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  • Articles  (7,954)
  • Springer  (7,954)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • Oxford University Press
  • 1975-1979  (7,954)
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (7,954)
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  • Articles  (7,954)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of glucose analogues on synthesis of sugar nucleotides and oligosaccharides inSaccharomyces cerevisiae (1975)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 1 (1975), S. 41-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary In a special standard reaction system with active dried yeast as an enzyme source about 65% of added 5′-UMP was transformed into UDPG. In this system 2-deoxyglucose was not only demonstrated to be a substrate for yeast hexokinase, but was also shown to enter the “LELOIR-pathway”. Depending upon the ratio of glucose to glucose-analogue, 2-deoxyglucose was incorporated into uridine-sugar-nucleotides, deoxy- and dideoxytrahalose. The trahalose splitting enzyme, trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28) showed a different substrate specifity towards trehalose and its unnatural analogues. Although 2-deoxy-2-chloro-D-glucose and 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose were good substrates for yeast hexokinase, these two deoxyhalogenglucopyranoses were not substrates for sugar-nucleotide and trehalose synthesis. 3-O-methylglucose was not phosphorylated and showed no influence on the course of reaction in the in vitro system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01880619
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scopulariopsis brevicaulis: Effect of pH and substrate on growth (1975)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 1 (1975), S. 55-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Scopulariopsis brevicaulis Bainier NRRL 5867, isolated from ammonia-treated corn during preservation studies, was grown in shaken and still liquid cultures on Blakeslee's malt extract. The medium was adjusted to different pH values between 5.0 and 10.6 with sodium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide. Maximum mycelium was produced at an initial pH of 9.0–10.0. Considerably more mycelium was produced in shaken flasks than in still cultures. When the initial pH was adjusted to 10.0 with ammonium hydroxide, 1350 mg mycelium/200 ml Blakeslee's malt extract was produced in contrast to 540 mg with sodium hydroxide. Approximately 28% of the total solids and 25% of the nitrogen in an ammoniated corn infusion broth were converted to mold mycelium high in essential amino acids and protein by both NRRL 5867 and NRRL 3273, another strain ofS. brevicaulis. WhenS. brevicaulis was grown 7 days on a solid substrate of ammoniated corn, ammonia was converted to organic material, carbohydrate was utilized and the protein of the fermented corn increased in lysine and methionine. Approximately 9% of the weight of the corn was lost during the process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01880620
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production ofl-tryptophan,l-tyrosine and their analogues by use of immobilized tryptophanase and immobilizedβ-tyrosinase (1975)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 1 (1975), S. 25-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Production of L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, or their analogues was attempted using immobilized tryptophanase or β-tyrosinase. The immobilized tryptophanase used in this study was first prepared by the present authors by coupling of free apoenzyme fromEscherichia coli B/1t-7A to pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) previously bound on Sepharose. This immobilization method involves the formation of Schiff base linkage between 4-formyl group of Sepharose-bound PLP and the α-amino group of the lysine residue of the catalytic center of one subunit of tetrameric apotryptophanase, followed by reductive fixation of the Schiff base linkage with NaBH4. In the case of β-tyrosinase fromEscherichia intermedia having two catalytic centers, however, immobilization by direct coupling to CNBr-activated Sepharose or a bromoacetyl derivative of Sepharose was more suitable than by the coupling to Sepharose-bound PLP. In each case, the affinity for substrate or coenzyme was scarcely affected by the immobilization. The immobilized enzymes thus obtained were shown to possess higher thermal stability and higher resistance to denaturing agents than the free counterparts. The optimal temperature for a short time reaction (10 min) was ca. 70°C for immobilized tryptophanase or 55°C for immobilized β-tyrosinase. In each case the optimal reaction temperature mediated by the immobilized enzyme was fairly higher than that catalyzed by the respective free enzyme. Addition of ethanol (5%, V/V) to the reaction mixtures favored the tryptophanase and β-tyrosinase reactions. The equilibrium of α, β-elimination reactions of L-tryptophan and β-tyrosine lied so far to the synthetic side (70% in tryptophanase and 80% in β-tyrosinase reactions, respectively). By continuous flow methods using these immobilized enzyme columns, L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, and their analogues, such as L-DOPA and L-5-hydroxytryptophan, were conveniently synthesized in good yields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01880618
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pullulanase is a characteristic of manyKlebsiella species and functions in the degradation of starch (1976)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1976), S. 71-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The type strainsKlebsiella pneumoniae NCTC 9633,K.ozaenae NCTC 5050 andK.rhinoscleromatis NCTC 5046, representative for all members of the genusKlebsiella, were found to produce pullulanase (pullulan 6-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.41). In addition, 58 fresh isolates ofKlebsiella sp. of human origin were screened for growth on a defined solid medium with either maltose, maltodextrin mixture, soluble starch, glycogen, or pullulan as the sole carbon source. All of the strains showed luxurious growth on maltose and maltodextrins, seven strains grew poorly or not at all on the polymeric substrates, soluble starch, pullulan or glycogen. Three fresh isolates out of the 51 strains which did grow on each carbon source tested were examined in more detail with respect to a possible involvement of pullulanase in the utilization of α-glucans. The production of pullulanase was inducible by growth of the cells on α-glucans, whereas cultivation on glycerol, D-glucose or lactose did not lead to enzyme formation. The level of pullulanase activity in the three strains varied under otherwise comparable culture conditions, as did the level of a co-inducible α-amylase. Comparative growth experiments on linear or branched α-glucans allow the conclusion that the cooperation of hydrolases specific for 1,4-α-glucosidic linkages (α-amylase) and for 1,6-α-linkages (pullulanase) is an obligatory requirement for the effective utilization of starch and glycogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00934072
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conversion ofL-sorbose to 2-keto-L-gulonic acid by mixtures of immobilized cells ofGluconobacter melanogenus IFO 3293 andPseudomonas species (1976)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1976), S. 91-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary L-Sorbose was converted to 2-keto-L-gulonic acid by mixtures ofGluconobacter melanogenus IFO 3293 andPseudomonas syringae NRRL B-865 entrapped simultaneously in polyacrylamide gel. Since the temperature optima of both enzymatic reactions involved differed, a two-stage process with cells immobilized separately seems to offer a more efficient method to prepare 2-keto-L-gulonic acid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00928427
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Streptomycin (1976)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1976), S. 97-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Streptomyces griseus DTH-2 was grown in 5 1 fermentors on complex media containing calcium carbonate as a buffering agent. It was shown that automatic pH control (4N KOH) could substitute the calcium carbonate giving higher yields of streptomycin. The yield was further increased by omitting inorganic phosphate from the medium and by differential addition of glucose/ammonium sulphate during the fermentation. The maximal yield obtained was 8.5 g of streptomycin per liter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00928428
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological response ofCandida tropicalis grown on n-paraffin to mixing in a tubular closed loop fermenter (1976)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1976), S. 103-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A special tubular closed loop fermenter was used in order to simulate the particular mixing condition of a large scale recycle fermenter. Some mixing parameters of the system are characerized. During continuous cultivation ofCandida tropicalis on n-paraffin as a substrate the biomass yield with respect to carbon and oxygen increased, when a controlled oxygen limit was imposed on the culture. Mixing in the closed loop fermenter generates undamped short period oscillations in the respiration activity, in the dissolved oxygen tension and in the actual ATP content of the culture. These oscillations likely represent oscillations of allosteric feedback loops which manifest themselves by some synchronising action of the particular environmental transients in the closed loop fermenter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00928429
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cyclosporin A and C (1976)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1976), S. 125-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Cyclosporin A and C are new antifungal antibiotics fromTrichoderma polysporum (Link ex Pers.) Rifai. The metabolites are produced in submerged culture and are extracted therefrom by organic solvents. Cyclosporin A is a nonpolar cyclic peptide with a molecular weight of 1202.6. The cyclosporins exhibit a narrow spectrum of antifungal activity and in addition have immunosuppressive properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00928431
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of the anti-lipogenic antibiotic cerulenin on growth and fatty acid composition of n-alkane-utilizingCandida lipolytica (1976)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1976), S. 115-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effects of cerulenin, an anti-lipogenic antibiotic, on the growth and cellular fatty acid composition ofCandida lipolytica were investigated by changing the chain length of n-alkane, the growth substrate. The antibiotic inhibited almost completely the growth of the yeast on glucose, n-undecane and n-dodecane, but partly that on n-tridecane. The yeast growth on longer alkanes, e.g., from n-tetradecane to n-octadecane, was not affected by this antibiotic, indicating that a chain elongation system and/or intact incorporation system predominantly operate in the formation of cellular fatty acids from such longer chain n-alkanes. Comparison of the fatty acid profiles between the cells grown on n-alkanes of different chain lengths, especially on n-pentadecane, in the presence and absence of cerulenin, supported the supposition that only the de novo synthesis system of the yeast would be affected by the antibiotic, whereas the chain elongation system would not.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00928430
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biosynthesis of candicidin by phosphate-limited resting cells ofStreptomyces griseus (1976)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1976), S. 135-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A phosphate-limited resting cell system ofStreptomyces griseus in a synthetic medium has been developed in which biosynthesis of the polyene macrolide, candicidin, is linear for at least 36 h without cell growth. Glucose and to a lesser degree sucrose, but not lactose, support antibiotic synthesis. Glucose is utilized at a constant rate for antibiotic synthesis without affecting mycelial dry weight. Acetate and propionate, the building units of the macrolide aglycone, stimulate candicidin biosynthesis in cultures supplemented with glucose but do not support its synthesis in the absence of glucose. Maximal stimulation of candicidin biosynthesis was produced by 40 mM propionate or 250 mM acetate. The biosynthetic intermediate, methyl malonate, and the analog, 1-propanol, were more stimulatory than propionate at the same concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00928432
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of corn steep liquor on the transformation of steroids (1976)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1976), S. 145-156 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary As a nutrient in growth medium, corn steep liquor (CSL) may suppress 1-dehydrogenation of hydrocortisone 17-acetate byBacillus lentus, 11β-hydroxylation of 6α-fluoro-16α-methyldeoxycorticosterone 21-acetate (FM-DOCA) byCurvularia lunata, and favor the formation of side-products. By means of step-down multiple regression analysis it was found that part of the variation in degree of steroid transformation in dependence on CSL quality can be explained by variable contents of SO2, calcium and phosphorus for dehydrogenation and by ash, calcium, proline, and zinc for hydroxylation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00928433
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbiological leaching of a low-grade uranium ore byThiobacillus ferrooxidans (1976)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1976), S. 157-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The microbiological leaching of low-grade uranium ore has been investigated using a pure strain ofThiobacillus ferrooxidans. It has been shown that only minute quantities of iron are required to achieve a maximum effect on uranium release. The ore sample contained enough iron (3.23%) to produce this effect, consequently, very little influence has been observed on uranium solubilization by addition of either ferrous sulfate or pyrite to the leach suspensions. The highest uranium extraction rate derived in this study (57.1 mg/l/day) was realized with a 40% pulp density suspension containing 9.0 g/l of ferrous ion. The highest yield (100.0%) was obtained with a 5% pulp density suspension (initial mean particle diameter: 0.64 mm) and without addition of iron after ten days of treatment. The applicability of this method to industrial scale is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00928434
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous production ofL-malic acid by immobilizedBrevibacterium ammoniagenes cells (1976)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1976), S. 169-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Continuous production ofL-malic acid from fumaric acid using immobilized microbial cells was investigated. Several microorganisms having fumarase activity were immobilized into a polyacrylamide gel lattice. Among the microorganisms tested, immobilizedBrevibacterium ammoniagenes IAM 1645 showed the highest enzyme activity, but produced an unwanted by-product, succinic acid. Conditions for suppression of this side reaction were investigated, and bile extract treatment of immobilized cells was found to be effective. The bile extract treatment of immobilized cells also resulted in a marked increase of reaction rate forL-malic acid formation. No difference was observed between the native enzyme and immobilized cells in optimal pH and temperature of the enzyme reaction. The effect of temperature on the reaction rate and the stability of fumarase activity of an immobilized cell column were investigated under conditions of continuous enzyme reaction. The decay of enzyme activity during continuous enzyme reaction was expressed by an exponential relationship. Half-life of the fumarase activity of the immobilized cell column at 37°C was calculated to be 52.5 days.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01385432
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Destruction of concrete by nitrification (1976)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1976), S. 185-192 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Nitrification was studied, using samples of asbestos concrete plates and water, both taken from a cooling tower, in which ammonia-containing water had been circulated for several years. Almost the entire nitrifying activity and the majority of autotrophic nitrifying bacteria were found to be located in the coating, covering the asbestos concrete plates. When sprinkled over these plates, the H+-concentration of such ammonia-containing water increased from neutrality to about pH 5.3 and this pH was maintained as long as nitrification was feasible. Death of microorganisms and lack of either ammonia or oxygen caused a rapid decrease of H+-concentration, which was obviously due to concrete destruction. The temporary acidification observed in the medium resulted from both acid-producing microbial nitrification and acid consuming concrete dissolution, with both reactions counteracting each other. The amount of nitric acid required to maintain a low pH in presence of concrete was determined by automatic titration. The obtained result indicated that considerable amounts of nitric acid might have been formed in the cooling system, which could well account for the observed damage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01385433
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of ethanol on acetate oxidation byAcetobacter aceti (1977)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1977), S. 303-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Effect of alcohols on acetate oxidation by the resting cells was studied.Acetobacter aceti M-7 could oxidize ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol and n-pentanol. Ethanol was completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. n-Propanol, n-butanol and n-pentanol were oxidized to the corresponding acids, respectively. Moreover, these three n-alcohols all did not repress acetate oxidation. However, manometric study showed that ethanol repressed acetate oxidation. It was therefore suggested that acetate was hardly oxidized by the resting cells until the ethanol added had apparently been exhausted. However, ethanol did not completely repress acetate metabolism, but only a small amount of acetate was metabolized to form a nonvolatile acid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01263330
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  • 16
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    Determination of yield for growth and endogenous metabolism in the activated sludge process (1977)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1977), S. 313-324 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary In this paper it is demonstrated that a step change of incoming substrate concentration affects the oxygen uptake of activated sludge. The effect may be used to obtain quantitative values of true yield and endogenous metabolism. The method described is far less laborious and time consuming than traditional methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01263331
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  • 17
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    Oxidation of n-alkanes by citric acid producingCandida spp. (1977)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1977), S. 289-301 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Microbial oxidation and assimilation of n-pentadecane by two citric acid-producingCandida strains, KSH 21 and mutant no. 337, were studied. 1. Isolation and identification of pentadecanol-1 and pentadecanoic acid indicated monoterminal oxidation of n-pentadecane by the organisms. 2. A subterminal oxidation was suggested by the isolation of methyl ketone (pentadecanone-2) and tridecanol-1. 3. Diterminal oxidation could also be demonstrated by presence of dioic acids. Even-numbered dioic acids were also present. Glutaric acid and pimelic acid were predominant. 4. Fatty acids with an even number of carbons could be detected not only in culture fluids but also in the cells. 5. Pentadecenoic acid (15:1) was found in culture fluids and in the cells. This observation demonstrated that a direct desaturation of pentadecanoic acid took place. A degradation pathway of n-alkane by these two citric acid-producingCandida strains, KSH 21 and mutant no. 337 respectively, is proposed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01263329
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  • 18
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    Substrate specificity and ion inhibition of bacterial and particle associated alkaline phosphatases of waters and sewage sludges (1977)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 195-204 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The alkaline phosphatase activity of particulate matter derived from a variety of environments differing in ambient orthophosphate concentration has been examined. Orthophosphate inhibition of enzyme activity was directly related to the ambient orthophosphate concentration of the source of the particulate matter. Extracts of particulate matter from selected sites hydrolysed a range of inorganic and organic phosphates. Inhibition of phosphatase activity by cations was generally less powerful than that by anions. Of the metals likely to occur in waste waters, cadmium, nickel, zinc, and copper showed some degree of inhibition; tungstate was a strong inhibitor of all extracts. The behaviour of extracts bore a closer resemblance to that of a constitutive enzyme than to that of an inducible enzyme, but the similarity was shallow. The hydrolytic behaviour of particulate matters is likely to be influenced by many factors including the nutritional and physico-chemical status of the environment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01390480
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  • 19
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    Suitability of the enzyme treatment and ammonium sulfate precipitation method for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin from different foods (1977)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 233-237 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An enzyme treatment and ammonium sulfate precipitation procedure was adapted to the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin from high-protein foods. The enterotoxin is extracted from food with distilled water, after which soluble proteins are acid-precipitated (pH 4.5) and the supernatant washed with chloroform (pH 7.5). The extract is then treated with trypsin andPseudomonas peptidase for 2 h at +37°C. Residual unhydrolyzed material is precipitated with 60% ammonium sulfate for 15 min at +4°C. The precipitate is redissolved in phosphate buffer and concentrated by dialysis against polyethyleneglycol. The concentrate is washed with chloroform and lyophilized. The dry material is dissolved in 0.2 ml distilled water and enterotoxin detected by the micro-slide method with 24 h incubation at +37°C. Using this method, it has been possible within three days to detect 0.2–1.0 μg staphylococcal enterotoxin A added to minced meat, dry sausage, smoked fish, cheese and milk.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01390484
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  • 20
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    The use of a molasses medium for toxin production by clostridium botulinum type A (1977)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 239-241 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01390485
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  • 21
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    Heat resistance ofCitrobacter freundii in media with various water activities (1977)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 225-231 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The heat resistance ofCitrobacter freundii NCTC 9750 between 45–65°C in media with various water activities has been determined. At a water activity of nearly 1.00, the Arrhenius plot of the death rate shows a sharp breakpoint at 56.5°C, suggesting the existence of at least two different thermal inactivation processes causing lethality of the bacterial cell. The activation energy below 56.5°C is 0.4186 MJ/mol (100 000 cal/mol), above 56.5°C it is 0.1863 MJ/mol (44 500 cal/mol). After addition of sucrose (1.8 mol/l) or NaCl (0.77 mol/l) to the heating medium, such a breakpoint is not observed. The activation energy for these processes are, for sucrose; 0.2097 MJ/mol, for NaCl; 0.3641 MJ/mol. However, at an NaCl concentration of 1.54 mol/l there is a breakpoint at 53.3°C. The influence of the sucrose concentration on the heat resistance can be described by the formula: ln kS=ln kO−a [sucrose]. Such a simple correlation does not exist for the influence of NaCl or glycerol. The heat inactivation of whole cells ofC. freundii was also measured with a differential scanning calorimeter. The first irreversible conformation change took place at 323 K, the main conformation change at 343 K.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01390483
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  • 22
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    Degradation of p-Aminoazobenzene byBacillus subtilis (1977)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 217-224 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary p-Aminoazobenzene (PAAB) was degradated byBacillus subtilis. Both aniline and p-phenylenediamine as degradative compounds from PAAB were identified by thin layer chromatographic-, and high performance liquid chromatographic-methods. This fact suggests that the first degradative reaction of PAAB byB. subtilis is reductive fission of azo bond in PAAB.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01390482
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  • 23
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    The production of extracellular thermostable neutral proteinase and α-amylase byBacillus stearothermophilus (1977)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 255-266 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Extracellular thermostable neutral proteinase was produced byBacillus stearothermophilus strains NCIB 8924 and NRRL B-3880 growing at 55°C. The formation and stabilization of this proteinase was found to be dependent on the concentration of free calcium ions. Therefore, procedures that removed free calcium ions from the medium, such as the use of phosphate buffer, resulted in a lower production of proteinase. The calcium-deficient proteinase was denaturated or adsorbed by calcium phosphate compounds. During the sterilization procedure of the culture medium, the CaCO3 precipitation, caused by the removal of CO2, influenced the amount of proteinase produced in a phosphate buffered medium made with tap water. An improved medium without phosphate buffer was used for 10 and 300 l batch cultivations and the calcium requirement for proteinase formation by the two strains was determined.
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    Modification of yeast metabolism by immobilization onto porous glass (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 243-254 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Porous glass beads are used to immobilizeSaccharomyces carlsbergensis cells. If silica pores are large enough, adsorption occurs. On the other hand, activation of the silica by glutaraldehyde allows the cells to bind onto the support. In the other case, the most porous glass has the greatest retention capacities. In all cases, 15 min is sufficient for support saturation by microorganisms. The study of glucose fermentation in immobilized cells shows that immobilization modifies the metabolism. Adsorption leads to an acceleration of metabolism, while a slowing down of the cell's activity follows covalent binding. Nevertheless, in both cases yield of glucose converted into ethanol increases while yield of glucose converted into carbon dioxide decreases.
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    Effect of copper sulfate on the morphologic transition of a strain ofMethanomonas margaritae (1977)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 267-272 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary With a methane oxidizing strain ofMethanomonas margaritae requirement of copper sulfate for the multiplication of cells was observed. When the organisms were cultured in a medium containing both copper and methane, cell growth was parallel to the consumption of copper sulfate in the medium. Also, using ultrathin sections, intracellular structure of the strain was investigated. When organisms were cultured in the medium, organella-like extra large cysts with double membrane and/or multilayered peripheral membrane were observed within the cell. However, only vesicles were shown in those organisms grown in copper sulfate-deficient media.
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    Lyophilization of nonsporulating strains of the fungusClaviceps (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 289-294 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Maintenance of active strains of microorganisms is one of the fundamental problems for every successful industrial biosynthesis. In this paper, the efficiency of lyophilization for long-term preservation of nonsporulating strains of the fungusClaviceps, producing ergot alkaloids in saprophytic cultures, was studied. It was found that lyophilization is a suitable method for the preservation of the testedClaviceps strains. All treated strains have retained their vitality and biochemical properties unchanged after three years of storage.
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    Carbohydrate nutrition of claviceps purpurea for alkaloid production related to the osmolality of media (1977)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 283-287 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effects of most frequently used carbohydrates and osmolalities of media on the growth and productivity ofClaviceps purpurea in submerged cultures were investigated. The maximum alkaloid yield was obtained with 20% mannitol as well as with 10% mannitol when 2% NaCl was added to the medium and the osmolality about 1 osmol/kg H2O was established at the end of fermentation. Increased or decreased osmolality of the medium had a negative influence on fungal growth and alkaloid production. Almost the same effect was observed with sucrose as with mannitol, whereas with glucose only maximal growth was achieved.
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    Some enzymological factors influencing the leavening capacity and keeping quality of baker's yeast (1975)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 1 (1975), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary In tests with different brands of baker's yeast, no correlation was found between the α-glucosidase activity and either the leavening power or the ability to ferment maltose. During storage of pressed baker's yeast, the carbohydrate reserves were consumed, the fermentation ability of the yeast disappeared, and the decomposition of acid soluble nucleotides was followed by a discharge of proteins and nucleic acids, RNA and DNA. The contents of the RNA fractions increased initially during storage. Under extreme conditions (at 35°C), the amount of rRNA attained its maximum value after 5 days, followed by DNA (7 days), then tRNA (10–12 days) and lastly 5S RNA; thereafter they all decreased. The mRNA fraction diminished rapidly: after only two day's storage the mRNA declined by 90%.
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    Trehalose synthesis during starvation of baker's yeast (1975)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 2 (1975), S. 39-46 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary 1. Trehalose is synthesized in baker's yeast even in the absence of an exogenous carbon source. 2. Glycogen does not contribute substantially to trehalose synthesis. 3. The decrease in the amino acid pool during starvation as well as the requisite of fully derepressed mitochondria, point towards a gluconeogenic pathway of trehalose synthesis under these conditions. 4. The results contribute to the understanding of the “ripening” period which corresponds to the final stage of commercial baker's yeast production in which cells with an optimum balance of yeast properties are formed.
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    ATP pools in activated sludge (1975)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 2 (1975), S. 59-64 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary ATP was measured in samples of activated sludge under field conditions for several hours in a waste water treatment plant. The mean level of ATP in the sludge is relatively independent of the inflow of organic material, however a fast increase in the supply of organic material results in a simultaneous increase in the ATP. Since the inflow of the waste water treatment plant is continuously changing, oscillations in the ATP level are seen. It is concluded that average levels of ATP may give some information on the biological state of the activated sludge, while single determinations are not meaningful.
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    Removal of RNA by heat treatment (1976)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 2 (1976), S. 81-89 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Eight bacterial strains were subjected to a discontinuous heat shock treatment aimed at causing a degradation of RNA. The treatment involved a 10 s to 10 min exposure to 65°C and then an incubation period of up to 3 h at 50°C. At intervals the cells were analyzed for RNA, DNA and protein. Whereas the contents of protein and DNA were not affected, RNA was degraded. An almost complete degradation of RNA occurred inAlcaligenes eutrophus H 16 — PHB−4 andEscherichia coli K 12; only about 50% of the cellular RNA were degraded inPseudomonas putida andP.flava GA; inCorynebacterium autotrophicum 7 C,Nocardia opaca 1 b and coryneform strains 11 X and 30.1 b RNA degradation occurred only to a small extent. A continuous flow system for the treatment of cell suspensions by heat shock followed by incubation at an elevated temperature was developed. The results confirmed those obtained by batch-wise heat treatment.
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    Preparation of porphobilinogen and uroporphyrin III from δ-aminolaevulinic acid by pretreated cells ofChromatium vinosum (1975)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 2 (1975), S. 19-28 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Crystalline porphobilinogen is prepared in a large-scale process from δ-aminolaevulinic acid with a yield of 57 mol-% by enzymatic reaction with harvested cells ofChromatium vinosum acting as an immobilized enzyme. The process is combined successfully with the simultaneous production of the descobaltocorrinoids formed de novo by extractive pretreatment of Chromatium with ethanol (80%) under shear stress. Thus in addition the urogen-synthetase system is inactivated and the yield of porphobilinogen increases markedly. The maximum raw yield is 93% with 0.15 g/l δ-aminolaevulinic acid under optimal reaction conditions (30°C, 0.05 M Tris-acetate pH 8.6; 8 g/l cell dry weight, 1 h). Three isolation procedures, one with precipitation steps with heavy metal ions and two with ion exchange resins are discussed. Uroporphyrin III is prepared directly from δ-aminolaevulinic acid with cells ofChromatium vinosum previously extracted with acetone at −30°C.
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    Thermophilic anaerobic digestion of cellulosic waste (1975)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 2 (1975), S. 65-72 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The anaerobic digestion of domestic solid waste offers an alternative source for supplemental amounts of fuel gas. Using shredded newsprint and primary sewage sludge, we have examined the use of anaerobic digestion at a thermophilic temperature (55°C) for methane production. The maximum productivity occurred at a nominal retention time of 5 days using a total solids feed of 50g/l. The rate of gas production also correlates with the ratio of propionic plus butyric acids to acetic acid in the cell-free broth; this correlation is hypothesized to be the result of higher yields of methane from anaerobic utilization of the longer-chain fatty acids. The methane content of the gas depends on the liquid flow rate; carbon dioxide is much more soluble in water than methane and, as the liquid flow rate is increased, more CO2 is removed in the liquid phase, thus enriching the methane in the gas phase.
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    The mechanism for the methionine mediated reduction of anthramycin yields inStreptomyces refuineus fermentations (1976)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 2 (1976), S. 95-101 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The addition of L-methionine to cultures ofStreptomyces refuineus producing anthramycin, results in an apparent decrease in the antibiotic titer. It has been shown that this effect is not due to the inhibition of tyrosinase, an enzyme implicated in anthramycin biosynthesis. The inhibitory effect also appears unlikely to be due to a regulatory role played by methionine in a non-precursor fashion. Experiments with radiolabeled anthramycin have revealed that the reduced yields of the antibiotic are due to the interaction of anthramycin with generated reactive metabolites produced in the methionine-supplemented cultures.
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    Inoculation of the digestive tract of axenic mice with the autochthonous bacteria of mineral water (1976)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 2 (1976), S. 127-134 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The autochthonous bacteria present in mineral water from Vittel “Grande Source” were not able to establish themselves, i.e. to multiply and subsist in a great number in the digestive tract of axenic mice. The inocula of these bacteria ingested by the animals were either completely or only partly destroyed during their transit through the digestive tract of the animals. The autochthonous bacteria of the water, ingested in a very high amount or injected intraperitoneally, have never brought about detectable pathological disorders in the animals.
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    Kinetic study of extracellular nuclease ofSerratia marcescens (1976)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 2 (1976), S. 161-168 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The kinetic study of extracellular nuclease of the strainSerratia marcescens is reported. Mathematical description of a substrate inhibition observed in the DNA decomposition ofSerratia nuclease is given. By computer process, the following parameters of the kinetic model have been identified: Ks, Km and Vmax values characteristic of the noninhibited decomposition process and rate constants k1, k−1 and k2 of the elementary steps of the enzyme reaction. The effect of the temperature and pH on the reaction rate and specific rate constants has been studied. A new subtype of substrate inhibition is suggested.
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    Protease production by the ontjom fungus,Neurospora sitophila (1976)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 2 (1976), S. 195-203 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The production of protease and mycelium byNeurospora sitophila cultured on solid and liquid potato dextrose media was studied. Maximal activity of protease extracted from 4-day-old cultures occurred at pH 6.5 when an unfractionated peanut (groundnut) protein substrate was used. The greatest protease activity and mycelium production occurred during the first day of the 4-day test period. Potato dextrose media containing more than 0.2 M NaCl resulted in decreased protease and mycelium production, while tapioca starch was without affect at concentrations up to 1.4%. Addition of up to 0.3 M sucrose to growth media greatly stimulated protease production and mycelial growth. Maximal proteolytic activity was observed in extracts from mycelium cultured in potato dextrose media adjusted from pH 6.0 to 7.5. Activity was greater when soluble peanut protein was used as a substrate, compared to unfractionated or globulin protein substrates.
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    Microbial transformation ofβ-sitosterol byNocardia sp. M 29 (1976)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 2 (1976), S. 243-255 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The degradation and conversion of β-sitosterol to C-17-ketosteroids byNocardia sp. M 29 was studied. Maximal enzymatic activity was found after 24 h of incubation. Although the key enzymes involved in the decomposition of β-sitosterol were inducible, no separate induction of side chain hydroxylase or 9α-hydroxylase was possible. Inhibition of the steroid ring cleaving enzyme by α,α′-dipyridyl resulted in low yields of 4-androstene-3,17-dione and 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione (total yield 22%). Addition of lipophilic organic adsorbents (Amberlite XAD-2 and XAD-4) stimulated the 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione formation (maximal 50% within 120 h of incubation). Furthermore, 3-oxo-23,24-dinor-1,4-choladienic acid and 3-oxo-23,24-dinor-1,4-choladienic acid methyl ester were accumulated in the presence of Amberlite XAD-2 in moderate yields (total 11%).
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    Degradation products from aflatoxin B1 byCorynebacterium rubrum, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride andMucor ambiguus (1976)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 2 (1976), S. 297-306 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Degradation of aflatoxin B1 byCorynebacterium rubrum and byAspergillus niger was analysed by adding14C-labeled aflatoxin B1 to cultures of these microorganisms. Two blue fluorescent compounds, formed byA. niger from aflatoxin B1 with Rf-values 0.42 and 0.48 (Rf of aflatoxin B1=0.54) were accumulated and characterized by UV-, fluorescence and mass spectrometry. Based on their properties both products were identified to be aflatoxin Ro. Under the same conditionsMucor ambiguus andTrichoderma viride also produced aflatoxin Ro.
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    Radiation inactivation ofSalmonella panama andEscherichia coli K 12 present on deep-frozen broiler carcasses (1976)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1976), S. 63-69 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Low doses of ionizing radiation have been used to extend the shelf life of refrigerated poultry carcasses and to reduce the numbers of Salmonellae present. This report gives results of experiments on irradiation of deep-frozen poultry carcasses which were, before freezing, artificially contaminated withSalmonella panama and with a nalidixic acid-resistantEscherichia coli K 12. The D-values (decimal reduction) obtained with the inoculated carcasses were compared with D-values obtained with carcasses which were slaughtered in the normal way. The D-values forS.panama and forE.coli K 12 were 64.9 krad and 55.9 krad in the dripwater. Under commercial conditions approximately 100 krad were required for one decimal reduction of the Enterobacteriaceae present. The D-values estimated on the skin were higher forS.panama than forE. coli K 12 (128.6 krad vs 57.6 krad). If it is assumed that 1 positive carcass in 10,000 is allowed, the deep-frozen carcasses should be irradiated with doses of at least 700 krad to be sure of the absence of the testedS. panama strain.
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    Continuous polarimetry in enzymatic gluconic acid production (1976)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1976), S. 81-89 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary As continuous analytical method to the enzymatic conversion of glucose to gluconic acid the well-known method of polarimetry is applied. In this case a simple polarimetric analysis is only possible by setting the pH to 10. Because the pH optimum of the reaction is at pH 6 this is carried out in the outlet of a continuous reactor before the product stream reaches the flow through cuvette of the polarimeter. The variability coefficient of the polarimetric method is 0.8 % in comparison to 1.6 % of the classical photometric method. The high precision and the high time resolution of the polarimetric method makes it applicable to continuous operation.
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    Longevity of various bacterial strains of intestinal origin in gas-free mineral water (1976)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1976), S. 227-236 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary We demonstrated that a washed suspension ofE. coli does not subsist in Vittel mineral water more than one to four days depending on the size of the inoculum. On the other hand,P. vulgaris and especiallyK. pneumoniae can survive much longer in this water. Thereafter we showed that the longevity ofE. coli andS. faecalis introduced into mineral water by fecal matters may be 1.5 months if the amount of feces is too small to allow multiplication of the bacteria, and 3–4 months if the amount of feces is sufficient to allow multiplication. Our results also show that various organic products introduced into mineral water have the same protective effect as feces uponE.coli andS.faecalis, notably if they allow these bacteria to proliferate. The importance of the time interval between bottling the water and sampling for bacteriological analysis is discussed with the aim of understanding the significance of the presence or absence of test-bacteria as indicator of fecal pollution of bottled mineral water.
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    Seasonal variation in the phosphatase activity of waters and sewage sludges (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 205-215 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The alkaline phosphatase activity of water from eight locations differing in orthophosphate concentration has been determined over a period from late Autumn to late Summer. Evidence for induction/repression effects was conjectural, but cellular activity was highest in the environment of lowest orthophosphate concentration. Environments were sampled on a number of occasions and pH/phosphatase activity profiles constructed. The pH of maximum activity of low phosphate environments was in the acid region, that of high phosphate environments was in the alkaline region. There was little difference in the character and distribution of constitutive phosphatases in representative bacterial cultures from a high phosphate and a low phosphate environment. It seems likely that the phosphatase activity of a water at a particular time will be influenced by its nutrient and physico-chemical status as well as its ambient orthophosphate concentration.
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    Hydrogen peroxide as a supplemental oxygen source for activated sludge: Microbiological investigations (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 295-305 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Parallel bench-scale activated sludge systems were operated using air or hydrogen peroxide as oxygen source. The use of H2O2 resulted in a temporary decrease of COD reduction, an increase of the catalase activity of the activated sludge, a depression of the nitrification, and a marked decrease of some filamentous organisms. Enumeration of some microbiologic groups indicated that the counts of enterobacteria, coliforms, staphylococci, and streptococci were lower in the H2O2 unit than in the parallel air unit. Also the use of H2O2 did not induce the selection of bacterial species that are more resistant to H2O2. The increase in catalase activity after H2O2 addition might be the result of a stimulation of catalase synthesis in catalase positive microorganisms.
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    The conversion of straw into feed by basidiomycetes (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 273-281 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary 1. The solid-state fermentation of straw byPleurotus cornucopiae, Pleurotus sp. Florida, Agrocybe aegerita, andStropbaria rugosoannulata at 22°, 25°, and 30°C during 0–120 days was examined. 2. During the first stage of fungal growth (saprophytic colonization), the quantity of water soluble substances, reducing sugars, and in vitro digestibility of the straw-fungal myeelium mixture decreased. 3. After 20 days, the amount of water soluble substances and reducing sugars increased. Temperature strongly influenced the rate of substrate decomposition, particularly with cultures ofPleurotus cornucopiae andStropharia rugosoannulata. 4. Of the fungal cultures examined,Pleurotus cornucopiae andStropharia rugosoannulata showed the highest rate of straw decomposition and released the greatest amount of metabolic energy from the straw. 5. The heat of combustion of decomposed substrate decreased due to increasing ash content and varying degree of metabolism of cellulose and lignin. 5. The in vitro digestibility of wheat straw was strongly influenced by incubation temperature and increased during fermentation byPleurotus species andStropharia rugosoannulata. 7. Agrocybe aegerita exhibited good properties for production of fruiting bodies, but this species was not satisfactory for the conversion of plant residues to feed.Stropharia rugosoannulata, however, increased the digestibility of straw by 31.6%. 8. Some technical possibilities for using fungi for upgrading waste straw to animal feed are discussed.
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    MPN tables for more than one test (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 307-316 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary MPN tables are presented, restricted to those tube combinations that are acceptable considering the number of tests performed (1, 2, 3, 5, or 10). Confidence limits of 95 and 99% are given for each result.
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    On criteria of optimal conditions at ballistic disintegration of microbial cells (1976)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1976), S. 1-7 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The present study examines the processes of ballistic disintegration carried out to release active biopolymers. The relationship between the activity of unit volume of homogenates and the time of disintegration has been obtained. Correctness of this relationship for any process of disintegration can serve as the criterion of optimal chemical composition of the medium in which this process occurs. Only two quantitative criteria have been found sufficient for comparison of any regimes of ballistic disintegration. The theoretical conclusions are proved by experiments in ballistic disintegrators of two types.Torulopsis candida cells were used to release the succinate oxidizing enzyme.
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    Degradation of long chain n-alkanes by Mucorales (1976)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1976), S. 19-30 
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    Notes: Summary 29 among 34 tested strains belonging to 11 genera of five different families of the order Mucorales exhibited good growth on solid media containing n-alkanes. In liquid media containing alkanes only a few strains showed vigorous formation of mycelial mats. It can be assumed from growth tests on terminal and subterminal oxidation products of n-alkanes, that in addition to the ability of methyl group oxidation in Mucorales there is also a subterminal pathway for degradation of aliphatic hydrocarbons.
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    Kinetics of extracellular cellulase and amylase production fromTrichoderma sp (1976)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1976), S. 9-18 
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    Notes: Summary Extracellular cellulase and amylase productions byTrichoderma sp. were examined in continuous cultures using either cellobiose or glucose as the sole carbon source. Straightforward enhancements of these hydrolase potencies were observed when the dilution rate was decreased from nearly 0.10 to 0.02 h−1. This decrease in dilution rate reflected that of the specific uptake rate of carbon source. In the specific production rate of hydrolases, ε decreased conspicuously with a slight increase in specific uptake rate of carbon source, ν, i.e. $$(8)'\varepsilon = aY_G (v - m)v^{ - b} $$ where a, m, YG=empirical coefficient and/or constant, b=4.4 for cellulase and 3.1 for amylase. Obviously, a controlled addition of carbon source to the culture medium so as to restrain the specific uptake rate of carbon source would enhance the hydrolase production. The simultaneous rate equations constituted by growth, carbon-source uptake, respiration and hydrolase production by this strain are a basis which may lead ultimately to an optimal design of the hydrolase-production process.
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    Degradation of long chain n-alkanes by Mucorales (1976)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1976), S. 31-41 
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    Notes: Summary The degradation pathways on n-dodecane and n-tridecane were studied in seven representative strains of five families of the order Mucorales. Using thin-layer chromatographic, gas-liquid chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods, extracellular oxidation products of the relevant n-alkanes could be isolated and identified. All strains tested exhibited a formation of isomeric primary and secondary alcohols, isomeric ketones and monoic acids with chain length equivalent to the n-alkanes in the substrates, proving that in the order Mucorales both a terminal and a subterminal oxidation pathway are realized.
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    Oxidation of n-alkanes by citric acid producingCandida spp. (1976)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1976), S. 43-54 
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    Notes: Summary Microbial oxidation and assimilation of n-tetradecane by two citric acid-producingCandida sp. (a wild typeCandida sp. KSH 21 and mutant from this strain No. 337) were studied. A monoterminal oxidation of n-tetradecane can be observed due to the isolation of 1-tetradecanol and myristic acid. Among the fatty acids detected from the culture fluid and in the cells the even-numbered dominate. No fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms could be isolated in the cells. A direct desaturation of myristic acid in the cells can be demonstrated by the presence of tetradecenoic acid. Beside monoterminal oxidation, diterminal oxidation can be observed by the appearance of tetradecanedioic acid. Dioic acids with an odd number of carbons can also be identified. Furthermore very many short chain dioic acids could be found in contrast to cultures grown on glucose and to other noncitric acid-producing species ofCandida. Substances which are supposed to be diols (1,14-tetradecanediol etc.) could be isolated in very small concentration from fermenter culture fluids of both strains.
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    Physiological behaviour ofEscherichia coli cultured in the presence of extracts of irradiated starch (1976)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1976), S. 55-61 
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    Notes: Summary The bactericidal effect of extracts of cobalt 60-irradiated maize starch on cultures ofEscherichia coli declines more rapidly when the starch is stored at elevated temperatures. Moreover radiolytic products are labile when subjected to short-time heat treatments or to extreme pH whereas autoclaving for one hour increases their toxicity to the initial level. The presence of ferrous ions alters the bactericidal power of these starch extracts, but in contrast the nature of the solvent, the composition of the atmosphere during extraction, the extraction time, and the storage of extracts at different temperatures up to 37°C are without effect. This toxicity is attributed to organic peroxides and especially to hydrogen peroxide formed during irradiation.
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    Studies on regulation of tetradecane oxidation inPseudomonas aeruginosa (1976)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1976), S. 193-202 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Using mainly the Warburg technique, the effect of intermediates of tetradecane metabolism on tetradecane oxidation inPseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated. Precultivation and simultaneous incubation of bacteria with acetate, succinate, fumarate, glycolate and malonate inhibit the oxidation of tetradecane as well as of all primary oxidation products including myristic acid in a different manner. C2-units have a key function in the regulation of tetradecane oxidation. The inhibitory effect of tetradecane and its primary oxidation products on substrate oxidations may be unspecific. During the oxidation of tetradecane or its primary oxidation products O2-consumption increases exponentionally but CO2-production becomes stationary. The RQ-values obtained with myristic acid growing cells decrease to O.1, indicating that myristic acid is only partially oxidized via citric acid cycle.
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    Studies on regulation of tetradecane oxidation inPseudomonas aeruginosa (1976)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1976), S. 203-211 
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    Notes: Summary The effect of glucose on tetradecane oxidation and protein synthesis was investigated with a strain ofPseudomonas aeruginosa. Precultivation or simultaneous incubation with glucose or glucose-6-P inhibits substrate oxidation, CO2-production, and protein synthesis totally for several hours. This inhibitory effect is completely reversed by addition of adenosine-3′-,5′-mono-phosphate and diethoxymethane as inducer. The inhibitory effects of gluconate or 6-P-gluconate are transient. Substrate oxidations and synthesis of proteins are stopped immediately after addition of 6-P-gluconate or glucose-6-P, whereas non-phosphorylated glucose or gluconate decrease these functions after a lag period. From this fact it may be suggested that non-phosphorylated compounds must be phosphorylated to act as repressors.
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    Dough-raising tests with hybrid yeasts (1976)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1976), S. 213-221 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The raising capacity of hybrid yeast strains was determined in hard biscuit, shortcake, and flour dough by measuring the CO2 production at 30°C with an Epsom fermentometer. Of the 90 strains tested, 26 hybrids were able to ferment in all three types of dough very well, reaching CO2 levels of approx. 300, 150, and 220 ml CO2/g dry weight of yeast after 135 min in hard biscuit, shortcake, and flour dough, respectively. The pattern of CO2 production shown by the hybrid yeasts in the different doughs is compared and discussed.
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    Method for the distinction of gramnegative from grampositive bacteria (1976)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1976), S. 223-225 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A test method is described for the distinction of gramnegative from grampositive bacteria. Gramnegative bacteria are aminopeptidase positive and can be detected by a colour reaction. The test can be performed: a. by laying L-alanine-4-nitroanilide-impregnated materials upon bacterial colonies b. by streaking bacteria upon the impregnated test materials c. by adding the bacteria to the test solutions, for example in microtiter plates.
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    Some properties of a neutral phosphatase of a bacterium isolated from a trickling filter effluent (1976)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1976), S. 237-243 
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    Notes: Summary The partial purification and some of the properties of a neutral phosphatase from a Gram-negative oxidative bacterium isolated from a sewage works effluent are described. The enzyme is active against a variety of organic and inorganic phosphates and, of a number of ions tested, cadmium, copper, mercury and zinc and tungstate and molybdate were the most powerful inhibitors of enzyme action. Inhibition by phosphate is competitive. The possible significance of bacterial neutral phosphatases in purification processes is discussed.
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    Studies on immobilized α-glucosidase from brewers yeastSaccharomyces carlsbergensis (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1977), S. 245-256 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary α-Glucosidase isolated from brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces carlsbergensis) was immobilized using hydroxymethacrylate activated by cyanogen bromide as a carrier. Up to a hundred-fold increase in the stability of the enzyme was observed after immobilization. The yield in activity (bound/applied) was up to 30%. Before developing the process of enzymatic cleavage of maltose further we evaluated the kinetic properties of the enzyme catalyst, as we had observed earlier that the soluble enzyme is strongly inhibited by the product glucose. This is even more pronounced with the immobilized α-glucosidase leading in this case to a linear relation between initial rate and substrate concentration, so KM (approx.) values can no longer be defined due to the dominating influence of the product inhibition.
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    Integral kinetics of the cleavage of maltose catalysed by α-glucosidase fromSaccharomyces carlsbergensis (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1977), S. 257-265 
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    Notes: Summary A new, sensitive and continuous assay for α-glucosidase is described exploiting the different angles of rotation for the substrate maltose and the product glucose. Kinetic experiments revealed a very pronounced product inhibition of α-glucosidase fromSaccharomyces carlsbergensis with a Ki of 4.85·10−3 M for glucose. The KM of maltose was found to be 37.8·10−3 M. Taking these values, an integral kinetic curve for the enzymatic hydrolysis of maltose was calculated, which is shown to fit the experimental data.
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    Wort sugar uptake by brewer's yeast (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1977), S. 267-272 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A culture of brewer's yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NCYC 240), maintained on Wickerham's MYGP medium, utilized the principal wort sugars sequentially in the order glucose-maltose-maltotriose, when inoculated into brewer's wort. A culture of the same strain maintained on brewer's wort utilized these three sugars simultaneously. Simultaneous utilization could be induced in MYGP-maintained cultures by successive sub-culture in brewer's wort, and appears to be the general rule of sugar uptake during wort fermentation under brewery conditions.
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    Degradation of long chain n-alkanes by mucorales (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1977), S. 273-281 
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    Notes: Summary Extracellular oxidation products isolated from the substrates ofMortierella isabellina (CBS 224. 35) grown on n-dodecane and n-tridecane were primary and secondary isomeric alcohols, isomeric ketones, aldehydes and isomeric esters with the same numbers of carbon atoms presented in the used n-alkanes as detected by combined glass capillary gas chromatography — mass spectrometry. All esters were identified which theoretically could originate in the isomeric ketones by a reaction mechanism resembling a Baeyer-Villinger-type oxidation.
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    n-Alkane oxidation byCandida tropicalis (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1977), S. 283-288 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The induction of the catalase enzyme by n-alkanes and its repression by glucose was investigated in chemostat experiments by shifting the substrate from glucose to hexadecane and back to glucose. Induction of catalase followed immediately after replacing glucose by n-alkanes. However, the activity of the catalase was not repressed by shifting from n-alkanes to glucose. Therefore, glucose appears to control the synthesis of catalase, but not its enzymatic activity.
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    Mixed culture of bacteria utilizing methanol for growth (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 1-9 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A mixed culture of bacteria MS1 capable of growth on methanol as its sole carbon-energy source was isolated by continuous culture with a minimum mineral salts medium and without asepsis. This bacterial association is composed of four Gram-negative bacterial strains which we identified. The respective numerical proportions of each microorganism are stable in time. The properties, and specially the stability of the continuous culture process have been studied with respect to substrate yield, biomass and productivity.
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    Mixed culture of bacteria utilizing methanol for growth (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 11-19 
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    Notes: Summary With bacterial association MS1 grown on methanol in a chemostat at various dilution rates (0.24–0.48 h−1) and different temperatures (34–41.6°C), we determined the biomass X, the substrate yield YS, the productivity DX, and we also analyzed the cell composition. A maximum yield of 0.44 g cell/g CH3OH and a maximum productivity of 4.55 g/l/h were found for a growth temperature of 34°C. The specific maintenance coefficient m was measured and was found to decrease with decrease in temperature. We also showed that YS as well as the ratio of total nucleic acids to proteins increase with the dilution rate at constant temperature and decrease when the growth temperature rises at constant dilution rate. At the same time, the crude protein content (N×6.25 max=78.6%) and the amino acid composition showed that mixed MS1 culture is feasible as a protein source for animal feed.
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    Yields of yeast growth on starch (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 29-35 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A survey was made of 81 starch-assimilating yeasts, representing 59 species and varieties, with respect to their capacity for the direct conversion of starch into SCP. The extent of starch conversion by the native amylases of the strains during exponential growth, expressed as yield on starch (final amount of dry biomass formed per unit mass of starch originally supplied), varied over a wide range (0.043–0.590) The highest yields were obtained with strains ofLipomyces starkeyi andL. kononenkoae which converted on the average respectively 84% and nearly 100% of the starch supplied. The rate of starch hydrolysis byL. kononenkoae did not limit its specific rate of growth and SCP production.
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    Maltose fermentation and leavening ability of baker's yeast (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 37-43 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Baker's yeasts with completely differenta-glucoside permease,a-glucosidase and maltose fermentation activities may still be almost equivalent in their leavening ability. A repression of the maltose uptake system of yeast occurs in a medium that besides maltose contains glucose or fructose. Hardly any maltose is utilized until the concentration of monosaccharide falls below 0.2% and a derepression of the maltose uptake system starts. It is almost conceivable that the repression also takes place in dough, as the hexose content of wheat flour is high enough to repress the maltose uptake system. The activities of the maltose fermenting system do not influence the leavening ability of the yeast as measured for the first hour of proofing, although maltose is the predominant sugar present.
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    Characteristics of aerobic, solid substrate fermentation of swine waste-corn mixtures (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 51-57 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Aerobic fermentation of swine waste combined with corn produced differences in microbial and biochemical patterns dependent on use of fresh or stored excrement. Lactic acid fermentation and odor control resulted with either waste. Homofermentative lactic acid bacteria were present initially at 107 organisms/dry g with stored waste-corn cultures and total microflora amounted to 108 organisms/dry g. Fresh waste-corn fermentations initially yielded heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria at 107 organisms/dry g and total viable population was 109 organisms/dry g. These respective groups of lactic acid bacteria dominated from 12 through 144 h in cultures with either waste, and acid production (0.2 meq/dry g) decreased pH by 2 units to 4.5. The major acid component with stored waste-corn was lactic acid, whereas fresh waste-corn fermentation produced both lactic and homologous fatty acids from acetic through valeric acid. Coliform bacteria present initially at 105 organisms/dry g in stored waste-corn cultures were not detected after 36 h; coliform bacteria in fresh waste-corn fermentations persisted at 106 organisms/dry g. A silage-like fermentation product resulted which may have use in animal feed formulations.
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    Fermentation of swine waste-corn mixtures for animal feed: Pilot-plant studies (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 59-65 
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    Notes: Summary Aerobic culture with solid substrates of fresh swine waste combined with corn resulted in lactic acid fermentation with odor control. Heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria produced lactic and homologous tatty acids from acetic through valeric acid (0.1 meq/dry g) to reduce pH 2 units to 4.2 to 4.6. During the fermentation, lactic acid organisms increased from 107 to 109/dry g. Coliform organisms remained steady in number at 106 organisms/dry g. Pilot-plant scale fermentation produced a product with 21 to 39% more methionine than corn but was still limiting for this amino acid as well as lysine for young pigs. Fermentation product from fresh waste-corn cultures was fed as the major dietary component to young pigs, hens, and sheep. Pigs showed gain and gain/feed diminished by one-third in 13-day trials. Laying hens performed comparably to controls in a 21-day test, and sheep did not discriminate against fermentation product.
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    Development of a new technique for obtaining axenic meat (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 67-73 
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    Notes: Summary A new technique for obtaining axenic meat is described. The procedure is based on the use of a liquid peracetic acid lock united with two isolators, permanently connected together. After immersion in a 3% solution of peracetic acid for 2 min, the surfaces of muscles obtained from pig, horse and cattle were shown to be completely decontaminated. Such meats appeared perfectly fit for gnotobiotic studies in the field of meat microbiology.
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    Benzene degradation by bacterial cells immobilized in polyacrylamide gel (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 75-85 
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    Notes: Summary Whole cells ofPseudomonas putida were immobilized in polyacrylamide gel and their ability to utilise benzene was examined. On initial immobilization cells were found to lose 40–70% of their activity. This activity could be restored by incubation in a medium containing benzene and succinate. It was also found that partial activation could be achieved by incubation with iron salts, in the absence of a carbon source. Electron microscopy showed this activation to be accompanied by an increase in cell numbers, with the formation of cell conglomerates within gel interstices. However, under some conditions, prolonged elution with substrate resulted in cell disruption and loss of activity.
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    The relationship between nutrient feed rate and specific growth rate in fed batch cultures (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 87-92 
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    Notes: Summary Equations are described which relate nutrient feed rate to specific microbial growth rate in fed batch culture. Fed batch cultures are classified into three types: 1) those allowing constant specific microbial growth rate, 2) those in which the rate of change of flow rate is constant and 3) those in which the nutrient flow rate is constant. The basic properties of these three types are described.
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    Degradation of long chain alkanes by bacilli (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 101-110 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Among 14 different types of bacillus and 100 isolates from soil samples, no bacillus was able to assimilate C14-C18 alkanes as sole carbon source. In contrast to these results, five types of bacillus were substantially able to oxidize alkanes in the presence of other carbon sources. All five strains tested formed relatively high amounts of secondary alcohol in contrast to low amounts of ketones and traces of primary alcohols with chain length equivalent to the n-alkane in the substrate, showing that the degradation pathway in bacilli is mainly subterminal. This conclusion is also supported by comparison of the extracellular fatty acids of cultures of bacilli grown on n-tridecane and on n-tetradecane supplemented with other carbon sources and on the same carbon sources without alkane.
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    Kinetics of growth and chemical composition ofFusarium moniliforme cultivated on carob aqueous extract for microbial protein production (1977)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 93-99 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of growth and the chemical composition ofFusarium moniliforme cultivated on aqueous carob pod extract were investigated. The extract was adjusted to provide 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0% carob sugars supplemented with inorganic salts at the ratio: carob sugar: NH4H2PO4: MgSO4.7H2O=1:0.6:0.012. The extract contained 16 mg tannic acid (Folin-Dennis) per g of carob sugar. The phase of vigorous growth was exponential. Tannins were not observed to depress growth. The maximum value of 0.22 h−1 for a specific growth rate corresponding to a generation time of 3.15 h was obtained when the fungus was cultivated on a 4% carob sugar medium. The dry mycelium produced per g of consumed carob sugar was then 0.515 g. The protein and purine content was affected by the composition of the growth medium. Protein values up to 37.7% true (Lowry) and 53.1% crude (NX6.25) of dry mycelium were recorded. Mean purine contents were 89 and 116 μmol/g, corresponding to nucleic acid levels of 5.7 and 7.5% for mycelium grown on 0.5 and 4.0% carob sugar respectively. These findings linked with those previously reported regarding the good appearance and nutritional quality ofF. moniliforme (Drouliscos et al., 1976) make this fungus worthy of consideration for the production of protein.
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    Production of citric acid from n-paraffins bySaccharomycopsis lipolytica: Kinetics and balance of the fermentation (1977)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 111-123 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The excretion of citric and isocitric acids was studied in a stirred fermentor with control of various fermentation parameters. Growth being nitrogen-limited, excretion was found to start at the end of the growth phase, constant production rates being then obtained for the two acids for about 90 h. A linear relationship between these production rates and cell density is observed, thus allowing a definition of specific production rates. Variation of these rates with temperature, aeration, pH and medium iron content were studied. The main effects observed are those of pH, which shows a clear optimum at pH 5, and of iron content, the lower values of which promote citric acid excretion. During the excretion phase rate measurements for all reactants (n-paraffins-oxygen) and products (carbon dioxide-citric and isocitric acids) show that good carbon and oxygen balance are obtained. Comparison with a similar fermentation using glucose is also presented and discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00929162
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    The preservation of grass juice (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 131-136 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An improvement in the short-term storage capability of grass juice was sought using acidification with HCl, addition of sodium metabisulphite (Na2S2O5) or both. The combination of treatments was more effective than either treatment alone in reducing the numbers of viable bacteria and yeasts recoverable from the juice. Addition of 1.0% (w/v) Na2S2O5 and acidification to pH 3.0 was shown to minimise changes in the chemical composition of grass juice stored for up to seven days at 30°C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00929164
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    Double antibody solid-phase radioimmunoassay for staphylococcal enterotoxin A (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 137-143 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A double antibody solid-phase (DASP) radioimmunoassay for staphylococcal enterotoxin A is described. In the assay the antigen-antibody complex is precipitated by anti-rabbit serum which is adsorbed onto a solid carrier (cellulose). The method is sensitive to 200 pg of enterotoxin. It was possible to detect as little as 2–5 ng enterotoxin A/ml food extract from minced meat and sausage. Enterotoxins B and C were not found to inhibit the uptake of labeled enterotoxin A at a level which might distort the results of the enterotoxin A assay. The DASP technique is sensitive, rapid, and easy to perform and thus compares favorably with other radioimmunoassays for enterotoxin.
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  • 77
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    Effect of nitrite, storage temperature and time onClostridium botulinum type A toxin formation in liver sausage (1977)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 145-149 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The occurrence ofClostridium botulinum-type A toxin in inoculated, commercially processed Finnish liver sausages that were kept under different storage conditions was studied. Two levels of sodium nitrite addition, three different storage times and three temperatures were used. An addition of 100 mg of sodium nitrite per kg of sausage emulsion prevented toxin formation during a 2-week period. In an inoculated sausage without nitrite the toxin was not produced when stored at 15°C, but was formed at 20 and 25°C.
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    The production of cellulolytic enzymes by fungal cultures (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 151-158 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Twelve fungal cultures belonging to the genera ofAspergillus, Tricboderma, Chaetomium, Stachybotrys, andHypocrea were screened for the production of cellulolytic activity. All twelve were found to degrade xylan, avicel, and carboxymethylcellulose, More cellulolytic activity was obtained with shaken cultures than with still cultures and the addition of citrate-phosphate buffer to the media greatly depressed the levels of cellulolytic activity. Varying the composition of the mineral salts in the medium had no effect on the cellulolytic activity. The growth ofAspergillus wentii under controlled conditions in a bioreactor showed that the cellulolytic activity was not affected by the aeration rate or the type of stirrer. The rate of stirring, however, did effect the cellulolytic activity, as at lower stirring speeds considerable wall growth occurred which resulted in low levels of cellulolytic activity. Culture supernatant fromAspergillus wentii was found to hydrolyze from 30–32% of Solka-Floc and from 2–10% of corn cobs, wheat straw, and newsprint. The extensive hydrolysis of the Solka-Floc indicates that with suitably treated cellulosic wastes and appropriate enzymes, appreciable amounts of sugars could be obtained.
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  • 79
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    Submerged cultivation of edible white-rot fungi on tree bark (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 159-166 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Three white-rot fungi,Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Polyporus anceps, andPleurotus sapidus, were grown in shake flasks on maple and cedar bark. The barks for growth were extracted with 1% NaOH and microbial growth was estimated by biuret protein. The maximum yields were 136 and 116 mg protein/gm of bark forPhanerochaete chrysosporium andPolyporus anceps and occurred at 4 days. These two fungi were active cellulase producers and were shown to exhibit an extensive linear phase during batch growth.Pleurotus sapidus produced laccase but negligible growth. A non-linear relationship between bark concentration and protein yield was found.
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  • 80
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    Influence of manganese on enzyme synthesis and citric acid accumulation inAspergillus niger (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 167-175 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A comparison of citric acid fermentations in manganese-deficient and manganese-containing media showed that manganese strongly influences idiophase metabolism. In the presence of manganese, cell growth increases, sugar consumption is diminished and acidogenesis decreases drastically. An investigation of the key enzymes of glycolysis, the pentosephosphate pathway, TCA-cycle, nitrogen metabolism, and gluconeogenesis indicated that manganese deficiency was accompanied by a repression of anabolic and TCA-cycle-enzymes with the exception of citrate synthase. The activity of this enzyme and the enzymes of glycolysis paralleled the sugar consumption rate. In the presence of manganese, no repression of enzyme synthesis was observed. Activities of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and isocitrate lyase could not be detected in either case. The results support the hypothesis that manganese deficiency mainly affects the operation of biosynthetic reactions inAspergillus niger, thus leading to an overflow of citric acid as an end product of glycolysis.
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  • 81
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    Effect of preculture on the slime production inChlamydomonas humicola Lucksch fo (1977)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 181-183 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Batch-culturedCblamydomonas bumicola Lucksch fo. showed seasonal oscillations of slime production even in constant conditions. These alterations were found to be correlated to the natural day length during the preculture of the inocula. After preculture in short day conditions production and excretion of mucopolysaccharides started earlier than after preculture in long day conditions. Dry weight production and carbohydrate content were not correlated to preculture.
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  • 82
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    Increase in isoleucine accumulation by α-aminobutyric acid-resistant mutants ofBifidobacterium Ruminale (1977)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 177-179 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A number of DL-α-aminobutyric acid-resistant mutants ofBifidobacterium ruminale were isolated. Several of these mutants were found to be superior to the parent strain in converting α-aminobutyric acid to L-isoleucine and in the valine accumulation. One of them accumulated over 9 mg/ml of L-isoleucine in presence of 3% DL-α-aminobutyric acid and 3 mg/ml of L-valine in absence of the precursor.
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    Enzymatic activities of activated sludge (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 185-194 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary As a potential measure of active biomass in an automated and continuous system, enzyme activities of activated sludge were sought that would allow a rapid and accurate determination. Using p-nitrophenylphosphate, bis-p-nitrophenylphosphate, p-nitrophenyl-α- and β-D-gluco- or galactopyranosides, and the p-nitroanilides of L-alanine, L-leucine, L-lysine, L-glutamic acid and L-phenylalanine, we could establish that the corresponding phosphatase, cyclic phosphodiesterase, glycosidase and aminopeptidase activities can be conveniently tested with diluted activated sludge within 10–20 min incubation at 30°C. The reactions were linear with time and concentration of activated sludge. The specific activities were in the range from 1 to 50 nmol substrate cleaved/min/mg protein at 30°C. They were diminished by starvation or poisoning with zinc powder, ZnCl2, HgCl2 or KCN. The enzymes were over 95% sedimented together with the flocs. Comparable activities were found in sludges from three independent sewage works in the Munich area. At the same time, dehydrogenase activities and ATP contents were investigated under several conditions.
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    Genetic recombination in the cephamycin producer,Streptomyces clavuligerus (1977)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1977), S. 125-130 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary In order to study the mechanism of cephamycin production by streptomycetes and to use genetic recombination in strain development, we undertook genetic studies inStreptomyces lipmanii andS. clavuligerus. S. lipmanii crosses gave 0.005–1.3% “prototroph-like” colonies, but all segregated back to parental genotypes. Crosses ofS. clavuligerus resulted in lower frequencies of “prototroph-like” colonies, i.e., 0.00002–0.9%. In ade x ura and ade x his crosses, the recombinant progeny did not segregate back. In arg x ade and arg x his crosses, segregation occurred in about 50% of the progeny. These data demonstrate that true haploid recombinants occur in crosses ofS. clavuligerus. S. lipmanii yielded only heterokaryons and, therefore, is less suitable thanS. clavuligerus for further genetic study.
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    Influence of the conditions of trypsin immobilization onto Spherosil on coupling efficiency (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 1-11 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effect of several parameters (pH, time of reaction, temperature, enzyme concentration) on trypsin immobilization onto glutaraldehyde-activated amine-Spherosil was investigated. This activated support could be stored over long periods of time without any important loss of capacity for trypsin coupling. When increasing the amount of trypsin bound to the carrier, enzymatic activity shows an optimal value, beyond which an augmentation of Spherosil enzyme content results in a lowered activity. The influence of the number of available reactive aldehyde groups on silica was investigated by coupling L-lysine to activated support either prior to or simulataneously with trypsin immobilization. In both cases, the activity of trypsin derivatives is decreased when L-lysine concentration is increased, yet the activity of trypsin derivatives is never equal to zero, even in presence of a large excess of L-lysine. This suggests the presence of two types of reactive groups on the activated support.
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    Characteristics of a moderately thermophilic and acidophilic iron-oxidizing Thiobacillus (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 291-299 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Thiobacillus TH1 is an acidophilic chemolithotrophic heterotroph growing at temperatures up to about 50°C on media containing ferrous iron or pyrite when supplemented with yeast extract or glutathione. Virtually no carbon dioxide fixation occurred during growth on iron with yeast extract. Its DNA contains 48 mol % guanine + cytosine. The organism effects the thermophilic leaching of metals from pyrite, chalcopyrite, CuS, and copper concentrates. Oxidation of soluble ferrous iron at pH 1.6 was competitively inhibited by ferric iron and had a Km of 7.3 mM FeSO4.
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    Population changes in microorganisms during composting of spruce-bark (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 315-330 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Population changes in the levels of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes during composting of spruce-bark were studied. The composting rate was determined as a function of the amount of CO2 produced per unit of time. Composting was performed under controlled conditions of the various environmental parameters in a bench-scale composter. Temperature influence on composting was studied with a view to accelerating the process. The most favourable influence was found at a controlled temperature of 45°C. Inoculation with raw bark compost had a positive effect.
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    Immobilization of yeast microbodies and the properties of immobilized microbody enzymes (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 17-27 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Yeast microbodies isolated from methanol-grown cells of Kloeckera sp. No. 2201 were immobilized by two types of entrapping techniques: photocrosslinking of liquid oligomers of suitable photosensitive resins and crosslinking of albumin molecules with glutaraldehyde. The apparent activities of catalase, alcohol oxidase, and D-amino acid oxidase in the gel-entrapped microbodies were 40–50, 70–80, and ca. 50% respectively as compared with those in the free microbodies. Alcohol oxidase in the immobilized microbodies, similarly to that in free ones, oxidized methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, n-amyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol. Some properties of catalase and alcohol oxidase in the microbodies immobilized by the above-mentioned techniques were studied in comparison with those of the enzymes in the free microbodies.
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    Purification and properties of an extracellular β-glucosidase from Lenzites trabea (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 29-36 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary When culturing the cellulolytic-active Basidiomycete and brown-rot fungus Lenzites trabea A-419 in submerged culture with glucose and cellulose as a carbon source, the fungus only excreted β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) and an endo-1,4-β-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4). No evidence for C1 activity (EC 3.2.1.91) was found in the culture filtrate or in the ultra concentrate. β-Glucosidase could be separated from endoglucanase by chromatography on Sepharose 6-B. Further fractionation of the β-glucosidase on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 resulted in a 525-fold purification. The molecular weight of the isolated β-glucosidase was determined by co-chromatography on Sephadex G-200 to be 320,000 daltons. The enzyme developed maximum activities at pH 4.5 and 75°C. The enzyme does not act on crystalline cellulose or CMC, but it hydrolyzes cellotriose,-tetraose, and-pentaose to cellobiose and glucose. β-glucosidase activity was strongly inhibited by the reaction product, glucose. A Ki value of 2.7×10−3 (M) for noncompetitive inhibition was found.
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    Metabolic products of microorganisms, 165th communication (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 51-57 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Isolation of siderochromes from culture filtrates by extraction with a mixture of chloroform and phenol was replaced by adsorption chromatography with Amberlite XAD-2. For the antibiotic albomycin, the purification was possible by ion-exchange chromatography with SP-Sephadex, and for the sideramine ferricrocin by exclusion chromatography with Bio-Gel P-2. Quantitation of albomycin was done by an agar plate diffusion test, and of ferricrocin by high-pressure liquid chromatography and photometric determination. Thinlayer and high-pressure liquid chromatographic systems were developed for checking homogeneity.
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    Editorial (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. i 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498799
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  • 92
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    Sulphate-reducing bacteria in paper machine waters and in suction roll perforations (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 87-93 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary To define some aspects of the biological corrosion sulphate-reducing bacteria were studied in paper machine waters and in plugged perforations of a suction roll. The desulphuricants were most active on passive fiber recipients. Most bacteria found in fiber plugs taken from the perforations of suction rolls belonged to the genus Desulfovibrio. Desulphuricants were found mainly at the outer ends of plugged perforations, where corrosion of the roll metal is most evident.
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    Succession and activity of microorganisms in stored bagasse (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 69-77 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Fresh sugarcane bagasse was fermented under defined conditions and investigated regarding a microbial succession during fermentation, in view of the enzyme activities of microorganisms against the main bagasse components: sucrose, pectin, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. Altogether, 400 pure cultures of microorganisms were obtained from 8 g bagasse during 6.5 days of storage. This flora consists of bacteria (74%), actinomycetes (6%), yeasts (13%), and fungi (7%). The yeasts dominate in early fermentation, followed by bacteria, and then by actinomycetes and fungi. This succession coincides with the enzymic activities of the isolated organisms during fermentation. At first, residual sugar is consumed predominantly by the yeasts. Then the bacteria degrade the pectin, the hemicellulose, and in parts, the cellulose. Later, the actinomycetes and the fungi imperfecti attack the hemicellulose, the cellulose, and, partly, the lignin within the bagasse fiber. These results are corroborated by investigations using bagasse from bulk storage.
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    Rapid determination of the purity of yeast cultures by flow cytometry (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 109-112 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Flow cytometry is a new method to measure fluorescing cells in liquid media in a few minutes. This rapid technique in combination with immunofluorescence can be employed to determine the purity of yeast cultures. The immunofluorescence technique is based on fluorescent labelling of cells using an antiserum raised in rabbits. Non-fluorescent cells and immunological stained cells are counted separately.
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    Evidence of an endogenous germinant in spores of a strain of Dictyostelium purpureum (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 129-132 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary In non-nutrient media and in the absence of bacteria, unwashed spores of Dictyostelium purpureum WS-321 germinated to a greater extent than did washed spores. The unidentified component(s) removed by washing stimulated germination in other populations of spores.
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  • 96
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    Rapid method for distinction of gram-negative from gram-positive bacteria (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 123-127 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A rapid method for distinction between gram-negative and grampositive bacteria by means of a 3% solution of potassium hydroxide is tested on 71 gram-positive and 55 gram-negative bacterial strains. The method proved reliable with one exception only, a Bacillus macerans strain. That strain was definately gram-negative on staining. Other Bacillus strains were proved gram-positive by the test, even those being gram-negative on staining.
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  • 97
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    Continuous single cell protein production fromCellulomonas sp. andCandida utilis grown in mixture on barley straw (1978)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 155-163 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Continuous fermentations with mixed cultures of the cellulolytic bacteriaCellulomonas sp. and the yeastCandida utilis were examined. Fermentations were carried out in an aerated 5-l fermenter with different preparations of wet disintegrated barley straw as the cellulose source (3.6–4.2%). The straw was pretreated with NaOH (3.2–8.5 kg NaOH/100 kg dry straw) under high pressure and temperature in a feedstuff pellet press. The quantity of dry cell mass produced and the breakdown of the straw were measured. Crude protein and ash content in cell dry matter and residual fiber were determined. The experiments showed thatCellulomonas sp. andCandida utilis may be grown together in a continuous culture (dilution rate D=0.12–0.14 h−1) for at least 3 days without washing out one of the organisms. Highest productivity was 1.39 g cell dry matter/l/h when using straw pretreated with 5.7% NaOH. The dry cell product contained 58–66% crude protein and up to 51% of the organic fiber dry matter was solubilized. The yield constants were 0.32–0.61 g cell dry matter per g solubilized organic fibers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00579334
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of β-lactam antibiotics by polyacrylamide-entrapped β-lactamase-producingE. coli cells (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1978), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Cells of a β-lactamase producingE. coli strain were immobilized with acrylamide and lyophilized. The gel particles containing the entrapped cells were used like an immobilized enzyme to study the inactivation of β-lactam antibiotics. The substrate profile of the β-lactamase was determined and the action of β-lactamase inhibitors studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00579336
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous production of glutathione by immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1978), S. 23-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Glutathione was continuously produced by an immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae IFO 2044 cell column. The production of glutathione was strongly influenced by the level of activity of the glycolytic pathway. This activity was maintained constant by the addition of NAD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500853
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    Excretion of citric and isocitric acids by the yeast Saccharomycopsis lipolytica (1978)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1978), S. 67-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary We investigated the excretion of citric and isocitric acids in a strain of Saccharomycopsis lipolytica grown on either n-paraffins, glucose, or glycerol. These acids were excreted in the ratio of 67:33 on n-paraffins and roughly 92:8 on either glucose or glycerol. However, with all the carbon sources used, the relative amount of isocitric acid in the intracellular pool remained below 10%. The assimilation of citric and isocitric acids was prevented when glucose or glycerol were the carbon sources, but not when n-paraffins were used. Citric acid stopped isocitric acid assimilation. These phenomena of selective assimilation and/or uptake might explain the variations observed in the ratio of citric to isocitric acids excreted on different carbon sources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500857
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