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  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (34,656)
  • Annual Reviews
  • 2020-2024  (19)
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  • 1980-1984  (24,657)
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  • 1
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    Non‐exchangeable stable hydrogen isotope ratios in clay minerals and soil clay fractions: A method test (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-20
    Description: Stable hydrogen isotope ratios (δ2H values) in structural hydroxyl groups of pedogenic clay minerals are inherited from the surrounding water at the time of their formation. Only non‐exchangeable H preserves the environmental forensic and paleoclimate information (δ2Hn value). To measure δ2Hn values in structural H of clay minerals and soil clay fractions, we adapted a steam equilibration method by accounting for high hygroscopicity. Our δ2Hn values for USGS57 biotite (−95.3 ± SD 0.9‰) and USGS58 muscovite (30.7 ± 1.4‰) differed slightly but significantly from the reported δ2H values (−91.5 ± 2.4‰ and −28.4 ± 1.6‰), because the minerals contained 1.1%–4.4% of exchangeable H. The low SD of replicate measurements (n = 3) confirmed a high precision. The clay separation method including destruction of Fe oxides, carbonates and soil organic matter, and dispersion did not significantly change the δ2Hn values of five different clay minerals. However, we were unable to remove all organic matter from the soil clay fractions resulting in an estimated bias of 1‰ in two samples and 15‰ in the carbon‐richest sample. Our results demonstrate that δ2Hn values of structural H of clay minerals and soil clay fractions can be reliably measured without interference from atmospheric water and the method used to separate the soil clay fraction. Highlights We tested steam equilibration to determine stable isotope ratios of structural H in clay. Gas‐tight capsule sealing in Ar atmosphere was necessary to avoid remoistening. Our steam equilibration method showed a high accuracy and precision. The clay separation method did not change stable isotope ratios of structural H in clay.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:549 ; controlled isotope exchange technique ; deuterium ; montmorillonite ; soil clay separation ; soil organic matter removal ; steam equilibration ; structural H ; USGS57 biotite ; vermiculite ; δ2H
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Potential erodibility of semi‐arid steppe soils derived from aggregate stability tests (2022)
    Koza, Moritz ; Pöhlitz, Julia ; Prays, Aleksey ; [et al.]
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-26
    Description: Erosion is a severe threat to the sustainable use of agricultural soils. However, the structural resistance of soil against the disruptive forces steppe soils experience under field conditions has not been investigated. Therefore, 132 topsoils under grass‐ and cropland covering a large range of physico‐chemical soil properties (sand: 2–76%, silt: 18–80%, clay: 6–30%, organic carbon: 7.3–64.2 g kg−1, inorganic carbon: 0.0–8.5 g kg−1, pH: 4.8–9.5, electrical conductivity: 32–946 μS cm−1) from northern Kazakhstan were assessed for their potential erodibility using several tests. An adjusted drop‐shatter method (low energy input of 60 Joule on a 250‐cm3 soil block) was used to estimate the stability of dry soil against weak mechanical forces, such as saltating particles striking the surface causing wind erosion. Three wetting treatments with various conditions and energies (fast wetting, slow wetting, and wet shaking) were applied to simulate different disruptive effects of water. Results indicate that aggregate stability was higher for grassland than cropland soils and declined with decreasing soil organic carbon content. The results of the drop‐shatter test suggested that 29% of the soils under cropland were at risk of wind erosion, but only 6% were at high risk (i.e. erodible fraction 〉60%). In contrast, the fast wetting treatment revealed that 54% of the samples were prone to become “very unstable” and 44% “unstable” during heavy rain or snowmelt events. Even under conditions comparable to light rain events or raindrop impact, 53–59% of the samples were “unstable.” Overall, cropland soils under semi‐arid conditions seem much more susceptible to water than wind erosion. Considering future projections of increasing precipitation in Kazakhstan, we conclude that the risk of water erosion is potentially underestimated and needs to be taken into account when developing sustainable land use strategies. Highlights Organic matter is the important binding agent enhancing aggregation in steppe topsoils. Tillage always declines aggregate stability even without soil organic carbon changes. All croplands soil are prone to wind or water erosion independent of their soil properties. Despite the semi‐arid conditions, erosion risk by water seems higher than by wind.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; climate change ; land use ; soil organic carbon ; soil texture ; water erosion ; wind erosion
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Vertical SOC distribution and aromatic carbon in centuries old charcoal‐rich Technosols (2022)
    Bonhage, Alexander ; Raab, Thomas ; Schneider, Anna ; [et al.]
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-21
    Description: Charcoal‐rich Technosols on century‐old relict charcoal hearths (RCHs) are the subject of ongoing research regarding potential legacy effects that result from historic charcoal production and subsequent charcoal amendments on forest soil properties and forest ecosystems today. RCHs consist mostly of Auh horizons that are substantially enriched in soil organic carbon (SOC), of which the largest part seems to be of pyrogenic origin (PyC). However, the reported range of SOC and PyC contents in RCH soil also suggests that they are enriched in nonpyrogenic SOC. RCH soils are discussed as potential benchmarks for the long‐term influence of biochar amendment and the post‐wildfire influences on soil properties. In this study, we utilised a large soil sample dataset (n = 1245) from 52 RCH sites in north‐western Connecticut, USA, to quantify SOC contents by total element analysis. The contents of condensed highly aromatic carbon as a proxy for black carbon (BC) were predicted by using a modified benzene polycarboxylated acid (BPCA) marker method in combination with diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy‐based partial least square regression (r2 = 0.89). A high vertical spatial sampling resolution allowed the identification of soil organic matter (SOM) enrichment and translocation processes. The results show an average 75% and 1862% increase in TOC and BPCA‐derived carbon, respectively, for technogenic Auh horizons compared to reference soils. In addition to an increase in aromatic properties, increased carboxylic properties of the RCH SOC suggest self‐humification effects of degrading charcoal and thereby the continuing formation of leachable aromatic carbon compounds, which could have effects on pedogenic processes in buried soils. Indeed, we show BPCA‐derived carbon concentrations in intermediate technogenic Cu horizons and buried top/subsoils that suggest vertical translocation of highly aromatic carbon originating in RCH Auh horizons. Topmost Auh horizons showed a gradual decrease in total organic carbon (TOC) contents with increasing depth, suggesting accumulation of recent, non‐pyrogenic SOM. Lower aliphatic absorptions in RCH soil spectra suggest different SOM turnover dynamics compared to reference soils. Furthermore, studied RCH soils featured additional TOC enrichment, which cannot be fully explained now. Highlights BC to TOC ratio and high resolution vertical SOC distribution in 52 RCH sites were studied. RCH soils non‐BC pool was potentially different to reference soils. RCH soils feature TOC accumulation in the topmost horizon. There is BC translocation into buried soils on RCH sites.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; benzene polycarboxylated acid marker (BPCA) ; black carbon ; charcoal degradation ; charcoal kiln ; pyrogenic carbon ; relict charcoal hearth ; biochar
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    The Arctic Ocean’s Beaufort Gyre (2023)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: © The Author(s), 2023. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Timmermans, M.-L., & Toole, J. The Arctic Ocean’s Beaufort Gyre. Annual Review of Marine Science, 15(1), (2023): 223-248, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-032122-012034.
    Description: The Arctic Ocean's Beaufort Gyre is a dominant feature of the Arctic system, a prominent indicator of climate change, and possibly a control factor for high-latitude climate. The state of knowledge of the wind-driven Beaufort Gyre is reviewed here, including its forcing, relationship to sea-ice cover, source waters, circulation, and energetics. Recent decades have seen pronounced change in all elements of the Beaufort Gyre system. Sea-ice losses have accompanied an intensification of the gyre circulation and increasing heat and freshwater content. Present understanding of these changes is evaluated, and time series of heat and freshwater content are updated to include the most recent observations.
    Description: Support was provided by the National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs and the Office of Naval Research.
    Keywords: Arctic Ocean ; Beaufort Gyre ; Circulation ; Sea ice ; Freshwater ; Ocean heat content
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 5
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    Defining Hydrogeological Site Similarity with Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-28
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Hydrogeological information about an aquifer is difficult and costly to obtain, yet essential for the efficient management of groundwater resources. Transferring information from sampled sites to a specific site of interest can provide information when site‐specific data is lacking. Central to this approach is the notion of site similarity, which is necessary for determining relevant sites to include in the data transfer process. In this paper, we present a data‐driven method for defining site similarity. We apply this method to selecting groups of similar sites from which to derive prior distributions for the Bayesian estimation of hydraulic conductivity measurements at sites of interest. We conclude that there is now a unique opportunity to combine hydrogeological expertise with data‐driven methods to improve the predictive ability of stochastic hydrogeological models.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉〈italic〉Article impact statement〈/italic〉: This article introduces hierarchical clustering as a method for defining a notion of site similarity; the aim of this method is to improve the derivation of prior distributions in Bayesian methods in hydrogeology.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/geostatDB
    Description: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/exPrior
    Description: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/siteSimilarity
    Keywords: ddc:551.49 ; hydrogeological sites ; hydrogeological modeling
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Phaeocystis: A Global Enigma (2024)
    Annual Reviews
    In:  EPIC3Annual Review of Marine Science, Annual Reviews, 16(1), pp. 417-441, ISSN: 1941-1405
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-01
    Description: The genus Phaeocystis is globally distributed, with blooms commonly occurring on continental shelves. This unusual phytoplankter has two major morphologies: solitary cells and cells embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Only colonies form blooms. Their large size (commonly 2 mm but up to 3 cm) and mucilaginous envelope allow the colonies to escape predation, but data are inconsistent as to whether colonies are grazed. Cultured Phaeocystis can also inhibit the growth of co-occurring phytoplankton or the feeding of potential grazers. Colonies and solitary cells use nitrate as a nitrogen source, although solitary cells can also grow on ammonium. Phaeocystis colonies might be a major contributor to carbon flux to depth, but in most cases, colonies are rapidly remineralized in the upper 300 m. The occurrence of large Phaeocystis blooms is often associated with environments with low and highly variable light and high nitrate levels, with Phaeocystis antarctica blooms being linked additionally to high iron availability. Emerging results indicate that different clones of Phaeocystis have substantial genetic plasticity, which may explain its appearance in a variety of environments. Given the evidence of Phaeocystis appearing in new systems, this trend will likely continue in the near future.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 7
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    Toward an adequate level of detail in flood risk assessments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-24
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Flood risk assessments require different disciplines to understand and model the underlying components hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Many methods and data sets have been refined considerably to cover more details of spatial, temporal, or process information. We compile case studies indicating that refined methods and data have a considerable effect on the overall assessment of flood risk. But are these improvements worth the effort? The adequate level of detail is typically unknown and prioritization of improvements in a specific component is hampered by the lack of an overarching view on flood risk. Consequently, creating the dilemma of potentially being too greedy or too wasteful with the resources available for a risk assessment. A “sweet spot” between those two would use methods and data sets that cover all relevant known processes without using resources inefficiently. We provide three key questions as a qualitative guidance toward this “sweet spot.” For quantitative decision support, more overarching case studies in various contexts are needed to reveal the sensitivity of the overall flood risk to individual components. This could also support the anticipation of unforeseen events like the flood event in Germany and Belgium in 2021 and increase the reliability of flood risk assessments.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: BMBF http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Federal Environment Agency http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010809
    Description: http://howas21.gfz-potsdam.de/howas21/
    Description: https://www.umwelt.niedersachsen.de/startseite/themen/wasser/hochwasser_amp_kustenschutz/hochwasserrisikomanagement_richtlinie/hochwassergefahren_und_hochwasserrisikokarten/hochwasserkarten-121920.html
    Description: https://download.geofabrik.de/europe/germany.html
    Description: https://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSN024
    Description: https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/collection/id-0054
    Description: https://oasishub.co/dataset/surface-water-flooding-footprinthurricane-harvey-august-2017-jba
    Description: https://www.wasser.sachsen.de/hochwassergefahrenkarte-11915.html
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; decision support ; extreme events ; integrated flood risk management ; risk assessment
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Small lateral air pressure gradients generated by a large chamber system have a strong effect on CO2 transport in soil (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-09
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Gas transport in soils is usually assumed to be purely diffusive, although several studies have shown that non‐diffusive processes can significantly enhance soil gas transport. These processes include barometric air pressure changes, wind‐induced pressure pumping and static air pressure fields generated by wind interacting with obstacles. The associated pressure gradients in the soil can cause advective gas fluxes that are much larger than diffusive fluxes. However, the contributions of the respective transport processes are difficult to separate. We developed a large chamber system to simulate pressure fields and investigate their influence on soil gas transport. The chamber consists of four subspaces in which pressure is regulated by fans that blow air in or out of the chamber. With this setup, we conducted experiments with oscillating and static pressure fields. CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations were measured along two soil profiles beneath the chamber. We found a significant relationship between static lateral pressure gradients and the change in the CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 profiles (R〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 = 0.53; 〈italic toggle="no"〉p〈/italic〉‐value 〈2e‐16). Even small pressure gradients between −1 and 1 Pa relative to ambient pressure resulted in an increase or decrease in CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations of 8% on average in the upper soil, indicating advective flow of air in the pore space. Positive pressure gradients resulted in decreasing, negative pressure gradients in increasing CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations. The concentration changes were probably caused by an advective flow field in the soil beneath the chamber generated by the pressure gradients. No effect of oscillating pressure fields was observed in this study. The results indicate that static lateral pressure gradients have a substantial impact on soil gas transport and therefore are an important driver of gas exchange between soil and atmosphere. Lateral pressure gradients in a comparable range can be induced under windy conditions when wind interacts with terrain features. They can also be caused by chambers used for flux measurements at high wind speed or by fans used for head‐space mixing within the chambers, which yields biased flux estimates.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; advective flux ; chamber flux measurements ; static air pressure fields ; wind‐induced pressure pumping
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Redoxtrons – An experimental system to study redox processes within the capillary fringe (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-18
    Description: Spatiotemporal characterisation of the soil redox status within the capillary fringe (CF) is a challenging task. Air‐filled porosities (ε), oxygen concentration (O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) and soil redox potential (EH) are interrelated soil variables within active biogeochemical domains such as the CF. We investigated the impact of water table (WT) rise and drainage in an undisturbed topsoil and subsoil sample taken from a Calcaric Gleysol for a period of 46 days. We merged 1D (EH and matric potential) and 2D (O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) systems to monitor at high spatiotemporal resolution redox dynamics within self‐constructed redoxtron housings and complemented the data set by a 3D pore network characterization using X‐ray microtomography (X‐ray μCT). Depletion of O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 was faster in the organic matter‐ and clay‐rich aggregated topsoil and the CF extended 〉10 cm above the artificial WT. The homogeneous and less‐aggregated subsoil extended only 4 cm above the WT as indicated by ε–O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉–EH data during saturation. After drainage, 2D O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 imaging revealed a fast aeration towards the lower depths of the topsoil, which agrees with the connected ε derived by X‐ray μCT (ε〈sub〉CT_conn〈/sub〉) of 14.9% of the total porosity. However, small‐scaled anoxic domains with O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 saturation 〈5% were apparent even after lowering the WT (down to 0.25 cm〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 in size) for 23 days. These domains remained a nucleus for reducing soil conditions (E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 〈 −100 mV), which made it challenging to characterise the soil redox status in the CF. In contrast, the subsoil aeration reached O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 saturation after 8 days for the complete soil volume. Values of ε〈sub〉CT_conn〈/sub〉 around zero in the subsoil highlighted that soil aeration was independent of this parameter suggesting that other variables such as microbial activity must be considered when predicting the soil redox status from ε alone. The use of redoxtrons in combination with localised redox‐measurements and image based pore space analysis resulted in a better 2D/3D characterisation of the pore system and related O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 transport properties. This allowed us to analyse the distribution and activity of microbiological niches highly associated with the spatiotemporal variable redox dynamics in soil environments. Highlights: The time needed to turn from reducing to oxidising (period where all platinum electrodes feature E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 〉 300 mV) condition differ for two samples with contrasting soil structure. The subsoil with presumably low O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 consumption rates aerated considerably faster than the topsoil and exclusively by O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 diffusion through medium‐ and fine‐sized pores. To derive the soil redox status based upon the triplet ε–O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉–E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 is challenging at present in heterogeneous soil domains and larger soil volumes than 250 cm〈sup〉3〈/sup〉. Undisturbed soil sampling along with 2D/3D redox measurement systems (e.g., redoxtrons) improve our understanding of redox dynamics within the capillary fringe.
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; environmental monitoring ; incubation experiments ; redox processes ; soil reducing conditions ; undisturbed soil ; X‐ray microtomography
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    The dilemma of analytical method changes for soil organic carbon in long‐term experiments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-17
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈sec xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="ejss13362-sec-1003" xml:lang="en"〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Long‐term experiments (LTEs) have provided data to modellers and agronomists to investigate changes and dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) under different cropping systems. As treatment changes have occurred due to agricultural advancements, so too have analytical soil methods. This may lead to method bias over time, which could affect the robust interpretation of data and conclusions drawn. This study aims to quantify differences in SOC due to changes in dry combustion methods over time, using soil samples of a LTE established in 1963 that focuses on mineral and organic fertilizer management in the temperate zone of Northeast Germany. For this purpose, 1059 soil samples, collected between 1976 and 2008, have been analysed twice, once with their historical laboratory method right after sampling, and a second time in 2016 when all samples were analysed using the same elementary analyser. In 9 of 11 soil sampling campaigns, a paired 〈italic toggle="no"〉t〈/italic〉‐test provided evidence for significant differences in the historical SOC values when compared with the re‐analysed concentrations of the same LTE sample. In the sampling years 1988 and 2004, the historical analysis obtained about 0.9 g kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 lower SOC compared with the re‐analysed one. For 1990 and 1998, this difference was about 0.4 g kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉. Correction factors, an approach often used to correct for different analytical techniques, could only be applied for 5 of 11 sampling campaigns to account for constant and proportional systematic method error. For this particular LTE, the interpretation of SOC changes due to agronomic management (here fertilization) deviates depending on the analytical method used, which may weaken the explanatory power of the historical data. We demonstrate that analytical method changes over time present one of many challenges in the interpretation of time series data of SOC dynamics. Therefore, LTE site managers need to ensure providing all necessary protocols and data in order to retrace method changes and if necessary recalculate SOC.〈/p〉 〈/sec〉〈sec xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="ejss13362-sec-0003" xml:lang="en"〉 〈title〉Highlights〈/title〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉〈list list-type="bullet" id="ejss13362-list-0001"〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0001"〉〈p〉A total of 1059 LTE soil samples taken between 1976 and 2008 were re‐analysed for SOC in 2016〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0002"〉〈p〉Several methodological changes for SOC determination led to significant different SOC concentration in the same sample〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0003"〉〈p〉Interpretation and time series of LTE soil data suffer from consideration of analytical method changes and poor documentation of the same〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0004"〉〈p〉Soil archive establishment, thorough method protocols and diligent proficiency testing after soil method changes ameliorate the dilemma〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉〈/p〉 〈/sec〉
    Description: Brandenburger Staatsministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kultur http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004581
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004937
    Description: https://doi.org/10.4228/zalf-acge-b683
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; Bland–Altman ; carbon stocks ; data trueness ; Deming regression ; method bias ; soil archive ; soil survey
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Optimised use of data fusion and memory‐based learning with an Austrian soil library for predictions with infrared data (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-12
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Infrared spectroscopy in the visible to near‐infrared (vis–NIR) and mid‐infrared (MIR) regions is a well‐established approach for the prediction of soil properties. Different data fusion and training approaches exist, and the optimal procedures are yet undefined and may depend on the heterogeneity present in the set and on the considered scale. The objectives were to test the usefulness of partial least squares regressions (PLSRs) for soil organic carbon (SOC), total carbon (C〈sub〉t〈/sub〉), total nitrogen (N〈sub〉t〈/sub〉) and pH using vis–NIR and MIR spectroscopy for an independent validation after standard calibration (use of a general PLSR model) or using memory‐based learning (MBL) with and without spiking for a national spectral database. Data fusion approaches were simple concatenation of spectra, outer product analysis (OPA) and model averaging. In total, 481 soils from an Austrian forest soil archive were measured in the vis–NIR and MIR regions, and regressions were calculated. Fivefold calibration‐validation approaches were carried out with a region‐related split of spectra to implement independent validations with n ranging from 47 to 99 soils in different folds. MIR predictions were generally superior over vis–NIR predictions. For all properties, optimal predictions were obtained with data fusion, with OPA and spectra concatenation outperforming model averaging. The greatest robustness of performance was found for OPA and MBL with spiking with 〈italic toggle="no"〉R〈/italic〉〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 ≥ 0.77 (N), 0.85 (SOC), 0.86 (pH) and 0.88 (C〈sub〉t〈/sub〉) in the validations of all folds. Overall, the results indicate that the combination of OPA for vis–NIR and MIR spectra with MBL and spiking has a high potential to accurately estimate properties when using large‐scale soil spectral libraries as reference data. However, the reduction of cost‐effectiveness using two spectrometers needs to be weighed against the potential increase in accuracy compared to a single MIR spectroscopy approach.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; data fusion ; independent validation ; infrared spectroscopy ; MBL ; nitrogen ; outer product analysis ; pH ; soil organic carbon ; spiking ; total carbon
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  • 12
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    Importance of catchment hydrological processes and calibration of hydrological‐hydrodynamic rainfall‐runoff models in small rural catchments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-19
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉In recent years, many two‐dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic models have been extended to include the direct rainfall method (DRM). This allows their application as a hydrological‐hydrodynamic model for the determination of floodplains in one model system. In previous studies on DRM, the role of catchment hydrological processes (CaHyPro) and its interaction with the calibration process was not investigated in detail. In the present, case‐oriented study, the influence of the spatiotemporal distribution of the processes precipitation and runoff formation in combination with the 2D model HEC‐RAS is investigated. In a further step, a conceptual approach for event‐based interflow is integrated. The study is performed on the basis of a single storm event in a small rural catchment (low mountain range, 38 km〈sup〉2〈/sup〉) in Hesse (Germany). The model results are evaluated against six quality criteria and compared to a simplified baseline model. Finally, the calibrated improved model is contrasted with a calibrated baseline model. The results show the enhancement of the model results due to the integration of the CaHyPro and highlight its interplay with the calibrated model parameters.〈/p〉
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; 2D hydrodynamic modeling ; calibration ; direct rainfall modeling ; hydrological processes ; radar data ; runoff formation
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    Designing More Informative Multiple-Driver Experiments (2024)
    Annual Reviews
    In:  EPIC3Annual Review of Marine Science, Annual Reviews, 16(1), pp. 513-536, ISSN: 1941-1405
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-31
    Description: 〈jats:p〉 For decades, multiple-driver/stressor research has examined interactions among drivers that will undergo large changes in the future: temperature, pH, nutrients, oxygen, pathogens, and more. However, the most commonly used experimental designs—present-versus-future and ANOVA—fail to contribute to general understanding or predictive power. Linking experimental design to process-based mathematical models would help us predict how ecosystems will behave in novel environmental conditions. We review a range of experimental designs and assess the best experimental path toward a predictive ecology. Full factorial response surface, fractional factorial, quadratic response surface, custom, space-filling, and especially optimal and sequential/adaptive designs can help us achieve more valuable scientific goals. Experiments using these designs are challenging to perform with long-lived organisms or at the community and ecosystem levels. But they remain our most promising path toward linking experiments and theory in multiple-driver research and making accurate, useful predictions. 〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 14
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    BODIUM—A systemic approach to model the dynamics of soil functions (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-26
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The increasing demand for biomass for food, animal feed, fibre and bioenergy requires optimization of soil productivity, while at the same time, protecting other soil functions such as nutrient cycling and buffering, carbon storage, habitat for biological activity and water filter and storage. Therefore, one of the main challenges for sustainable agriculture is to produce high yields while maintaining all the other soil functions. Mechanistic simulation models are an essential tool to fully understand and predict the complex interactions between physical, biological and chemical processes of soils that generate those functions. We developed a soil model to simulate the impact of various agricultural management options and climate change on soil functions by integrating the relevant processes mechanistically and in a systemic way. As a special feature, we include the dynamics of soil structure induced by tillage and biological activity, which is especially relevant in arable soils. The model operates on a 1D soil profile consisting of a number of discrete layers with dynamic thickness. We demonstrate the model performance by simulating crop growth, root growth, nutrient and water uptake, nitrogen cycling, soil organic matter turnover, microbial activity, water distribution and soil structure dynamics in a long‐term field experiment including different crops and different types and levels of fertilization. The model is able to capture essential features that are measured regularly including crop yield, soil organic carbon, and soil nitrogen. In this way, the plausibility of the implemented processes and their interactions is confirmed. Furthermore, we present the results of explorative simulations comparing scenarios with and without tillage events to analyse the effect of soil structure on soil functions. Since the model is process‐based, we are confident that the model can also be used to predict quantities that have not been measured or to estimate the effect of management measures and climate states not yet been observed. The model thus has the potential to predict the site‐specific impact of management decisions on soil functions, which is of great importance for the development of a sustainable agriculture that is currently also on the agenda of the ‘Green Deal’ at the European level.〈/p〉
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: https://git.ufz.de/bodium/bodium_v1.0
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; agriculture ; computational model ; simulation ; soil microbiology ; soil structure ; sustainable soil
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    Temperature and soil moisture change microbial allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-18
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Temperature and soil moisture are known to control pesticide mineralization. Half‐life times (DT〈sub〉50〈/sub〉) derived from pesticide mineralization curves generally indicate longer residence times at low soil temperature and moisture but do not consider potential changes in the microbial allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon (C). We aimed to determine carbon use efficiency (CUE, formation of new biomass relative to total C uptake) to better understand microbial utilization of pesticide‐derived C under different environmental conditions and to support the conventional description of degradation dynamics based on mineralization. We performed a microcosm experiment at two MCPA (2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid) concentrations (1 and 20 mg kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) and defined 20°C/pF 1.8 as optimal and 10°C/pF 3.5 as limiting environmental conditions. After 4 weeks, 70% of the initially applied MCPA was mineralized under optimal conditions but MCPA mineralization reached less than 25% under limiting conditions. However, under limiting conditions, an increase in CUE was observed, indicating a shift towards anabolic utilization of MCPA‐derived C. In this case, increased C assimilation implied C storage or the formation of precursor compounds to support resistance mechanisms, rather than actual growth since we did not find an increase in the 〈italic toggle="no"〉tfdA〈/italic〉 gene relevant to MCPA degradation. We were able to confirm the assumption that under limiting conditions, C assimilation increases relative to mineralization and that C redistribution, may serve as an explanation for the difference between mineralization and MCPA dissipation‐derived degradation dynamics. In addition, by introducing CUE to the temperature‐ and moisture‐dependent degradation of pesticides, we can capture the underlying microbial constraints and adaptive mechanisms to changing environmental conditions.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Changing environmental conditions alter the MCPA degradation dynamics and the allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon to anabolic or catabolic metabolism.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" id="ejss13417-blkfxd-0001" xml:lang="en"〉 〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:13510754:media:ejss13417:ejss13417-toc-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉 〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉
    Description: Collaborative Research Center 1253 CAMPOS (DFG)
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: DFG Priority Program 2322 “Soil System”
    Description: Ellrichshausen Foundation
    Description: Research Training Group “Integrated Hydrosystem modeling”
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5081655
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; anabolism ; carbon use efficiency ; catabolism ; effect of soil moisture and temperature ; gene‐centric process model ; MCPA biodegradation
    Language: English
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  • 16
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    Reducing tillage intensity benefits the soil micro‐ and mesofauna in a global meta‐analysis (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Description: Soil fauna drives crucial processes of energy and nutrient cycling in agricultural systems, and influences the quality of crops and pest incidence. Soil tillage is the most influential agricultural manipulation of soil structure, and has a profound influence on soil biology and its provision of ecosystem services. The objective of this study was to quantify through meta‐analyses the effects of reducing tillage intensity on density and diversity of soil micro‐ and mesofaunal communities, and how these effects vary among different pedoclimatic conditions and interact with concurrent management practices. We present the results of a global meta‐analysis of available literature data on the effects of different tillage intensities on taxonomic and functional groups of soil micro‐ and mesofauna. We collected paired observations (conventional vs. reduced forms of tillage/no‐tillage) from 133 studies across 33 countries. Our results show that reduced tillage intensity or no‐tillage increases the total density of springtails (+35%), mites (+23%), and enchytraeids (+37%) compared to more intense tillage methods. The meta‐analyses for different nematode feeding groups, life‐forms of springtails, and taxonomic mite groups showed higher densities under reduced forms of tillage compared to conventional tillage on omnivorous nematodes (+53%), epedaphic (+81%) and hemiedaphic (+84%) springtails, oribatid (+43%) and mesostigmatid (+57%) mites. Furthermore, the effects of reduced forms of tillage on soil micro‐ and mesofauna varied with depth, climate and soil texture, as well as with tillage method, tillage frequency, concurrent fertilisation, and herbicide application. Our findings suggest that reducing tillage intensity can have positive effects on the density of micro‐ and mesofaunal communities in areas subjected to long‐term intensive cultivation practices. Our results will be useful to support decision making on the management of soil faunal communities and will facilitate modelling efforts of soil biology in global agroecosystems. HIGHLIGHTS Global meta‐analysis to estimate the effect of reducing tillage intensity on micro‐ and mesofauna Reduced tillage or no‐tillage has positive effects on springtail, mite and enchytraeid density Effects vary among nematode feeding groups, springtail life forms and mite suborders Effects vary with texture, climate and depth and depend on the tillage method and frequency
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: https://doi.org/10.20387/bonares-eh0f-hj28
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; agricultural land use ; conservation agriculture ; conventional agriculture ; soil biodiversity ; soil cultivation
    Language: English
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  • 17
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    Electronic Resource
    Earnings and Schooling of Cooperative Managers (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 74 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper estimates econometrically the economic return on schooling among Portuguese cooperative managers, based on a survey carried out in 1999. The main findings indicate that the rate of return is in line with previous published research. The results also indicate that in this sector, the return on education does not depend on the dimensions of the cooperative in which the individual works.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8292.00227
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  • 18
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    Attending to the General Interest: New Mechanisms for Mediating between the Individual, Collective and General Interest in Québec (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 74 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We develop an approach to studying new business governance models and we illustrate how these models take the general interest into account. We outline the main prevailing trends, in the context of the Québec model of development, and discuss the new conceptions of the state and of its role in governance. As a result of this, organizations and institutions are playing a new role in the pursuit of the general interest, which we examine using the ‘Solidarity Fund’ of the Fédération des travailleurs et travailleuses du Québec (FTQ). We suggest that a partnership-based governance model may help support the emergence of a new mixed economy that weds the general interest with individual and collective interests in an original way.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8292.00226
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  • 19
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    Residual Claims in Co-operatives: Design Issues (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 74 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper examines issues in the design of a co-operative member's contractual relationship with the other agents (including the remaining members) using organizational economics. The paper assumes that the central defining characteristic of a co-op is the residual claim specification. Agency theory identifies certain inherent problems of the co-op form, the horizon problem, common property problem, and non-transferability. Non-transferability both reduces the incentive to monitor and imposes limits on portfolio diversification. This paper argues that features such as claim incompleteness and non-transferability are not inherent to the co-op but may be transaction-cost economizing. The paper also argues that the pre-emptive payoff feature by which the residual claimants (the co-op members) also become fixed payoff agents can affect the risk of other agents, and is an important determinant of co-op risk. A co-op may have more than one potential residual claim base. Five generic design choices are available for handling possible multiple claim bases: battleground, pre-specified allocation, limited return, alignment, and fixed payoff. The paper uses the design of residual claims in sugar co-ops to show how a co-op can partly overcome some of the problems identified by agency theory. This illustration ties together the issues of claim incompleteness and non-transferability, pre-emptive payoff, and multiple claim bases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8292.00228
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  • 20
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    Social Economy Companies in the Spanish Agricultural Sector: Delimitation and Situation in the Context of the European Union (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 74 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract On the basis of the definitions that have found the greatest acceptance among the scientific community, this paper identifies the business formulas that comprise the Social Economy in the agri-food sector with reference to the case of Spain, for which the latest data and figures are presented. At the same time, it presents a comparative study with agricultural cooperatives in the European Union, using the cluster analysis method, in order to place the business situation of Spanish cooperatives within this context.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8292.00231
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  • 21
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    The Role of United Charities in Fundraising: The Case of Singapore (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 74 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract: Theory suggests that a united charity helps to economize on fundraising costs by reducing competition for donations among member charities. However, donors often cannot control the allocation of their donations, and charities may dislike the monitoring of their activities. This paper examines these and other issues relating to the Community Chest of Singapore. The results, based on analysis of financial positions and fundraising costs of a large number of charities, suggest that the Community Chest does possess important fundraising advantages. Thus charities in financial difficulties or in need of funds for additional programs tend to seek membership. However, organizations that value their autonomy and independence, and that are able to achieve low fundraising costs tend to remain as non-members. Thus a monopoly agency raising funds for all charities in the future is unlikely in the case of Singapore.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8292.00230
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  • 22
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    Production et rationalisation des intermédiaires financiers: Leçons à tirer de l’expérience des Caisses Populaires Acadiennes (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 74 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Nous mesurons à l’aide du DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) l’efficacité des caisses populaires acadiennes en utilisant la valeur des produits d’intermédiation ainsi que le nombre de transactions réalisées par chaque caisse entre 1997 et 2000, au moment où un important programme de fusions et de réingénierie financière était mis en place. Cette analyse permet d’établir plusieurs résultats. Tout d’abord, l’inclusion des produits transactionnels réduit environ de moitié l’inefficacité technique et économique par rapport à l’inefficacité obtenue lorsque l’output des caisses est limité seulement aux produits transactionnels. Un algorithme d’auto-amorçage permet de vérifier que ce résultat est statistiquement significatif. Ensuite, nous montrons que le programme de fusions a touché surtout les caisses moins efficaces et a permis d’augmenter de façon importante leur efficacité grâce à une baisse du nombre d’employés en équivalent temps complet. Finalement, nous montrons que d’importants progrès technologiques ont été réalisés entre 1997 et 2000 en raison de l’accroissement du nombre de transactions informatisées. Des gains additionnels de productivité ont été rendus possible grâce à l’amélioration de l’efficacité des caisses ayant participéà une fusion tandis que les caisses n’ayant pas fusionné, bien que plus efficaces au départ que les autres, n’ont pas réalisé de gains d’efficacité.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8292.00229
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  • 23
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    The Differential Returns Offered by Mutually Owned and Proprietary UK Depository Institutions: 1993–2000 (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 74 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The study quantifies the differences in the level of return from investing in deposit (savings) accounts provided by depository institutions, which are either ‘mutual’ or ‘proprietary’. It is shown that for most types of deposit accounts offered in the UK, mutual building societies provide higher returns than proprietary firms. Surprisingly, it is also shown that returns from deposit accounts issued by converted or non-mutual building societies are, generally, lower than either mutual building societies or proprietary firms. These findings are consistent for interest rate data adjusted for the effect of non-price product characteristics and for unadjusted interest rate data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8292.00221
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  • 24
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    A Simple Characterization of the Second-best Two-part and Block-rate Tariffs Theory and Applications (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 74 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The general necessary optimality conditions for second-best discrete multipart tariffs are rather complex. In this paper, we derive a simplified characterization of these conditions for two-part tariffs and for block-rate tariffs for given thresholds of these tariffs. The simplified necessary optimality conditions are equivalent to the necessary conditions for a Ramsey-optimum for goods with continuously variable individually demanded quantities. We demonstrate that this characterization of second-best multipart tariffs can be helpful, when applying the usual regulatory mechanisms to these tariffs. In particular, we consider Vogelsang–Finsinger (1979) regulation as well as a particular form of price-cap regulation which is related to the Laspeyres index of prices.
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  • 25
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    A Theoretical Model of the Effects of Public Funding on Saving Decisions by Charitable Nonprofit Service Providers (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 74 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Why do charitable nonprofit, service-providing organizations save? What are the tradeoffs between using income to build up cash reserves and serving more clients? Saving may generate income, protect the organization against a drop in donations, and increase the organization's chances of survival. Saving, though, may affect the likelihood that nonprofits receive private and public funding. We model the relationship among private and public income, economic conditions, and nonprofit savings. We find that anticipation of government help during difficult times tends to reduce the amount of saving done by the nonprofit. This effect is strengthened if government officials view unspent donations as indicative of a lack of need. Both these effects provide a strong incentive for nonprofits to spend on current consumption rather than to save for the future, and thus to increase the burden on the public purse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8292.00224
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  • 26
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    The Illusion of Effluent Charges, or Regulatory Dilution is No Solution to Pollution (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 14 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1982.tb00026.x
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  • 27
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    Reply (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 14 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1982.tb00031.x
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  • 28
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    Response (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 14 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1982.tb00032.x
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  • 29
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    THE SPATIAL FIX – HEGEL, VON THUNEN, AND MARX (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 13 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1981.tb00312.x
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  • 30
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 13 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Books reviewed in this article:Olsson, Gunnar, Birds in Egg/Eggs in Bird REPLaY A Critical Review of The Political Economy of the Welfare State, by Ian Cough. The Geography of Public Finance, by R. J. Bennett
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  • 31
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    Editorial Introduction (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 16 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1984.tb00068.x
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  • 32
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    A Woman's Place is in the City (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 16 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1984.tb00069.x
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  • 33
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    Code-sharing Agreements and Interconnections in Markets for International Flights (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of international economics 12 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper investigates the consequences of code-sharing agreements among airline firms competing on international routes, where some passengers interconnect to flights originating or terminating at cities not served by foreign airlines. The authors calculate the precise market share captured by flights operated under code sharing. They compare airfares, market shares, profits, and passengers’ welfare before and after the implementation of a code-sharing agreement and demonstrate that code sharing is Pareto-improving.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2004.00453.x
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  • 34
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    Regionalism and Multilateral Trade Liberalization with Asymmetric Countries (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of international economics 12 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper examines the impact of regionalism on the process of multilateral trade liberalization when countries are asymmetric. The author uses a three-country, three-good, competing exporters model, with countries being symmetric in everything but their discount factors. The equilibrium regional agreement is found to be a customs union between a patient and an impatient country and that the impact of regionalism depends on the discount factors. The impact of regionalism on multilateral trade liberalization depends critically on which countries engage in regionalism.
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  • 35
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    Index to Volume 11 (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of international economics 11 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-9396.2003.00426.x
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    Pricing the Cost of Expropriation Risk (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of international economics 11 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper examines a firm's cost of expropriation risk in a framework that links it to the government's incentive to expropriate. The author develops a pricing model for the firm's cost of expropriation risk that includes the positions of both government and firm. The government's decision to expropriate is modeled as an American-style call option. The cost of expropriation risk is modeled as the value of an insurance policy that pays off all losses resulting from expropriation. The firm's cost of expropriation risk is determined by the government acting to optimize the value of its option to expropriate. The author identifies the parameters that link the government's option to expropriate to the firm's cost of expropriation risk, and shows how the model can be used in capital budgeting decisions and the ongoing management of expropriation risk.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00391
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    THE WATER-BEARING CAPACITY OF REGOLITHS IN THE NIGERIAN BASEMENT COMPLEX (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 5 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.1984.tb00154.x
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    THE SPATIO-TEMPORAL SYNCHRONIZATION OF PERIODIC MARKET-PLACES: SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS ON TWO AFRICAN PERIODIC MARKET SYSTEMS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 2 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.1981.tb00121.x
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    EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE COMFORT INDICES FOR SOME MALAYSIAN TOWNS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 2 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.1981.tb00115.x
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    SOME GEOPOLITICAL IMPLICATIONS OF UNCLOS III CONTINENTAL SHELF PROBLEMS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 2 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.1981.tb00116.x
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    A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE INDUCED GRASSLANDS OF THE BISMARCK MOUNTAINS, PAPUA NEW GUINEA (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 2 (1981), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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  • 42
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    Do Patent Rights Regimes Matter? (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of international economics 12 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper asks whether exports are affected by importers’ patent rights regimes using a gravity trade equation. US export data to 71 countries from 1970 to 1992 are used. A two-way random-effects panel indicates that patent rights regimes per se do not matter; they matter with importing countries’ imitative abilities. For a country with an “average” imitative ability, US R&D-intensive exports increase by 4–9% for a unit increase in the patent rights index; a unit increase in the patent rights index leads to a drop in US non-R&D-intensive exports by about 8–11%.
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    Capital Controls, Risk, and Liberalization Cycles (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of international economics 12 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper presents an overlapping-generations model where agents vote on whether to open or close the economy to international capital flows. Political decisions are shaped by the risk over capital and labor returns. In an open economy, the capitalists (old) completely hedge their savings income. In contrast, in a closed economy, the workers (young) partially insulate wages from the productivity shocks. There are three possible equilibrium outcomes: economies that eventually remain open; those that eventually remain closed; and those that cycle between open and closed. In line with the stylized facts, cycles are more common in economies with intermediate development levels.
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    On Assisting Domestic Industries under Bertrand Competition (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of international economics 12 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In a homogeneous-good duopoly game with a home and a foreign firm, which compete on prices, it has been shown that the optimal way to assist the domestic industry is by a production subsidy. The argument here is that the subsidy is used to keep potential competitive pressure on the foreign firm. This paper analyzes under which conditions this threat of entry of a subsidized home firm is credible. It is shown that in markets where the firms move before the government, a subsidy is not credible and dominated by a tariff in terms of welfare.
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    Job Creation, Job Destruction, and the International Division of Labor (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of international economics 12 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The authors incorporate equilibrium unemployment due to imperfect matching into a model of trade in intermediate inputs. Firms are assumed to be price-takers and their size is given by technology. Firms enter the market as long as expected profits cover the search cost they incur initially; jobs are endogenously destroyed by random shocks that affect firms’ price–cost margins. Trade increases productivity in the final good and then demand for each intermediate input. Steady-state unemployment is reduced after trade integration because the rate of job destruction is reduced, which in turn induces an indirect positive effect on job creation. A more volatile environment faced by firms does not necessarily increase unemployment. However, the rate of job destruction unambiguously rises, and rises more under free trade.
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    Pricing-to-Market: the Japanese Experience with a Falling Yen and the Asian Crisis (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of international economics 11 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper examines whether Japanese exporters changed their strategic pricing behavior as a result of the profit squeeze of the late 1980s. It shows that shocks such as the end-of-bubble, the prolonged yen depreciation, and the Asian crisis affected export prices. These effects, however, are too small to change the long-run equilibrium relation between sectoral export prices and their determinants. In particular, results suggest that Japanese exporters are not using the depreciation of the yen to gain market share.
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    MAN, LAND AND GAME IN SUMBAWA: SOME OBSERVATIONS ON AGRARIAN ECOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT POLICY IN EASTERN INDONESIA (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 5 (1984), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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    VEGETATION PRODUCTIVITY AND THE POTENTIAL POPULATION OF THE CLASSIC MAYA (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 5 (1984), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN THE TROPICS: THE CASE OF NORTH AUSTRALIA (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 5 (1984), S. 0 
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    RECENT ROUTE DEVELOPMENTS IN TRADITIONAL URBAN AREAS OF SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA. THE CASE OF ILE-IFE, 1950 TO 1980 (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 5 (1984), S. 0 
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    POON PUAY-KEE (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 5 (1984), S. 0 
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    EVOLUTION OF RURAL ROADS IN THE NIGERIA COCOA BELT (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 4 (1983), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    FORESTRY POLICY IN BALI, INDONESIA (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 4 (1983), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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    THE FORM AND CAUSES OF SLOPE FAILURES IN AN AREA OF WEST SINGAPORE ISLAND (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 4 (1983), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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    AGRICULTURE IN SINGAPORE: PROBLEMS OF SPACE AND PRODUCTIVITY (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 4 (1983), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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    POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT IN SELECTED COUNTRIES BORDERING THE PACIFIC (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 3 (1982), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF URBANIZATION IN MELANESIA (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 3 (1982), S. 0 
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    OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT PRODUCTION IN SINGAPORE (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 3 (1982), S. 0 
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    URBAN DILEMMAS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 3 (1982), S. 0 
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    SUBSTITUTION OF COMMUNICATION FOR TRANSPORTATION (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 3 (1982), S. 0 
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    THE SHIFT FROM INFORMAL TO FORMAL: SOME COSTS AND BENEFITS OF LARGE SCALE INDUSTRIALIZATION IN ASIAN COUNTRIES (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 3 (1982), S. 0 
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    TRENDS AND ETHNIC VARIATION IN THE FERTILITY OF THE POPULATION OF SINGAPORE (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 3 (1982), S. 0 
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    DIURNAL PRECIPITATION PATTERNS AT GUATEMALA CITY, 1930–1969 (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 3 (1982), S. 0 
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    ASSESSING LEVELS OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT: THE SIERRA LEONE CASE (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 3 (1982), S. 0 
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    THE PALAEOECOLOGY OF TASEK BERA, A LOWLAND SWAMP IN PAHANG, WEST MALAYSIA (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 2 (1981), S. 0 
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    THE NON-ECONOMIC FACTORS IN RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION IN THAILAND (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 5 (1984), S. 0 
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    THE ROLE OF PARATRANSIT IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN CITIES (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 5 (1984), S. 0 
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    THE ROLE OF STANDING WATER AND WATER-LOGGED SOILS IN RAISED-FIELD, DRAINED-FIELD AND ISLAND-BED AGRICULTURE (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 5 (1984), S. 0 
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    THE VEGETATIONAL CHANGES OF THE LAST 20,000 YEARS AT TELEFOMIN, PAPUA NEW GUINEA (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 4 (1983), S. 0 
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    THE ARCHIPELAGIC CONCEPT AND ITS IMPACT ON SOUTHEAST ASIA (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 4 (1983), S. 0 
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    THE DROUGHT OF 1970–77 IN UPPER VOLTA (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ATTITUDES AND ADJUSTMENTS TO THE FLOOD HAZARD IN A MIXED ETHNIC COMMUNITY IN MALACCA TOWN, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 4 (1983), S. 0 
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    MIGRATION AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF EMPLOYMENT AND HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURES (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 3 (1982), S. 0 
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    HUMAN ECOLOGY RESEARCH ON TROPICAL AGROECOSYSTEMS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 3 (1982), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.1982.tb00232.x
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    BEYOND THE GEOGRAPHY OF DEVELOPMENT (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 2 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.1981.tb00120.x
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    SEDIMENTATION PATTERNS IN A MANGAL ON MAGNETIC ISLAND NEAR TOWNSVILLE, NORTH QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 3 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.1982.tb00233.x
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    DUNES OF FRIDAY ISLAND, TORRES STRAIT, NORTH QUEENSLAND (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 2 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.1981.tb00124.x
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    THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PUERTO RICO'S ECONOMIC STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 2 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.1981.tb00125.x
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    On Labor Policies Affecting Investment in General Human Capital (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Labour 17 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9914
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  This paper develops a search model including workers’ investments in general human capital and investigates the effects of labor policies such as subsidies to human capital investment and unemployment benefits on the accumulation of human capital. It is shown that the equilibrium is not optimal because workers underinvest in human capital or firms open too many vacancies in comparison with the number of unemployed workers. Comparative statics show that an increase in subsidies to human capital investment adds to the number of vacancies per unemployed worker and to workers’ investments in human capital and that an increase in unemployment benefits decreases them. Finally, labor policies that remove the distortion are explored.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1121-7081.2003.00254.x
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    Employment of Older People in the European Union (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Labour 17 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9914
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  This article identifies the alternative employment modes of older workers in the European Union. Against a background of changing levels of labour force participation and declining employment opportunities the paper describes and discusses the relative significance for older workers of alternative employment modes. Two atypical modes, part-time and self-employment, are discussed in detail. The paper concludes that atypical employment modes offer ageing employees the opportunity to gradually retire by providing a bridge between full-time employment and final retirement.
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    Inequality in Incomes and Access to Education: A Cross-country Analysis (1960–95) (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Labour 17 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9914
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  In the current debate on the relationship between inequality in income distribution and growth, one of the possible links works through access to education. Starting from an optimal demand for education where, among other things, the years of education depend on family income, we derive two testable predictions in the analysis of aggregate data on school enrolments: a negative (linear) dependence of enrolment rates on the Gini concentration index on income distribution; and a positive dependence on public resources invested in education and/or on skill premium in the labour market. These predictions are tested on a (unbalanced) panel of 108 countries for the period 1960–95. The main finding of this analysis is that, once we control for the degree of development with the (log of) per capita output, financial constraints seem mainly relevant in limiting the access to secondary education. However, when considering gender differences, there is evidence that female participation in education is more conditioned by family wealth, in some cases starting from primary education. Finally, there is weak evidence that public resources spent on education raise the enrolment rates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9914.00226
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    Early Retirement and Economic Incentives: Evidence from a Quasi-natural Experiment (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Labour 17 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9914
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  During the 1990s, a new subsidized early retirement option was assigned quasi-randomly to two-thirds of Norwegian elderly workers. We use this ‘natural experiment’ to evaluate how economic incentives affect retirement behaviour. The new retirement option reduced employment substantially, and this effect escalated over time. It did not substitute for disability pension or long-term unemployment, and approximately two out of three retirees would have stayed employed without it. Subsidized retirement was primarily voluntary, but there is also some evidence that firms took advantage of the retirement programme to ‘push out’ excess workers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9914.00227
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    Self-financing Unemployment Insurance and Bargaining Structure (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Labour 17 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9914
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  This study examines how the size of trade unions relative to the labor force impacts on the desirability of different organizational forms of self-financing unemployment insurance (UI). For this purpose, we compare the outcome of a model with a uniform payroll tax to a model where workers pay taxes according to their systematic risk of unemployment. Our results highlight the importance of the bargaining structure for the assessment of a particular UI scheme. Most importantly, it depends on the relative size of the unions whether efficiency favors a uniform or a differentiated UI scheme.
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    Labour-market Institutions and Macroeconomic Shocks (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Labour 17 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9914
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  Macroeconomic shocks and labour-market institutions jointly determine employment growth and economic performance. The effect of shocks depends on the nature of these institutions and the effect of institutional change depends on the macroeconomic environment. It follows that a given set of institutions may be appropriate in one epoch and not in another. We derive a dynamic model of labour demand in which the effect of firing costs on labour demand depends on the macroeconomic environment: when the level of macroeconomic activity is expected to drop and/or the trend rate of productivity growth is small, a rise in firing costs affects mainly (and adversely) the hiring decision and not the layoff decision. This makes firing costs harmful to employment when it may appear most appropriate. In contrast, firing costs can raise employment during periods of high growth and positive shocks. Our hypothesis is supported by empirical results using OECD data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9914.00229
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    The Unemployed Individual's Marginal Willingness to Pay for the Remaining Entitlement Period (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Labour 17 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9914
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  This paper introduces a method of estimating the unemployed individual's marginal willingness to pay for the remaining entitlement period by application of search theory. It is demonstrated that search theory implies that the unemployed individual's marginal willingness to pay for the remaining entitlement period must be less than the value of the unemployment benefit. When benefits expire, though, the willingness to pay for an additional period must be equal to the benefit received during that period. The empirical relevance of this method is shown by re-interpreting the studies of Meyer (Econometrica 58: 757–782, 1990) and Katz and Meyer (Journal of Public Economics 41: 45–72, 1990).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9914.00230
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    Unions and the Welfare Impact of Foreign Direct Investment — A Wisdom Extension (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Labour 17 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9914
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  This paper extends the recent literature, e.g. Leahy and Montagna (Economic Journal 110: 80–92, 2000), in relation to the link between unionization, inward foreign direct investment (FDI) and country welfare in an oligopoly market structure. It is shown that the common results, that unions may reduce welfare under FDI while multinational enterprises (MNEs) will strictly trade off union wages at each location, are generally driven by the assumption relating to the scope of the bargaining with the union, namely the ‘right to manage’ (RTM). In particular, our extension to efficient bargaining (EB) demonstrates that union power may increase welfare in the presence of FDI, while the MNEs’ choice between FDI and exports will include profit-sharing arbitrage with unions, in addition to the usual wage comparison considerations.
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    On the Use of Incentive Pay in Chinese State-owned Enterprises: The Role of Hierarchy (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Labour 17 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9914
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  This paper looks at the wage system in Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) during the 1980s. While wages remained compressed, there is evidence for the use of incentive mechanisms. Wages were quite sensitive to firm performance, especially at higher levels of the hierarchy. One of the reform measures — the Internal Salary System, a system of intra-firm contracts — has contributed significantly to this sensitivity. There is also some direct evidence that it enhanced the effectiveness of the bonus system, and that it helped to increase productivity. This goes towards explaining how the Chinese bonus system was able to overcome the free-rider problems typical of team compensation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9914.00232
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    A Great Place to Start: The Role of Military Service on Human Capital Formation (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Labour 17 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9914
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The earnings of African–American males have increased over the past 50 years, but differences remain in their economic progress relative to either white or Asian Americans. Labor market disadvantages in the past were the result of overt discrimination; however, the earnings gap experienced over the last four decades has been linked to human capital differences. It is hypothesized that military service provides a buffer for adverse labor market characteristics for young African–American males and this paper discusses the returns from military service as reflected in their post–service wages.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9914.00220
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    Severance Payments and Firm–specific Human Capital (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Labour 17 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9914
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: What effect does employment protection through severance payments have on the behaviour of employed workers? We analyse this issue within a stochastic two–period framework where workers decide on human capital investments and find two competing effects: severance payments imply higher job security that fosters human capital formation. At the same time, a lay–off is perceived by the workers to be a weaker penalty if severance payments are provided. This incentive lowers their optimal amount of firm–specific investments. Which effect prevails on balance depends on the distribution of investment returns among firm and workers. For strong positive reactions, employment protection is also in the interests of the firm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9914.00221
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    Knocking on Academia's Doors: An Inquiry into the Early Careers of Doctors in Life Sciences (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Labour 17 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9914
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The early careers of French doctors in life sciences are characterized by the importance of temporary jobs. While most young Ph.D. researchers wish to obtain a job in the French academic sector (which grants them, among other things, lifetime employment), few of them manage to achieve this objective immediately after completing their Ph.D. A majority of young doctors have to wait for a period of time before they find stable employment in the academic sector. In the meantime, they usually find temporary research jobs. Two main types of short–term jobs can be distinguished: fixed–term research contracts (in most cases in a French public laboratory) and post–doctoral positions (temporary research jobs in a foreign country). The aim of this paper is to determine whether these different types of temporary jobs have different consequences on the careers of Ph.D. researchers.We first discuss from a theoretical perspective the impact of choosing ‘post–doc’ research rather than a job on a fixed–term contract. Then, after dealing with selection biases that affect the access to these temporary jobs, we will use survival data analysis to estimate the impact of both types of temporary positions on the probability of entering the academic sector. The analysis is based on a database on the early careers of 800 young French doctors in life sciences. The main results include the following findings: the probability of a Ph.D. researcher finding stable employment is higher if he has held a post–doc position than if he has held a fixed–term contract. This result holds for both the private and public sectors. However, careers in the private sector are also affected by long–term choices, such as the decision to undertake Ph.D. research in partnership with a firm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9914.00219
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    Why Do People from Southern Italy Seek Jobs in the Public Sector? (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Labour 17 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9914
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper analyses the choice open to a worker seeking a job in the public and private sectors of the labour market. The private sector is identified by a steeper wage profile and by lower job security than the public sector. The reservation wage for the two sectors is calculated in the first part of the paper. The results reveal that the reservation wage for the public sector is higher than that for the private sector. The effect of career prospects, job riskiness and labour demand on optimal time allocation between the search in the two sectors is then analysed. Finally, an empirical analysis is made in order to study Italian workers’ search strategies. It highlights relevant geographical differences which can be interpreted through the theoretical results obtained in the paper.
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    Labor Mobility, Job Preferences, and Income Distribution (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Labour 17 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9914
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A model is presented to illustrate the role of labor mobility in income distribution. Worker preference for different occupations and wage comparisons are combined to determine the allocation of labor between sectors and to trace the behavior of the Gini coefficient as mobility increases. The Gini coefficient fails to fall monotonically with increasing labor mobility, making its interpretation ambiguous. It is also shown that the Gini coefficient has a lower nonzero limit, a fact compatible with empirical findings.
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    Labour Market Segmentation in Central Europe during the First Years of Transition (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Labour 17 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9914
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The labour markets of the centrally planned economies of Central Europe (the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland) were divided into several segments. Using estimates taken from a two–regime model, we show that segmentation has persisted throughout the first years of systemic change. However, labour market segmentation has evolved to some extent. Firms that used to have priority now coexist alongside new activities within the primary segment (in particular, foreign firms and activities in the banking and financial sector). In this way, labour market segmentation results both in the appearance of new, formal institutions and the persistence of informal institutions left over from the past, owing to the growth in market uncertainty.
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    Total Board Compensation, Governance and Performance of Spanish Listed Companies (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Labour 17 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9914
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this paper we present empirical evidence on the relationship between board remuneration of a sample of large Spanish companies and a set of explanatory variables such as performance and size of the company. The objective is to provide additional empirical evidence based on the agency theory for the Spanish institutional context, which differs from most ‘Anglo–Saxon’ model studies. We focus on the impact of a company's governance structure on the relationship between pay and performance. Specifically, we consider ownership concentration and firm leverage as key determinants of the board–shareholders relationship. Our results confirm the positive relationship between board remuneration and company performance, which is stronger for book values than for stock market measures. Industry performance also explains the remuneration and provides useful information for evaluating board behaviour. Company size is also related to board remuneration and affects the pay–performance relationship, although it is not relevant when we use an elasticity approach. Finally, the governance structure of companies is relevant when explaining the power of the compensation–performance relationship, and differences between the impact of ownership concentration and firm leverage on this relationship are found.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9914.00224
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    A DIFFUSION MODEL FOR ELECTRICITY PRICES (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Mathematical finance 12 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9965
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Starting from a simple supply/demand model for electricity, we obtain a diffusion (i.e., jumpless) model for spot prices which can exhibit price spikes. We estimate the parameters in the model using historical data from the Alberta and California markets. and compare this model with some others used for spot prices.
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    PASSPORT OPTIONS (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Mathematical finance 12 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9965
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: We relate the theory of passport options with general principles from martingale theory as well as with the theory of Bessel processcs. The calculation of the price of a passport option leads to an equality between two norms on continuous martingales. We also solve the discrete time case for passport options.
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    MARKET SELECTION OF FINANCIAL TRADING STRATEGIES: GLOBAL STABILITY (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Mathematical finance 12 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9965
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: In this paper we analyze the long-run dynamics of the market selection process among simple trading strategies in an incomplete asset market with endogenous prices. We identify a unique surviving financial trading strategy. Investors following this strategy asymptotically gather total market wealth. This result generalizes findings by Blume and Easlcy (1992) to any complete or incomplete asset market.
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    SEPARABLE TERM STRUCTURES AND THE MAXIMAL DEGREE PROBLEM (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Mathematical finance 12 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9965
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: This paper discusses separablc term structure diffusion models in an arbitrage-free environment. Using general consistency results we exploit the interplay between the diffusion coefficients and the functions determining the forward curve. We introduce the particular class of polynomial term structure models. We formulate the appropriate conditions under which the diffusion for a quadratic term structure model is necessarily an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck type process. Finally, we explore the maximal degree problem and show that basically any consistent polynomial term structure model is of degree two or less.
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    VALUATION OF CLAIMS ON NONTRADED ASSETS USING UTILITY MAXIMIZATION (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Mathematical finance 12 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9965
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: A topical problem is how to price and hedge claims on nontraded assets. A natural approach is to use for hedging purposes another similar asset or index which is traded. To model this situation, we introduce a second nontraded log Brownian asset into the well-known Merton investment model with power law and exponential utilities. The investor has an option on units of the nontraded asset and the question is how to price and hedge this random payoff. The presence of the second Brownian motion means that we are in the situation of incomplete markets. Employing utility maximization and duality methods we obtain a series approximation to the optimal hedge and reservation price using the power utility. The problem is simpler for the exponential utility, and in this case we derive an explicit representation for the price. Price and hedging strategy are computed for some example options and the results for the utilities are compared.
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    PARTIAL HEDGING IN A STOCHASTIC VOLATILITY ENVIRONMENT (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Mathematical finance 12 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9965
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: We consider the problem of partial hedging of derivative risk in a stochastic volatility environment. It is related to state-dependent utility maximization problems in classical economics. We derive the dual problem from the Legendre transform of the associated Bellman equation and interpret the optimal strategy as the perfect hedging strategy for a modified claim. Under the assumption that volatility is fast mean-reverting and using a singular perturbation analysis, we derive approximate value functions and strategies that are easy to implement and study. The analysis identifies the usual mean historical volatility and the harmonically averaged long-run volatility as important statistics for such optimization problems without further specification of a stochastic volatility model. The approximation can be improved by specifying a model and can be calibrated for the leverage effect from the implied volatility skew. We study the effectiveness of these strategies using simulated stock paths.
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