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  • Springer  (35,204)
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  • 1965-1969  (40,755)
  • 1940-1944  (6,184)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (33,382)
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  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (4,980)
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  • Articles  (46,939)
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  • 1
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    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 229 (1969), S. 168-169 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 2
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    Colloid & polymer science 229 (1969), S. 188-191 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 3
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    Colloid & polymer science 230 (1969), S. 251-254 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Bestimmung der elektrophoretischen Beweglichkeit von Mizellen durch Papier-Elektrophorese mit der Bestimmung in einerTiselius-Apparatur verglichen. Die mit Hilfe der Papier-Electrophorese ermittelten Beweglichkeiten sind um einen konstanten Faktor kleiner als die Werte in der Tiselius-Apparatur. Der Faktor 0.60 ist unabhängig von dem Elektrolyt-Typ und der Ionenstärke in der Lösung. Die Beweglichkeiten können über Papier-Elektrophorese auch dann gemessen werden, wenn Bestimmungen in derTiselius-Apparatur nicht möglich sind, z. B. bei Natriumdodecylsulfat in Lösungen von Natriumpolyphosphaten.
    Notes: Summary The electrophoretic mobilities for the micelles of sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium dodecyltrioxyethylene sulfate in the presence of various electrolytes were measured by paper electrophoresis and compared with the mobilities obtained fromTiselius- type electrophoresis. There is a good correlation between the mobility from paper electrophoresis (U P ) and that fromTiselius electrophores is (U T ), and a factor in conversion fromU P toU T was found to be 0.60. The value is not affected by the type of electrolytes present and the ionic strength of solutions. In addition, the paper electrophoretic behavior of the micelles of sodium dodecyl sulfate in the aqueous solutions of a series of sodium polyphosphates was also investigated.
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  • 4
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    Colloid & polymer science 230 (1969), S. 255-257 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 5
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    Colloid & polymer science 232 (1969), S. 661-668 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The crystallization behaviour of polyethylene, of the amylose-alcohol-complexes and of the amylose-iodinecomplex is compared. Polyethylene and the amylose-alcohol-complexes are similar; flat single crystals or crystallites are formed. The temperature dependence of the foldlengths and of the crystal diameters is lower than expected by the kinetic theory ofLauritzen andHoffman. It is proposed, that these deviations are due to the temperature dependence of chain stiffness of the coiled molecules in solution. With the amylose-iodine-complex only fibrils are formed. One can get single rodlike molecules with a uniform diameter of 40 Å.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird das Kristallisationsverhalten des Polyäthylens, der Amylose-Alkohol-Komplexe und des Amylose-Jod-Komplexes verglichen. Polyäthylen und die Amylose-Alkohol-Komplexe verhalten sich ähnlich; es bilden sich flächige Einkristalle oder Kristallite. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Faltlängen und Kristallgrößen ist bei Polyäthylen und besonders bei den Amylose-Alkohol-Komplexen geringer, als nach der Theorie vonLauritzen undHoffman zu erwarten ist. Es wird vorgeschlagen, diese Abweichungen auf die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Kettensteifheit in den Molekülknäueln zurückzuführen. Bei dem Amylose-Jod-Komplex entstehen ausschließlich Fibrillen. Es konnten einzelne Moleküle in der Form von Stäbchen mit einem einheitlichen Durchmesser von ca. 40 Å im Elektronenmikroskop abgebildet werden.
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  • 6
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    Colloid & polymer science 230 (1969), S. 325-328 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The isothermical crystallization rate of penton from m-xylene solution was measured with NMR in the end-region of crystallization using different crystallization temperatures and initial concentrations. The initial concentration was varied from 10−3 to 0,1 g/cm3, the crystallization temperature from 70
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die isotherme Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeit von Penton aus m-Xylol-Lösung wurde im Endbereich der Kristallisation als Funktion der Kristallisationstemperatur und der Ausgangskonzentration mit Kernspinresonanz gemessen. Die Ausgangskonzentrationen lagen zwischen 10−3 g/cm3 und 0,1 g/cm3, die Kristallisationstemperatur wurde im Bereich von 70
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  • 7
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    Colloid & polymer science 230 (1969), S. 341-346 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aus Acetonlösung mit unterschiedlichem Gehalt an Formamid wurden Zellulosemembranen dargestellt. Die Eigenschaften der Membranen sind je nach den Konzentrationen des Formamids verschieden. Die Unterschiede werden durch Phasenänderungen während des übergangs Sol-Gel erklärt.
    Notes: Summary By varying the concentration of formamide within the acetone solutions from which cellulose acetate membranes were fabricated, a series of membranes exhibiting a wide range of performance characteristics was prepared. The morphological, optical, swelling and water transport properties of these membrane gels have been interpreted with reference to a phase inversion in their sol precursors.
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  • 8
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    Colloid & polymer science 230 (1969), S. 357-362 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe der Infrarotspektrometrie wurde die Einwirkung von Stearinsäure und ölsäure auf Zinkoxid untersucht, das in Benzol suspendiert worden war. Durch Carboxylatbildung wird eine multimolekulare Schicht der Säuren auf der Oberfläche der Zinkpartikel ausgebildet. Die Partikel werden dadurch von der Flokkulation in nichtpolaren Lösungsmitteln geschützt. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Spektren entspricht der der Zinkcarboxylate.
    Notes: Summary The reaction between carboxylic acids in benzene solution and suspended zinc oxide particles was investigated by means of infrared spectrometry. The results show how the carboxyl groups react with the zinc oxide forming zinc carboxylate groups at the chemisorption. The chemisorbed acid forms a multilayer at the surface, which gives a new explanation of the protective action of adsorbed acids against flocculation of the particles in nonpolar solvents. The temperature-dependence of the spectra showed transitions at the same temperatures and of the same kind as the corresponding zinc carboxylates, whose spectra were also recorded. The zinc soaps exhibited thermotropic behaviour, and lyotrophy is suggested as the explanation of the multilayer formation.
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  • 9
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    Colloid & polymer science 230 (1969), S. 375-377 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 10
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    Colloid & polymer science 230 (1969), S. 378-381 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 11
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    Colloid & polymer science 230 (1969), S. 383-384 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 12
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    Colloid & polymer science 231 (1969), S. 458-503 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 13
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    Colloid & polymer science 232 (1969), S. 814-816 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 14
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    Colloid & polymer science 232 (1969), S. 693-699 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The solubilities of azobenzene derivatives in water have been determined at 5 °C intervals from 0° to 40 °C to obtain the information both about the effect of polar groups on the solubility of aromatic compounds in water and about the action of polar groups to the iceberg-formation in the vicinity of hydrophobic part of the solute in water environment. From the results the imaginary super cooled pure liquid has been taken as a standard state and the thermodynamic parameters of solution of azobenzene derivatives in water have been calculated.
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  • 15
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    Colloid & polymer science 232 (1969), S. 689-693 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The solubilities of the following compounds in an aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate solution were determined at 25°, 30°, 35° and 40°C: biphenyl, azobenzene, p-chloroazobenzene, p-aminoazobenzene, p-N,N-dimethylaminoazobenzene and p-nitroazobenzene. From the results the thermodynamic parameters for the transfer of the model compounds from water to SDS micellar environment were calculated. The resulting thermodynamic parameters were not so certain, but suggested that with biphenyl, azobenzene and p-chloroazobenzene which seem to be solubilized in the SDS micellar interior the solubilizing process is a result of a favourable increase in entropy, and that with p-aminoazobenzene, p-N, N-dimethylaminoazobenzene and p-nitroazobenzene which seem to be solubilized in the SDS micellar surface the solubilizing process is a result of a favourable decrease in enthalpy. The favourable increase in entropy was explained in terms of iceberg and the favourable decrease in enthalpy in terms of interfacial energy.
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  • 16
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    Colloid & polymer science 232 (1969), S. 680-688 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Flocculation reactions have been obtained by mixing weak linear polycation- and polyanion molecules, the polycation being a completely linear polyethyleneamine and the polyanion a linear water-soluble protein. Flocculation only occured with a large excess (by weight) of protein. When adding smaller amounts of protein, water-soluble complexes formed which — surprisingly — only reacted with more of the same protein to a final precipitate. If another protein was added no further reaction occured, although this other protein on its own was also capable to give a precipitate with polyethyleneamine. The ratio of the monomeric units of protein and polyethyleneamine in the water-soluble complexes was at least 3∶1 while in the precipitate the ratio was about 9∶1. It thus appears likely that the linear protein molecule is wound in a helix around a polyethyleneamine core. Precipitates form if 2 or 3 further protein molecules are wound around the same core; this being possible only if structurally identical or equivalent protein molecules are present. Only these are capable of adapting themselves to the already threaded protein molecule. These results may serve as a model for biological auto-specific reactions such as the antigen-antibody reactions as well as for the specificity of body-proteins and the interconnection of body tissues. A further model experiment with polyethyleneamine and solid protein fibres demonstrated that a specific aggregation of these solid substances can be achieved.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Flockungsreaktionen durch Mischen schwacher Polykation- mit Polyanion-Fadenmolekülen wurden durchgeführt, bei denen als Polykation ein vollkommen lineares Polyäthylenamin und als Polyanion lineare wasserlösliche Proteine verwendet wurden. Flockungen wurden nur beim Vorliegen eines großen gewichtsmäßigen Überschusses von Proteinen beobachtet. Bei Zugabe geringerer Mengen Protein bildete sich zunächst ein wasserlöslicher Komplex, der überraschenderweise nur noch mit demselben Protein weiter reagieren konnte und zur Niederschlagsbildung fahrte. Bei Zusatz eines anderen Proteins, welches für sich allein auch zur Niederschlagsbildung befähigt ist, erfolgte keine weitere Umsetzung. Bei den wasserlöslichen Komplexen war das Verhältnis der monomeren Einheiten der Proteine zu dem Polyäthylenamin mindestens 3∶1, während bei den ausgefällten Niederschlägen ein Verhältnis von etwa 9∶1 vorlag. Dieses Ergebnis macht es wahrscheinlich, daß sich das lineare Protein in einer Helix um einen Polyäthylenamin-Kern aufwindet. Unlösliche Niederschläge bilden sich, wenn sich 2 oder 3 weitere Proteinmoleküle um den gleichen Kern winden; dies kann nur dann geschehen, wenn strukturell identische oder gleichwertige Proteinmoleküle vorliegen, die sich an das schon aufgewundene Proteinmolekül anpassen können. Diese Ergebnisse können als Modell für biologisch auto-spezifische Reaktionen, wie die Antigen-Antikörperreaktionen, und für die Spezifität des Zusammenhaltens körpereigener Eiweißsubstanzen dienen. Ein Modellversuch mit Polyäthylenamin und festen Eiweißfasern zeigte weiter, daß auch eine Spezifität der Aggregierung dieser festen Substanzen erzielt werden kann.
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  • 17
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    Colloid & polymer science 232 (1969), S. 712-713 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The copolymerization parameters of vinylidene chloride-isobutylene-copolymers were determined by NMR for polymerization temperatures of +50°C, −10°C, −30°C considering the penultimate effect in the mechanism of copolymerization. The differences of the energies of activation and the frequency factors were derived from the temperature dependence of the copolymerization parameters.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe der Kernspinresonanz wurden Copolymerisationsparameter von Vinylidenchlorid-Isobutylen-Co-polymeren für die Polymerisationstemperaturen +50°C, −10°C und −30°C bestimmt. Der Einfluß der vorletzten Einheit auf den Wachstumsmechanismus wurde dabei berücksichtigt. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Parameter liefert Quotienten der Frequenzfaktoren und Differenzen der Aktivierungsenergien.
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  • 18
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    Colloid & polymer science 232 (1969), S. 735-738 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 19
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    Colloid & polymer science 232 (1969), S. 746-748 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 20
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    Colloid & polymer science 232 (1969), S. 753-757 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A method for the determination of particle size in latices by measuring specific turbidity and refractive index increment [Kolloid-Z. u. Z. Polymere223, 24 (1968)] was modified for the application to ABS-polymers (solid dispersions with particle refractive index 〈 medium index). The method requires only small experimental equipment and is simple in preparation, measurement, and evaluation. In order to test the method experimentally the average particle diameters in three ABS-polymers were measured at different wavelengths and sample thicknesses. Some of the results were compared with the diameters obtained from electron microscopy. The results are in good agreement.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein früher angegebenes Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Teilchengröße in Latices aus Messungen von Trübung und Brechimgsinkrement [Kolloid-Z. u. Z. Polymere223, 24 (1968)] wurde modifiziert, so daß es auch auf ABS-Kunststoffe (feste Dispersionen mit Teilchenbrechzahl 〈 Mediumbrechzahl) angewandt werden kann. Das Verfahren erfordert nur geringen Präparationsaufwand und ist in Durchführung und Auswertung der Messungen einfach zu handhaben. Zur experimentellen Prüfung des modifizierten Verfahrens wurden die mittleren Teilchendurchmesser in drei ABS-Polymerisaten bei verschiedenen Lichtwellenlängen und Probendicken bestimmt. Ein Teil der Ergebnisse wurde mit entsprechenden Messungen im Elektronenmikroskop verglichen. Die Übereinstimmung ist gut.
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  • 21
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    Colloid & polymer science 232 (1969), S. 773-775 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Adsorption of paranitrophenol from toluene solutions has been studied on silica gels of pore diameter 23-14 Å. The data, in conjunction with N2 and CO2 adsorptions throw light on the relationship between external area and the internal pore area of these gels.
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  • 22
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    Colloid & polymer science 232 (1969), S. 788-792 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The effect of sodium chloride on the micellar properties of an anionic-nonionic detergent C16H33(OCH2·CH2)7OSO3Na has been investigated and the results have been compared with previous measurements on the nonionic analogue C16H33(OCH2·CH2)7OH. Light scattering and viscosity measurements showed that, over the electrolyte concentration range studied (0–1.0M NaCl), the micelles were very much smaller (m.m.w.=74,800 in 0.1M NaCl) than those of the nonionie analogue and exhibited no similar variation of size, shape or hydration with temperature, indicating that addition of electrolyte caused insufficient shielding of the micellar charge to induce nonionic behaviour. Viscosity results suggested a reduction in the micellar hydration with increase in electrolyte concentration to a limiting value of 0.28 g H2O/g of detergent for salt concentrations greater than 0.01M. A possible explanation of this effect is proposed. The effect of electrolyte on the c.m.c. was determined from surface tension measurements and was described by the equation, log c.m.c.=−6.4−0.54 log (c.m.c.+salt conc.) Comparison with data reported for sodium hexadecylpolyoxyethylene sulphates with shorter ethylene oxide chain lengths indicated a decrease in the c.m.c. in salt-free systems with increase in the chain length, the data obeying the equation, log c.m.c.=−3.5−0.20n wheren is the number of ethylene oxide groups in the chain.
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  • 23
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    Colloid & polymer science 232 (1969), S. 797-804 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Measurements have been made of the lowering of the conductance of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and sodium dodecyl sulphate solutions on addition of hydrocarbons of various types. Explanations are advanced for these decreases and for the difference in behaviour observed between aromatic and non-aromatic hydrocarbons.
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  • 24
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    Colloid & polymer science 233 (1969), S. 845-848 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A report upon dielectric measurements of relaxation phenomena of oxide glasses is given, indicating a relation between configurational temperature (“fictive” temperature) and the frequency of the relaxation maxima: With increasing configurational temperature, the relaxation maxima are shifted to higher frequencies. — Regarding this fact, an up till now embarassing relaxation phenomenon finds a conclusive interpretation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über dielektrische Messungen von Relaxationserscheinungen an Gläsern berichtet, aus denen ein Zusammenhang von Konfigurationstemperatur und Lage der Relaxationsmaxima folgt: Mit steigender Konfigurationstemperatur verschieben sich die Relaxationsmaxima zu höheren Frequenzen. — Diese Erscheinung wird zur Deutung eines bisher schwer verständlichen Relaxationseffekts herangezogen.
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    Colloid & polymer science 233 (1969), S. 857-862 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Film aus unverzweigtem Polyäthylen kann in einem weiten Temperaturbereich leicht mit Halsbildung zwischen Verstreckverhältnissen von 7 bis 30 gestreckt werden. Niedrige Verstreckverhältnisse zwischen 1 bis 10 erreicht man durch Rollen, Walzen. Die zwei Typen plastischer Deformation unterscheiden sich in gewissem Ausmaß in der Kristallgitter- und Lamellenorientierung, doch sind sie ziemlich ähnlich, soweit es Langperiode und Zahl der durchlaufenden Moleküle betrifft. Bei großem Streckverhältnis hängt die Langperiode nahezu einheitlich von der Temperatur des Verstreckens oder Walzens ab und ist unabhängig von der Langperiode des verwendeten Materials. Bei niedrigem Streckverhältnis ist das Gegenteil der Fall. Die Zahl der durchlaufenden Moleküle steigt mit dem Streckverhältnis und erreicht schließlich einen Grenzwert. Aber sie hängt nicht ab von der Temperatur der Streckung oder des Walzens im untersuchten Temperaturbereich. Der longitudinale Elastizitätsmodul und die Bruchspannung der Proben scheinen proportional zur Anzahl der durchlaufenden Moleküle zu sein.
    Notes: Summary High density polyethylene film in a wide temperature range may be easily drawn by neck propagation to draw ratios between 7 and 30. Lower draw ratios between 1 and 10 may be obtained by rolling. The two types of plastic deformation differ to some extent in crystal lattice and lamella orientation but are rather similar as far as long period and the number of tie molecules are concerned. At large draw ratio the long period depends nearly uniquely on the temperature of drawing or rolling and is independent of the long period of the starting material. At low draw ratio the opposite is true. The number of tie molecules increases with the draw ratio and finally reaches a limiting value, but does not depend on the temperature of drawing or rolling in the temperature range investigated. The longitudinal elastic modulus and tensile strength of the samples seem to be roughly proportional to the number of tie molecules.
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    Colloid & polymer science 233 (1969), S. 878-885 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An Elastoviscometer is constructed on the basis of a rotational viscometer (Agfa-Physik instrument). With the help of an oscilloscope, prestationary phenomena in the time range of one hundredths of a second can be determined. The performance of the device is demonstrated at the example of both Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Umbau eines Rotationsviskosimeters (AgfaPhysik-Gerät) zu einem Elastoviskosimeter wird beschrieben. Mit Hilfe eines Oszillographen können Anlaufvorgänge im Zeitbereich von Hundertstel Sekunden aufgenommen werden. Das Arbeiten des Gerätes wird an Messungen an Newtonschen und nicht-Newtonschen Flüssigkeiten demonstriert.
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    Colloid & polymer science 233 (1969), S. 890-896 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Samples of merino-wool, lincoln-wool and mohair were treated with tetranitromethane at pH 8.0 for 24 and 70 hours. The treatment resulted in a reaction of the tyrosyl residues to give 3-nitro- and 3,5-dinitrotyrosine. It was, however, not possible to nitrate the tyrosyl residues completely. Increasing the reaction time resulted in decreased 3 nitro- and 3,5-dinitrotyrosine values. A fibrous protein treated in this way showed an increased solubility in the performic acidammonia test. From this it was concluded that during the nitration new cross-linkages involving tyrosyl residues were formed. As yet, no explanation of the chemical nature of these cross-linkages can be given. The cystine content of the nitrated samples was decreased due to gradual oxidation of the cystine residues. Furthermore, the lysyl and arginyl residues were decreased.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Merinowolle, Lincolnwolle und Mohair wurden mit Tetranitromethan bei pH 8,0 während 24 bzw. 70 Stunden umgesetzt. Dabei reagierten die Tyrosylreste unter Ausbildung von 3-Nitro- und 3,5-Dinitrotyrosin. Es gelang nicht, die Tyrosylreste quantitativ zu nitrieren. Mit zunehmender Einwirkunsgdauer sinkt sogar die Ausbeute an 3-Nitro- und 3,5-Dinitrotyrosin. Ein derart behandeltes Faserprotein zeigt ferner einen Anstieg der Unlöslichkeit in Perameisensäure-Ammoniak. Daraus ist zu schließen, daß die Nitrierungsreaktion zu einem Einbau neuer kovalenter Querbrücken führt. Über die Natur dieser Querbrücken kann noch nichts gesagt werden. Der Cystingehalt der nitrierten Proben geht zurück, was auf die Bildung niederer Oxydationsstufen des eingebauten Cystins zurückgeführt werden kann. Daneben erfahren die Lysyl- und Arginylreste einen Abbau.
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    Colloid & polymer science 233 (1969), S. 896-898 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Wechselwirkung zwischen Amylose, Amylodextrin und Benzopurpurin 4 B wurde mit den Methoden der Spektroskopie und der Gleichgewichtsdialyse untersucht. Die molare Änderung von Entropie und Enthalpie wurde aus der Bindungskonstante berechnet. ΔH° und ΔS° sind beide positiv. Sie sind damit zu erklären, daß die Kettenbeweglichkeit der Polymeren mit der Temperatur zunimmt.
    Notes: Summary The interactions between amylose, amylodextrine and Benzopurpurine 4 B were studied by spectral and equilibrium dialyses methods. From the binding constant of amylose and amylodextrine, the molar changes in entropy and enthalpy for binding of the dye were calculated. BothΔH° andΔS° were positive. The positive value ofΔS° may be explained by the increase of flexibility of the polymer chain with increasing temperature.
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    Colloid & polymer science 229 (1969), S. 170-183 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Colloid & polymer science 229 (1969), S. 191-191 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
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    Colloid & polymer science 233 (1969), S. 912-921 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Koagulations- und Umladungserscheinungen von frisch dargestellten und durch Erwärmung gealterten Lösungen von Hafniumchlorid wurden an Silberhalogenid-Solen in der Abhängigkeit vom pH untersucht. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die kritische Koagulationskonzentration und die kritische Stabilisationskonzentration (die Umladungsgrenze) mit steigendem pH höher werden. Diese Beobachtungen wurden durch die Hydrolyse des Hafnium-Ions erklärt. Wenn pH〉4 ist, bestcht nahezu die ganze Menge von Hafnium als neutrale, gelöste Hf(OH)4 Moleküle. Damit wird es erklärt, daß die Silberhalogenid-Teilchen bei höheren pH-Werten durch Hafniumsalze nicht umgeladen werden können. Die mittels des radioaktiven Isotopen181Hf durchgeführten Messungen zeigten, daß die neutralen Hf(OH)4 — Moleküle stark an den negativ geladenen Silberjodid-Teilchen adsorbiert sind. Die adsorbierte Menge per Mol von AgI ist beträchtlich größer als die Menge der geladenen, hydrolysierten Ionen (wie z. B. ThOH3+), die an dem gleichen Sol bestimmt wurde. Dieser Effekt ist leicht erklärt, da man mit den neutralen adsorbierten Molekülen eine fest gepackte Adsorptionsschicht bilden kann. Diese Resultate bestätigen die früheren Befindungen, daß die höhere Adsorptionsfähigkeit der hydrolysierten Ionen durch die Hydroxylgruppe verursacht wird, während die Ionenladung eine zu vernachlässigende Rolle spielt.
    Notes: Summary Coagulation and reversal of charge effects of freshly prepared and heated solutions of hafnium tetrachloride have been studied as a function of the pH using aged silver halide sols and solsin statu nascendi. It was shown that the critical coagulation concentration and the critical stabilization concentration (due to charge reversal) increased with increasing pH. These observations have been related to the hydrolysis of the hafnium ion. At pH values above ∼4 essentially the entire amount of hafnium is present in the form of the neutral soluble, species Hf(OH)4. This accounts for the inability of the hafnium solutions to reverse the charge of the sols at higher pH values. The adsorption measurements carried out with the aid of the radioactive isotope181Hf showed that the neutral hydrolyzed species are strongly adsorbed on negatively charged silver iodide particles. The adsorbed amounts of hafnium on a AgI sol are considerably larger than in the case of charged hydrolyzed ions (such as hydrolyzed thorium ions) on a similar sol. This is explained by the ability of the neutral hafnium species, Hf(OH)4. to form a close-packed adsorbed layer. The results confirm previous findings that the enhanced adsorption of hydrolyzed ions is caused by the presence of the hydroxyl group, whereas the ionic charge plays a negligible role in this case.
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    Colloid & polymer science 233 (1969), S. 930-934 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Keimbildung und Kristallwachstum von AgClKristallen bei der Hydrolyse von Alkylchlorid in wässeriger Silbernitratlösung wurden im Zusammenhang mit den Theorien vonHam undFrisch undCollins behandelt. Im Anfangsstadium wird das Kristallwachstum durch einen Grenzflächenprozeß bestimmt. Die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten werden für einen weiten Bereich von [Ag+]/[Cl−] diskutiert. In späteren Stadien wird die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit kleiner als bei grenzflächenoder diffusionsbestimmten Vorgängen. Die Ladung der Partikel beeinflußt die Kinetik des Kristallwachstums und die Natur der Endprodukte.
    Notes: Summary The rate of precipitation of silver chloride, produced by the hydrolysis of allyl chloride in aqueous silver nitrate solution and followed by conductance measurements (Part 1), is considered in terms of theHam and theFrisch andCollins theories of crystal growth. In the early stages the precipitation is controlled by an interface process and the rate constants are evaluated for the growth of particles in systems where the [Ag+]/[Cl−] ratio varies over a wide range. In the later stages the growth rate is slower than predicted either by interface or diffusion controlled mechanisms. Particle charge is an important factor in determining both the growth kinetics and the nature of the final precipitate.
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    Colloid & polymer science 233 (1969), S. 938-944 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Charakteristisch für Scife-Fettsäure-Wasser-Systeme ist, daß in diesen ein weitgestrecktes Gebiet mit isotropen fettsäurereichen Lösungen vorkommt. Die Löslichkeit der Scife in wasserfreier Fettsäure ist recht hoch, und die Gegenwart von Scife steigert die Löslichkeit des Wassers in der Säure beträchtlich; bei gewissen Temperaturen sendet das Gebiet einen langen, schmalen Arm gegen die Wasserecke des Systems aus. Die Löslichkeit in wasserfreier Fettsäure kann als ein Zeichen aufgefaßt werden, daß die Wechselwirkung zwischen den beiden Komponenten zur Bildung einer Lösung eines stabilen sauren Salzes in Fettsäure führt, und die hohe Löslichkeit des Wassers als ein Zeichen, daß das Wasser bei dieser Molekülverbindung gebunden wird. In dem schmalen Lösungsarm beträgt das Molverhältnis zwischen Fettsäure und Scife ungefähr 3∶1−2∶1 in allen bisher untersuchten Systemen, was zeigt, daß es sich in diesem Teil des Lösungsgebietes um eine saure Scife mit recht bestimmter Zusammensetzung handelt. Vorläufige Röntgendiffraktionsuntersuchungen deuten darauf, daß die saure Seife in einem Teil des Lösungsgebietes Mizellen bildet. Es besteht Ursache anzunehmen, daß die Fettsäure als intermizellare Flüssigkeit in Lösungen mit einem Wassergehalt bis zu 40–50 Prozent vorliegt, wo Gleichgewichtsuntersuchungen eine Strukturveränderung anzeigen, und daß bei höheren Wassergehalten ein mizellares System mit Wasser als intermizellare Flüssigkeit besteht.
    Notes: Summary A characteristic feature for soap-fatty acid-water systems is the occurence of a large region with isotropic solutions in fatty acid as solvent. In non-aqueous fatty acid the solubility of the soap is rather high and the presence of the soap enhances considerably the solubility of water in the acid. At certain temperatures the solution region extends to a long narrow salient towards the water corner of the system. The solubility of the soap in non-aqueous fatty-acid is interpreted as a sign that there is an interaction between the molecules that leads to formation of a stable acid salt dissolved in the acid. The large solubility of water in these solutions suggests that the water may be bound by the acid soap. The molar ratio of fatty acid-to-soap was found to be about 3∶1−2∶1 in the narrow salient of all hitherto studied systems and this shows that the acid soap in this part of the solution region has a rather well defined composition. Preliminary X-ray diffraction observations indicate that the acid soap in question may form micelles. Reasons are presented that in these micellar systems the intermicellar solution mainly consists of fatty acid at water contents up to about 40–50 per cent, where the phase equilibria studies indicate a structural change, but that the intermicellar solution at higher water contents mainly may consist of water.
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    Colloid & polymer science 233 (1969), S. 962-966 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The critical concentrations, α, corresponding more negative peaks and concentrations required to just to remove the less negative peak,β, have been determined for a number of organic compounds, known to give tensammetric peaks. It is concluded that the values of α andβ, thus obtained, can be used successfully for comparing the surface activity of a series of closely related organic compounds in aqueous solution. When peak potential of less cathodic surfactant is close to the potential of more cathodic surfactants (whose surface activities are to be compared), the comparison for surface activity cannot be made by this method.
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    Colloid & polymer science 233 (1969), S. 945-955 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung der Dichte und Viskosität der L2-Lösungen hat folgende Kenntnisse über die Struktur derselben ergeben: Natriumkaprylat reagiert mit Kaprylsäure und ergibt ein saures Kaprylat gelöst in Kaprylsäure. Das in wasserfreier Kaprylsäure gebildete saure Salz hat die Zusammensetzung 1 NaC8·2 HC8. In Gegenwart von Wasser wird zuerst 1 NaC8·3 HC8·x H2O gebildet; nachdem das Verhältnis von Kaprylsäure zu Natriumkaprylat abgenommen hat, ändert sich aber die Zusammensetzung dieser sauren Scife, offenbar zuerst zu 1 NaC8·2 HC8·x H2O und dann weiter gegen eine Zusammensetzung von 1 NaC8·1 HC8·x H2O. In den wasserfreien Lösungen tritt das saure Salz als sphärische Partikel auf, was auch der Fall ist bei der zuerst genannten hydratisierten sauren Scife. Das Wasser der hydratisierten sauren Seifen scheint fest gebunden zu sein, wenigstens bis zu einem Wassergehalt von etwa 5–8 Molen per Mol Kaprylat. Die gleiche Struktur, bestehend aus hydratisierter saurer Scife gelöst in Kaprylsäure, tritt auf in der schmalen Ausbuchtung des Gebiets L2 bis zu einem Wassergehalt von etwa 40–50 Prozent, wo die Zusammensetzung der sauren Seife ungefähr 1 NaC8 ·2 HC8·x H2O ausmacht. Wenn jedoch der Wassergehalt des Systems den angegebenen Wert überschreitet, unterliegt die Struktur der Lösung einem Wechsel, und gewöhnliches „freies“ Wasser tritt in der Lösung auf; die experimentellen Resultate unterstützen die Auffassung, daß hier eine Lösung mit Aggregaten von Natriumkaprylat und Kaprylsäure gelöst in Wasser gebildet wird.
    Notes: Summary The investigation of the density and viscosity of theL 2 solutions has yielded the following information on the structure of these solutions. Sodium caprylate reacts with caprylic acid to give an acid caprylate dissolved in caprylic acid. The acid salt formed in water-free caprylic acid has the composition 1 NaC8·2 HC8. In the presence of water 1 NaC8·3 HC8·x H2O is formed first; then as the ratio of caprylic acid to sodium caprylate decreases, the composition of this acid soap changes, apparently first to 1 NaC8·2 HC8·x H2O and then further in the direction towards a composition of 1 NaC8·1HC8·x H2O. In the water-free solutions the acid salt occurs as spherical particles, and this is the case also for the first mentioned hydrated acid soap. The water of the hydrated acid soaps appears to be firmly bound, at least up to a water content of about 5–8 moles per mole of caprylate. The same structure, consisting in hydrated acid soap dissolved in caprylic acid occurs in the narrow salient of region L2 up to a water content of about 40–50 per cent, where the composition of the acid soap is about 1 NaC8·2 HC8·x H2O. When the water content of the system exceeds the stated value, however, the structure of the solution undergoes a change, and common “free” water appears in the solution; the experimental results support the conception of the formation of a solution with aggregates of sodium caprylate and caprylic acid dissolved in water.
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    Colloid & polymer science 233 (1969), S. 985-986 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The effect of urea, formamide, acetamide and lauric acid diethanolamine condensate on the micelle formation of alkyl-aryl sulphonates and quaternary ammonium salts was studied by pH-metric and conductometric measurements. It was found that the presence of these additives increases the c.m.c. of both anionic and cationic soaps in the order SPSA 〉 STSA 〉 SXSA and CTMAB 〉 CPB respectively. The striking difference between the effect of urea and amides was that concentration higher than 1 M of the latter did not bring further change in c.m.c. whereas changes with urea could be observed upto 6.0 M. Lauric acid diethanol amine condensate could bring about these changes at much lower concentration. The results have been explained in terms of break in water structure.
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    Colloid & polymer science 235 (1969), S. 1193-1195 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
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    Notes: Summary Measurements of the electrophoretic mobilities of the micelles of the anionic detergent C16H33(OCH2 · CH2)7OSO3Na have been made in aqueous sodium chloride solutions over the concentration range 0-0.01 M and used to calculate the magnitude of the electroviscous effect and the micellar charge in these solutions. The micellar hydration, as assessed from viscosity data, is shown to decrease as the salt concentration is increased and this is thought to be a consequence of the lower micellar charge in the more concentrated salt solutions which allows a greater contraction of the ethylene oxide chains resulting in a loss of water mechanically trapped by the micelles.
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    Colloid & polymer science 235 (1969), S. 1203-1213 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
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    Notes: Summary Some criticisms of theLangmuir and the BET adsorption models are presented which reveal the fallacy of theLangmuir conception of physical adsorption. These errors are corrected and new isotherms for monolayer and multilayer physical adsorption derived. These isotherms are represented by the exponential functionsV=V m {1−exp (−a x)} for monolayer adsorption andV=V m {1−exp (−a x)} exp (b x) for multilayer adsorption, whereV is the volume adsorbed, Vm the monolayer volume,x the relative pressure of the surrounding gas phase in equilibrium with the adsorbed phase, anda and 6 two constants which describe adsorption in the first and in the second and higher layers, respectively. They are given bya=σ τ p0/√2π m kT b=σ τ L p0/2π m kT whereσ is the area ascribed to one admolecule,τ andτ L are the average settling time of admolecules in the first and in the second and higher layers, respectively,p 0 the saturation pressure,m the mass of one molecule, andT the absolute temperature.
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    Colloid & polymer science 235 (1969), S. 1239-1242 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Erzeugt man in einer Diffusionsstrecke eine stehende Ultraschallwelle, so wird auf Grund des Konzentrationszoneneffekts dem Amplitudengitter des Ultraschalls ein ihm äquivalentes Konzentrationszonengitter überlagert. Nach dem Abschalten der Schallquelle bleibt das Konzentrationszonengitter noch eine Weile bestehen. Die Ultraschallwelle wird gewissermaßen eingefroren. Dieser Effekt ist an beliebigen ineinander lösbaren und mischbaren Substanzen realisierbar. Auf Grund dieser neuartigen Erscheinung müssen die Probleme der Koagulation und Separation in kolloiden Lösungen neu diskutiert werden.
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    Colloid & polymer science 235 (1969), S. 1244-1246 
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    Colloid & polymer science 235 (1969), S. 1196-1200 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Aggregationszahlen für Mizellen von Tetradecyltrimethylammoniumbromid und Tetradecyltrimethylammoniumsulfat in Wasser und verdünnten Salzlösungen wurden durch Lichtstreuungsmessungen ermittelt. Verschiedene Berechnungsmethoden wurden miteinander verglichen. Die Aggregationszahlen im System Tetradecyl-trimethylammoniumbromid/Natriumsulfat deuten darauf hin, daß die Mizellen von der gleichen Größe sind wie die, wenn nur Sulfatgegenionen in der Lösung vorhanden sind, selbst wenn die Sulfationenkonzentration nur die Hälfte der Bromidionenkonzentration beträgt.
    Notes: Summary The micelle aggregation numbers of micelles formed from tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide and sulphate in water and dilute salt solutions have been measured by light scattering. A comparison is made between several different methods of calculating the results. Aggregation numbers of micelles formed when sodium sulphate is added to tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide indicate that the micelles are the same size as those formed when only sulphate gegenions are present in solution even at a sulphate ion concentration of less than half the bromide ion concentration.
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    Colloid & polymer science 235 (1969), S. 1225-1230 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The electrically induced light scattering component of a kaolin suspension, which has the double frequency of the applied electrical field, is investigated as a function of frequency, temperature, concentration and sort of electrolyte, degree of polarisation, and the building-up process. A component of the single frequency of the applied field is pointed out. Conclusions are drawn on the processes at the phase-boundary solid-liquid from the experimental results.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden die Frequenz-, Temperatur-, Elektrolytabhängigkeit und der Polarisationsgrad sowie die Einschwingvorgänge der elektrisch induzierten Streulichtkomponente mit der doppelten Frequenz des angelegten elektrischen Feldes an einer Kaolinsuspension untersucht. Eine Komponente der einfachen Frequenz des angelegten Feldes wird nachgewiesen. Aus den experimentellen Ergebnissen werden Rückschlüsse auf die Vorgänge an der Phasengrenze fest-flüssig gezogen.
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    Colloid & polymer science 235 (1969), S. 1243-1244 
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    Colloid & polymer science 235 (1969), S. 1249-1249 
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    Colloid & polymer science 235 (1969), S. 1250-1251 
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    Colloid & polymer science 235 (1969), S. 1252-1252 
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    Colloid & polymer science 235 (1969), S. 1253-1260 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The NMR-spectra of hot stretched (80 °C, degree of stretching 10,5) and up to 104 min annealed linear polyethylene, and of 3 other samples (melt crystallized, bulk and high pressure crystallized) are measured. In the stretched material one obtains three components with different width. The broad component is caused by protons inside the crystalline part, the mean component is adjoined with protons in the lateral fibril boundaries and in the noncrystalline part and the narrow component comes from chain ends, not included in the crystallites. The bulk- and meltcrystallized material shows no narrow, the high-pressure sample no mean component. In the stretched material the crystallization process is stopped between 3 and 5 min annealing time, the relative portions of the three components are unchanged, the second moment of the broad line goes through a maximum. Relative portion and second moment of the narrow component is independent of annealing time.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurden die NMR-Spektren von bei 80 °C mit einem Verstreckgrad von 10,5 verstrecktem linearem Polyäthylen, das bis zu 104 min bei 120 °C getempert wurde, sowie von drei weiteren Proben (schmelzkristallisiert, bulk, hochdruckkristallisiert) gemessen. Im verstreckten Material treten drei verschieden breite Linien auf. Die breite Komponente rührt von Protonen im kristallinen Anteil her, die mittlere wird Protonen in den lateralen Fibrillengrenzen und im nichtkristallinen Bereich zugeschrieben, während die schmale Komponente durch Kettenenden. die nicht in den kristallisierten Teil eingebaut wurden, erklärt wird. Im bulk und schmelzkristallisierten Material wird die schmale Komponente, im hochdruckkristallisierten die mittlere Komponente nicht beobachtet. Im verstreckten Material wird bei Temperzeiten zwischen 3 und 5 min der Kristallisationsprozeß unterbrochen, die relativen Anteile der drei Komponenten ändern sich nicht, das zweite Moment der breiten Linie durchläuft ein Maximum. Anteil und zweites Moment der schmalen Komponente ist unabhängig von der Temperzeit.
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    Colloid & polymer science 235 (1969), S. 1281-1287 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Low molecular cellulose nitrates dissolved in acetone and in a poor solvent are investigated by X-ray smallangle scattering up to aBragg value of 800 Å. As reported in an earlier paper there exists a clear dependence of the particle weight and the radius of gyration of dissolved cellulose nitrates on the solvent used and on the degree of ageing of the samples. This paper gives further experimental evidence of this fact. Moreover ageing causes an increase of the persistence length which is shown on two samples investigated both in fresh and aged state. This result is discussed on the basis of partial association of fully denitrated ranges of the chains.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 21-23 
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    Notes: Abstract A 10-stage digital light beam deflector is described using Kerr cell polarisation switches and calcite birefringent prisms. Optimum design criteria are derived with respect to resolution and drive voltage. The final device had an overall transmission of 91% and could be switched from one direction to another in 0.2μsec.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 9-12 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The low-frequency unclamped electro-optic coefficients of proustite have been measured at an optical wavelength of 0.6328μm. The results show thatr 22 is comparable to that of lithium niobate,r 13 andr 33 are considerably lower. The maximum theoretical value is calculated at 10.8×10−12 m/V about three times the largest measured coefficient value.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 69-74 
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    Notes: Abstract A simple dye-laser system is described in which Rhodamine dyes are pumped by a co-axial linear air flashlamp in a cylindrical elliptical pumping reflector. Output pulses lasting up to 1.5μsec and containing up to 250 mJ energy, have been successfully mode-locked to produce 100% modulated pulse trains. Employing a diffraction grating as cavity reflector to tune the laser frequency, in each case, for maximum absorption by the same Q-switching dye, successful mode-locking has been achieved with both Rhodamine B and Rhodamine 6G. Time resolved emission spectra have been recorded with an image tube streak camera and the effect of resonant reflectors has been studied.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 128-133 
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    Notes: Abstract A theory of spatial frequency domain filters is presented from the standpoint of leastsquare linear estimation. The general expression of this filter is obtained with few assumptions, thus allowing considerable flexibility in its application. Noise common to pictorial information usually can be described as a mutually exclusive process, whereas much of the available signal processing theory assumes additive noise. Types of pictorial noise discussed in this paper include the background of signal patterns, pattern obscurity, and image modulation due to the recording process. It is shown that the additive noise assumption is valid under certain conditions. The general filter is described in terms of spatial frequency estimates which are conveniently expanded for particular applications. A detection filter for determinative patterns is obtained and compared to the matched filter. A filter is derived to restore patterns degraded by noise and a linear distortion filter.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 134-137 
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    Notes: Abstract A method is described for producing two controllable pulses from a Q-switched solid state laser, the time separation of the pulses being variable from about 30 nsec to a few microseconds. The technique involves Q-switching the system with a time variant loss which has two steps, the application of the first step only partially depleting the population inversion. The method has been demonstrated with an electro-optically Q-switched Nd:CaWO4 laser.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 152-154 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 155-159 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 151-152 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. i 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 25-28 
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    Notes: Abstract An equation of quadratic form is derived relating the phase mismatchΔk=¦k sum −k pump −k slgnl ¦ in an optical sum-frequency generation process to the angle ψ between the pump and signal wave vectors. For a special value ofk pump a solution ofΔk=0 exists having degenerate roots and consequently a single value of ψ. Because of this it is possible to choose a non-collinear phasematching situation for an optical up-converter which tolerates a much larger signal beam divergence than if a collinear-beam interaction were chosen. The case of up-conversion of 10.6μm radiation to the visible, using ruby-laser pumped proustite was chosen as an example for experimental study. Under tangential phase-matching conditions an angular acceptance angle of the infra-red beam of 300 mrad was achieved for a crystal 0.45 cm long.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 13-19 
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    Notes: Abstract The role of the solvent in the passive Q-switching of lasers by solutions of organic dyes has been examined in detail. It was found that several pure organic solvents could themselves partially Q-switch the laser, in the absence of the dye. This behaviour was observed for both ruby and neodymium: glass lasers. Pulse-widths as short as 20 nsec were occasionally recorded. Peak powers up to 2 MW have been observed using 1-chloronaphthalene to switch a ruby laser. It is proposed that Q-switching arises from an enhancement of reflectivity of the liquid, during the evolution of the laser pulse, through the formation of a periodic refractive index modulation in the liquid by the action of standing waves.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 33-35 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a method for determining some important laser parameters from the fluorescence changes of an excited media induced by a resonant laser pulse. The parameters measured include stimulated emission cross-section, metastable level population and spectral relaxation rate. Results are reported for Nd3+ in silicate and phosphite glasses and in solution in POCl3 and SeOCl2.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 49-59 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We first describe the basic linear and non-linear mathematical operations underlying most image enhancement techniques, and compare the hardware available for carrying out these operations which includes digital computers, optical set-ups and special electro-optical devices. Then we give a brief account of the commonly used image enhancement techniques, such as contrast enhancement, crispening, noise elimination, and inverse filtering. Finally, we mention some examples of image enhancement in the biomedical area.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 45-48 
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    Notes: Abstract By means of a simple grating and lens arrangement, the detour phase effect makes it possible to add and subtract any number of one-dimensional functions. This process may also be used for certain logic applications.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 37-44 
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    Notes: Abstract Huygens' principle is derived for short wavelengths in inhomogeneous, isotropic media from considerations of Green's second theorem and the solution to the time-independent wave-equation for a point-source in an inhomogeneous, isotropic medium. This principle leads to an integral equation for the field distribution on optical resonator mirrors, whose parameters depend only upon the geometrical-optics ABCD-matrices. The resonator parametersF, G 1,G 2, the resonance and stability conditions as well as the spot size of the fundamental mode at the mirrors are given as functions of A, B, C, D, for the special case of a rotationally symmetric optical system between square mirrors. The resonator parameters,F, G 1,G 2, are calculated by this new method for a case familiar from the literature.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 119-120 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 121-121 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 165-171 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown how the theory of non-linear interaction between the modes of the open resonator, developed previously [1] and used to study resonant second harmonic generation [2], can be applied to second harmonic generation in the absence of a resonator. The conditions under which the second harmonic output, in the small conversion approximation, can be approximated by a Gaussian beam are derived. The optimum value of the focusing parameter I/z0 (hereI is the length of the crystal, andz 0 is one-half the confocal parameter of the fundamental beam) for the total output is shown to be 5.68 agreeing precisely with the value given by Boyd and Kleinman [3].
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 189-192 
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    Notes: Abstract Experiments are reported on 1.06μm scattering from a laser produced plasma. Generally in such experiments scattering is observed on the shock wave front at 90° from the incident beam. In our set-up the plasma is expanding in a Fabry-Perot resonator and we note a strong emission at 1.06μm.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 174-178 
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    Notes: Abstract The absorption of light and subsequent thermalisation of the absorbed energy can be significantly affected by the presence of non-equilibrium population distributions in gases. The phenomenon of thermal blooming in gases is discussed from this standpoint. It is shown that a transient phenomenon of “absorption cooling” can occur, leading to a focusing rather than defocusing of an incident laser beam. Flux densities causing saturation in air and pure CO2 are calculated. For vibrational saturation in air, I 〉 3.66 kw/cm2, for pure CO2, I 〉 4.58 kw/cm2. For rotational saturation, in either gas, I 〉 840 kw/cm2.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 196-204 
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    Notes: Abstract It is known [1–3] that the statistical properties of the electrons emitted by a detector, which registers a light beam, contain information about light radiation statistics. This method has recently been widely used to measure the statistical properties of laser radiation [4]. In analysing non-linearly-transformed laser or thermal radiation, this method can give information about the non-linear process and also additional data on the statistics of the transformed radiation.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 219-219 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 213-217 
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    Notes: Abstract We have determined the two independent “fast” non-linear refractive indices for liquid mixtures of CS2 and CCI4 to within 5% relatively and 8% absolutely over their range of more than a decade. These indices describe non-linear propagation of optical pulses of arbitrary polarisation, which are of a too short duration to be affected by electrostriction. We report measurements, having relative accuracy better than 1 %, of the static Kerr constants of these mixtures. We combine these results with recent data on Rayleigh wing depolarisation ratios for the same mixtures to deduce the desired non-linear indices with the aid of molecular theory. The non-linear refractive index for linearly polarised light is shown to be two-thirds (±5%) of the index difference measured by the Kerr effect, at least for molar concentrations of CS2 greater than 10%. Our measured relative values of the mixture Kerr constants are predicted to within experimental error if one simply replaces the Lorentz local field factors in the classical theory by their 0.6 powers.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 1-8 
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    Notes: Abstract The optical and electrical problems in the design of a beam-sampling detector for laser power, energy and pulse duration measurements are discussed with a view to achieving an accuracy of 2% relative to a fundamental detector for pulses down to 3 nsec duration. Experiments show that a beam sampler using an ITT F4000 biplanar vacuum cell mounted in a coaxial taper is capable of this accuracy, but that the silicon diodes (EG + G SD100, Mullard BPY13A) trap some of the photoelectric charge and then release it with a time constant of up to a few microseconds giving a pulse length-dependent sensitivity: they can be used for energy measurements, however. The Mullard 90CV vacuum photo-cell holds back about 6% of the photo-electric charge for about 1μsec and can also give erratic currents up to ten times the computed saturation current: effects probably due to residual gas in the cell. The limits set on performance by the rise time and maximum linear current of the various detectors are discussed. The design of a holder for the ITT F4000 photo-cell giving a rise time constant of 0.25 nsec is given.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 29-31 
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    Notes: Abstract There is at present great interest in crystals which are suitable for efficient mixing at optical frequencies. Such a crystal should be acentric, have a wide transmission band, have a large non-linear coefficient and permit phase matching. Proustite possesses such properties [1], and this paper summarises the information that has been obtained to date at R R E on these properties and their use in “up-converting” 10μm radiation to the visible, on the available optical quality, on the electro-optic effect, and on electrical conduction in the crystal; some general observations on the type of damage caused to proustite by laser beams are given.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 62-64 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 64-66 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 67-67 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 75-87 
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    Notes: Abstract A general equation is proposed for the dynamical electric permittivity tensor, taking into account, besides frequency dispersion, spatial dispersion describing the linear and non-linear optical activities of the medium. It permits one to determine the symmetry relations and value of the optical Kerr effect, a generalised Havelock relation, and the non-linear change in optical rotation angle for arbitrary conditions of observation. Simple examples are adduced to give a microscopic interpretation of the results derived, rendering apparent the basic mechanisms (fluctuations of density, non-linear changes in the optical polarisability tensor and gyration tensor, molecular reorientation, and various radial and angular correlations) leading to induced optical non-linearities. Measurements of non-linear changes in optical rotation angle are shown to be promising in solutions of polymers or colloids, and will permit,inter alia, direct determinations of the anisotropy of gyration properties of molecules macromolecules and colloid particles.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 103-118 
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    Notes: Abstract The propagation of light near the axis of astigmatic optical systems may be described by the geometrical-optics approximation with the aid of ray-matrices. The application of the theory of diffraction to the propagation of light in such systems leads to integrals containing essentially the elements of the ray-matrices as parameters. The ABCD-law is derived by evaluating these integrals for gaussian beams. Integral equations applicable to astigmatic optical resonators, having nearly vanishing diffraction losses, are set up. They are only valid under certain conditions, which are comprehensively discussed. The eigensolutions and the eigenvalues of these integral equations are given. The spot-sizes at the resonator mirrors are derived from the eigensolutions, and the eigenvalues lead to the resonance condition. Spot-sizes and resonance condition appear as functions of the elements of the characteristic resonator matrices. The methods described here are applied to the propagation of gaussian beams through gas-lenses and to a resonator containing an internal gas-lens.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 89-101 
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    Notes: Abstract An analysis of the propagation process in fog has been performed by means of the Monte Carlo method. The effect of multiple scattering on image quality and on visibility range has been studied, together with the detailed time dependence of the light at the receiving system. The improvement in visibility achievable with range gating techniques has been evaluated.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 120-120 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. ii 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 123-127 
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    Notes: Abstract Pulse stretching of a passively Q-switched ruby laser is accomplished by the introduction of a non-linear absorber into the laser cavity. Single pulses of length 150 to 400 nsec are observed. The non-linear absorption is obtained by using a Rayleigh-wing scatterer as the solvent for a bleachable dye. This approach is unique in that stretched Q-switched pulses may be obtained by the introduction of a single liquid into the laser resonator with no electronics necessary. Since the Rayleigh Frequency is within the gain lineshape of the active medium, threshold for the stimulated Rayleigh scattering is exceeded at relatively low power densities.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 121-121 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 138-142 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the image upconverter can operate with point source pump-beams as well as the commonly used planar pump source. The major effect of the pump beam divergence is not to degrade the resolution but is to change the transverse and longitudinal magnification of the image. We demonstrate by a paraxial ray-tracing analysis that these changes in image dimensions and location obey relations quite similar to thin-lens formulae.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 143-150 
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    Notes: Abstract The development of techniques for the deposition of semiconductor layers has led, over the last decade, to intensive studies of heterojunction systems. In this paper an outline is given of those properties relevant to the production of photodetectors, illustrated by a summary of the classes of device so far prepared with notes on the way in which their performances differ from classical detectors.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 159-159 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. II 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 61-62 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 160-160 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 172-173 
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    Notes: Abstract Polaritons associated with the 1072 cm−1 optical mode of quartz have been stimulated by a two-beam method and we have directly observed the far-infrared radiation corresponding to the electromagnetic part of the excitation with a HgTe-CdTe detector.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 161-164 
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    Notes: Abstract Wavelength and frequency data for far-infrared c.w. gas laser lines have been scanned using a computer for chains of harmonic coincidences suitable for transferring frequency measurements from the submillimetre to the 10μm wavelength region. A table of selected possibilities using up to three lasers in sequence is presented showing the calculated beat frequencies.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 179-181 
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    Notes: Abstract Temperature tunable, 90° phase matchable, parametric fluorescence has been observed in ADP and KDP crystals. The fluorescence was pumped by 2573 Å CW radiation obtained from a second harmonic argon-ion laser. Fluorescence was observed in ADP over the complete visible spectrum by temperature tuning through the range —12 to+40° C. The measurements demonstrate the usefulness of these materials for visible parametric oscillators. The values of d(n 2v e −n v o )/dT deduced from these and other measurements are found to disagree with values in the literature.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 182-188 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The insertion of a multi-photon absorber within a laser cavity has practical importance in providing stabilised laser amplitude and variable pulse duration. We report the relative non-linear absorption coefficients of semiconductors Si, CdSe, CdTe, and GaAs at 1.064μm using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The measurements on Si were carried out from 77 to 450° K, and the results confirm a stepwise process giving rise to induced absorption. The effects of the spatial and temporal distributions of the laser emission on the absolute non-linear coefficient values are briefly discussed. Preliminary observation of stepwise multi-photon absorption in aqueous PrCl3 and NdCl3 measured with a pulsed Nd:glass laser is also reported. The possibility of using a combination of inducible and saturable absorbers, placed within the laser cavity, as a means of providing laser intensities confined to a narrow range centred about a pre-set intensity, is raised.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 193-195 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this experiment, the transmission of the saturable absorber of a mode-locked laser is modulated optically by a train of ultra-short pulses emitted by another laser, with some power reflected inside the cavity to initiate the emission. The laser threshold is only attained during the opening time of the modulator, and stimulated emission is prevented at any other time. Once pulses are formed, the photon density is sufficiently high for auto-modulating the dye. Q-switching of the laser is only realised if the difference between the time of a round-trip in the cavity and the period of modulation is less than ±17 psec. The emission is a series of pulses of 5.2 nsec period lasting for 60 nsec. The total energy in all pulses is 60 mJ for a neodymium doped glass rod of 8 mm diameter. We describe a method for measuring the noise of the series of pulses using a saturated photo-cell. We find a ratio of 100 between the energy of one pulse and the energy emitted between two pulses.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 218-218 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with the investigation of a longitudinal electric field (1 V/cm) arising in a homogeneous piezo-electric crystal at a high level of optical excitation. The sign of the effect corresponds to free carrier drag (electrons — in the case of CdS) in the direction of light propagation. The magnitude of the effect and its kinetics have been related to the light intensity, temperature, crystal orientation and the distance between the fest points. The effect is assumed to be a result of generation of a phonon packet, referred to by the authors as an acousto-optical domain, and carrier drag by this domain. Calculations based on the Boltzmann kinetic equation for the electron distribution function give a reasonable phonon density inside the domain, necessary for generating the electric field observed. Estimates based on the calculated phonon density show considerable mechanical stresses to exist in the domain area. These can result in the destruction of the crystal when there is an increase in light intensity; so the effect observed can be directly related to the problem of optical strength.
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    Naturwissenschaften 56 (1969), S. 33-34 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
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    Naturwissenschaften 56 (1969), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
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    Naturwissenschaften 56 (1969), S. 10-14 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
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    Naturwissenschaften 56 (1969), S. 22-29 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
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