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  • Data  (26)
  • EPOS
  • 2020-2024  (26)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2024-03-06
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Intercropping is the simultaneous growth of two or more crops in the same space for a significant part of their life cycle (Willey, 1979). In this context, samples from one farm experiments in the growing season 2015/2016 and 2016/2017, embedded in the cropping systems of one arable farm in the surrounding of Pisa, central-western part of Italy, were collected for analysis. The treatments were: PCW, a temporary intercropping system of wheat and persian clover, sown in paired rows; CONTROLSTRIP, unfertilized wheat as a sole crop, sown in paired rows.
    Description: Methods
    Description: The samples were collected from a farm located in Valtriano, around 20 km from Pisa (43°36’N 10°29’E). The temporary intercropping system comprises common wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Bolero) and persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L., cv. Laser). Sampling of above-ground plant biomass was done by hands in March 2016 and 2017. For each treatment, above-ground plant biomass was collected several plots which includes three subplots with dimension of 0.25m2 in 2016 and 0.075 m2 in 2017. The samples collected, only for the green part of the plant, were dried at 60°C for 48 h. Then, coarse grinding of the plant fibres (about 1 mm in diameter) was carried out, followed by further cryogenic grinding.
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; geochemistry and microscopy ; geochemistry data ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 BIOSPHERE 〉 VEGETATION 〉 NITROGEN
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-04-24
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set includes the results of high-resolution digital elevation models (DEM) and digital image correlation (DIC) analysis applied to analogue modelling experiments. Twenty generic analogue models are extended on top of a rubber sheet. Two benchmark experiments are also reported. Detailed descriptions of the experiments can be found in Liu et al. (submitted) to which this data set is supplement. The data presented here are visualized as topography and the horizontal cumulative surface strain (principal strain and slip rake).
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; depression ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 StrainMaster (La Vision GmbH) ; Extension box ; fault ; graben ; graben ; High frame rate camera ; horst ; normal fault ; Poisson ratio ; rift valley ; rifting ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Sandbox ; Silicon/Silly putty/PDMS ; SLR camera ; Structure from Motion (SfM) ; Structure from Motion (SfM) 〉 Photoscan (Agisoft) ; tectonic and structural features ; tectonic process ; tectonic process 〉 continental_breakup ; tectonic process 〉 continental_breakup 〉 rifting ; tectonic setting 〉 extended terrane setting ; tectonic setting 〉 extended terrane setting 〉 continental rift setting ; tectonic setting 〉 intraplate tectonic setting ; wrench fault
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2023-02-14
    Description: Abstract
    Description: A low blank, high-precision, and highly reproducible technique for Boron (B) isotope analysis performed by Multi-Collector-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS), Thermo Scientific Neptune PlusTM was developed and is presented here. We show data on a set of international certified standard materials (NIST SRM 951) and various kind of matrices (B1-IAEA, B2-IAEA, B3-IAEA, B4-IAEA, B5-IAEA, and JB-2) measured with MC-ICP-MS Neptune Plus, focusing on the accuracy and reproducibility of the analyses performed in the Neptune-TIMS Laboratory
    Keywords: Boron Isotopes ; MC-ICP-MS ; Neptune ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; geochemistry and microscopy ; geochemistry data ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Spectrometers/Radiometers 〉 MC-ICP-MS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2023-02-14
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Results of a high throughput, robust and sensitive method for the precise analysis of 87Sr/86Sr by Multi-Collector-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS), Thermo Scientific Neptune PlusTM are reported. The data were obtained after accurate procedures of chemical separation and purification of Sr from geological matrices such as silicates, sulfides, carbonates and waters, using Eichrom Sr-spec resins as well as the routine for Sr isotope measurement. Mass discrimination and instrument drift were corrected by using natural constant 86Sr/88Sr ratios as an internal standard. Data on set of international certified standard materials (SRM NIST 987 and AGV-1) as well as intra-lab reference samples (water sample KGV-9) measured with MC-ICP-MS Neptune Plus, focusing on the accuracy and reproducibility of the analyses performed in the Neptune-TIMS Laboratory are here reported.
    Keywords: Strontium Isotope ; MC-ICP-MS ; Neptune ; Isotope Ratios ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; geochemistry and microscopy ; geochemistry data ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Spectrometers/Radiometers 〉 MC-ICP-MS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2023-02-14
    Description: Abstract
    Description: We describe here in detail the results and the setup of the high precision Nd isotope ratio analysis performed by Multi Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (MC ICP MS), Thermo Scientific Neptune Plus TM. Isobaric interferences and mass discrimination were corrected by using natural invariable 147Sm/144Sm and 146Nd/144Nd isotope ratios. We reported data on set of international certified standard materials (JNdi-1 and AGV-1) measured with MC-ICP-MS Neptune Plus, focusing on the accuracy and reproducibility of the analyses performed in the Neptune-TIMS Laboratory
    Keywords: Neodymium Isotope ; MC-ICP-MS ; Neptune ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; geochemistry and microscopy ; geochemistry data ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Spectrometers/Radiometers 〉 MC-ICP-MS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2023-02-14
    Description: Abstract
    Description: We describe here in detail the results and the setup of the high precision Pb isotope ratio analysis performed by Multi Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (MC ICP MS), Thermo Scientific Neptune Plus TM. We performed this method adding thallium (Tl) as an internal isotopic standard to correct mass dependent isotopic fractionation. We also report the procedures for the chemical separat ion and purification of Pb from geological matri ces such as silicates , sulfides and historical artefacts . We report the data obtained on the international certified standard material SRM NIST 981 measured with MC ICP MS Neptune Plus, focusing on the accuracy and reproducibility of the analyses performed in the Neptune TIMS Laboratory (IGG-CNR in Pisa, Italy), and highlighting the advantages brought by the installation of this new mass spectrometer.
    Keywords: Lead Isotopes ; MC-ICP-MS ; Neptune-TIMS Laboratory ; Isotope Ratios ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; geochemistry and microscopy ; geochemistry data ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Spectrometers/Radiometers 〉 MC-ICP-MS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2023-03-10
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set provides a series of experiments from ring-shear tests (RST) on various materials that are used at several laboratories worldwide. The data contains the results of slide-hold-slide tests and the processed outputs of standardized ring shear tester data from related publications. Additionally, microscopy images of the materials under plain and polarized light are provided. The time dependent restrengthening of the materials is quantified using slide-hold-slide tests. This restrengthening has implications on the reactivation potential of granular shear zones in analogue models. With the provided software we first analyze the experimental data and then compare the angles and stresses needed to reactivate normal faults in the materials. We find that while healing rates are low, the majority of samples can not reactivate normal faults that are generated through extension of an analogue model.
    Keywords: Analogue Model ; Rate-and-State Friction ; Slide-Hold-Slide Test ; Basin Inversion ; Fault Reactivation ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; deformation 〉 shearing ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 SOILS 〉 SOIL MECHANICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT ; fault ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; Microspheres 〉 Glassy ; Python ; Rate-state parameters ; Ring-shear tester
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2023-03-10
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The software is provided as an executable python module. The software automatically analyzes the files present in the data publication. The results are saved in the form of the images presented in the main publication. Each figure is implemented as a dedicated function that first loads the necessary data, then does some processing steps, such as curve fitting, and then plots the outputs in the desired layout. A 'main' function calls all figure functions sequentially. However, the packages is modular so that each individual plot has a standalone function which could be used with other, similarly structured data. Several submodules provide additional data for plotting, e.g. the 'groups' submodule that contains naming schemes and the densities for all samples.
    Description: TechnicalInfo
    Description: To install the package run: "python -m pip install git+https://git.gfz-potsdam.de/analab-code/granular-healing.git" To run the script run: "python -m granularhealing"
    Description: Other
    Description: License: GNU General Public License, Version 3, 29 June 2007 Copyright © 2023 Michael Rudolf Granular-Healing is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. Granular-Healing is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see 〈http://www.gnu.org/licenses/〉.
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; software tools ; ring shear tester ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Gauges 〉 RING SHEAR TESTERS ; science 〉 informatics 〉 data processing system
    Type: Software , Software
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2023-04-20
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides the surface velocity fields derived with MatPIV (open-source Matlab toolbox for Particle Image Velocimetry; Sveen 2004) of three seismotectonic analog models (e.g., Rosenau et al., 2017) performed to investigate the role of geometry and friction of a single subducting seamount on the seismogenic behavior of the megathrust. Model 1 has a seamount covered by sandpaper (i.e., high friction) that is placed at 1/2 of the trench-parallel length of the seismogenic zone. Model 3 has the same geometry of model 1, but the seamount is in direct contact with the gelatin (i.e., not covered by sandpaper, hence low friction). Model 5 has a low friction patch (i.e., no geometry) that is placed again at 1/2 of the trench-parallel length of the seismogenic zone. Together with the surface velocity fields, we also provide Matlab scripts for visualization. A more detailed description of the experimental setup, configuration of the models and materials can be found in Menichelli et al. (submitted), to which this dataset is supplementary. Our seismotectonic models represent a downscaled subduction zone (1 cm in the model corresponds to 6.4 km in nature; Rosenau et al., 2017). The experimental setup consists of a 60 x 34 cm2 Plexiglass box with a 10°-dipping aluminum basal plate that moves downward with a constant velocity of 0.01 cm/s, analog of the subducting plate. The overriding plate is represented by an elastic wedge of 2.5 wt% pigskin gelatin at T = 10 °C (Di Giuseppe et al., 2009). The seismogenic zone of the megathrust is simulated using a rectangular sandpaper patch (Corbi et al., 2013), with a downdip width of 16 cm and located 31 and 47 cm from the backstop. This corresponds to a 100-km-wide seismogenic zone extending over a depth interval between 15 and 34 km. The updip and down dip aseismic regions of the megathrust are simulated by plastic sheets that are fixed on the setup frame and not subject to subduction (Corbi et al., 2013). A 3D-printed PLA seamount is placed on the seismogenic zone (e.g., Van Rijsingen et al., 2019). The seamount has a height of 6.28 mm and a diagonal length of 94 mm, corresponding to 4 km and 60 km in nature, respectively. These dimensions scale well-known seamounts, such as the Joban Seamount chain in the Japan Trench or the Louisville seamount chain in the Tonga-Kermadec Trench. Experiments were monitored with a CCD camera that acquired a sequence of high-resolution top-view images (1600 x 1200 pixels2, 8 bit, 256 gray levels) at 7.5 fps for the entire duration of the experiment (i.e., ca. 24 minutes). Images are processed with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV; Adam et al., 2005) using the open-source Matlab toolbox MatPIV (Sveen, 2004). MatPIV provides the velocity field between two consecutive frames, measured at the surface of the model. The velocity field was then used as input to identify analog seismic events using the open-source Matlab function findpeak. The threshold used was 0.1 cm/s. Once earthquakes were identified, we derived their source parameters such as seismic slip, magnitude, and recurrence time following Corbi et al. (2017) and van Rijsingen et al. (2019).
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; PIV
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2023-05-24
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set is a description of a novel analogue modelling method used to run lithospheric-scale tectonic models, and to uniquely monitor these models through X-Ray CT-scanning techniques at the Tectonic Modelling Lab of the University of Bern (Switzerland). It includes information on the model set-up and model materials, and includes a step-by-step description of the general modelling procedure. A first application of this novel procedure, for the simulation of lithospheric scale rifting processes can be found in Zwaan & Schreurs (2023a) in Tectonics, with supplementary data publicly available via GFZ Data Services (Zwaan & Schreurs 2023b). The results of this work prove the feasibility of the method, and opens the door to a broad variety of new tectonic modelling studies.
    Keywords: analogue modelling ; CT-scanning ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 CLIMATE INDICATORS 〉 PALEOCLIMATE INDICATORS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 RIFTING
    Type: Other , Other
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2023-06-03
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set is digital image correlation data, including surface displacement and strain data from laboratory subduction megathrust earthquake cycles. The data consists of grids of surface strain (elastic and permanent), trench-normal surface displacement, vorticity and divergence maps over analog seismic cycles, and time series of surface displacement. The data have been derived using a stereo camera setup and processed with LaVision Davis 10 software. Detailed descriptions of the experiments and results regarding the surface pattern of the strain can be found in Kosari et al. (2023), to which this data set is supplementary. We use three configurations to mimic the along-strike heterogeneous spatiotemporal distribution of frictional locking (Rosenau et al., 2019; Kosari et al., 2022b). A central patch separates two stick-slip zones as an aseismic barrier in all configurations. The frictional properties of the central patch vary as a velocity-strengthening (VS configuration), a velocity-neutral (VN), and a velocity-weakening (VW configuration). The VW zone generates smaller slip events with a higher frequency (i.e., recurrence interval) than the stick-slip zones. Four frictionally different materials have been emplaced on the interface: The sticky-rice as velocity-weakening material (a-b〈0) resulting in stick-slip cycles simulating earthquake cycles, fine-grained sugar and rubber-sand mixture as velocity-strengthening (a-b〉0) and velocity-neutral (a-b=0) material, and fine-grained salt as velocity-weakening material (a-b〈0) (Kosari et al., 2023).
    Keywords: Seismotectonic modeling ; Analog Modeling ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) ; Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 SUBDUCTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC UPLIFT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2023-08-15
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set includes overviews and videos depicting the surface evolution (time-lapse photographs, topography data and digital image correlation [DIC] analysis) of 6 analogue models simulating rotational rift tectonics. In these experiments we examined the links between rotational rifting and different distributions of lithospheric weaknesses, and the evolution of the East African Rift System. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). Detailed descriptions of the model set-up and results, as well as the monitoring techniques can be found in Zwaan et al. (2023).
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; time-lapse camera ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 CLIMATE INDICATORS 〉 PALEOCLIMATE INDICATORS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 RIFTING
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2023-09-12
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset includes paleomagnetic data from 70 sampling sites, collected in northeastern Iran during two campaigns carried out in August 2016 and September 2017 (Table 1). The data are supplement to Mattei et al. (2019). Data allow to reconstruct the rotation history of the outer margin of the Eurasia-Arabia collision area represented by the Ala-Dagh, Binalud and Kopeh-Dagh mountain belts. The sampled formations are red beds units from the Lower Cretaceous Shurijeh Fm. and from the Middle-Upper Miocene Upper Red Fm (URF). Paleomagnetic results from all the sampled areas show a homogeneous amount of clockwise (CW) rotations measured in the above-mentioned Formations. These paleomagnetic results suggest that the oroclinal bending process that caused the curvature of Alborz mountain belt in north Iran after the Middle-Late Miocene, also extended to the Ala-Dagh, Binalud and Kopeh-Dagh mountain belts, at the north-eastern border of the Arabia-Eurasia deforming zone. This pattern of vertical axis rotations is inconsistent with the present-day kinematics of the northern Iranian blocks as described by seismicity and GPS data, suggesting that the tectonic processes responsible for the bending of northern Iran mountain chains are no longer active and that the westward motion of the South Caspian basin, and therefore the initiation of opposite strike-slip motion along the Ashk-Abad and Shahrud faults, occurred very recently (∼2My ago).
    Keywords: northeast Iran ; Kope-Dagh ; Upper Red Formation ; Shurijeh Formation ; natural remanent magnetisation ; paleomagnetic analyses ; tectonic process ; geologic process ; paleomagnetism ; rock magnetism ; paleomagnetic and magnetic data ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMAGNETISM 〉 PALEOMAGNETISM ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 NEOTECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION RATE
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2023-09-12
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset includes paleomagnetic data from 19 sampling sites, collected in central Iran during two sampling campaigns carried out in April 2011 (Yazd) and November 2011 (Ferdows). The data are supplement to Mattei et al. (2020). The sites were collected along two tectonic structures representative of the main tectonic features of central Iran: the Yazd fold system located in an area dominated by the occurrence of NNW-SSE oriented right-lateral strike slip faults, and the Ferdows fold system that developed at the western termination of the E–W left-lateral strike-slip Dasht-e-Bayaz fault. Paleomagnetic results show opposite vertical-axis rotations related to the different orientation and sense of movement of strike-slip fault systems, suggesting that in Central Iran the N–S oriented right-lateral and E–W oriented left-lateral strike-slip faults play significant roles in accommodating the Arabia-Eurasia convergence, by rotating counterclockwise and clockwise in the horizontal plane, respectively.
    Keywords: central Iran ; Ferdows ; Yazd ; Upper Red Formation ; natural remanent magnetisation ; paleomagnetic analyses ; tectonic process ; geologic process ; paleomagnetism ; rock magnetism ; paleomagnetic and magnetic data ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; compound material 〉 sedimentary material 〉 sedimentary rock 〉 generic mudstone 〉 mudstone 〉 siltstone ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 PALEOCLIMATE 〉 LAND RECORDS 〉 PALEOMAGNETIC DATA ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMAGNETISM 〉 PALEOMAGNETISM ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 NEOTECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION RATE ; Phanerozoic 〉 Cenozoic 〉 Neogene
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2023-10-10
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset contains measurements of viscous and viscoelastic materials that are used for analogue modelling. Proper density and viscosity scaling of ductile layers in the crust and lithosphere, requires materials like Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), to be mixed with fillers and low viscoity silicone oils. Changing the filler content and filler material, the density, viscosity and power-law coefficient can be tuned according to the requirements. All materials contain a large amount of PDMS and all but one a small amount of an additional silicone oil. Adding plasticine or barium sulfate lead to shear thinning rheologies with power-law exponents of p〈0.95. Adding corundum powder only has a minor effect on the power-law exponent. Some mixtures also have an apparent yield point but all are in the liquid state in the tested range. In general, the rheologies of the materials are very complex and in some cases strongly temperature dependent. However, in the narrow range of relevant strain rates, the behaviour is well defined by a power-law relation and thus found suitable for simulating ductile layers in crust and lithosphere.
    Keywords: analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; Barium sulphate ; Density ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES ; Iron Powder ; Plasticine ; Python ; Rheological model ; Rheometer ; Silicon/Silly putty/PDMS ; Stress exponent ; Viscosity
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2023-11-27
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data publication provides data from 39 experiments performed in 2021 to 2022 in the Gas-mixing lab at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (Germany). The experiments were conducted to investigate the charging and discharging potential of decompressed soda-lime glass beads in varying enveloping gas composition and two different transporting gas species (argon and nitrogen). The experimental setup is a modified version of an apparatus first developed by Alidibirov and Dingwell (1996) and further modified by Cimarelli et al. (2014), Gaudin and Cimarelli (2019), and Stern et al. (2019) to enable the detection and quantification of discharges caused by the interaction of the discharging particles. The latest modifications enable the setup to perform experiments under gas-tight conditions allowing to test different atmospheric composition and pressure and to sample the gas within the particle collector tank. The sample material was ejected from the autoclave into the particle collector tank that is insulated from the autoclave and works as a Faraday cage. Discharges going from the jet to the nozzle were recorded by a datalogger. Additionally, the ejection of the decompressed material was recorded by a high-speed camera. The gas composition in the collector tank was changed from air to CO2 and a mixture of CO2 and CO. The particle collector tank was conditioned in two different modes: purging three times the tank with the desired gas composition or three times of purging and applying a vacuum in between. Analysis of gas samples taken from the collector tank before conducting the experiments revealed that in both cases a complete removal of the air was not achieved, but significantly reduced by the evacuation-purging method. Two gases were used to pressurize the sample within the autoclave: Nitrogen and Argon. The experimental results were compared to previous experiments (Springsklee et al., 2022a; Springsklee et al., 2022b).
    Keywords: ash ; electric charge ; Faraday cage ; shock-tube ; jet ; rapid decompression ; glass beads ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; rock and melt physical properties ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 ATMOSPHERE 〉 ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY 〉 LIGHTNING ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 ATMOSPHERE 〉 ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA 〉 LIGHTNING ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 HUMAN DIMENSIONS 〉 NATURAL HAZARDS 〉 VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY 〉 ERUPTION DYNAMICS 〉 ASH/DUST DISPERSION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY 〉 ERUPTION DYNAMICS 〉 VOLCANIC EXPLOSIVITY ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 ENVIRONMENTAL ADVISORIES 〉 GEOLOGICAL ADVISORIES 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 ENVIRONMENTAL ADVISORIES 〉 WEATHER/CLIMATE ADVISORIES 〉 DUST/ASH ADVISORIES
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2023-12-06
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from drained ring-shear tests on a wet (water saturated) silica powder-glass beads-PVC powder mixture (40:40:20 wt.%) “CM2”, used in analogue modelling of tectonic and erosion processes as a rock analogue for the earth’s upper crust (e.g. Conrad et al., 2023, Reitano et al., 2020, 2022. 2023). According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of CM2 are µP = 0.66, µD = 0.58, and µR = 0.61, respectively. Cohesion of the material ranges between 60-230 Pa. The tested bulk material CM2 consists of a mixture of 40 wt. % silica powder, 40 wt.% glass beads and 20 wt.% PVC powder which has been saturated with water (Table 1). Specification of silica powder is “Ventilated Quartz VR16” (https://www.valligranulati.it/products-granules-quartz-marble-sands-premixed/sheet-m/ventilated-quartz) by the company Valli Granulati S.r.l. (Italy). Ventilated quartz is obtained by micronisation of quartz sands with a high content of SiO2 (around 96%), and used e.g. in paints and abrasives. It should be handled with care to omit generation of dust and a half mask (filter class FFA1P2 RD) should be worn because it can harm the human respiratory tract with the potential of causing silicosis. Glass beads used here have a size (diameter) of 700-110 µm and their individual properties are described in detail Pohlenz et al. (2020). The commercial name for the PVC powder is “PVC K.57 Inovyn 257RF” by the company TPV Compound (Italy). PVC powder is mainly used for cleaning industrial structures (as abrasives) or for the production of PVC tubing, plastic sheets etc. The composition of this PVC powder is the same of the common Polyvinyl chloride. According to the regulation CE n.1272/2008 (CLP), this type of PVC powder is classified as not dangerous for the supply, also thanks to its low value of density and round shape.
    Keywords: EPOS ; TCS MSL ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; Cohesion ; deformation 〉 shearing ; fault ; Friction coefficient ; Ring-shear tester
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2023-12-06
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset presents the raw data of an experimental series of analogue models performed to investigate the influence of inherited brittle fabrics on narrow continental rifting. This model series was performed to test the influence of brittle pre-existing fabrics on the rifting deformation by cutting the brittle layer at different orientations with respect to the extension direction. An overview of the experimental series is shown in Table 1. In this dataset we provide four different types of data, that can serve as supporting material and for further analysis: 1) The top-view photos, taken at different steps and showing the deformation process of each model; they can be used to interpret the geometrical characteristics of rift-related faults; 2) Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) used to reconstruct the 3D deformation of the performed analogue models, allowing for quantitative analysis of the fault pattern. 3) Short movies built from top-view photos which help to visualize the evolution of model deformation; 4) line-drawing of fault and fracture patters to be used for fault statistical quantification. Further details on the modelling strategy and setup can be found in Corti (2012), Maestrelli et al. (2020), Molnar et al. (2020), Philippon et al. (2015), Zwaan et al. (2021) and in the publication associated with this dataset. Materials used for these analogue models were described in Montanari et al. (2017) Del Ventisette et al. (2019) and Zwaan et al. (2020).
    Keywords: analogue modelling ; rift ; East African Rift System ; pre-existing fabrics ; inherited structures ; fault reactivation ; fault ; brittle material ; centrifuge ; centrifuge model ; viscous material ; sandbox experiment ; physical model ; tectonics ; Main Ethiopian rift ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; compound material 〉 rock ; compound material 〉 sedimentary material ; compound material 〉 sedimentary material 〉 clastic sedimentary material ; compound material 〉 sedimentary material 〉 sediment ; compound material 〉 sedimentary material 〉 sedimentary rock ; compound material 〉 unconsolidated material ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 NEOTECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRAIN ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRESS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS ; geological process ; geological process 〉 sedimentation (geology) ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Data Analysis ; lithosphere ; lithosphere 〉 earth's crust ; lithosphere 〉 earth's crust 〉 fault ; lithosphere 〉 earth's crust 〉 sedimentary basin ; lithosphere 〉 rock ; lithosphere 〉 sediment ; material ; material 〉 properties of materials ; Models/Analyses ; Models/Analyses 〉 MODELS ; Phanerozoic 〉 Cenozoic ; research ; research 〉 research project ; research 〉 scientific research
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2023-12-09
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set includes videos depicting the surface evolution (time-lapse photography, topography data and Digital Image Correlation [DIC] analysis) of 11 analogue models, divided in three model series (A, B and C), simulating rifting and subsequent inversion tectonics. In these models we test how orthogonal or oblique extension, followed by either orthogonal or oblique compression, as well as syn-rift sedimentation, influenced the reactivation of rift structures and the development of new inversion structures. We compare these models with an intracontinental inverted basin in NE Brazil (Araripe Basin). All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). We used an experimental set-up involving two long mobile sidewalls, two rubber sidewalls (fixed between the mobile walls, closing the short model ends), and a mobile and a fixed base plate. We positioned a 5 cm high block consisting of an intercalation of foam (1 cm thick) and Plexiglas (0.5 cm thick) bars on the top of the base plates. Then we added layers of viscous and brittle analogue materials representing the ductile and brittle lower and upper crust in our experiments, which were 3 cm and 6 cm thick, respectively. A seed made of the same viscous material was positioned at the base of the brittle layer, in order to localize the formation of an initial graben in our models. The standard model deformation rate was 20 mm/h, over a duration of 2 hours for a total of 40 mm of divergence, followed by 2 hours of convergence at the same rate (except for Models B3 and C3, since the oblique rifting did not create space for 40 mm of orthogonal inversion). For syn-rift sedimentation, we applied an intercalation of feldspar and quartz sand in the graben. Model parameters and detailed description of model set-up are summarized in Table 1, and results and their interpretation can be found in Richetti et al. (2023).
    Keywords: Basin inversion ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) ; earth interior setting 〉 crust setting 〉 continental-crustal setting ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION 〉 CRUSTAL MOTION DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT 〉 FAULT MOVEMENT RATE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 LITHOSPHERIC PLATE MOTION 〉 PLATE MOTION DIRECTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRAIN ; Electric engine (mm/hr) ; fault 〉 reverse fault ; fault 〉 strike-slip fault ; Generic camera ; graben ; graben ; horst ; normal fault ; rift valley ; rifting ; Sand 〉 Corundum Sand ; Sand 〉 Feldspar Sand ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Sandbox 〉 Sandbox (cm scale) ; Sectioning ; sedimentary process ; Silicon/Silly putty/PDMS ; SLR camera ; StereoScan (Agisoft) ; Surface image ; tectonic and structural features ; tectonic setting 〉 extended terrane setting 〉 continental rift setting ; tectonic setting 〉 intraplate tectonic setting ; tectonic uplift ; thrust fault
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This database contains mineral major and trace element compositions of gabbroic rocks composing the lower oceanic crust accreted at the East Pacific Rise and recovered at Hess Deep during IODP Leg 345 (Gillis et al., 2014a). Hess Deep is located at 2°15’N, 101°30’W in the Pacific Ocean, at the western tip of the Cocos-Nazca spreading centre, a westward-propagating oceanic ridge that progressively opens the oceanic lithosphere formed at the adjacent East Pacific Rise (Fig. 1a; Searle and Francheteau, 1986; Karson et al., 2002). Hess Deep is an East-West trending intraoceanic rift reaching 5200 mbsl (metres below sea level) at its deepest point (Fig. 1b,c). It is a tectonic window exposing a complete section of 1.3 Myr oceanic crust accreted at the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise (~130 mm/yr; Rioux et al., 2012; Rowan and Rowley, 2014), ranging from pillow basalts to sheeted dikes, isotropic gabbros, layered gabbros and troctolites, and upper mantle peridotites (e.g., Francheteau et al., 1990, 1992; Hekinian et al., 1993; Lissenberg et al., 2013). The gabbroic rocks included in this database are primitive in composition and range from olivine-rich troctolites to troctolites, olivine gabbros, olivine gabbronorites and gabbros.
    Keywords: Fast-spreading ridges ; Lower crustal gabbros ; Mineral major elements ; Mineral trace elements ; Primary MORB melts ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; geochemistry and microscopy ; geochemistry data ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 OCEANS 〉 MARINE VOLCANISM 〉 MID-OCEAN RIDGES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES 〉 CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 IGNEOUS ROCKS 〉 IGNEOUS ROCK FORMATION
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2023-01-16
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The dataset presented in this compilation provides the input data used for the geological interpretation and for the model parameterization (Norden et al., 2022) of a 3D seismic survey in the area of the geothermal research platform Groß Schönebeck (carried out in 2017; Krawczyk et al., 2019), focussing on the deep Permo-Carboniferous geothermal targets. The geothermal research platform Groß Schönebeck is located about 50 km north of Berlin, on the southern edge of the Northeast German Basin, and is equipped with two deep wells, the E GrSk 3/90 and Gt GrSk 4/05 boreholes. In this data compilation we provide general data on the location of the boreholes and data on the applied methods and the interpretation of petrophysical properties (density, porosity, permeability, thermal properties) obtained by core analysis and well-log interpretation. Because cores were available for the E GrSk 3/90 borehole only, most of the data is referring to the borehole that was drilled more or less vertically. The other borehole (Gt GrSk 4/05) is a deviated well, drilled as a geothermal production well. Further on, we provide the main interpreted structural reflector horizons of the geological model from surface to the assumed top of sedimentary Carboniferous (for discussion of the uncertainty of this boundary please consider the comments in Norden et al., 2022) and the horizons and 3D grid properties of a parameterized simulation grid for the deep geothermal target (sedimentary Rotliegend and Permo-Carboniferous volcanic rocks).
    Keywords: Groß Schönebeck ; reservoir model ; petrophysical parameterization ; Rotliegend ; Permo-Carboniferous volcanic rocks ; EPOS ; geo-energy test beds ; compound material 〉 rock 〉 igneous rock ; compound material 〉 rock 〉 sedimentary rock ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOTHERMAL DYNAMICS 〉 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 〉 SEDIMENTARY ROCK PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 GEOLOGIC/TECTONIC/PALEOCLIMATE MODELS ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Corers ; Models/Analyses 〉 Merged Analysis ; Phanerozoic 〉 Paleozoic 〉 Permian
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2023-03-03
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides results from rheological tests of glucose syrup from two suppliers tested within the EPOS Multi-scale Laboratories (MSL) trans-national access (TNA) program 2019 at the Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics (LET), Univ. Roma TRE, Italy. Syrups Glucowheat 45/81 (GW45) and Glucowheat 60/79 (GW60) are produced by Blattmann Schweiz AG, Switzerland (2019 batch). Syrups GlucoSweet 44 (GS44) and GlucoSweet 62 (GS62) are produced by ADEA (Amidi Destrini ed Affini), Italy (2019 batch) . The four tested glucose syrups are labeled according to their DE value (dextrose equivalent value). For tested products from Blattmann Schweiz AG, the second number refers to the weight percentage of dry substance. Glucose syrup GS44 is used in full lithospheric scale analogue experiments at the Tectonic Modelling Lab (TecLab) at the University of Bern, Switzerland as a low-viscosity material simulating the asthenospheric mantle lithosphere to provide isostatic equilibration. The materials have been analyzed using a MCR301 Rheometer (Anton Paar) equipped with parallel plates geometry and rotational regime . To prevent the evaporation of the samples during the measurements, an external water-lock device has been used.
    Keywords: EPOS ; European Plate Observing System ; analogue models of geologic processes ; multi-scale laboratories ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; glucose syrup ; software tools ; force sensor ; temperature measurement ; matlab ; rheometer ; stress exponent ; viscosity ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRAIN
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2023-06-12
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset includes paleomagnetic and rock magnetic analyses from four sediment cores collected on continental slope of Storfjorden (EG-02, EG-03, SV-04) and Kveithola (GeoB17603-3) trough‐mouth fans and two cores collected at the crest of the Bellsund (GS191-01PC) and Isfjorden (GS191-02PC) sediment drifts (NW Barents Sea). The dataset gave the opportunity to reconstruct variation of past geomagnetic field at high latitude for the last 22 kya and define the path of the virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP). Data are presented as two metadata table: one with definitions of the column heads and one with the core details; six tables with the data on the measured rock magnetic and paleomagnetic parameters and 3 tables with the results of data analyses and elaboration. List of tables is as follows: 1) Metadata: definition of columns heads; 2) Metadata: core details; 3) GS191-01PC: down-core variation of rock magnetic and paleomagnetic parameters [k (10E-05 SI); ARM (A/m); MDF (mT); NRM (A/m); MAD (°); Incl PCA (°); Decl PCA (°)] for Core GS191-01PC; 4) GS191-02PC: down-core variation of rock magnetic and paleomagnetic parameters [k (10E-05 SI); ARM (A/m); MDF (mT); NRM (A/m); MAD (°); Incl PCA (°); Decl PCA (°)] for Core GS191-02PC; 5) EG03: down-core variation of rock magnetic and paleomagnetic parameters [k (10E-05 SI); ARM (A/m); MDF (mT); NRM (A/m); MAD (°); Incl PCA (°); Decl PCA (°)] for Core EG03; 6) EG02: down-core variation of rock magnetic and paleomagnetic parameters [k (10E-05 SI); ARM (A/m); MDF (mT); NRM (A/m); MAD (°); Incl PCA (°); Decl PCA (°)] for Core EG02; 7) SV04: down-core variation of rock magnetic and paleomagnetic parameters [k (10E-05 SI); ARM (A/m); MDF (mT); NRM (A/m); MAD (°); Incl PCA (°); Decl PCA (°)] for Core SV04; 8) GeoB17603-3: down-core variation of rock magnetic and paleomagnetic parameters [k (10E-05 SI); ARM (A/m); MDF (mT); NRM (A/m); MAD (°); Incl PCA (°); Decl PCA (°)] for Core GeoB17603-3; 9) Cores Correlation: GS191-01PC depth (cm) and ARM (A/m) down-core variations for core GS191-01PC (master core); GS191-02PC depth (cm), GS191-02PC depth transferred to GS191-01PC depth (cm), ARM (A/m) down-core for core GS191-02PC and correlation tie points; GeoB17603-3 depth (cm), GeoB17603-3 depth transferred to GS191-01PC depth (cm), ARM (A/m) down-core for core GeoB17603-3 and correlation tie points; EG02 depth (cm), EG02 depth transferred to GS191-01PC depth (cm), ARM (A/m) down-core for core EG02 and correlation tie points; EG03 depth (cm), EG03 depth transferred to GS191-01PC depth (cm), ARM (A/m) down-core and correlation tie points; SV04 depth (cm), SV04 transferred to GS191-01PC (cm), ARM (A/m) down-core for core SV04 and correlation tie points; 10) Age model: age model for Core GS191-01PC; GS191-02PC; EG02; EG03; SV04 and correlation tie points; 11) NBS stack: paleomagnetic inclination, declination and RPI variations for NBS22.2k stack. In order to define high-resolution correlation between the cores the along-core variation of rock magnetic and paleomagnetic parameters (Sagnotti et al., 2011; Caricchi et al., 2018; Caricchi et al., 2019) have been integrated with the distribution of characteristic lithofacies (Lucchi et al., 2013), and the available age constraints (Sagnotti et al., 2011; Caricchi et al., 2018, Caricchi et al., 2019; Caricchi et al., 2020). Core to core correlation has been reconstructed by means of the StratFit software (Sagnotti and Caricchi, 2018), which is based on the Excel forecast function and linear regression between subsequent couples of selected tie-points. The data are presented as one Excel sheet with eleven tables and in tab-delimited ASCII format in the zip folder: 2022-028_Caricchi-et-al_data-txt.zip.
    Description: SeriesInformation
    Description: Supplement to Caricchi, C., Campuzano S.A., Sagnotti L., Macrì P., Lucchi R.G. (2022) Reconstruction of the Virtual Geomagnetic Pole (VGP) path at high latitude for the last 22 kyr: the role of radial field flux patches as VGP attractor. EPSL
    Keywords: Geomagnetic paleosecular variation ; Relative paleointensity ; Flux lobes ; Levantine Iron Age Anomaly ; Marine sediment cores ; Arctic region ; Paleomagnetism ; Rock magnetism ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; Core ; Quaternary ; Paleomagnetic data ; Demagnetization type AF ; sedimentary core ; Barents Sea ; Svalbard Arcipelago ; Fram Straits ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 PALEOCLIMATE 〉 LAND RECORDS 〉 PALEOMAGNETIC DATA ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 PALEOCLIMATE 〉 LAND RECORDS 〉 STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMAGNETISM ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMAGNETISM 〉 MAGNETIC FIELD ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMAGNETISM 〉 PALEOMAGNETISM ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 SEDIMENTS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2023-08-04
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset includes raw data used in the paper by Reitano et al. (2022), focused on the effect of imposed boundary conditions (regional slope and rainfall rate) on the morphological evolution of analogue landscapes; the paper also focuses on applicability of stream power laws on analogue models, defining if and how the parametrization used in natural landscapes works in analogue ones. The experiments have been carried out at Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics (LET), University “Roma Tre” (Rome). Detailed descriptions of the experimental apparatus and experimental procedures implemented can be found in the paper to which this dataset refers. Here we present: • Pictures recording the evolution of the models. • GIFs showing time-lapses of models. • Raw DEMs of the models, used for extracting data later discusses in the paper. • Raw channels data (.mat files).
    Description: Methods
    Description: We took digital images during the evolution of the experiments. These images are stored in the “2022_029_Reitano-et-al_Pictures_and_GIFs” folder. Digital Images The qualitative evolution of the analogue models has been recorded using a digital top-view camera (Canon EOS 200D). Digital pictures have not been modified with other imaging software. Data from models' surface Laser scan provides a point cloud, composed by x, y, z coordinated of the points composing the model surface (the number of points is function of the laser resolution). The laser scans are converted to raw DEMs, here stored in the “DEMs” folder. Bottom left corner in the DEMs is randomly chosen to be -70 ∙ 103 m. No data values equal to -9999. Cell size is 1 mm. Channels data are collected into “Channels” folder. These data are .png channel longitudinal profiles and StreamOBJ files (.mat, TopoToolbox) containing all channels information. For every model and for every chosen time step (see Supplementary Information of the paper), we selected four rivers. These rivers are plotted together at the same time step. Eroded volumes and Incision rates We create a numeric regular grid on the model surface. The eroded volumes are extracted calculating the cumulative difference in elevation (Δz) of the same cells at consecutive times. The cells dimension is function of the horizontal resolution of the laser scan (here 0.05 mm). Knowing the cell dimensions and the corresponding Δz, is it possible to obtain the total volume of eroded material at every time step. Incision rates are computed finding the value of incision for every point forming the selected channels. These values of incision are then divided for the time step at which they are collected, obtaining the incision rate through time.
    Keywords: Erosional laws ; Analogue modelling ; Tectonic geomorphology ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 CLIMATE INDICATORS 〉 ATMOSPHERIC/OCEAN INDICATORS 〉 PRECIPITATION INDICATORS 〉 PRECIPITATION VARIABILITY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 GEOMORPHOLOGY 〉 FLUVIAL LANDFORMS/PROCESSES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 GEOMORPHOLOGY 〉 TECTONIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC LANDFORMS 〉 MOUNTAINS ; hydrosphere 〉 hydrologic cycle 〉 hydrographic network
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2023-02-18
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset provides friction and elasticity data from ring shear and axial tests, respectively, on rock analogue materials used at the University Roma Tre (Rome, IT) in “Foamquake”, a novel seismotectonic analog model mimicking the megathrust seismic cycle (Mastella et al., under review). Two granular materials (quartz sand and Jasmine rice) have been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C. An elastic material (foam rubber) have been characterized by means of Young’s modulus E and Poisson’s ratio v. According to our analysis the granular materials show Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by linear failure envelopes in the shear stress vs. normal load Mohr space. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the quartz sand are µP = 0.69, µD = 0.56 and µR = 0.64, respectively. Cohesion ranges between 50 and 100 Pa. Rate-dependency of friction in quartz sand seems insignificant. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the Jasmine rice are µP = 0.70, µD = 0.59 and µR = 0.61, respectively. Cohesion ranges between 30 and 50 Pa. Rate-weakening of Jasmine rice is c. 6% per tenfold change in shear velocity v. The Young’s modulus of the foam rubber has been constrained to 30 kPa, its Poisson’s ratio is v=0.1.
    Keywords: multiscale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue ; EPOS ; Cohesion ; Density ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 StrainMaster (La Vision GmbH) ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; Earthquake simulator ; Flour 〉 Rice ; Foam rubber ; Force sensor ; Friction coefficient ; geolocical hydrogeological 〉 earthquake ; megathrust ; Poisson ratio ; Python ; Ring-shear tester ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Subduction box ; tectonic and structural features ; tectonic process 〉 subduction ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 forearc setting ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 subduction zone setting ; Time lapse camera ; Triaxal tester ; Uniaxial tester ; Young modulus
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2023-11-09
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The southern Andes are regarded as a typical subduction orogen formed by oblique plate convergence. Despite decades of studies, there is considerable uncertainty as to how deformation is kinematically partitioned in the upper plate. Using scaled analogue experiments modelling, we test the concept of dextral transpression for this orogen. We advocate that the GPS velocity field portrays interseismic deformation related to deformation of strong crust north, and weak crust south, of 37°S. Contrary to the popular hypotheses that the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone, a prominent intra-arc deformation zone, takes up most of the plate boundary-parallel dextral strike-slip, we find that dextral transpression affects the entire model orogen through tectonic segmentation of crust. Moreover, prominent, regularly spaced sinistral oblique-slip thrust faults, interpreted as antithetic Riedel shears, developed spontaneously in all of our experiments and call into question the general believe that their NW-striking natural equivalents formed from pre-Andean discontinuities. Our experiments prompt us to reconsider the apparently well-established geodynamic concept that strain and margin-parallel displacement is localized on a few margin-parallel faults in the southern Andes.
    Keywords: GPS velocity field ; kinematic partitioning ; Strain partitioning ; Southern Andes ; Transpression ; oblique plate convergence ; analogue experiment ; modeling ; Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone ; interseismic deformation ; Multibox ; EPOS ; European Plate Observing System ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analog modelling results ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 StrainMaster (La Vision GmbH) ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEODETICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRAIN ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 GEOLOGIC/TECTONIC/PALEOCLIMATE MODELS ; fault 〉 oblique slip fault ; fault 〉 strike-slip fault ; geologic process ; Glass/Plexiglas box 〉 Glass/Plexiglas box (meter scale) ; Microspheres 〉 Glassy ; normal fault ; Sand 〉 Corundum Sand ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Sandbox 〉 Sandbox (meter scale) ; Shear box ; Silicon/Silly putty/PDMS ; Squeeze box ; Surface image ; tectonic and structural features ; tectonic process 〉 orogenic process ; tectonic setting 〉 back arc setting ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 active continental margin setting ; tectonic setting 〉 plate margin setting 〉 volcanic arc setting ; Time lapse camera
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