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  • Articles  (47,683)
  • Springer  (30,174)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science  (17,509)
  • 1955-1959  (28,334)
  • 1950-1954  (19,349)
  • Biology  (47,683)
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  • Articles  (47,683)
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  • 1
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract By means of the Laplace transform, the behavior of a simplified model of the cardiovascular system is mathematically formulated. This formulation allows mathematical expression of the periodicity of the cardiac output and the systemic response. With the cardiac output represented as half of a sine function cycle, the systolic aortic pressure becomes the sum of a sine term and exponential terms, while the sum of the exponential terms alone represents the diastolic pressure. The characteristics of the mathematical expressions for systole and diastole are analyzed, and some relationships of potentially practical value are derived. Variation in the parameters of the system yields mathematical results consistent with the expected physical ones.
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  • 2
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 19-32 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract A generalization of Landahl's approximation method (H. D. Landahl,Bull. Math. Biophysics,15, 49–61, 1953) for non-linear diffusion problems is suggested. The method is applied to sorption, desorption, and free diffusion problems involving concentration-dependent diffusion coefficients. With some limitations, the results compare favorably with those obtained by numerical methods.
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  • 3
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 33-60 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Recently a theorem for representing current generators in a volume conductor by the superposition of a central dipole, quadrupole, octopole, etc., has been established by G. C. K. Yeh, J. Martinek, and H. de Beaumont (Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 203–16, 1958). This theorem makes possible the representation of any discrete or line, surface- or volume-distributed current source by a unique model which can be determined for each given case by surface potential measurements and closed form analysis. In this paper the multipole representations of an eccentric dipole and an eccentric double-layer are obtained in terms of the various parameters of the assumed singularities, and the contributions to surface potentials due to each of the multipoles are compared. Certain numerical results corresponding to those of E. Frank (Amer. Heart J.,46, 364–78, 1953) are carried out and compared. Furthermore, the multipole representation of a partially damaged double-layer is also determined and compared with that of an undamaged one. It is concluded that within the range of parameters corresponding to human subjects the higher-order multipoles can contribute significantly to the surface potentials compared with the dipole.
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  • 4
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 97-100 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In line with a recent suggestion by the author (Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 267–73, September, 1958) that not only does the organism as a whole map on the primordial, but that each organ can also be thus mapped, it is shown that the previously introduced abstract spaces, which represent an organism, contain subspaces which map continuously on the space of the primordial. Several theorems about those subspaces are proven.
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  • 5
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 71-95 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The DNA-protein coding problem is given a general algebraic formulation, the consequences of which are then explored by standard mathematical methods. To keep the treatment self-contained, the mathematical techniques to be used are explained in detail. It is demonstrated that there exista priori a countably infinite number of different abstract DNA-protein codes, thereby showing that inductive attempts to construct such a code will most likely be fruitless. A notion of ergodicity is then introduced, which imposes a number of restrictions on the admissible codes, and, in fact, these considerations enable us toderive a small portion of a code which, if our hypothesis of ergodicity is correct, must occur in nature. Finally, we discuss briefly the problem as to whether there can exist more than one DNA-protein code in nature.
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  • 6
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    Notes: Abstract The present-day practices of electrocardiography and vectorardiography are based upon the theory that the surface potential differences can be assumed to be due to a single dipole inside the body. It is shown in this paper that a dipole cannot account for all the surface potentials due to realistic current generators, and hence the determination of the current generator from surface potential measurements based upon such a theory will lead to inconsistent representations of the heart for one and the same subject. To demonstrate this point two eccentric dipoles of different strengths and locations representing two muscle fibers are taken to be the current generator in a homogeneous spherical conductor. The exact surface potentials are then expressed by means of the “interior sphere theorem” of the authors. With these expressions the magnitude, direction, and location of the resultant dipole are determined by the method of D. Gabor and C. V. Nelson (J. App. Physics,25, 413–16, 1954). The surface potentials due to this resultant dipole are again exactly expressed by means of the “interior sphere theorem” and compared with those due to the eccentric dipoles assumed. It can be seen that the differences can be considerable. It is suggested that the multipole model of the authors (Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 203–16, 1958) be used as a more accurate and the only unique representation of the heart.
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  • 7
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 101-106 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In a preceding paper (Bull. Math. Biophysics 20, 71–93, 1958) the principle of biotopological mapping was formulated in terms of a continuous mapping of an abstract space, made from the set of biological properties which characterize the organism, by an appropriate definition of neighborhoods. In this paper it is shown that we may consider directly the mappings of the different sets of properties which characterize different organisms without taking recourse to abstract spaces. All the verificable conclusions made in the preceding paper remain valid. A serious difficulty mentioned previously is, however, avoided and the possibility of more general predictions is established.
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  • 8
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 107-107 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 109-128 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The general Theory of Categories is applied to the study of the (M, R)-systems previously defined. A set of axioms is provided which characterize “abstract (M, R)-systems”, defined in terms of the Theory of Categories. It is shown that the replication of the repair components of these systems may be accounted for in a natural way within this framework, thereby obviating the need for anad hoc postulation of a replication mechanism. A time-lag structure is introduced into these abstract (M, R)-systems. In order to apply this structure to a discussion of the “morphology” of these systems, it is necessary to make certain assumptions which relate the morphology to the time lags. By so doing, a system of abstract biology is in effect constructed. In particular, a formulation of a general Principle of Optimal Design is proposed for these systems. It is shown under what conditions the repair mechanism of the system will be localized into a spherical region, suggestive of the nuclear arrangements in cells. The possibility of placing an abstract (M, R)-system into optimal form in more than one way is then investigated, and a necessary and sufficient condition for this occurrence is obtained. Some further implications of the above assumptions are then discussed.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 141-151 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The transient stage of the random dispersal of logistic populations is investigated, using a Sturm-Liouville series leading to an infinite system of non-linear integral equations. These equations are then solved via a successive approximation scheme. R. A. Fisher's (steady-state) velocity of advance paradox is discussed. An illustrative example is worked to the second order of approximation.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 153-159 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract An approximation method using a sine function is used to solve the second degree growth equation for the case in which an organism may simultaneously become dispersed throughout a uniform region. The resulting expression for a special case is compared with the expression obtained by R. Barakat (1959,Bull. Math. Biophysics,21, 141–51), giving the first two terms, by an iterative, procedure. The agreement is satisfactory.
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  • 12
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 129-140 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Diffusion through a flat pore into a large open region is proportional to the linear dimension of the pore and not to its area. This was first explained by Brown and Escombe (1900) for a circular pore and is here generalized, by means of a dimensional argument, to include any type of regular opening. The problem is further generalized to include diffusion through pores of finite thickness, finite distance apart, and into finite regions. Since this problem cannot be solved exactly, an approximation method is introduced. Reasons for the credibility of the approximation are presented. It is then shown, by means of the approximation method, that the diffusive flow through a pore is equal to the total concentration difference divided by the resistance of the system. The resistance, in turn, is the sum of the resistances of all portions of the system, each of which is calculated. The result is compared with results which have been calculated exactly for limiting cases and found to agree very well. The results are then applied to a standard method of computing pore size in membranes, and it is shown that the correction factor is negligible.
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  • 13
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 161-183 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract V. S. Ivlev [Experimental Ecology of Nutrition of Fishes, 1955, Moscow (in Russia)] has shown that the food uptake by fishes during a fixed interval of time is an exponential function of the concentration of food. Ivlev's equation is derived here, and it is shown that it can hold only for non-stationary conditions, such as prevailed in Ivlev's experiments. For a stationary state, the rate of food uptake should tend asymptotically to a limiting value as the concentration increases, but the variation is not exponential. Different other aspects of the problem are investigated, and definite new experimental procedures suggested. The implications of Ivlev's findings on the effect of non-uniformity of food distribution upon the rate of food consumption are studied from a mathematical point of view. The conclusion is reached that whereas a fish does not, in the process of eating, move directly to an individual food particle which it perceives, it does move more or less directly to large aggregates of particles, if the latter are distributed nonuniformly.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 185-193 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Some relational aspects of the property of self-reproduction of biological systems are studied. If in addition to the requirement of the property of self-reproduction we add also the requirement of adaptability of the organism to changing environment, this imposes certain conditions on the topology of the graphs which represent such systems. A further study of the relational properties of such systems seems to offer the possibility of deriving the principle of biological mapping from the requirement of self-reproduction and adaptability. An examination of the problem of the original formation of such self-reproducing systems in connection with the established fact of impossibility of spontaneous generation leads to the conclusion that an organism must inhibit such processes which, in the absence of organisms, would lead to spontaneous generation.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 195-216 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In the human, the antagonistic, extensor-flexor system of the leg is an example of a common type of neurophysiological feedback system. After a brief introduction to the neuroanatomy and physiology of this feedback system, the paper formulates transfer functions from temporal response data available in the literature. A feedback stability analysis, based on the extension of Nyquist's stability criteria to multiple-loop systems and utilizing flow-graph techniques, demonstrates the stable behavior of the system. Expressions are given relating the sensitivity of the system to variations in muscle response and Golgi tendon organ (tension receptor) response. By considering the events taking place at synapses and end-plates during “isometric tension-small knee angle excursion” conditions as stationary stochastic processes, an external “noise” input to the system is given, whose spectrum is derived from the statistics of a shot-process representation of these events. The paper concludes with some correlations between the analytical results and clinical syndromes.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 217-255 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this continuation of a previous report it is shown how the Volterra population dynamics, which underlies the statistical theory, can be based on a variational principle; how the dynamics can be generalized as regards both the behavior of total populations and migration phenomena; and how many directly observable data, such as amplitudes and frequencies of oscillation of a population, fit into the statistical theory and can test it. Such a test is carried out in some detail using the fox-catch data of Elton, with a clear indication that the theory is capable of comprehending the major statistical properties of population-time curves. A final section sketches an extension of the theory to cover secular variations of external conditions such as temperature of the environment.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 13-17 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper extends Leslie's vector and matrix treatment of populations. A simple matrix is given for species in which adult mortality and fertility are independent of age, but in which the juvenile mortality rate differs from the adult. The population vector can be changed into a population matrix. This should allow equations using functions of the size of the population to be developed. Genetic variables such as sex or other polymorphisms can be introduced, and the notation allows different systems of selection or non-random mating to be specified.
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    Helgoland marine research 6 (1959), S. 239-240 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
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    Topics: Biology
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    Helgoland marine research 7 (1959), S. 3-50 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
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    Helgoland marine research 6 (1959), S. 241-259 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This preliminary communication deals with the development of the herring otolith mainly during the first year of life. The material was collected in 1957 and 1958 within the German Bight. It mainly consists of the offspring of summer/autumn spawning Bank herring. The different developmental stages of otoliths of O-group herrings are shown in fig. 3. The typical outline of the herring otolith is reached at about 90 mms of total length. The otolith length (largest diameter) was determined from photographs. The allometry of the otolith growth to body size shows four main different phases: 1. The larval stage up to metamorphosis, 2. the growth during and immediately after metamorphosis, 3. a disturbance at about 80–90 mms of total length and 4. after that a growth similar to that of the larval stage (fig. 4). These conditions are about the same as in the relation of head to body length (fig. 5). Therefore the relation between head and otolith remains constant in the main. Only one significant break of the curve was found: Up to metamorphosis the otolith grows negatively allometric. Afterwards isometry is nearly established (fig. 6). The measurements on size of the otolith centre were hampered by the lack of a sharp contour of the centre in many otoliths. A transition zone lying between the centre and the opaque ring and the structure of larval otoliths is described (fig. 7–8). There is no difference between the size of otolith centres just after they have been formed and about 1 year later (fig. 10). Back calculations and direct observations showed, that the formation of the first opaque ring starts in larvae of about 28–30 mms at the end of March. The first opaque zone of the herring otolith consists of a succession of opaque and hyaline rings. In some otoliths it is not possible to come to a decision wether the broad zone of semi-opaque or hyaline elements following the first strong opaque ring has not to be reckoned as secondary ring meaning a part of the summer zone followed by a further opaque zone in late summer or rather as first ”winter ring“. Further investigations are planned on otoliths of different origin and on the growth pattern of young herring in the German Bight.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Etwa 1000 Heringslarven und Jungheringe aus den Fängen der Jahre 1957 und 1958 wurden untersucht. Die Proben bestanden in erster Linie aus den Abkömmlingen der im Sommer/Herbst laichenden Bankheringe der mittleren und nördlichen Nordsee. Downslarven und -jungheringe spielten daneben nur eine geringe Rolle. Die Ausmessung des Otolithen und seines Zentralfeldes erfolgte auf Grund von Photographien. Die Ausformung des Otolithen wird anhand von Umrißzeichnungen beschrieben (Abb. 3). In den Abb. 4–6 sind die Allometrieverhältnisse Otolithenlänge : Totallänge, Kopflänge : Totallänge und Otolithenlänge : Kopflänge dargestellt. Die Allometrieverhältnisse von Kopf und Otolith zur Körperlänge ändern sich während des ersten Lebensjahres erheblich. Otolith und Kopf wachsen dagegen nach der Metamorphose annähernd isometrisch zueinander. Die Ausmessung des Zentralfeldes stößt infolge seiner oft unscharfen Begrenzung auf erhebliche Schwierigkeiten. Bei vielen Otolithen liegt zwischen dem eigentlichen Zentralfeld und der ersten opaken Zone eine semi-opake Übergangszone. Die Strukturen der Otolithen von Heringslarven werden kurz beschrieben. Nach Abschluß der Zentralfeldbildung scheint sich die Größe des Zentralfeldes — zumindest während der ersten beiden Lebensjahre — nicht zu verändern (Abb. 10). Längen-Rückenberechnungen an Zentralfeldern und direkte Beobachtungen ergaben, daß die Larven des Bankherings Ende März in der Deutschen Bucht mit der Bildung des ersten opaken Sommerringes beginnen. Der erste opake Ring des Heringsotolithen besteht wie bei anderen Fischen aus einer Aufeinanderfolge von Zonen unterschiedlicher Transparenz. Im Frühjahr werden sehr kräftige opake Strukturen angelegt, denen später transparentere folgen. Für manche Otolithen — besonders bei Jungheringen, die im August im Küstenwasser gefangen worden waren — war es nicht zu entscheiden, ob die diffuse hyaline Zone, die bereits im Sommer angelegt wird, als Sekundärring oder als erster „Winterring“ bewertet werden muß. Weitere Untersuchungen über die Struktur der Otolithen von Heringen verschiedener Herkunft und über das Wachstum der Jungheringe der Deutschen Bucht sind in Vorbereitung.
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  • 21
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    Helgoland marine research 6 (1959), S. 229-238 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Codiolum polyrhizum Lagerh. ist der einzellige Sporophyt im Lebenszyklus einer Art, deren Gametophyt bisher nur aus Kulturen bekannt ist. Dieser bildet auf Muschelschalen kleine Zellscheiben, die in der Mitte mehrschichtig werden. Nicht am Substrat angeheftet wächst er zu unregelmäßigen parenchymatischen Zellhaufen heran, die bei der Fertilisierung vollständig in Gametangien umgewandelt werden. Der Gametophyt ist monözisch, die Kopulation schwach anisogam. Die Alge ist in eine neu aufzustellende Familie der Ulotrichales einzugliedern. Auf die notwendigen Berichtigungen in der Nomenklatur wird hingewiesen.
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    Acta biotheoretica 13 (1959), S. 131-144 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis 1. The rôle of mathematical models in growth studies is discussed and a distinction made between the structural and descriptive aspects of a mathematical formulation. 2. A simple scheme is set up to represent in broad outline the simultaneous growth and interaction of larval and adult systems inMyrmica rubra and is matched against observed results.
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    Acta biotheoretica 13 (1959), S. 115-130 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On avance la théorie qu'il y a eu une évolution des mécanismes évolutionnaires depuis les stades primitifs jusqu'aux stades avancés. D'après cette théorie les premières étapes dans l'évolution des Métazoaires inférieurs se sont effectuées par la reproduction asexuelle avant que les mecanismes sexuels très spécialisés se soient manifestés. Des preuves à l'appui de cette théorie découlent: 1) de la rencontre actuelle d'une reproduction asexuelle chez des animaux, avec l'indication que sa simplicité est, dans la plupart des cas, originelle, et 2) des cycles d'évolution des Coelentérés et Platyhelminthes qui sont métagénésiques. Leurs cycles peuvent s'interpréter comme partant de stades reproductifs asexuels pour évoluer vers des formes se reproduisant sexuellement. On croit que les organismes ne pouvant se reproduire que sexuellement sont plus avancés que ceux qui peuvent se reproduire asexuellement, ou à la fois sexuellement et asexuellement. Cette théorie a d'importantes implications pour l'étude de la métagenèse, de la récapitulation et de la phylogénie chez les Métazoaires inférieurs; elle exemplifie, dans l'étude de ces phénomènes, la nouvelle orientation qu'on a appelée Prophylogénie.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird eine Theorie entwickelt, die besagt, dass eine Fortentwicklung der Evolutionsmechanismen von primitiven zu fortgeschrittenen Stufen besteht. Dieser Theorie nach haben sich die niedrigeren Metazoen ursprünglich nur ungeschlechtlich entwickelt und fortgepflanzt. Erst später haben sich die höchst spezialisierten geschlechtlichen Mechanismen entwickelt. Belege für diese Theorie sind: (1) Noch heute kommt die geschlechtslose Fortpflanzung in Tieren vor, was dafür spricht, dass ihre Einfachheit in den meisten Fällen ursprünglich ist. (2) Die Lebenskreisläufe der Metagenetischen Coelenteraten und Platyhelminthen lassen sich interpretieren als bestehend aus ursprünglich ungeschlechtlichen Fortpflanzungsstufen, die jedoch später in Formen mit geschlechtlicher Fortpflanzung übergehen. Es wird behauptet, dass Organismen mit nur geschlechtlicher Fortpflanzung weiter fortgeschritten sind als solche mit nur ungeschlechtlicher oder mit sowohl ungeschlechtlicher als auch geschlechtlicher Fortpflanzung. Diese Theorie ist wichtig für das Studium der Metagenese, Rekapitulation und Phylogenie in den niedrigen Metazoen und veranschaulicht die Prophylogenie, d.h. die neue Methode im Studium dieser Erscheinungen.
    Notes: Summary 1. It is desirable that the antecedents of existing, highly specialised, evolutionary mechanisms in animals be sought. 2. The study of the lower Metazoa and especially of their simpler reproductive processes suggests that asexual reproduction is the primitive evolutionary mechanism from which the more advanced sexual mechanisms have evolved. 3. A study of the metagenetic cycles of Coelenterata and Platyhelminthes seems to throw much light upon their prophylogeny and indicates that: (a) Such cycles seem to provide the closest possible recapitulatory parallelism between phylogeny and ontogeny. (b) The Hydrozoa are ancestral to the other classes of Coelenterata. (c) The polypoid adult is more primitive than the medusoid adult. (d) The sporocysts, rediae and scolices represent the more primitive types of adults in their respective ontogenies and phylogenies.
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    Acta biotheoretica 13 (1959), S. 47-86 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Life is considered as a functional whole, but not in the holistic sense of the word, because of an essentially different interpretation of the role of the individual element in the evolution of the functional system at various levels of the organisation of the life. This paper contains the following chapters: a) introduction, b) the unity of the life, c) the main questions of the theory of evolution, d) some regularities of organic evolution, and e) the general laws of organic evolution. The following general laws, referring to the immediate causes, mechanisms and tendences of evolution are formulated. 1) the law of mutation (in the widest sense,i.e. any change of the hereditary substance), 2) the law of selection (in the widest sense), 3) the law of functional differentiation, 4) the law of coordination of the differentiating functions, 5) the law of integration of the functional systems, 6) the law of functional perfection of the life, 7) the law of acceleration of the evolution. All this laws form together an internally coherent system, which may be considered as the unitary law of evolution.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Auf Grund aller oben erörterten Betrachtungen und Tatsachen können wir jetzt die folgenden allgemeinen Gesetze der organischen Evolution erwähnen, die bzw. sich an die unmittelbaren Ursachen, Mechanismen und Tendenzen der Evolution beziehen: 1. Unmittelbare Ursachen: a) das Gesetz der Mutation; 2. Mechanismen: b) das Gesetz der natürlichen Auswahl (in breiterem Sinne): 3. Tendenzen: c) das Gesetz der funktionellen Differenzierung; d) das Gesetz der Koordinierung der sich differenzierenden Funktionen; e) das Gesetz der Integrierung der funktionellen Systemen; f) das Gesetz der funktionellen Verbesserung des Lebens; g) das Gesetz der Beschleunigung der Evolution. Alle diese Gesetze bilden zusammen ein einheitliches Ganzes und sind eher als Teilaus drücke eines einzelnen allgemeinen Gesetzes der organischen Evolution aufzufassen. Ob der Verfasser eine richtige Interpretation der Tatsachen gefunden hat, darüber darf man diskutieren; — das ist nur die Fragestellung. Das Problem selbst ist sowohl theoretisch wie auch praktisch sehr wichtig, so dass wir kein menschliches Recht haben um seine Lösung den künftigen Generationen zu überlassen.
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    Acta biotheoretica 13 (1959), S. 107-114 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this paper two widely held ideas are criticized: (1) that chromosomal genes are the fundamental units of biological machinery and (2) that organisms have arisen from assemblies of “free” genes. Instead it is suggested that (3) the information encoded in the chromosomes may better be compared with the instructions contained in a textbook or leaflet, an that (4) basic cell activities may have preceded the instructions dealing with them in the same way in which human skills have preceded any texts dealing with them. This analogy is elaborated in certain details and some of its limitations are shown.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit ist eine Kritik zweier weitverbreiteter Ideen, nämlich dass (1) die Gene in den Chromosomen die fundamentalen Bestandteile der biologischen Maschinerie sind und (2) dass die Organismen von Aggregaten „freier“ Gene abstammen. Statt dessen wird vorgeschlagen, dass (3) die in den Chromosomen kodifizierte Information eher mit den Instruktionen eines Lehrbuchs oder einer Gebrauchsanweisung vergleichbar ist und dass (4) die grundlegenden Zellaktivitäten früheren Ursprungs sein dürften, als die Instruktionen zu ihrer Ausführung, etwa in der Weise in der menschliche Fertigkeiten gedruckten Anweisungen zu ihrer Ausführung vorausgegangen sind. Verschiedene Einzelheiten dieser Analogie werden verfolgt und einige ihrer Grenzen aufgezeigt.
    Notes: Résumé Cette étude critique deux notions très répandues: 1° que les genes chromosomes forment les unités fondamentales du mécanisme biologique: 2° que les organismes sont des conséquences d'ensembles de genes ‘libres’. Il est suggéré que 3° l'information codée dans les chromosomes est plutôt comparable aux indications données par un livret d'instructions et que 4° des actions fondamentales des cellules ont pu précéder les instructions qui les concernent de même façon que les techniques humaines ont précédé des textes qui les analysent. Cette analogie est élaborée en certains détails et quelquesunes de ses limitations sont demonstrées.
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    Acta biotheoretica 13 (1959), S. 87-106 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Verfasser bespricht das Kriterium der biologischen Superiorität (der biologischen Vollkommenheit); er sieht dieses Kriterium in dem Mass, in dem ein Lebewesen fähig ist die Umwelt zu erforschen und auszunützen, d.h. sich die nötigen inneren Bedingungen an Hand der äusseren Bedingungen zu schaffen. Das Wachsen dieser Fähigkeit ist mit dem allmählichen Erlangen einer relativen Unabhängigkeit der Lebewesen der Umwelt gegenüber, durch die Entwicklung der Homöostasie, verbunden. Damit die Reaktionen der Lebewesen auf die Umweltsfaktoren möglichst wirksam sind, ist eine grösstmögliche Genauigkeit der Funktionen erforderlich. Diese Genauigkeit (analytische Fähigkeit) ist dimensionell (räumlich und zeitlich) und quantitativ (stärkemässig). Der Verfasser bespricht ausführlich nur den dimensionellen Genauigkeitsaspekt der Funktionen, da er diesen als das eigentliche Mass der morpho-physiologischen Evolution betrachtet. Er zeigt, dass zwischen der räumlich-morphologischen und der zeitlichphysiologischen Seite dieser Evolution nicht nur ein Parallelismus besteht, sondern auch eine Wesensanalogie: beide Aspekte der Evolution bedeuten eine Steigerung der Komplexität, eine Verkleinerung der relativen Dimensionen der zusammensetzenden Elemente; vom physiologischen Standpunkte aus, bedeutet dieses eine Geschwindigkeitssteigerung der Vorgänge. In dieser Geschwindigkeitssteigerung, die in der phylogenetischen Reihe vor allem auf dem Gebiete der „animalische“ Funktionen festgestellt wurde, sieht der Verfasser den physiologischen Aspekt der Tierweltevolution. Dann wird das Problem der relativen Dimensionen besprochen: der „eigenen Zeit“ und des „eigenen Raumes“. Abschliessend, zeigt der Verfasser, dass die vergleichenden morphologischen Studien nicht genügen um den Gang der Evolution, den biologischen Fortschritt, zu klären. Die Evolution hat auch seinen physiologischen Aspekt, der genau so wichtig ist wie der morphologische. Nur das gleichzeitige Studium beider Aspekte (die heute noch sehr ungleich bekannt sind) wird eine genaue, quantitative Erforschung der Evolution ermöglichen.
    Abstract: Summary The author discusses the criterion of the biological superiority (perfection); he sees this criterion in the measure in which a being is able to explore and to make use of its environment, that means to create for itself the necessary internal conditions on account of the external ones. The increase of this capacity is dependent of a gradual gaining of a relative independence of the beings towards the environment, by the development of homoiostasy. In order that the reactions towards the factors of the environment shall be more efficatious, a greater precision of the functions is necessary. This precision (analytical capacity) is dimensional (spatial and temporal) and quantitative (of intensity). The author discusses in detail only the aspect of the dimensional precision of the functions, meaning that this is the real measure of the morpho-physiological evolution. He shows that between the spatial-morphological aspect of this evolution and the temporal-physiological one there is not only a parallelism, but an analogy of nature: under the two aspects evolution means an increase of complexity, a reduction of relative dimensions of component elements; under physiological aspect this means an increase of the speed of processes. In this increase of speed (evidentiated in the phyletic series of animals particularly in the functions of reception and reaction) the author views the physiological aspect of the evolution of the animal kingdom. Than the problem of relative dimensions is discussed: of the “own time” and “own space”. In conclusion the author shows that comparative morphological studies are not sufficient to elucidate the way of evolution, the biological progress. Evolution also has a physiological aspect, as important as the morphological one. Only the concomitent study of both aspects (very inequally known to-day) will permit a precise, quantitative research on evolution.
    Notes: Résumé L'auteur discute le critérium de la supériorité (de la perfection) biologique. Il voit ce critérium dans la mesure, dans laquelle un être vivant est capable d'explorer et d'exploiter le milieu; c'est-à-dire la capacité de se créer les conditions internes nécessaires, les conditions externes étant données. Cette capacité devient plus grande au fur et à mesure que les êtres gagnent une indépendence relative envers le mileu, par le développement de l'homéostasie. Pour pouvoir réagir d'une manière plus efficace envers les facteurs du milieu, il est nécessaire que les fonctions de l'organisme soient plus précises. Cette précision (capacité analytique) est dimensionnelle (spaciale et temporelle) et quantitative (d'intensité). L'auteur discute en détail seulement l'aspect de la précision dimensionnelle des fonctions, considérant celle-ci comme la mesure proprement dite de l'évolution morpho-physiologique. Il montre, que le coté spacial-morphologique et celui temporel-physiologique de cette évolution sont non seulement parallèles, mais encore analogues selon leur nature: sous les deux aspects, l'évolution signifie une augmentation de la complexité, une réduction des dimensions relatives des éléments composants; sous l'aspect physiologique, cela veut dire une augmentation de la vitesse des processus. Dans cette augmentation des vitesses (mise en évidence dans la série phylétique des animaux surtout en ce qui concerne les fonctions de relation) voit l'auteur l'aspect physiologique de l'évolution du monde animal. On discute ensuite le problème des dimensions relatives: du „temps propre“ et de l'„espace propre“. En conclusion, l'auteur montre l'insuffisance des études comparatives morphologiques pour élucider la marche de l'évolution, le progrès biologique. L'évolution a de même un aspect physiologique, aussi important que celui morphologique. Seulement l'étude combinée des deux aspects (aujourd'hui très inégalement connus) permettra les recherches précises, quantitatives sur l'évolution.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 2 (1959), S. 100-109 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der günstigste Termin einer Behandlung der Raupen des Eichenwicklers (Tortrix viridana L.) mit Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner wurde durch acht aufeinanderfolgende Versuche ermittelt. Im Moment des Ausschlüpfens der Eier in der Natur wurden Zweige, deren Knospen noch nicht aufgebrochen waren, abgeschnitten. Die Wirkung der an diesen Zweigen in drei verschiedenen Konzentrationen durchgeführten Spritzbehandlungen wurden nicht in Prozenten der Sterblichkeit, sondern durch Vergleich der Populationen der behandelten und der unbehandelten Zweige ermittelt. Diese Kontrolle wurde ungefähr 10 Tage nach der Behandlung durchgeführt. Auf dem gleichen Baum wurden in Zeitintervallen von 2–3 Tagen sieben weitere Versuche unter identischen Bedingungen durchgeführt. Die Wirksamkeit wurde in einer Kurve dargestellt, welche den direkten Zusammenhang mit dem jeweiligen Knospenstadium erkennen läßt. Um dieses Stadium festzuhalten, wurde bei jedem Versuch ein Photo der Versuchszweige gemacht. Die Kontrolle verschiedener Zweige desselben Baumes am Tage der Behandlung gestattete, das Stadium der in den Knospen und eingerollten Blättern gefundenen Insekten zu bestimmen. Eine Behandlung zu Beginn der Schlüpfzeit bleibt beinahe ohne jede Wirkung (Versuch I). Die Behandlung während der kurzen Periode, während der sich die jungen Raupen im Inneren der Knospen aufhalten, zeigte ebenfalls keine genügende Wirkung (Versuch IV). Eine stärkere Verminderung der Population konnte jedoch festgestellt werden, wenn die Behandlung während der kurzen Periode des massiven Ausschlüpfens durchgeführt wurde (Versuch III). Der günstigste Termin für die Behandlung beginnt mit dem Aufbrechen der Knospen (Fig. 3V) und dauert an, bis die Blätter sich gänzlich entfaltet haben (Versuch VI). Sobald die Blätter vollständig entwickelt waren, wurden nur noch mit den höchsten Konzentrationen gute Resultate erzielt (Versuch VIII). Die Resultate dieser Versuche, die auf einem bestimmten Baume durchgeführt wurden, sind nur von orientierendem Charakter. Um Versuche im Freiland planmäßig durchzuführen, muß der ungleichen Entwicklung der Eichen und der Koinzidenz zwischen Eiche und Wickler Rechnung getragen werden, außerdem muß die Schädlichkeitsschwelle des Eichenwicklers bekannt sein.
    Notes: Résumé Une pulvérisation avec une préparation à base de Bacillus thuringiensis contre Tortrix viridana, effectuée au début de l'éclosion des oeufs reste pratiquement sans efficacité (test I). Une diminution sensible de la population larvaire est obtenue par une traitement au moment où la pénétration des chenilles néonates coïncide avec les stades réceptifs des bourgeons (test III). Quand les chenilles L 1 se trouvent à l'intérieur des bourgeons la réduction du niveau de population est nettement insuffisante. Les stades phénologiques du chêne correspondant au débourrement des bourgeons (V et VI) et qui concordent avec une population de jeunes chenilles, paraissent représenter la période la plus vulnérable à l'intervention microbienne. Cette période est de plus longue durée aux concentrations les plus élevées.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 2 (1959), S. 169-170 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei Untersuchungen von Maiskrankheiten in Mexiko (1955) erzeugten Larven der Maiszwergzikade, Dalbulus elimatus DeL. & W., an Maishybriden der Sorte Golden Bantam auf den Blättern Aderanschwellungen, die Symptomen der Adernverdickung des Maises außerordentlich ähnelten. Diese ist bisher nur in Australien bekannt und wird von Cicadulina bimaculata Evans (auch transovarial!) übertragen, ist jedoch virologisch noch nicht näher analysiert. Die Symptome wurden jedoch nicht systemisch, ließen sich weder von D. elimatus noch von der verwandten D. maidis DeL. & W. weiter übertragen und verschwanden nach einiger Zeit wieder völlig. Sie beruhen vermutlich eher auf einem Insektentoxin als auf einem Virus.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 32-33 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The preparation of cysteamine-N-acetic acid, a new X-ray protecting substance, is described and some pharmacological properties are given.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 35-36 
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    Notes: Résumé L'acideγ-amino-butyrique et laβ-alanine reproduisent l'action du transmetteur inhibiteur du système neuromusculaire de l'écrevisse. Ces deux acids aminés diminuent la contraction musculaire. L'acideγ-amino-butyrique réduit la différence de potentiel et augmente sa décomposition. L'action de ces acides aminés est bloquée par la picrotoxine comme l'est celle du transmetteur inhibiteur.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 375-376 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ultraschall-Behandlung der in Ketten gewachsenen aeroben Bazillen spaltet vorerst die Querwände des Zellverbandes, wodurch in 60 s intakte, monozellulare Formen entstehen. Die « vegetative » Zellwand wird erst nach einigen Minuten geschädigt; sie wird dann je nach Spezies in 20–60 min mehr oder weniger aufgelöst, wobei die Kapsel weder bei der Mickle- noch bei der Überschallbehandlung nennenswerte Schutzwirkung entfaltet. Die von den vegetativen Zellresten befreiten, bakteriellen Endosporen bleiben bei der Ultraschall-Behandlung, im Gegensatz zur Mickle-Behandlung, selbst nach 2 h intakt; ihr Exosporium wird aber nach etwa 1 h aufgelöst. Diese Beobachtung ermöglicht die Isolierung des Exosporiums und das serologische und chemische Studium dieser bisher nicht klar definierten Sporensubstanz. Durch alternierende Behandlung: Ultraschall-Mickle-Ultraschall kann auch die Sporenwand, frei vom Exosporium, in Lösung gebracht werden.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 28-29 
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    Notes: Summary In guinea-pig liver, G.T.P. and α-ketoglutarate both activate enzyme systems of fatty acid oxidation in the same way, and both act independently of A.T.P.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 31-31 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Aktivität der Histidindekarboxylase in einem Mastozytom beim Hund wurdein vitro untersucht. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die Ansicht, dass Mastzellen nicht nur Histamin speichern, sondern es auch bilden können.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 33-34 
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    Notes: Riassunto L'acido difenililetilacetico antagonizza, nel fegato perfuso di coniglio, l'aumento di incorporazione dell'acetato-1-C14, nel colesterolo enegli acidi grassi, indotto dal Triton.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 36-38 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit der Bielschowsky-Gros-Methode wurden bei Katzen Nervenfasern untersucht, die vom Infundibulum in die Pars tuberalis ziehen. Die Befunde an normalen Tieren und an einer Katze mit einer Hypothalamus-Läsion zeigen, dass eine beachtliche Zahl hypothalamischer Fasern in verschiedene Teile der Pars tuberalis, sowie in das Gewebe der Pia und der Arachnoidea übergehen. Bei der operierten Katze wurde das Degenerationsbild der in den dorsalen Teil der Pars tuberalis ziehenden Hypothalamus-Fasern beschrieben.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 373-375 
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    Notes: Summary Dissolved in an apolar solvent (CCl4), lecithin, also when shaken with water, is present in an inactive form of low water content. Certain liposoluble substances hydratize the lipid phase and consequently the lecithin dissolved therein, converting it into the active form. The importance of lecithin for cellwallpermeability and for conduction of nerve impulses is discussed.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 375-375 
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    Notes: Summary A new method for the chromatographic separation of phenolic derivatives on sulphonated polysterene resins is reported.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 419-420 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Chromosomenzahl und der Karyotypus vonPolygonatum verticillatum Allioni (2n = 30, 64) undP. cirrifolium Royle (2n = 38), die im Himalaya vorkommen, wurden mit früher untersuchten europäischen Formen verglichen. Die beobachteten Unterschiede lassen sich durch die Annahme erklären, dass die europäischen Formen aus den Himalaya-Formen durch den Vorgang der Chromosomenverminderung und Veränderungen des Karyotypus hervorgingen.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 445-446 
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    Notes: Résumé Il existe un rapport étroit entre le poids spécifique et la teneur en matières grasses du foie. On peut le démontrer en utilisant des animaux empoisonnés avec du tétrachlorure de carbone.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 449-455 
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    Notes: Summary It has been found that, by addition of a certain amount of glycerol, it is possible to store living animal tissues in the frozen state over very long periods of time. The cooling velocity, the temperature of storage and the rate of thawing are important factors. Under the optimal conditions, experiments done on the heart of the chick embryo have shown that complete recovery of the normal physiological activities can be achieved after freezing in liquid nitrogen.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 387-388 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Vorkommen vonn-Nona-,n-Hepta-,n-Penta- undn-Tridekansäure in Menhaden-Öl wird papierchromatographisch bewiesen. Die Säuren werden nach Hydrierung oder Oxydation geeigneter Fraktionen mit Hilfe der Säulenchromatographie isoliert, eine Trennung, die auf der Verteilung der Methylester zwischen Silikon-Öl und wässerigem Acetonitril beruht. Es werden die Anteile der gerad- und ungeradzahligen Säuren des Menhaden-Öles verglichen.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 391-392 
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    Notes: Résumé Durant la présence de l'œdème, provoqué par le dextran, l'endothélium capillaire perd, partout dans la peau du rat, la capacité de devenir adhésif après un stimulus. Ce comportement réfractaire des cellules endothéliales est reversible. Pendant la même période, la disparition de l'encre de Chine injectée dans le sang est considérablement retardée.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 394-396 
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    Notes: Summary By an artificial stenosis of the abdominal aorta, hypertrophy of the left heart is produced. Different degrees of narrowing of the aorta lead to different degrees of heart hypertrophy. After a starvation of 24 h, the glycogen content of the heart that is in a hypertrophic condition is higher than in normal hearts.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 396-397 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch vitale bzw. supravitale Behandlung mit Pb(NO3)2 werden die subneuralen Apparate der quergestreiften Muskeln sowie die synaptischen Strukturen der vegetativen Ganglien dargestellt. Die Frage wird diskutiert, ob das bleireaktive Material mit den Sulfhydrylsubstanzen bzw. mit der Cholinesterase identisch sci.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 415-417 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Stark cytolytisch wirkende Urea-Desoxycholatlösung zertört die biologische Aktivität des Poliovirus (Typ I, Mahoney-Stamm)nicht; somit ist dieses Mittel zur Freisetzung infektiösen Materials aus latent oder manifest infizierten Zellkulturen sehr geeignet.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 412-413 
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    Notes: Summary Condensation of benzil with two monosubstituted guanidines in the presence of 50 mol% of potassium hydroxide leads to the formation of 2-(subst. imino)-4, 4-diphenyl-imidazolidin-5-ones (Ia, b); by reduction of the potassium hydroxide used the formation of these products is more or less driven back in favour of the formation of 3-substituted 5, 5-diphenyl-glycocyamidines (Ic, d). A possible explanation for these orientation phenomena is given.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 413-414 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Nukleinsäure des Tabakmosaikvirus kann in zwei Formen vorliegen. In salzfreiem Milieu sind sämtliche Aminogruppen frei und reagieren mit Formaldehyd, während in Gegenwart von Mg++ nur etwa 35% reaktionsfähig bleiben. Diese Veränderung, die parallel mit dem hypochromen Effekt einhergeht, deutet darauf hin, dass unter dem Einfluss von Mg++ die Basen gegenseitige Beziehungen eingehen und dadurch dem Molekül eine geordnete räumliche Konfiguration geben.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 56-57 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Lösungen oder Suspensionen von Äthylendiamintetraacetatdinatrium (EDTA-Na2) erzeugen an der Applikationsstelle Ödeme, welche wahrscheinlich der Bindung von Kalzium in der interendothelialen Zementsubstanz der Kapillaren zuzuschreiben sind.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 61-62 
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    Notes: Résumé Après une seule injection d'un vaccin brucellique on trouve chez les femmes atteintes d'éclampsie une production d'anticorps incomplets significativement plus élevée que chez les femmes dont la grossesse a été normale.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 428-429 
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    Notes: Summary A single injection of harmaline increases the noradrenaline and adrenaline concentration in the rat heart. The maximum effect is obtained after about 40 min.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 436-438 
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    Notes: Summary The oxydative desamination of amino acids in the liver of acute uremic rats is increased. Simultaneously the citric acid cycle in the liver of these rats is stimulated. It is suggested that the ketone-acids formed by the increased amino acid degradation are removed by the activated citric acid cycle.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 440-441 
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    Notes: Résumé Une façon simple de formuler le potentiel de repos de l'axone géant du Calmar est présentée. L'équation est fondée sur une démonstration antérieure prouvant que pendant l'excitation les cations importants forment une seule couche à la surface fonctionnelle du nerf. La formule est employée pour calculer la distribution du chlorure. Le résultat est en accord avec les valeurs expérimentales publiées.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 444-445 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Männliche, geschlechtsreife Wistar-Ratten wurden 44 Wochen lang mit isokalorischen Diäten gefüttert, die entweder einen erhöhten Fett- oder Kohlehydrat- bzw. Eiweissanteil enthielten. Zwischen den eine fettreiche und eine kohlehydratreiche Diät erhaltenden Tieren zeigten sich keine statistisch bedeutsamen Unterschiede in bezug auf ihre Gewichtszunahme und den Gesamtanteil des Körperfettes. Diejenigen Tiere, die eine Diät mit erhöhtem Kaseingehalt erhielten, nahmen in Übereinstimmung mit den Literaturangaben weniger an Gewicht zu und lagerten auch weniger Körperfett ab. Wie aus unseren Ergebnissen hervorgeht, muss ein hoher Fettanteil in der Diät von sich aus noch nicht zur Fettsucht bei Ratten führen.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 447-448 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der genetisch kontrollierte, hohe Geschmacksschwellenwert — Geschmacksblindheit — gegenüber Phenylthioharnstoff (PTC) und anderen bitteren, strukturell ähnlichen Anti-Schilddrüsensubstanzen, scheint durch die Qualität und Quantität des löslichen Speichel-Enzym-Systems Tyrosiniodinase bedingt zu sein. PTC-Geschmacksblinde sind «Alles-Esser», PTC-Schmecker hingegen weisen eine erhöhte kulinarische Selektivität auf. Diese Tatsache ist um so interessanter, als der Schwellenwert der beiden Gruppen gegenüber den klassischen Geschmacksqualitäten — süss, salzig, sauer und bitter — derselbe ist.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 457-458 
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    Notes: Riassunto Sono stati determinati 14 aminoacidi liberi nell'emolinfa: di cssi acido glutamico, glicina e prolina rappresentano insieme il 50% e più del contenuto totale. Le ninfe verdi contengono meno glicina e acido aspartico e più treonina e fenilalanina in confronto alle ninfe brune. Gli individui adulti mostrano in contenuto relativo di aminoacidi diverso dalle ninfe e fra i due sessi. Somministrazione di triptofano a ninfe brune non ha dato variazioni negli aminoacidi liberi, non aumento dell'aminoacido stesso, né presenza di prodotti del suo metabolismo nel sangue.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 460-461 
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    Notes: Summary A method of repeated development with use of different solvents on paper impregnated with formamid was used for the separation of certain steroids. Steroids of very different polarity as estrogens were well separated with one single chromatogram.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 465-467 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der extrahierte rote Augenfarbstoff vonDrosophila melanogaster zeigt papierchromatographisch ein Gemisch von 5 rot-orange fluoreszierenden Pterinen. Zwei von diesen bisher nicht beobachtete Stoffe treten im Puppenstadium noch nicht auf, sondern erst nach dem Ausschlüpfen der Fliegen.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 471-472 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Antigene Faktoren in der Kuhmilch, die mit antigenen Faktoren im Blutserum immunologisch identifiziert werden können, sind mit Hilfe von Immunoelektrophorese analysiert worden. Als Vergleich wurde Kuhblutserum verwendet. Dieses zeigt mit homologem Immunserum, dass es wenigstens 21 antigene Faktoren enthält. 10 bis 15 davon können mit Faktoren in der Milch serologisch identifiziert werden.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 122-123 
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    Notes: Summary Purified elastase prepared by adsorption on synthetic zeolite in proper concentrations causes the coagulation of blood. Elastase was found to have no direct coagulative action on purified fibrinogen. Its coagulating action is due to the fact that it reacts with prothrombin to form thrombin. The reaction between prothrombin and elastase is independent of the presence of either platelets, thromboplastin or Ca-ions.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 126-127 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Reduktion der Monobenzenoidverbindungen mit Alkalimetall und Alkoholen im flüssigen Ammoniak wird unter der Annahme diskutiert, dass die erste Stufe des Reaktionsmechanismus die Addition eines Elektrons darstellt. Dieser Mechanismus erklärt insbesondere die Orientierung der 1,4-Addition der Wasserstoffatome.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 131-133 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bohnenwurzeln (Vicia faba) wurden mit H3-Thymidin behandelt. Autoradiographien zeigen Aufnahmen von DNS in Zellkernen, welche keine Zellteilungen mehr durchmachen.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 138-139 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Phenothiazinabkömmlinge unterscheiden sich in ihrer Wirksamkeit als Hemmstoffe im oxydativen Glukosestoffwechsel in menschlichen Erythrozyten. Kombiniert man verschiedene Phenothiazinderivate, so erhält man einen mittleren Hemmungsgrad, der zwischen jenen liegt, die man bei Anwendung der einzelnen Wirkstoffe für sich allein erhalten würde. Somit erscheint es nicht wahrscheinlich, dass Hemmung des oxydativen Glukosestoffwechsels die prinzipielle Wirkungsweise der Phenothiazinabkömmlinge darstellt.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 133-134 
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    Notes: Summary The influence of thed,l-Methioninesulphoximine on the nitrogen metabolism of germinating seeds has been studied on peas. It has been shown thatd,l-Methioninesulphoximine, even at low concentrations, inhibited the germination of seeds and produced a decrease of growth of the roots. The inhibited germinating seeds contained less non-protein-nitrogen and less asparagine than the control plants. On the basis of the experimental results,d,l-Methioninesulphoximine could be considered as an inhibitor of proteolysis.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 139-140 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei der Extraktion von Zellkernen mit Hilfe verdünnter Salzsäure ändert sich die Zusammensetzung einzelner Extrakte in Abhängigkeit von der Konzentration der benutzten Säure. Die Fraktion des Kalbsthymushistons, die an Arginin und Tyrosin reich ist, scheint an die Desoxyribonukleinsäure des Zellkernes fester gebunden zu sein als die zweite, an Tyrosin arme und an Lysin reiche Fraktion.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 145-145 
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    Notes: Riassunto Il cuore diVenus mercenaria consuma glucosio durante incubazione in acqua di mare artificiale. L'assunzione di glucosio è accompagnata da una penetrazione di potassio nell'organo. Cuori pretrattati con uabaina diffondono potassio nel medium di incubazione. L'insulina non modifica né l'assunzione di glucosio e potassio dei cuori normali né la diffusione di potassio dai cuori digitalizzati.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 181-182 
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    Notes: Summary The course of bacteriolysis as determinated by the oxygen consumption of the bacteria is different during bacteriolysis produced by the phagesT 1,3,5,7 as compared with that produced by phagesT 2,4,6. With phagesT 1,3,5,7, the bacteriolysis occurs, rapidly, but incompletely after a latent period. With the phagesT 2,4,6 bacteriolysis occurs slowly and the course of the respiration shows a « plateau » but goes to completion. The biochemical mechanism of the bacteriolysis therefore seems to differ in both cases.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 184-185 
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    Notes: Résumé On peut se servir de tronçons de vrilles de concombre en voie de dévelopmentin vitro, pour déterminer d'après leurs réactions la présence d'acide gibberellique (GA). L'avantage de cette méthode réside dans le fait qu'on peut l'employer en la combinant avec la chromatographie sur papier et ainsi évaluer le GA dans l'extrait des plantes.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 185-186 
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    Notes: Summary Vobasine, a monomeric indole alkaloid of novel spectral type, and voacryptine, a monomeric 5-methoxyindole derivative, have been isolated from the bark ofVoacanga africana Stapf.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 186-188 
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    Notes: Résumé L'injection intrapéritonéale de la substanceP (60 à 120 U/kg) chez le rat provoque une augmentation marquée de 5-HT dans la paroi de l'estomac et dans l'iléon. Dans la rate de cet animal, on n'y observe pas d'augmentation de 5-HT. L'administration intraluminale de la substanceP (60–80 U) dans l'iléon isolé du cobaye, augmente aussi sensiblement la quantité de 5-HT.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 147-149 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus 8 Tage alten Hühnerembryonen wurden durch Verdauung der intrazellulären Matrix des differenzierten Knorpelgewebes dissoziierte Chondrozyten gewonnen. Diese Chondrozyten schlossen sich wieder zu Kolonien lose gepackter sphärischer Zellen zusammen. Durch Regeneration der interzellulären Matrix bildete sich in den Organkulturen solcher Reaggregate die ursprüngliche Knorpel-Architektur wieder aus.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 155-155 
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    Notes: Summary Using the phenol method described byGierer andSchramm, preparations of infective ribonucleic acid were prepared from tongue tissues of cattle infected with the virus of foot-and-mouth disease.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 158-159 
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    Notes: Summary Quantitative roentgen-histo-radiographic dry-weight determinations were made without a reference system. The results were compared to readings which had been obtained by the interference microscope. The readings from both methods correspond. The results show the range of error for both methods. It is remarkable that roentgenhisto-radiographic dry-weight determinations were made without using a reference system, once the dry-weight equivalent had been established.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 155-157 
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    Notes: Résumé La sécrétion lactée se produit dans les nodules alvéolaires hyperplastiques de la glande mammaire des souris femelles intactes de la souche C3H/He Crgi, à la suite de l'administration du cortisol et de l'œstradiol, mais non pas après l'emploi de l'œstrogène avec le progestérone. Lorsque l'hypophyse, l'ovaire et la glande surrénale ont été enlevés, les nodules montrent une sécrétion lactée sous l'effet du cortisol et de la mammotropine ou de la somatotropine et indiquent une sensibilité différentielle aux combinaisons hormonales lactogènes.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 178-179 
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    Notes: Summary The variability of the shell pattern ofTheodoxus (Werrapopulation) is reduced to three significant types, which are based on different processes of pigment formation of the mantle-edge. A change between the ‘synchronen Querstreifen’-pattern and the ‘phasenlängenkonstanten Längsstreifen’-pattern is described. This change can be achieved at any time on the growing shell by altering the ionic composition of the external medium, i.e. these two types of pattern are determined stage by stage in the successive parts of the shell.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 175-176 
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    Notes: Résumé La chute de pression sous l'influence des rayons X dans une poche de solution saline injectée dans la peau du rat (phénomène décrit parBrinkman etLamberts) se produit aussi en l'absence d'oxygène. L'action de certains radioprotecteurs, mise en évidence par cette technique, est donc également indépendante de l'oxygène.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 358-359 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe des optokinetischen Nystagmus und Elektronystagmographie kann man den Blendungseffekt auf das Sehvermögen bestimmen. Während der Blendung hören die optokinetischen Augenbewegungen auf. Der Effekt eines photographischen Blitzes (1/1000 s) und von schräg in das Auge fallendem Licht wurden studiert.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 340-342 
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    Notes: Résumé L'effet de l'administration de chlorure de cobalt chez le rat normal est une hyperglycémie prononcée dans l'espace de quelques heures après l'injection. Il n'est pas possible de déceler des changements dans les cellules α des îlots de Langerhans. Les noyaux des cellulesβ ne montrent qu'une diminution faible après 24 h de l'injection.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 345-346 
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    Notes: Summary The utilization of sulphate labelled with S35 to the synthesis of chondroitin sulphate of the cartilage of normal and scorbutic guinea pigs has been examined. The average incorporation of S35 in the costal cartilage in the deficient animal was about one half that of the normal.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 10-11 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Dopamin kommt im Gehirn aller untersuchten Säugetiere ausschliesslich im Corpus striatum vor. In andern Organen der untersuchten Tierarten ist der Dopamingehalt sehr gering, mit Ausnahme einzelner Organe bei Schafen und Kühen. Die Veränderung der Motorik von Versuchstieren durch Arzneimittel, welche den Dopamingehalt der Basalganglien beeinflussen, und die Lokalisation von Dopamin im Gehirn sprechen dafür, dass Dopamin für die Funktion der Basalganglien von Bedeutung ist.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 11-12 
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    Notes: Résumé La ponte deH. echinata est influencée par la lumière, qui est nécessaire pendant deux périodes: d'abord pendant la gamétogenèse et plus tard (après une période d'obscurité) pour déclencher la maturation finale et la ponte. L'effet de la lumière pendant la deuxième période ne suit pas la règle de Bunsen-Roscoe.H. echinata est comparée, en ce qui concerne l'action des divers facteurs, avecSpirocodon etH. epiconcha. La signification des ions de Ca et Mg est examinée.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 380-382 
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    Notes: Summary The complement-inhibiting action of some antiproteases (i.e. the inhibitors from pancreas, sojabeans, Phaseolus, potatoes, ovomucoid, and the effect of the IV. ethanol plasma fraction) has been observed. It was found that the antiproteases produced from sojabeans, pancreas, Phaseolus, and potatoes possess the inhibitory effect.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 388-389 
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    Notes: Riassunto Dall'ossidazione dell'acetato con cellule intatte di lievito, in presenza di un eccesso di fenilidrazina, è stato isolato l'osazone del gliossale, che rappresenta probabilmente l'aldeide glicolica. Si ritiene perciô che l'aldeide sia un intermedio dell'ossidazione dell'acetato a glicolato secondo la formulazione riportata nel testo.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 392-393 
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    Notes: Summary The oestrogenic activity of α-bromo-α,β-diphenyl-β-pentadeuteriophenylethylene is compared with that of the non-deuterated analogue, and found to be significantly lower. No sizeable difference was found between the two compounds as regards their preoestrus-inducing activity.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 399-400 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch Bewegungssehen ausgelöste Ohrmuschelbewegungen beim Kaninchen werden registriert. Die Ohrmuscheln werden dem Objekt zugewendet. Umgekehrt wie beim Menschen, wo akustische Reize eine gerichtete Blickwendung auszulösen vermögen, erfolgt hier auf visuellen Reiz hin eine gerichtete Ohrmuschelwendung.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 389-390 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Adrenalin-, Noradrenalin- und Histamingehalt wurde in verschiedenen Arterien normaler und pankreaektomierter Hunde bestimmt. Die Konzentration von Adrenalin nahm in den Gefässen der seit 27–55 Tagen diabetischen Tieren zu, die von Noradrenalin mässig ab. Der Histamingehalt blieb unverändert. Der Anteil von Adrenalin am gesamten Katecholamingehalt der Gefässe war 5–6% in normalen, 10–35% in diabetischen Hunden. Es wird auf die Möglichkeit hingewiesen, dass die beschriebenen Veränderungen mit den diabetischen Gefässleiden im Zusammenhang stehen.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 393-394 
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    Notes: Riassunto Si descrive un metodo per la determinazione del decametonio in piccole concentrazioni (2–20 γ/ml) impiegando il reattivo di Nessler. Si sono identificate le condizioni in cui la reazione torbidimetrica che si produce è strettamente specifica, e può quindi essere utilmente impiegata per il dosaggio di questo miorilassante nei liquidi biologici.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 397-399 
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    Notes: Summary In cats with chronically implanted electrodes, hippocampus and amygdala consistently showed spike discharges immediately after relatively low doses of total body x-irradiation (400 r) and reticular arousal thresholds were transitorily decreased. Thalamic recruiting thresholds increased later, while hippocampal seizure thresholds remained practically unaltered. Experiments with lower doses are in progress.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 406-406 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 401-406 
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    Notes: Abstract The emphasis placed on electron transfer in connection with oxidation reactions has often resulted in these processes being considered as a group apart from the main class of chemical reactions. Although some oxidations, for example certain exchange reactions between ions in solution, can be reasonably described as electron transfer processes, there are very many other oxidations, whose mechanisms are much better described in the familiar terms of modern organic chemistry. The use of isotopes as tracers has shown, that many oxidations proceed with transfer of atoms or groups from oxidant to reductant andvice versa; the use of the kinetic isotope effect has shown that such transfer is seldom an incidental process, but is almost always a part of the slow step of the reaction. In this paper, oxidations involving the transfer of such species as oxygen atoms, hydride ions, hydrogen atoms, chlorine atoms, and hydroxyl radicals are discussed in terms of mechanism. An attempt is made to show that a graded series of mechanisms is possible ranging from what appear to be pure electron transfer processes at one end to certain atom transfer processes at the other. The latter group belong, in fact, in the familiar realm of ordinary chemical raactions, in which strong bonds are being broken and formed in the activated complex.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 422-423 
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    Notes: Summary The ability ofA. niger to assimilate malonic acid, which we consider to be the way both of obtaining energy (citric acid cycle) and of synthesizing cell substances (glyoxylic acid cycle), is reduced by substitution. While methyl malonic acid is quickly assimilated and ethyl malonic acid more slowly propyl-, dimethyl-, and diethyl malonic acid cannot be used by already formed molds.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 426-427 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Operativ frisch entnommene menschliche Speicheldrüsen (Submaxillaris und Parotis) zeigen Cholinesteraseaktivität. Hauptsächlich werden spezifische Esterasen gefunden. Die Aktivität der männlichen Parotis ist höher als die der weiblichen. Letztere zeigt eine Aktivitätsabnahme mit zunehmendem Alter.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 384-385 
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    Notes: Riassunto La Metahexamide, N(3amino-4-metilbenzenesulfonil)N′-cicloesilurea, possiede nel ratto e nel coniglio un effetto ipoglicemizzante più narcato rispetto alp-tolilsulfanilbutilurea (D 860). Il nuovo farmaco si dimostra più attivo del D 860 nell'accelerare la scomparsa di glucosio da parte del diaframma isolato di ratto. La Metahexamide si distribuisce rapidamente in tutti gli organi e scompare dal sangue molto lentamente. Il maggiore effetto della Metahexamide, rispetto a composti similari, viene interpretato sulla base di un lento metabolismo e in rapporto all'intenso effetto favorente la metabolizzazione del glucosio a livello periferico.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 456-457 
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    Notes: Summary Voacristine is identical with voacangarine. Its degradation products include iboxygaine and ibogaine. Structures for iboxygaine and its internal quaternary tosylate salt are briefly discussed.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 462-463 
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    Notes: Summary Water or buffered extracts from tobacco seeds (Mont Calme brun) showed both cresolase and catecholase activity of tyrosinase, which was inhibited by 10−2 M thiourea. No difference of activity could be observed in extracts from old and fresh seeds. Unexpectedly, chlorogenic acid is not oxidized by this tyrosinase.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 464-465 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Histochemische Untersuchungen der Mehlischen Drüse vonFasciola hepatica erweisen deren Phospholipidabsonderung. Es wird auf die Möglichkeit einer engen Bezichung des Phospholipids zu Lezithin und seine enzymatische Aktivierung zur Herauslösung von Eischalenprokursoren hingewiesen.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 473-474 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe von Immunoelektrophorese und Doppeldiffusiontechnik wurden in Humanmilch an Blutplasmaproteinen serologisch identifiziert: Praealbumin, Albumin, Acid Seromucoid,α 1-Glykoprotein (3·5 S), Coeruloplasmin, Haptoglobin,α 2- oderβ-Lipoprotein, Transferrin, Fibrinogen,β 2A-Globulin,β 2M-Globulin undγ-Globulin.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 477-479 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach Vorbehandlung von Kaninchen mit einem Monoaminoxydase-Hemmer des Hydrazin-Typs wurde plättchenreiches Plasma mit Reserpin und einem Benzochinolizin-Derivat inkubiert. Im Plasma kam es dadurch zu einem Anstieg des nicht an Thrombozyten gebundenen 5HT, der dem Abfall des Amins in den Thrombozyten entsprach. Bei Kontrolltieren (ohne Monoaminoxydase-Hemmer) führte die Inkubation von plättchenreichem Plasma mit Reserpin zu keinem Anstieg des freien 5HT im Plasma, obgleich es in den Thrombozyten zu einer starken Senkung des Amins kam.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 487-488 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 54-55 
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    Notes: Summary A series of cyclohexylamine derivatives methylated both on nitrogen atom and in position 1, 2 and 6 of the cyclohexane ring have been prepared. Some of them showed considerable hypotensive and ganglioplegic activity. The most interesting compound is N,N,1,2,2-pentamethylcyclohexylamine (‘penhexamine’) whose activity compares favourably with mecamylamine or dimecamine.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 55-56 
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    Notes: Riassunto Gli autori hanno studiatoin vitro il problema della sintesi dell'albumina in sezioni di fegato normale e rigenerante di ratto. La quantità di albumina prodotta durante l'incubazione non presenta notevoli variazioni nelle due situazioni studiate. Al contrario l'incorporazione di glicina marcata nella albumina del fegato rigenerante risulta nettamente aumentata rispetto a quella del fegato normale. Tale comportamento viene interpretato come espressione di un ricambio albuminico più elevato nel fegato rigenerante che nel normale.
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