a laser-based illuminator operating at a wavelength of 850 nm, combined with a CMOS digital camera and narrow-band optical detection that showed great potential for in vivo imaging. A great advantage is the use of low-cost semiconductor lasers, driven by a very low current (about 11 mA, spatially distributed as a 6-by-6 matrix covering a 25 cm2 area). Thanks to the strong absorption of hemoglobin at this wavelength, we have collected raw data of vascular structures that have been further processed to achieve images with much better quality. In particular, here we show that a higher contrast can be attained by the expansion of gray level histograms to exploit the full range, 0–255. This elaboration can be, for instance, exploited for the recognition of vascular structures with better resolution. Examples are reported relative to hand dorsal vein patterns and live chick embryos’ blood vessels. Analyses can be successfully performed without applying any thermal or mechanical stress to the human tissue under test and without damaging or puncturing any parts of the eggshell.
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    A Statistical Method for Area Coverage Estimation and Loss Probability Analysis on Mobile Sensor Networks (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: Sensor networks are formed by fixed or mobile sensor nodes and their functions are to capture the events that occur within a certain area and then relay to a central node. Normally, sensor nodes are not able to transmit or receive information over long distances due to the need to use less energy and thus extend their useful life. Therefore, the number of sensor nodes in a given area directly influences the coverage of this area and the ability of information to be relayed by several sensors to the central node. If there are many missed messages, the application will have its performance compromised. In this paper, we use a statistical method based on Monte Carlo approach to estimate the probability of message loss and area coverage. The position and proper motion of the sensors are randomly chosen and from that we estimate how many nodes can communicate with the central node directly or through another sensor working as relay. The free variables in our analysis are node density, node displacement velocity, and sensor quantity. The results obtained are compared analytically with simple cases in order to validate the results obtained by the simulations performed.
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    Optical and pH-Responsive Nanocomposite Film for Food Packaging Application (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: In this study, a biocompatible and non-toxic pH-responsive composite film was prepared for food packaging application. The films are composed from polyvinyl alcohol as the main polymeric matrix, nanoclay as a reinforcing component, and red cabbage extract as a non-toxic indicator. The prepared films showed lower water uptake values when the amount of nanoclay was increased up to 25%. It was observed that the films become brittle at high loading of nanoclay (40%). The prepared films exhibited color change in alkaline and acidic medium due to the presence of red cabbage extract, which turned pinkish in acidic medium and greenish in an alkaline environment. The prepared films were characterized by FTIR and visible spectroscopy. The maximum absorption in acidic medium was (λmax = 527 nm), while a red-shift occurred in the alkaline medium (λmax = 614 nm). Future work will focus on the crosslinking of the prepared films to improve their mechanical properties.
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    Lora-Based System for Tracking Runners in Cross-Country Races (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: In recent years, the organization of cross-country and popular races where hundreds of people participate has become a significant trend. In these events, runners usually subject the body to extreme situations that can lead to various types of indisposition, and they can also suffer falls. Currently, the electronic systems used in this type of race only monitor when runners pass through checkpoints. However, it is necessary to implement systems that enable the control of the population of runners and the monitoring of their status all the times. For this reason, this paper proposes the design of a low-cost system for monitoring and controlling runners in this type of event. The system is formed by a network architecture in infrastructure mode based on low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology. Each runner will carry an electronic device that will allow their position and vital signs to be monitored. Likewise, it will incorporate an S.O.S. button that will allow runners to send a signal to the organization should they require help. All these data will be sent through the network to a database, which will allow the organization and bystanders of the race to check the location and history of vital signs of runners. This paper shows the proposal of a design of our system and the different practical experiments that have been carried out with the devices that have allowed for the proposition of this design.
    Electronic ISSN: 2504-3900
    Topics: Technology
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Interpreting the High Energy Consumption of the Brain at Rest (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-18
    Description: The notion that the brain has a resting state mode of functioning has received increasing attention in recent years. The idea derives from experimental observations that showed a relatively spatially and temporally uniform high level of neuronal activity when no explicit task was being performed. Surprisingly, the total energy consumption supporting neuronal firing in this conscious awake baseline state is orders of magnitude larger than the energy changes during stimulation. This paper presents a novel and counterintuitive explanation of the high energy consumption of the brain at rest obtained using the recently developed intelligence and embodiment hypothesis. This hypothesis is based on evolutionary neuroscience and postulates the existence of a common information-processing principle associated with nervous systems that evolved naturally and serves as the foundation from which intelligence can emerge and to the efficiency of brain’s computations. The high energy consumption of the brain at rest is shown to be the result of the energetics associated to the most probable state of a statistical physics model aimed at capturing the behavior of a system constrained by power consumption and evolutionary designed to minimize metabolic demands.
    Electronic ISSN: 2504-3900
    Topics: Technology
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Low-Cost Automation for Hydrological Monitoring in Water Resources Management (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-12
    Description: To properly manage water resources, data acquisition through environmental monitoring is required. However, the cost of professional sophisticated hydrological monitoring equipment may be prohibitive for many locations around the world. This work aims to develop a low-cost data collection platform (L-DCP) to be used to densify the hydrological monitoring network for rainfall, small rivers level and water temperature. Low cost sensors were compared to professional ones and presented an excellent correlation, with the coefficient of determination higher than 0.99 for temperature. The L-DCP was kept activated and collecting data for over 150 days without major problems. The low-cost solution has approximately 9% of the cost of a professional solution.
    Electronic ISSN: 2504-3900
    Topics: Technology
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Shear-Thinning Fluid Flow in Variable-Aperture Channels (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-12
    Description: Non-Newtonian fluid flow in a single fracture is a 3D nonlinear phenomenon that is often averaged across the fracture aperture and described as 2D. To capture key interactions between fluid rheology and spatial heterogeneity, we adopted a simplified geometric model to describe aperture variability, consisting of adjacent one-dimensional channels with constant aperture, each drawn from assigned aperture distribution. The flow rate was then derived under the lubrication approximation for the two limiting cases of an external pressure gradient that was parallel/perpendicular to the channels; these two arrangements provided an upper/lower bound to fracture conductance. Fluid rheology was described via the Prandtl–Eyring shear-thinning model. Novel closed-form results for flow rate and hydraulic aperture were derived and are discussed; different combinations of parameters describing the fluid rheology and variability of the aperture field were considered. In general, flow rate depends, in a nonlinear fashion, on the dimensionless pressure gradient and distribution parameters.
    Electronic ISSN: 2504-3900
    Topics: Technology
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Evaluating Simple Methodology for Piezoelectric Level Sensors Protection (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-12
    Description: The increasing frequency of extreme storm events has implications for the operation of sewer systems, storm water, flood control monitoring and tide level variations. Accurate and continuous monitor water level monitoring is demanded in different environments. Piezoelectric sensors are widely used for water level monitoring and work submerged in waters subject to the presence of solid particles, biological fouling and saltwater oxidation. This work aimed to develop a simple, low-cost methodology to protect sensors over long-term deployment. The results show that simple actions, costing less than 2 EUR, can protect and extend the lifecycle of equipment worth over 2000 EUR, ensuring continuous monitoring and maintaining quality measurements.
    Electronic ISSN: 2504-3900
    Topics: Technology
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 90
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    Development of Novel API-ILs for the Optimization of Anti-Alzheimer Drugs (2018)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-14
    Description: The current treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is mainly focused on enhancing the cholinergic neurotransmission by means of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs). Therefore, there is a growing interest in the development of novel AChEIs. New drugs should not only be able to inhibit the enzyme but also to show optimal parameters of solubility and permeability, since they affect drug bioavailability. Considering the potential advantages of transforming active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) into ionic liquids (ILs), five API-ILs derived from two AChEIs, tacrine and a donepezil analogue, were synthesized. The water solubility of these novel API-ILs was analyzed.
    Electronic ISSN: 2504-3900
    Topics: Technology
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  • 91
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    Comparison of the Economic and Environmental Performance of V2H and Residential Stationary Battery: Development of a Multi-Objective Optimization Method for Homes of EV Owners (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-15
    Description: The use of batteries of electric vehicles (EVs) for home electricity applications using a bidirectional charger, a process called vehicle-to-home (V2H), is attracting the attention of EV owners as a valuable additional benefit of EVs. To motivate owners to invest in V2H, a quantitative evaluation to compare the performance of EV batteries with that of residential stationary batteries (SBs) is required. In this study, we developed a multi-objective optimization method for the household of EV owners using energy costs including investment and CO2 emissions as indices and compared the performances of V2H and SB. As a case study, a typical detached house in Japan was assumed, and we evaluated the economic and environmental aspects of solar power self-consumption using V2H or SB. The results showed that non-commuting EV owners should invest in V2H if the investment cost of a bidirectional charger is one third of the current cost as compared with inexpensive SB, in 2030. In contrast, our results showed that there were no advantages for commuting EV owners. The results of this study contribute to the rational setting of investment costs to increase the use of V2H by EV owners.
    Electronic ISSN: 2032-6653
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Methodical Comparison of Alternative Powertrain Technologies for Long-Distance Mobility Using Germany as an Example (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-15
    Description: The main barriers to the wide acceptance of electric vehicles, such as the limited driving range or the high acquisition costs, are to be countered by various technology alternatives for the powertrain of the future. Promising developments include improved battery technologies, fuel cell technologies or a constant power supply of the vehicle while driving, for example through dynamic inductive charging. In this context, a holistic technology comparison would contribute to a comprehensive and understandable information situation by making the heterogeneous technological concepts comparable with regard to different evaluation criteria. Therefore, this work describes the basic assumptions of the proposed holistic comparison of alternative powertrain technologies for long-distance mobility. Relevant framework conditions are structured and a procedure for the evaluation of infrastructure expenditures is shown. Building on this, a selection of key performance indicators is defined and explained. The proposed KPI framework is applied to a passenger car in the economic area Germany. The results show that by using electrified roadways, ecological as well as economic advantages against other alternative powertrain designs can be derived.
    Electronic ISSN: 2032-6653
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Governance in Maritime Passenger Transport: Green Public Procurement of Ferry Services (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-06
    Description: Governance is central for sustainability transitions in maritime transport. Norwegian authorities can directly influence developments in maritime transport through green public procurement, and low- or zero-emission technologies have been or are being considered for more than 250 operational ferry and high-speed vessel connections. This study explores practices of green public procurement and investigates procuring authorities and operators’ perspectives on the efficiency of green public procurement in accelerating sustainability transitions. Through review of calls for tender and interviews with procuring authorities and operators, the study identifies critical issues for green public procurement to accelerate maritime passenger transport toward sustainability. The critical issues are related to either procedural or service delivery issues. Procedural issues refer to timelines with multiple calls on the same time and different views of procurers and operators on the ideal duration of contracts. The most demanding service delivery issues are infrastructure for charging and energy capacity in remote areas where operators have to pre-book energy needs based on rough estimations which in turn increase the tender price.
    Electronic ISSN: 2032-6653
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Electric Trolley Trucks—A Techno-Economic Assessment for Germany (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-29
    Description: Road freight transport is responsible for about one-third of road transport emissions and it is still growing. One solution to decarbonize this sector are electric trolley trucks powered by overhead lines. We compare electric trolley trucks to conventional diesel vehicles from a techno-economic perspective in Germany up to 2030. We find that an infrastructure set-up ordered by utilization of roads can be financed up to 2700 km with higher savings than cost. The impact on the energy system is lower than expected and the largest impacts are found in rural areas with highway intersections. Further fields of research are discussed.
    Electronic ISSN: 2032-6653
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Simulating Electric Vehicle Diffusion and Charging Activities in France and Germany (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-01
    Description: Plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) are considered to reduce oil dependency, noise, and local air pollution as well as greenhouse gas emissions caused by road transportation. Today, the early market penetration phase has started and can be observed in many countries. But how could the diffusion and adoption of PEV be modeled to create consistent scenarios? With which PEV driving and charging behavior can these scenarios be associated and what load-shifting potentials can be derived? This work provides an answer to these questions by describing a hybrid modeling approach of a PEV diffusion scenario consisting of a top-down macro-econometric Bass model, answering the question as to at what point in time how many PEV will be on the market, and a bottom-up micro-econometric binary logistic PEV adoption model answering who is likely to adopt. This set of methods is applied to representative mobility data sets available for France and Germany in order to simulate driving and charging behaviors of potential French and German PEV adopters. In addition, a sampling method is presented, which reduces computational times while intending to remain representative of the population of PEV adopters considered. This approach enables the consideration of PEV at a detailed level in an agent-based energy system model focusing on European day-ahead markets. Results show that PEV diffusion dynamics are slightly higher in France than in Germany. Furthermore, average plug-in times, average active charging periods, average load-shifting potentials, and average energy charged per PEV differ slightly between France and Germany. Computational times can be reduced by our approach, resulting in the ability to better integrate PEV diffusion, adoption, and representative charging demand in bottom-up energy system models that simulate European wholesale electricity markets.
    Electronic ISSN: 2032-6653
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Experiences from Battery-Electric Truck Users in Norway (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-12-22
    Description: This paper presents experiences from pilot-projects with battery-electric trucks in Norway, focusing on purchasing processes, technology, vehicle choices, user experience and various performance aspects. Furthermore, we discuss the electrification potential for battery-electric trucks and compare their total costs of ownership and associated socio-economic costs with internal combustion engine (ICE) trucks for a range of technological maturity scenarios. The results show that experiences have generally been positive but tailoring of use patterns is often required. Furthermore, at their current maturity level, battery-electric trucks could, to some extent, replace typical use of Norwegian ICE trucks, depending on the situation. In terms of costs, we expect that battery-electric light distribution trucks will first become competitive with ICE trucks when technology reaches mass production.
    Electronic ISSN: 2032-6653
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    A Novel Charging and Discharging Algorithm of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Considering Vehicle-to-Grid and Photovoltaic Generation (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-09-27
    Description: Considering, the high penetration of plug-in electric vehicles (PHEVs), the charging and discharging of PHEVs may lead to technical problems on electricity distribution networks. Therefore, the management of PHEV charging and discharging needs to be addressed to coordinate the time of PHEVs so as to be charged or discharged. This paper presents a management control method called the charging and discharging control algorithm (CDCA) to determine when and which of the PHEVs can be activated to consume power from the grid or supply power back to grid through the vehicle-to-grid technology. The proposed control algorithm considers fast charging scenario and photovoltaic generation during peak load to mitigate the impact of the vehicles. One of the important parameters considered in the CDCA is the PHEV battery state of charge (SOC). To predict the PHEV battery SOC, a particle swarm optimization-based artificial neural network is developed. Results show that the proposed CDCA gives better performance as compared to the uncoordinated charging method of vehicles in terms of maintaining the bus voltage profile during fast charging.
    Electronic ISSN: 2032-6653
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Requirements for Electric Machine Design based on Operating Points from Real Driving Data in Cities (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-24
    Description: Increasing environmental awareness leads to the necessity for more efficient powertrains in the future. However, the development of new vehicle concepts generates a trend towards ever shorter development cycles. Therefore, new concepts must be tested and validated at an early stage in order to meet the increasing time pressure. This requires the determination of real driving data in fleet tests in order to generate realistic driving cycles, which correspond as closely as possible to the actual driving behavior of the applications use case. Within the scope of this paper, real driving data are analyzed and used to create a representative driving cycle. The resulting driving cycle based on real driving characteristics is then used to investigate the impact of application-based design for powertrains on the design of electric machines, by illustrating the difference between synthetic operating points and real driving data.
    Electronic ISSN: 2032-6653
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    A Corridor-Based Approach to Estimating the Costs of Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure on Highways (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-10-28
    Description: One of the barriers holding back the large-scale development of electric vehicles is underdeveloped charging infrastructure. The optimal location of charging stations has received much attention, whereas the development of charging infrastructure over time and its economic implications remain a less explored topic, especially in the context of dynamic inductive charging. This work compares the infrastructure costs for two electric vehicle charging solutions deployed on highways: fast-charging stations and a dynamic charging lane based on wireless inductive charging technology. The deployment costs are estimated using a simplified infrastructure model for a highway corridor. The model first defines the required charging capacity based on projected future demand, sizes the charging infrastructure, and then determines the related costs, revenues, and net present value. A numerical example based on the French highway context is also presented. The results show that the payback period is much longer for dynamic charging lanes that for charging stations. In addition, the charging lane infrastructure cannot be installed gradually over time but requires a major investment from the start while bringing in little revenue early on.
    Electronic ISSN: 2032-6653
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Material Characterization and Analysis on the Effect of Vibration and Nail Penetration on Lithium Ion Battery (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2019-10-30
    Description: Battery packaging in a vehicle depends on the cell chemistry being used and its behavior plays an important role in the safety of the entire battery pack. Chemical degradation of various parts of a cell such as the cathode or anode is a concern as it adversely affects performance and safety. A cell in its battery pack once assembled can have two different mechanical abuse condition. One is the vibration generated from the vehicle and the second is the intrusion of external elements in case of accident. In this paper, a commercially available 32,700 lithium ion cell with lithium iron phosphate (LFP) chemistry is studied for its response to both the abuse conditions at two different states of charge (SoC). The primary aim of this study is to understand their effect on the surface morphology of the cathode and the anode. The cells are also characterized to study impedance behavior before and after being abused mechanically. The cells tested for vibration were also analyzed for dynamic stiffness. A microscopy technique such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the surface morphology and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) characterization was carried out to study the internal resistance of the cell. It was observed that there was a drop in internal resistance and increase in the stiffness after the cells subjected to mechanical abuse. The study also revealed different morphology at the center and at the corner of the cell subjected to nail penetration at 50% SoC.
    Electronic ISSN: 2032-6653
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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