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  • Cell Press  (242,170)
  • Cambridge University Press
  • National Academy of Sciences
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  • 1
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    Holocene relative sea-level changes along the Caribbean and Pacific coasts of northwestern South America (2024)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-01
    Description: All Rights Reserved
    Description: Predicting coastal change depends upon our knowledge of postglacial relative sea-level variability, partly controlled by glacio-isostatic responses to ice-sheet melting. Here, we reconstruct the postglacial relative sea-level changes along the Caribbean and Pacific coasts of northwestern South America by numerically solving the sea-level equation with two scenarios of mantle viscosity: global standard average and high viscosity. Our results with the standard model (applicable to the Pacific coast) agree with earlier studies by indicating a mid-Northgrippian high stand of ~2 m. The high-viscosity simulation (relevant to the Caribbean coast) shows that the transition from far- to intermediate-field influence of the Laurentide Ice Sheet occurs between Manzanillo del Mar and the Gulf of Morrosquillo. South of this location, the Colombian Caribbean coast has exhibited a still stand with a nearly constant Holocene relative sea level. By analyzing our simulations considering sea-level indicators, we argue that tectonics is more prominent than previously assumed, especially along the Caribbean coast. This influence prevents a simplified view of regional relative sea-level changes on the northwestern South American coast.
    Description: In press
    Description: OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativa
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 2
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    Extraction and applications of Rayleigh wave ellipticity in polar regions (2024)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Seismic Rayleigh wave ellipticity measurements are the horizontal-to-vertical ratio of the Rayleigh wave particle motion, and are sensitive to the subsurface structure beneath a seismic station. H/V ratios measured from the ambient vibrations of the Earth are being increasingly used in glaciological applications to determine glacier and ice sheet thickness, seismic velocities and firn properties. Using the newly developed degree-of-polarisation (DOP-E) method which exploits the polarisation properties of seismic noise, we identify and extract Rayleigh waves from seismic stations in Greenland, and relate them to sea ice processes and the geology of the upper crust. Finally, we provide some suggestions for future applications of DOP-E method to gain greater insight into seasonal and long-term variability of sea ice formation and breakup as well as the monitoring of ice sheet thickness, subglacial environment and firn layers in the poles.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3-7
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    High-resolution magnetochronology detects multiple stages of Pleistocene tectonic uplift and deformation in the Po Plain of northern Italy (2024)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: We developed a high-resolution magnetochronology of the Pleistocene stratigraphy of the Monte Netto hillock, a tectonically uplifted struc ture in the Po Plain of northern Italy. Our data allowed reconstructing the depositional age of the sequence and assessing rates of defor mation and rock uplift of the neotectonic structure, thus providing constraints on the tectono-sedimentary evolution of this seismically active part of the buried Southern Alps. Using a combination of magnetostratigraphy and paleosecular variation analysis, we generated an age-depth model for the Monte Netto stratigraphy that encompasses, from the top, Upper Pleistocene (11–72 ka) loess-paleosols over laying fluvial sediments spanning the Brunhes-Matuyama boundary (773 ka) and the top of the Jaramillo (990 ka). The identification of the same magneto-chronostratigraphic surfaces in nearby drill cores from regions of the Po Plain that have not been affected by neotectonic deformation allowed estimating a mean rate of tectonic uplift of the hillock relative to the neighboring plain of 11.3 ± 1.5 cm/ka, and an absolute uplift relative to sea level of ∼19.3 cm/ka. Finally, our paleomagnetic analyses from the uppermost loess sequence disclosed the complexity of the tectonic evolution of the Monte Netto structure, which shows evidence of a two-phase rotational deformation linked to coseismic surface faulting due to recent seismic activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 191-205
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Magnetochronology ; Pleistocene ; Paleosecular variations ; Loess-paleosols ; Neotectonic deformation ; Po Plain
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Reassessing the need for carbon dioxide removal: moral implications of alternative climate target pathways (2024)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-05
    Description: Non-technical summary Scenarios compatible with the Paris agreement's temperature goal of 1.5 °C involve carbon dioxide removal measures - measures that actively remove CO2 from the atmosphere - on a massive scale. Such large-scale implementations raise significant ethical problems. Van Vuuren et al. (2018), as well as the current IPCC scenarios, show that reduction in energy and or food demand could reduce the need for such activities. There is some reluctance to discuss such societal changes. However, we argue that policy measures enabling societal changes are not necessarily ethically problematic. Therefore, they should be discussed alongside techno-optimistic approaches in any kind of discussions about how to respond to climate change. Technical summary The 1.5 °C goal has given impetus to carbon dioxide removal (CDR) measures, such as bioenergy combined with carbon capture and storage, or afforestation. However, land-based CDR options compete with food production and biodiversity protection. Van Vuuren et al. (2018) looked at alternative pathways including lifestyle changes, low-population projections, or non-CO2 greenhouse gas mitigation, to reach the 1.5 °C temperature objective. Underlined by the recently published IPCC AR6 WGIII report, they show that demand-side management measures are likely to reduce the need for CDR. Yet, policy measures entailed in these scenarios could be associated with ethical problems themselves. In this paper, we therefore investigate ethical implications of four alternative pathways as proposed by Van Vuuren et al. (2018). We find that emission reduction options such as lifestyle changes and reducing population, which are typically perceived as ethically problematic, might be less so on further inspection. In contrast, options associated with less societal transformation and more techno-optimistic approaches turn out to be in need of further scrutiny. The vast majority of emission reduction options considered are not intrinsically ethically problematic; rather everything rests on the precise implementation. Explicitly addressing ethical considerations when developing, advancing, and using integrated assessment scenarios could reignite debates about previously overlooked topics and thereby support necessary societal discourse. Social media summary Policy measures enabling societal changes are not necessarily as ethically problematic as commonly presumed and reduce the need for large-scale CDR
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  • 5
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    Unveiling the wasp-waist structure of the Falkland shelf ecosystem: the role of Doryteuthis gahi as a keystone species and its trophic influences (2024)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-08
    Description: The Falkland Shelf is a highly productive ecosystem in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean. It is characterized by upwelling oceanographic dynamics and displays a wasp-waist structure, with few intermediate trophic-level species and many top predators that migrate on the shelf for feeding. One of these resident intermediate trophic-level species, the Patagonian longfin-squid Doryteuthis gahi, is abundant and plays an important role in the ecosystem. We used two methods to estimate the trophic structure of the Falkland Shelf food web, focusing on the trophic niche of D. gahi and its impacts on other species and functional groups to highlight the importance of D. gahi in the ecosystem. First, stable isotope measurements served to calculate trophic levels based on an established nitrogen baseline. Second, an Ecopath model was built to corroborate trophic levels derived from stable isotopes and inform about trophic interactions of D. gahi with other functional groups. The results of both methods placed D. gahi in the centre of the ecosystem with a trophic level of ∼ 3. The Ecopath model predicted high impacts and therefore a high keystoneness for both seasonal cohorts of D. gahi. Our results show that the Falkland Shelf is not only controlled by species feeding at the top and the bottom of the trophic chain. The importance of species feeding at the third trophic level (e.g. D. gahi and Patagonotothen ramsayi) and observed architecture of energy flows confirm the ecosystem's wasp-waist structure with middle-out control mechanisms at play.
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  • 6
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    Dynamics of Aggregates and Sinking Carbon Fluxes in a Turbulent Ocean (2024)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-26
    Description: The sinking of particulate matter from the upper ocean dominates the export and sequestration of organic carbon by the biological pump, a critical component of the Earth's carbon cycle. Controls on carbon export are thought to be driven by ecological processes that produce and repackage sinking biogenic particles. Here, we present observations during the demise of the Northeast Atlantic Ocean spring bloom illustrating the importance of storm-induced turbulence on the dynamics of sinking particles. A sequence of four large storms caused upper layer mean turbulence levels to vary by more than three orders of magnitude. Large particle (>0.1 to 10 mm) abundance and size changed accordingly: increasing via shear coagulation when turbulence was moderate and decreasing rapidly when turbulence was intense due to shear disaggregation. Particle export was also tied to storm forcing as large particles were mixed to depth during mixed layer deepening. After the mixed layer shoaled, these particles, now isolated from intense surface mixing, grew larger and subsequently sank. This sequence of events matched the timing of sinking particle flux observations. Particle export was influenced by increases in aggregate abundance and porosity, which appeared to be enhanced by the repeated creation and destruction of aggregates. Last, particle transit efficiency through the mesopelagic zone was reduced by presumably biotic processes that created small particles (〈0.5 mm) from larger ones. Our results demonstrate that ocean turbulence significantly impacts the nature and dynamics of sinking particles, strongly influencing particle export and the efficiency of the biological pump.
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 7
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    A Late Pleistocene coastal ecosystem in French Guiana was hyperdiverse relative to today (2024)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-13
    Description: Warmer temperatures and higher sea level than today characterized the Last Interglacial interval [Pleistocene, 128 to 116 thousand years ago (ka)]. This period is a remarkable deep-time analog for temperature and sea-level conditions as projected for 2100 AD, yet there has been no evidence of fossil assemblages in the equatorial Atlantic. Here, we report foraminifer, metazoan (mollusks, bony fish, bryozoans, decapods, and sharks among others), and plant communities of coastal tropical marine and mangrove affinities, dating precisely from a ca. 130 to 115 ka time interval near the Equator, at Kourou, in French Guiana. These communities include ca. 230 recent species, some being endangered today and/or first recorded as fossils. The hyperdiverse Kourou mollusk assemblage suggests stronger affinities between Guianese and Caribbean coastal waters by the Last Interglacial than today, questioning the structuring role of the Amazon Plume on tropical Western Atlantic communities at the time. Grassland-dominated pollen, phytoliths, and charcoals from younger deposits in the same sections attest to a marine retreat and dryer conditions during the onset of the last glacial (ca. 110 to 50 ka), with a savanna-dominated landscape and episodes of fire. Charcoals from the last millennia suggest human presence in a mosaic of modern-like continental habitats. Our results provide key information about the ecology and biogeography of pristine Pleistocene tropical coastal ecosystems, especially relevant regarding the—widely anthropogenic—ongoing global warming.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 8
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    The strength of the Earth's magnetic field from Pre-Pottery to Pottery Neolithic, Jordan (2023)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-26
    Description: Constraining secular variation of the Earth's magnetic field strength in the past is fundamental to understanding short-term processes of the geodynamo. Such records also constitute a powerful and independent dating tool for archaeological sites and geological formations. In this study, we present 11 robust archaeointensity results from Pre-Pottery to Pottery Neolithic Jordan that are based on both clay and flint (chert) artifacts. Two of these results constitute the oldest archaeointensity data for the entire Levant, ancient Egypt, Turkey, and Mesopotamia, extending the archaeomagnetic reference curve for the Holocene. Virtual Axial Dipole Moments (VADMs) show that the Earth's magnetic field in the Southern Levant was weak (about two-thirds the present field) at around 7600 BCE, recovering its strength to greater than the present field around 7000 BCE, and gradually weakening again around 5200 BCE. In addition, successful results obtained from burnt flint demonstrate the potential of this very common, and yet rarely used, material in archaeomagnetic research, in particular for prehistoric periods from the first use of fire to the invention of pottery.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2100995118
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Jordan ; Neolithic ; Pre-Pottery Neolithic ; archaeointensity
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Microbial functional diversity across biogeochemical provinces in the central Pacific Ocean (2023)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-08
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Saunders, J. K., McIlvin, M. R., Dupont, C. L., Kaul, D., Moran, D. M., Horner, T., Laperriere, S. M., Webb, E. A., Bosak, T., Santoro, A. E., & Saito, M. A. Microbial functional diversity across biogeochemical provinces in the central Pacific Ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(37),(2022): e2200014119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2200014119.
    Description: Enzymes catalyze key reactions within Earth’s life-sustaining biogeochemical cycles. Here, we use metaproteomics to examine the enzymatic capabilities of the microbial community (0.2 to 3 µm) along a 5,000-km-long, 1-km-deep transect in the central Pacific Ocean. Eighty-five percent of total protein abundance was of bacterial origin, with Archaea contributing 1.6%. Over 2,000 functional KEGG Ontology (KO) groups were identified, yet only 25 KO groups contributed over half of the protein abundance, simultaneously indicating abundant key functions and a long tail of diverse functions. Vertical attenuation of individual proteins displayed stratification of nutrient transport, carbon utilization, and environmental stress. The microbial community also varied along horizontal scales, shaped by environmental features specific to the oligotrophic North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, the oxygen-depleted Eastern Tropical North Pacific, and nutrient-rich equatorial upwelling. Some of the most abundant proteins were associated with nitrification and C1 metabolisms, with observed interactions between these pathways. The oxidoreductases nitrite oxidoreductase (NxrAB), nitrite reductase (NirK), ammonia monooxygenase (AmoABC), manganese oxidase (MnxG), formate dehydrogenase (FdoGH and FDH), and carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CoxLM) displayed distributions indicative of biogeochemical status such as oxidative or nutritional stress, with the potential to be more sensitive than chemical sensors. Enzymes that mediate transformations of atmospheric gases like CO, CO2, NO, methanethiol, and methylamines were most abundant in the upwelling region. We identified hot spots of biochemical transformation in the central Pacific Ocean, highlighted previously understudied metabolic pathways in the environment, and provided rich empirical data for biogeochemical models critical for forecasting ecosystem response to climate change.
    Description: Funding for this research was provided by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grants 3782 and 8453), the US NSF (NSF grants OCE-1924554, 2123055, 2125063, 2048774, and 2026933), the Center for Chemical Currencies on a Microbial Planet (NSF grant OCE-2019589), and the US NIH General Medicine (grant GM135709-01A1). J.K.S. was supported by a NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellowship with the NASA Astrobiology Program, administered by Universities Space Research Association under contract with NASA. A.E.S. was supported by the Sloan Foundation, the Simons Foundation, and NSF grant OCE-1437310. A portion of this research used resources at the US Department of Energy JGI sponsored by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research and operated under contract DE-AC02-05CH11231 (JGI). C.L.D. and D.K. were supported by NSF grants OCE-1558453 and OCE-2049299. T.H. was supported by NSF grant OCE-2023456.
    Keywords: Marine microbial ecology ; Metaproteomics ; Mesopelagic ; Nitrification ; Methylotrophy
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
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    Hydroxyapatite catalyzed hydrothermal liquefaction transforms food waste from an environmental liability to renewable fuel (2023)
    Cell Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-08
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in LeClerc, H., Tompsett, G., Paulsen, A., McKenna, A., Niles, S., Reddy, C., Nelson, R., Cheng, F., Teixeira, A., & Timko, M. Hydroxyapatite catalyzed hydrothermal liquefaction transforms food waste from an environmental liability to renewable fuel. IScience, 25(9), (2022): 104916, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104916.
    Description: Food waste is an abundant and inexpensive resource for the production of renewable fuels. Biocrude yields obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of food waste can be boosted using hydroxyapatite (HAP) as an inexpensive and abundant catalyst. Combining HAP with an inexpensive homogeneous base increased biocrude yield from 14 ± 1 to 37 ± 3%, resulting in the recovery of 49 ± 2% of the energy contained in the food waste feed. Detailed product analysis revealed the importance of fatty-acid oligomerization during biocrude formation, highlighting the role of acid-base catalysts in promoting condensation reactions. Economic and environmental analysis found that the new technology has the potential to reduce US greenhouse gas emissions by 2.6% while producing renewable diesel with a minimum fuel selling price of $1.06/GGE. HAP can play a role in transforming food waste from a liability to a renewable fuel.
    Description: This work was funded by the DOE Bioenergy Technology Office (DE-EE0008513), a DOE DBIR (DE-SC0015784) and the MassCEC. The authors thank WenWen Yao, Department of Environmental Science at WPI, for TOC analysis, Mainstream Engineering for heating value characterization of the oil and solid samples, Wei Fan for assistance in obtaining SEM images and, Julia Martin and Ronald Grimm for their assistance in collecting XPS data, and Jeffrey R. Page for his assistance with oil upgrading and analysis. HOL was partially funded for this work by NSF Graduate Research Fellowship award number 2038257. A portion of this work was performed at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Ion Cyclotron Resonance user facility, which is supported by the NSF Division of Materials Research and Division of Chemistry through DMR 16-44779 and the State of Florida.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical engineering ; Catalysis
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 11
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    The Lund Model (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The Lund model, inspired by quantum chromodynamics, has provided a promising approach to the dynamics of quark and gluon interactions. Starting with a brief reprise of basic concepts in relativity, quantum mechanics of fields and particle physics, this book discusses: the dynamics of the massless relativistic string; confinement; causality and relativistic covariance; Lund fragmentation processes; QED and QCD Bremsstrahlung; multiplicities and particle-parton distributions. Throughout the book, theory is confronted with current experimental data, and implications for future experiments are also considered. The book also explores the relationships between the Lund model and other models based on field theory (the Schwinger model, S-matrix models, light-cone algebra physics and variations of the parton model), and models based on statistical mechanics (the Feynman-Wilson gas, scaling, iterative cascade models).
    Keywords: Relativistic kinematics ; electromagnetic fields ; virtual quanta ; renormalisation ; deep inelastic scattering ; parton model ; massless relativistic string ; string decay ; Lund model ; fragmentation formulae ; Regge theory ; flavour ; transverse momentum generation ; meson ratio ; heavy quark fragmentation ; baryon production ; Hanbury–Brown–Twiss-effect ; Lund gluon model ; gluon emission ; multigluon emission ; lambda measure ; perturbative QCD ; inelastic lepto-production ; heretical structure functions ; hadronic interaction models ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    Non-Perturbative Field Theory (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Providing a new perspective on quantum field theory, this book gives a pedagogical exposition of non-perturbative methods in relativistic quantum field theory and introduces the reader to modern research in theoretical physics. After describing non-perturbative methods in detail, it uses these methods to explore two-dimensional and four-dimensional gauge dynamics. The book concludes with a summary emphasizing the interplay between two- and four-dimensional gauge theories. Aimed at graduate students and researchers, this book covers topics from two-dimensional conformal symmetry, affine Lie algebras, solitons, integrable models, bosonization, and 't Hooft model, to four-dimensional conformal invariance, integrability, large N expansion, Skyrme model, monopoles and instantons. Applications, first to simple field theories and gauge dynamics in two dimensions, and then to gauge theories in four dimensions and quantum chromodynamics in particular, are thoroughly described.
    Keywords: non-perturbative methods ; 2D field theory ; massless free scalar field ; conformal field theory ; invariant ; affine current algebras ; Wess-Zumino-Witten model ; Coset model ; solitons ; 2D integrable models ; bosonization ; large N limit of 2D models ; 2D non-perturbative gauge dynamics ; bosonized gauge theories ; t'Hooft solution ; mesonic spectrum ; baryonic spectrum ; multiflavour QCD2 ; strong coupling limit ; confinement ; screening ; coset models and BRST quantization ; generalized Yang Mills theory ; conformal invariance in 4D field theories ; 4D gauge dynamics ; large N methods in QCD4 ; skyrmions ; magnetic monopoles ; instantons of QCD ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    Spin in Particle Physics (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Motivated by dramatic developments in the field, this book provides a thorough introduction to spin and its role in elementary particle physics. Starting with a simple pedagogical introduction to spin and its relativistic generalisation, the author avoids the obscurity and impenetrability of traditional treatments of the subject. The book surveys the main theoretical and experimental developments, as well as discussing exciting plans for the future. Emphasis is placed on the importance of spin-dependent measurements in testing QCD and the Standard Model. This book will be of value to graduate students and researchers working in all areas of quantum physics and particularly in elementary particle and high energy physics. It is suitable as a supplementary text for graduate courses in theoretical and experimental particle physics.
    Keywords: spin and helicity ; Lorentz transformations ; discrete transformations ; helicity states ; fields and wave-functions ; spin density matrix ; transition amplitudes ; polarized hadrons ; polarized e± ; polarized states: polarimetry ; electroweak interactions ; quantum chromodynamics ; massless partons ; polarized deep inelastic scattering ; two-spin ; parity-violation ; single spin asymmetries ; elastic scattering at high energies ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    Dynamics of Charged Particles and their Radiation Field (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This book provides a self-contained and systematic introduction to classical electron theory and its quantization, non-relativistic quantum electrodynamics. The first half of the book covers the classical theory. It discusses the well-defined Abraham model of extended charges in interaction with the electromagnetic field, and gives a study of the effective dynamics of charges under the condition that, on the scale given by the size of the charge distribution, they are far apart and the applied potentials vary slowly. The second half covers the quantum theory, leading to a coherent presentation of non-relativistic quantum electrodynamics. Topics discussed include non-perturbative properties of the basic Hamiltonian, the structure of resonances, the relaxation to the ground state through emission of photons, the non-perturbative derivation of the g-factor of the electron and the stability of matter.
    Keywords: coupled charge ; electromagnetic field ; energy-momentum relation ; long-time asymptotics ; adiabatic limit ; self-force ; comparison dynamics ; Lorentz-Dirac equation ; spinning charges ; many charges ; quantum theory ; Abraham model ; statistical mechanics ; energy states ; radiation ; relaxation at finite temperatures ; g-factor of the electron ; stability of matter ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    Particle Detectors, Second Edition (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Elementary particles can be identified through various techniques, depending on the purpose of the measurement and which relevant quantities, such as time, energy, and spatial coordinates, have to be measured. Detectors cover the measurement of energies spanning from the very low to the highest energies observed in cosmic rays. Describing the instrumentation for experiments in high energy physics and astroparticle physics, this edition describes track detectors, calorimeters, particle identification, neutrino detectors, momentum measurement, electronics, and data analysis. It also discusses applications of these detectors in other fields, such as nuclear medicine, radiation protection, and environmental science. Problem sets have been added to each chapter and additional instructive material has been provided, making this an excellent reference for graduate students and researchers in particle physics.
    Keywords: particle-matter interactions ; radiation-matter interactions ; detector properties ; units of radiation measurements ; radiation sources ; accelerators ; physical phenomena ; counter types ; historical track detectors ; track detectors ; calorimetry ; particle identification ; neutrino detectors ; momentum measurement ; muon detection ; ageing and radiation effects ; Belle ; detector electronics ; data analysis ; applications betond particle physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
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  • 16
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    Quantized Detector Networks (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Scientists have been debating the meaning of quantum mechanics for more than a century. This book for graduate students and researchers gets to the root of the problem: how the contextual nature of empirical truth and the laws of observation impact on our understanding of quantum physics. Bridging the gap between non-relativistic quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, this novel approach to quantum mechanics extends the standard formalism to cover the observer and their apparatus. The author demystifies some of the aspects of quantum mechanics that have traditionally been regarded as extraordinary, such as wave-particle duality and quantum superposition, emphasizing the scientific principles rather than the mathematical modelling. Including key experiments and worked examples throughout, the author encourages the reader to focus on empirically sound concepts and avoid metaphysical speculation.
    Keywords: classical bits ; quantum bits ; classical and quantum registers ; classical register mechanics ; quantum register dynamics ; partial observations ; mixed states ; POVMs ; double-slit experiments ; modules ; computer algebra ; interferometers ; quantum eraser experiments ; particle decays ; non-locality ; Bell inequalities ; temporal correlations ; Franson experiment ; self-intervening networks ; separability and entanglement ; causal sets ; oscillators ; dynamical theory of observation ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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  • 17
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    Nuclear Superfluidity (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Nuclear Superfluidity is a monograph devoted exclusively to pair correlations in nuclei. It begins by exploring pair correlations in a variety of systems including superconductivity in metals at low temperatures and superfluidity in liquid 3He and in neutron stars. The book goes on to introduce basic theoretical methods, symmetry breaking and symmetry restoration in finite many-body systems. The last few chapters are devoted to introducing results on the role of induced interactions in the structure of both normal and exotic nuclei. The most important of these is the renormalization of the pairing interaction due to the coupling of pairs of nucleons to low energy nuclear collective excitations. This book will be essential reading for researchers and students in experimental and theoretical nuclear physics, and related research fields such as metal clusters, fullerenes and quantum dots.
    Keywords: pairing force ; BCS theory ; spontaneous symmetry breaking ; pairing vibrations ; phase transitions ; plastic behaviour ; pairing in nuclei ; beyond mean field ; induced interaction ; pairing in exotic nuclei ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
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  • 18
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    Renormalization (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Many numerical predictions of experimental phenomena in particle physics are made possible by exploiting the discovery that simplifications can happen when phenomena are investigated on short distance and time scales. This book provides a coherent exposition of the renormalization techniques underlying these calculations. After reminding the reader of some basic properties of field theories, examples are used to explain the problems to be treated. The technique of dimensional regularization and the renormalization group is then shown. Finally a number of key applications are demonstrated, culminating in the treatment of deeply inelastic scattering.
    Keywords: quantum field theory ; dimensional regularization ; renormalization ; composite operators ; renormalization group ; large-mass expansion ; global symmetries ; operator-product expansion ; coordinate space ; gauge theories ; anomalies ; deep-inelastic scattering ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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    Electroweak Theory (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The electroweak theory unifies two basic forces of nature: the weak force and electromagnetism. This is a concise introduction to the structure of the electroweak theory and its applications. It describes the structure and properties of field theories with global and local symmetries, leading to the standard model. It describes the particles and processes predicted by the theory, and compares them with experimental results. It also covers neutral currents, the properties of W and Z bosons, the properties of quarks and mesons containing heavy quarks, neutrino oscillations, CP-asymmetries in K, D, and B meson decays, and the search for Higgs particles. Each chapter contains problems to supplement the text, stemming from the author's long teaching experience. This will be of great interest to graduate students and researchers in elementary particle physics.
    Keywords: electromagnetic current properties ; weak currents ; quark model ; global and local Symmetries ; Yang–Mills theories ; spontaneous symmetry breaking ; Higgs mechanism ; Glashow–Salam–Weinberg model ; leptons ; hadrons ; deep inelastic scattering ; charged current reactions ; neutral currents in semileptonic reactions ; neutrinos ; heavy quarks ; CP violation ; K mesons ; D mesons ; B mesons ; Higgs particles ; spinors ; cross sections and traces ; quark bilinear identities ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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    D-Branes (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: D-branes represent a key theoretical tool in the understanding of strongly coupled superstring theory and M-theory. They have led to many striking discoveries, including the precise microphysics underlying the thermodynamic behaviour of certain black holes, and remarkable holographic dualities between large-N gauge theories and gravity. This book provides a self-contained introduction to the technology of D-branes, presenting their development in a pedagogical manner. The introductory material is developed by first starting with the main features of string theory needed to get rapidly to grips with D-branes. Many advanced applications are covered, with discussions of open problems which could form the basis for other avenues of research. Suitable as a textbook in graduate courses on modern string theory and theoretical particle physics, it will also be an indispensable reference for seasoned practitioners.
    Keywords: relativistic strings ; world-sheet ; strings on circles ; T-duality ; world-volume actions ; D-branes ; tension and boundary states ; supersymmetric strings ; world-volume curvature couplings ; geometry of D-branes ; strong coupling ; string duality ; K3 orientifolds ; compactification ; M-theory ; F-theory ; black holes ; gravity and gauge theory ; holographic renormalisation group ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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    Finite-Temperature Field Theory (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This book develops the basic formalism and theoretical techniques for studying relativistic quantum field theory at high temperature and density. Specific physical theories treated include QED, QCD, electroweak theory, and effective nuclear field theories of hadronic and nuclear matter. Topics covered include: functional integral representation of the partition function, diagrammatic expansions, linear response theory, screening and plasma oscillations, spontaneous symmetry breaking, Goldstone theorem, resummation and hard thermal loops, lattice gauge theory, phase transitions, nucleation theory, quark-gluon plasma, and color superconductivity. Applications to astrophysics and cosmology cover white dwarf and neutron stars, neutrino emissivity, baryon number violation in the early universe, and cosmological phase transitions. Applications to relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions are also included. The book is written for theorists in elementary particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, and cosmology.
    Keywords: quantum statistical mechanics ; functional integral representation ; the partition function ; interactions ; diagrammatic techniques ; renormalisation ; quantum electrodynamics ; linear response theory ; spontaneous symmetry breaking ; quantum chromodynamics ; resummation ; hard thermal loops ; lattice gauge theory ; dense nuclear matter ; hot hadronic matter ; nucleation theory ; heavy ion collisions ; weak interactions ; astrophysics and cosmology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
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    An Introduction to the Standard Model of Particle Physics (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The second edition of this introductory graduate textbook provides a concise yet accessible introduction to the Standard Model. It has been updated to account for the successes of the theory of strong interactions and the observations on matter–antimatter asymmetry. It gives a coherent presentation of the phenomena and theory that describe neutrino mass as well as an account of progress in the theory of strong interactions. The book develops clearly the theoretical concepts from the electromagnetic and weak interactions of leptons and quarks to the strong interactions of quarks. Each chapter ends with problems, with hints to selected problems provided at the end of the book. The mathematical treatments are suitable for graduates in physics, while more sophisticated mathematical ideas are developed in the text and appendices.
    Keywords: Lorentz transformations ; Lagrangian mechanics ; classical electromagnetism ; Dirac equation ; Dirac field ; Free space solutions ; electrodynamics ; quantising fields ; QED ; weak interaction ; low energy phenomenology ; symmetry breaking ; massive gauge fields ; Weinberg-Salam electroweak theory ; leptons ; weak interactions of quarks ; hadronic decays of Z and W bosons ; strong interactions ; quantum chromodynamics ; Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix ; neutrino masses and mixing ; Majorana neutrinos ; Standard Model ; annihilation and creation operators ; parton model ; mass matrices and mixing ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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    An Introduction to Regge Theory and High Energy Physics (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This book presents an extended introduction to the theory of hadrons, the elementary particles that occur in the atomic nucleus. The main emphasis is on the theory of the complex angular momentum plane 'Regge theory'. In 1959 Tullio Regge demonstrated that it is useful to regard angular momentum as a complex variable when discussing solutions of the Schrödinger equation for non-relativistic potential scattering. This theory helps to classify the many different particles we know of, to explain the forces between them and to predict the results of high-energy scattering experiments. Regge theory thus serves as a unifying concept drawing together many different features of high-energy physics. This monograph is intended primarily for research students just beginning in particle physics, but experienced practitioners will also find much of interest.
    Keywords: scattering matrix ; complex angular-momentum plane ; Regge poles ; spin ; Regge trajectories ; Regge resonances ; duality ; Regge cuts ; multi-Regge theory ; inclusive processes ; Regge models for many-particle cross-sections ; elementary particles ; weak interactions ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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    Gauge/String Duality, Hot QCD and Heavy Ion Collisions (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Heavy ion collision experiments recreating the quark-gluon plasma that filled the nascent universe have established that it is a nearly perfect liquid that flows with such minimal dissipation that it cannot be seen as made of particles. String theory provides a powerful toolbox for studying matter with such properties. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to gauge/string duality and its applications to the study of the thermal and transport properties of quark-gluon plasma, the dynamics of how it forms, how it flows, and its response to probes including jets and quarkonium mesons. Calculations are discussed in the context of data from RHIC and LHC and results from finite temperature lattice QCD. This is an ideal reference for students and researchers in string theory, quantum field theory, quantum many-body physics, heavy ion physics and lattice QCD.
    Keywords: heavy ions ; lattice QCD ; gauge/string duality ; strongly coupled plasma ; hydrodynamics ; far-from-equilibrium dynamics ; quarkonium mesons ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
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    Heavy Quark Physics (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Understanding the physics of heavy quarks gives physicists a unique opportunity to test the predictions of quantum chromodynamics and the Standard Model. This introductory text begins with a review of the Standard Model, followed by the basics of heavy quark spin-flavor symmetry and its application to the classification of states, decays and fragmentation. Heavy quark effective theory is then developed and applied to the study of hadron masses, form factors, and inclusive decay rates. The authors also discuss the application of chiral perturbation theory to heavy hadrons. Written by two world leading experts, the presentation is clear and original, with problems provided at the end of each chapter. This lucid volume is an ideal introduction to the physics of heavy quarks for graduate students and an authoritative reference for more experienced researchers.
    Keywords: Standard Model ; heavy quarks ; spin-flavor symmetry ; decays ; fragmentation ; heavy quark effective theory ; radiative corrections ; nonperturbative corrections ; chiral perturbation theory ; inclusive weak decay ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
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    Foundations of Perturbative QCD (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The most non-trivial of the established microscopic theories of physics is quantum chromodynamics, QCD, the theory of the strong interaction. A critical link between theory and experiment is provided by the methods of perturbative QCD, notably the well-known factorization theorems. Giving an accurate account of the concepts, theorems and their justification, this book is a systematic treatment of perturbative QCD. As well as giving a mathematical treatment, the book relates the concepts to experimental data, giving strong motivations for the methods. It also examines in detail transverse-momentum-dependent parton densities, an increasingly important subject not normally treated in other books. Ideal for graduate students starting their work in high-energy physics, it will also interest experienced researchers wanting a clear account of the subject.
    Keywords: QCD ; Libby–Sterman analysis ; power counting ; parton model ; parton theory ; factorization ; subtractions ; DIS in QCD ; fragmentation ; TMD factorization ; hadron-hadron collisions ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
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    The Pinch Technique and its Applications to Non-Abelian Gauge Theories (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Non-Abelian gauge theories, such as quantum chromodynamics (QCD) or electroweak theory, are best studied with the aid of Green's functions that are gauge-invariant off-shell, but unlike for the photon in quantum electrodynamics, conventional graphical constructions fail. The pinch technique provides a systematic framework for constructing such Green's functions, and has many useful applications. Beginning with elementary one-loop examples, this book goes on to extend the method to all orders, showing that the pinch technique is equivalent to calculations in the background field Feynman gauge. The Schwinger–Dyson equations are derived within the pinch technique framework, and are used to show how a dynamical gluon mass arises in QCD. Finally the volume turns to its many applications. This book is ideal for elementary particle theorists and graduate students.
    Keywords: pinch technique ; one loop ; Batalin–Vilkovisky framework ; gauge technique ; Schwinger–Dyson equations ; non-perturbative gluon mass ; quantum solitons ; nexuses ; sphalerons ; fractional topological charge ; electroweak theory ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
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    Methods of Contemporary Gauge Theory (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This book introduces the quantum theory of gauge fields, emphasising four non-perturbative methods which have important applications: path integrals, lattice gauge theories, the 1/N expansion, and reduced matrix models. Written as a textbook, it assumes a knowledge of quantum mechanics and elements of perturbation theory, while many relevant concepts are introduced at a basic level in the first half of the book. The second half comprehensively covers large-N Yang–Mills theory. The book uses an approach to gauge theories based on path-dependent phase factors known as Wilson loops, and contains problems with detailed solutions to aid understanding. Suitable for advanced graduate courses in quantum field theory, the book will also be of interest to researchers in high energy theory and condensed matter physics as a survey of recent developments in gauge theory.
    Keywords: path Integrals ; operator calculus ; second quantization ; quantum anomalies ; instantons ; lattice gauge theories ; gauge fields on a lattice ; lattice methods ; fermions on a lattice ; finite temperatures ; 1/N expansion ; O(N) vector models ; multicolor QCD ; QCD in loop space ; matrix models ; reduced models ; Eguchi–Kawai model ; twisted reduced models ; non-commutative gauge theories ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
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    Moonshine beyond the Monster (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Moonshine forms a way of explaining the mysterious connection between the monster finite group and modular functions from classical number theory. The theory has evolved to describe the relationship between finite groups, modular forms and vertex operator algebras. Moonshine beyond the Monster describes the general theory of Moonshine and its underlying concepts, emphasising the interconnections between mathematics and mathematical physics. Written in a clear and pedagogical style, this book is ideal for graduate students and researchers working in areas such as conformal field theory, string theory, algebra, number theory, geometry and functional analysis. Containing more than 100 exercises, it is also a suitable textbook for graduate courses on Moonshine and as supplementary reading for courses on conformal field theory and string theory.
    Keywords: monstrous Moonshine ; classical algebra ; modular stuff ; affine algebras ; conformal field theory ; the physics of Moonshine ; vertex operator algebras ; modular group representations ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
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    Introduction to Quantum Fields on a Lattice (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This book provides a concise introduction to quantum fields on a lattice: a precise and non-perturbative definition of quantum field theory obtained by replacing continuous space-time by a discrete set of points on a lattice. The path integral on the lattice is explained in concrete examples using weak and strong coupling expansions. Fundamental concepts such as 'triviality' of Higgs fields and confinement of quarks and gluons into hadrons are described and illustrated with the results of numerical simulations. The book also provides an introduction to chiral symmetry and chiral gauge theory, as well as quantized non-Abelian gauge fields, scaling and universality. Based on the lecture notes of a course given by the author, this book contains many explanatory examples and exercises, and is suitable as a textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses.
    Keywords: non-perturbative quantum field theory ; path integrals ; lattice regularisation ; weak and strong coupling expansions ; O(n) models ; gauge field on the lattice ; Higgs field ; quark confinement ; non-Abelian gauge fields ; U(1) gauge theory ; SU(n) gauge theory ; fermions on the lattice ; low mass hadrons in QCD ; chiral symmetry ; temporal gauge quantization ; fermionic coherent states ; spinor fields ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
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    Supersymmetric Solitons (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: In the last decade methods and techniques based on supersymmetry have provided deep insights in quantum chromodynamics and other non-supersymmetric gauge theories at strong coupling. This book summarizes major advances in critical solitons in supersymmetric theories, and their implications for understanding basic dynamical regularities of non-supersymmetric theories. After an extended introduction on the theory of critical solitons, including a historical introduction, the authors focus on three topics: non-Abelian strings and confined monopoles; reducing the level of supersymmetry; and domain walls as D-brane prototypes. They also provide a thorough review of issues at the cutting edge, such as non-Abelian flux tubes. The book presents an extensive summary of the current literature so researchers in this field can understand the background and related issues.
    Keywords: quantum chromodynamics ; critical solitons ; central charges in superalgebras ; non-Abelian strings ; supersymmetry ; non-supersymmetric theories ; non-BPS non-Abelian strings ; confined monopoles ; Higgs branches ; domain walls ; D-brane prototypes ; non-Abelian flux tubes ; wall-string junctions ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
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    Range of 21st century ice mass changes in the Filchner-Ronne region of Antarctica (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-15
    Description: Increases in ocean temperatures in the Filchner Ronne region of Antarctica are likely to result in increased ice mass loss and sea level rise. We constrain projections of the 21st century sea level contribution of this region using process-based ice-sheet modeling, with model parameters controlling ice dynamics calibrated using observed surface speeds and Markov-chain Monte Carlo sampling. We use climate forcing from Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios as well as a set of hypothetical scenarios of deep ocean warming to evaluate the sensitivity of this region to ocean temperatures. Projected changes in regional ice mass correspond to a decrease in global mean sea level of 24±7 mm over 2015–2100 under RCP 2.6 and 28±9 mm under RCP 8.5. Increased regional inland surface accumulation related to higher warming levels in RCP 8.5 leads to more ice above flotation, offsetting increased ice shelf basal melt. The tests involving step changes in ocean temperatures with constant surface forcing show that one degree of ocean warming from present results in an additional +11 mm contribution to sea level by 2100 and 1% of the ice-covered area in the domain becomes ungrounded (23 200 km2). The rate of mass loss with temperature increases at higher temperatures.
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    A response to cummunity questions on the Marine20 Radiocarbon age calibration curve: marine reservoir ages and the calibration of 14C samples from the oceans (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Radiocarbon (14C) concentrations in the oceans are different from those in the atmosphere. Understanding these ocean-atmospheric 14C differences is important both to estimate the calendar ages of samples which obtained their 14C in the marine environment, and to investigate the carbon cycle. The Marine20 radiocarbon age calibration curve is created to address these dual aims by providing a global-scale surface ocean record of radiocarbon from 55,000–0 cal yr BP that accounts for the smoothed response of the ocean to variations in atmospheric 14C production rates and factors out the effect of known changes in global-scale palaeoclimatic variables. The curve also serves as a baseline to study regional oceanic 14C variation. Marine20 offers substantial improvements over the previous Marine13 curve. In response to community questions, we provide a short intuitive guide, intended for the lay-reader, on the construction and use of the Marine20 calibration curve. We describe the choices behind the making of Marine20, as well as the similarities and differences compared with the earlier Marine calibration curves. We also describe how to use the Marine20 curve for calibration and how to estimate ΔR—the localized variation in the oceanic 14C levels due to regional factors which are not incorporated in the global-scale Marine20 curve. To aid understanding, illustrative worked examples are provided.
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    Marine radiocarbon calibration in polar regions: a simple approximate approach using Marine20 (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: The Marine20 radiocarbon (14C) age calibration curve, and all earlier marine 14C calibration curves from the IntCal group, must be used extremely cautiously for the calibration of marine 14C samples from polar regions (outside ∼ 40ºS–40ºN) during glacial periods. Calibrating polar 14C marine samples from glacial periods against any Marine calibration curve (Marine20 or any earlier product) using an estimate of , the regional 14C depletion adjustment, that has been obtained from samples in the recent (non-glacial) past is likely to lead to bias and overconfidence in the calibrated age. We propose an approach to calibration that aims to address this by accounting for the possibility of additional, localized, glacial 14C depletion in polar oceans. We suggest, for a specific polar location, bounds on the value of during a glacial period. The lower bound may be based on 14C samples from the recent non-glacial (Holocene) past and corresponds to a low-depletion glacial scenario. The upper bound, , representing a high-depletion scenario is found by increasing according to the latitude of the 14C sample to be calibrated. The suggested increases to obtain are based upon simulations of the Hamburg Large Scale Geostrophic Ocean General Circulation Model (LSG OGCM). Calibrating against the Marine20 curve using the upper and lower bounds provide estimates of calibrated ages for glacial 14C samples in high- and low-depletion scenarios which should bracket the true calendar age of the sample. In some circumstances, users may be able to determine which depletion scenario is more appropriate using independent paleoclimatic or proxy evidence.
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    Antiphage small molecules produced by bacteria – beyond protein-mediated defenses (2023)
    Cell Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Bacterial populations face the constant threat of viral predation exerted by bacteriophages (‘phages’). In response, bacteria have evolved a wide range of defense mechanisms against phage challenges. Yet the vast majority of antiphage defense systems described until now are mediated by proteins or RNA complexes acting at the single-cell level. Here, we review small molecule-based defense strategies against phage infection, with a focus on the antiphage molecules described recently. Importantly, inhibition of phage infection by excreted small molecules has the potential to protect entire bacterial communities, highlighting the ecological significance of these antiphage strategies. Considering the immense repertoire of bacterial metabolites, we envision that the list of antiphage small molecules will be further expanded in the future.
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    Near-term deployment of novel carbon removal to facilitate longer-term deployment (2023)
    Cell Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Scenarios—which account for the costs of and interactions among different mitigation options—show that we will need to remove hundreds of gigatons of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere over the course of the century to limit warming to well below 2°C, make efforts to limit it to 1.5°C, and ensure the sustained well-being of our planet. Yet at present, only 2 Gt is being removed per year, and nearly all of it is from forestry—only 0.1% is from novel forms of carbon removal. This commentary shows that the deployment of novel CO2 removal (CDR) over the next decade, its formative phase, is likely to be consequential in determining whether CDR will be available at scale and in time to reach net-zero CO2 emissions consistent with the Paris Agreement’s temperature goal.
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    A metabologenomics approach to unlock the metabolome of the novel Antarctic deep-sea isolate Lacinutrix shetlandiensis sp. nov. WUR7 (2023)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: The South Shetland Trough, Antarctica, is an underexplored region for microbiological and biotechnological exploitation. Herein, we describe the isolation and characterization of the novel bacterium Lacinutrix shetlandiensis sp. nov. WUR7 from a deep-sea environment. We explored its chemical diversity via a metabologenomics approach, wherein the OSMAC strategy was strategically employed to upregulate cryptic genes for secondary metabolite production. Based on hybrid de novo whole genome sequencing and digital DNA–DNA hybridization, isolate WUR7 was identified as a novel species from the Gram-negative genus Lacinutrix. Its genome was mined for the presence of biosynthetic gene clusters with limited results. However, extensive investigation of its metabolism uncovered an unusual tryptophan decarboxylase with high sequence homology and conserved structure of the active site as compared to ZP_02040762, a highly specific tryptophan decarboxylase from Ruminococcus gnavus. Therefore, WUR7's metabolism was directed toward indole-based alkaloid biosynthesis by feeding it with L-tryptophan. As expected, its metabolome profile changed dramatically, by triggering the extracellular accumulation of a massive array of metabolites unexpressed in the absence of tryptophan. Untargeted LC-MS/MS coupled with molecular networking, followed along with chemoinformatic dereplication, allowed for the annotation of 10 indole alkaloids, belonging to β-carboline, bisindole, and monoindole classes, alongside several unknown alkaloids. These findings guided us to the isolation of a new natural bisindole alkaloid 8,9-dihydrocoscinamide B (1), as the first alkaloid from the genus Lacinutrix, whose structure was elucidated on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR and HR-ESIMS experiments. This comprehensive strategy allowed us to unlock the previously unexploited metabolome of L. shetlandiensis sp. nov. WUR7.
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    The impact of spatially varying ice sheet basal conditions on sliding at glacial time scales (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-24
    Description: Spatially variable basal conditions are thought to govern how ice sheets behave at glacial time scales (〉1000 years) and responsible for changes in dynamics between the core and peripheral regions of the Laurentide and Fennoscandian ice sheets. Basal motion is accomplished via the deformation of unconsolidated sediments, or via sliding of the ice over an undeformable bed. We present an ice sheet sliding module for the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM) that takes into account changes in sediment cover and incorporates surface meltwater. This model routes meltwater, produced at the surface and base of the ice sheet, toward the margin of the ice sheet. Basal sliding is accomplished through the deformation of water saturated sediments, or sliding at the ice-bed interface. In areas with continuous, water saturated sediments, sliding is almost always accomplished through sediment deformation. In areas with incomplete cover, sliding has a stronger dependence on the supply of water. We find that the addition of surface meltwater to the base is a more important factor for ice sheet evolution than the style of sliding. In a glacial cycle simulation, our model causes a more rapid buildup of the Laurentide Ice Sheet.
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    Long-term stability in the circumpolar foraging range of a Southern Ocean predator between the eras of whaling and rapid climate change (2023)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Significance Assessing change in Southern Ocean ecosystems is challenging due to its remoteness. Large-scale datasets that allow comparison between present-day conditions and those prior to large-scale ecosystem disturbances caused by humans (e.g., fishing/whaling) are rare. We infer the contemporary offshore foraging distribution of a marine predator, southern right whales (n = 1,002), using a customized stable isotope-based assignment approach based on biogeochemical models of the Southern Ocean. We then compare the contemporary distributions during the late austral summer and autumn to whaling catch data representing historical distributions during the same seasons. We show remarkable consistency of mid-latitude distribution across four centuries but shifts in foraging grounds in the past 30 y, particularly in the high latitudes that are likely driven by climate-associated alterations in prey availability. Abstract Assessing environmental changes in Southern Ocean ecosystems is difficult due to its remoteness and data sparsity. Monitoring marine predators that respond rapidly to environmental variation may enable us to track anthropogenic effects on ecosystems. Yet, many long-term datasets of marine predators are incomplete because they are spatially constrained and/or track ecosystems already modified by industrial fishing and whaling in the latter half of the 20th century. Here, we assess the contemporary offshore distribution of a wide-ranging marine predator, the southern right whale (SRW, Eubalaena australis), that forages on copepods and krill from ~30°S to the Antarctic ice edge (〉60°S). We analyzed carbon and nitrogen isotope values of 1,002 skin samples from six genetically distinct SRW populations using a customized assignment approach that accounts for temporal and spatial variation in the Southern Ocean phytoplankton isoscape. Over the past three decades, SRWs increased their use of mid-latitude foraging grounds in the south Atlantic and southwest (SW) Indian oceans in the late austral summer and autumn and slightly increased their use of high-latitude (〉60°S) foraging grounds in the SW Pacific, coincident with observed changes in prey distribution and abundance on a circumpolar scale. Comparing foraging assignments with whaling records since the 18th century showed remarkable stability in use of mid-latitude foraging areas. We attribute this consistency across four centuries to the physical stability of ocean fronts and resulting productivity in mid-latitude ecosystems of the Southern Ocean compared with polar regions that may be more influenced by recent climate change.
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  • 40
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    Choanoflagellates alongside diverse uncultured predatory protists consume the abundant open-ocean cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus (2023)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Prochlorococcus is a key member of open-ocean primary producer communities. Despite its importance, little is known about the predators that consume this cyanobacterium and make its biomass available to higher trophic levels. We identify potential predators along a gradient wherein Prochlorococcus abundance increased from near detection limits (coastal California) to 〉200,000 cells mL-1 (subtropical North Pacific Gyre). A replicated RNA-Stable Isotope Probing experiment involving the in situ community, and labeled Prochlorococcus as prey, revealed choanoflagellates as the most active predators of Prochlorococcus, alongside a radiolarian, chrysophytes, dictyochophytes, and specific MAST lineages. These predators were not appropriately highlighted in multiyear conventional 18S rRNA gene amplicon surveys where dinoflagellates and other taxa had highest relative amplicon abundances across the gradient. In identifying direct consumers of Prochlorococcus, we reveal food-web linkages of individual protistan taxa and resolve routes of carbon transfer from the base of marine food webs.
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  • 41
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    Evidence of nitrate-based nighttime atmospheric nucleation driven by marine microorganisms in the South Pacific (2023)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-23
    Description: Significance Oceans represent 70% of our planet’s surface, housing a large spectrum of microorganisms that interact with the above atmosphere. Ocean microorganisms were proposed in the late 80’s to be at the center of a climate feedback loop involving dimethyl sulfide (DMS) that would form aerosols and modify cloud properties (CLAW hypothesis). In the present paper, we report observational evidence from semicontrolled experiments in the South Pacific that nitrate ions, yet hitherto not considered, is a key species involved in aerosol nucleation in the pristine marine atmosphere and which precursors are coemitted with DMS. Our results further indicate that nitrate ion formation would be related to short-term microbial processes, sensitive to environmental stressors, therefore potentially “closing the loop”. Abstract Our understanding of ocean–cloud interactions and their effect on climate lacks insight into a key pathway: do biogenic marine emissions form new particles in the open ocean atmosphere? Using measurements collected in ship-borne air–sea interface tanks deployed in the Southwestern Pacific Ocean, we identified new particle formation (NPF) during nighttime that was related to plankton community composition. We show that nitrate ions are the only species for which abundance could support NPF rates in our semicontrolled experiments. Nitrate ions also prevailed in the natural pristine marine atmosphere and were elevated under higher sub-10 nm particle concentrations. We hypothesize that these nucleation events were fueled by complex, short-term biogeochemical cycling involving the microbial loop. These findings suggest a new perspective with a previously unidentified role of nitrate of marine biogeochemical origin in aerosol nucleation.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 42
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    Pliocene–Quaternary seismogenic faults in the inner Northern Apennines (Valdelsa Basin, southern Tuscany) and their role in controlling the local seismicity (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-22
    Description: Pliocene–Quaternary faults are relevant structures with which to constrain the seismotectonic context and contribute to the evaluation of the seismic hazard of a region. Many of these faults, however, do not show clear surface evidence even when releasing earthquakes. For these reasons they can be extremely dangerous as they receive relatively little attention and can be difficult to identify. From among the various surface geology studies and/or palaeoseismological investigations, we focus our attention on the integration of different datasets such as seismic reflection profiles, surface kinematic data and the relocation of seismological data, which make it possible to identify and characterize active faults whose dimension and earthquake potential would otherwise not be large enough to make them identifiable. We take as an example the Montespertoli NE-trending fault in southern Tuscany (central Italy) with which we associate the 2016 M=3.9 Castelfiorentino earthquake. This structure is part of a wider (in the order of 15–20 km) crustal-scale shear zone, which may be responsible for strong historical earthquakes in the area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 853 - 872
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: active faults ; seismic faults ; Earthquakes ; strike-slip faults ; inner Northern Apennines ; solid earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 43
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    Hox gene expression predicts tetrapod-like axial regionalization in the skate, Leucoraja erinacea (2022)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Criswell, K. E., Roberts, L. E., Koo, E. T., Head, J. J., & Gillis, J. A. Hox gene expression predicts tetrapod-like axial regionalization in the skate, Leucoraja erinacea. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(51), (2021): e2114563118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2114563118.
    Description: The axial skeleton of tetrapods is organized into distinct anteroposterior regions of the vertebral column (cervical, trunk, sacral, and caudal), and transitions between these regions are determined by colinear anterior expression boundaries of Hox5/6, -9, -10, and -11 paralogy group genes within embryonic paraxial mesoderm. Fishes, conversely, exhibit little in the way of discrete axial regionalization, and this has led to scenarios of an origin of Hox-mediated axial skeletal complexity with the evolutionary transition to land in tetrapods. Here, combining geometric morphometric analysis of vertebral column morphology with cell lineage tracing of hox gene expression boundaries in developing embryos, we recover evidence of at least five distinct regions in the vertebral skeleton of a cartilaginous fish, the little skate (Leucoraja erinacea). We find that skate embryos exhibit tetrapod-like anteroposterior nesting of hox gene expression in their paraxial mesoderm, and we show that anterior expression boundaries of hox5/6, hox9, hox10, and hox11 paralogy group genes predict regional transitions in the differentiated skate axial skeleton. Our findings suggest that hox-based axial skeletal regionalization did not originate with tetrapods but rather has a much deeper evolutionary history than was previously appreciated.
    Description: This research was funded by a Natural Environment Research Council Grant (to J.J.H., J.A.G., and K.E.C.: NE/S000739/1) and a Royal Society University Research Fellowship (UF130182 and URF\R\191007), Royal Society Research Grant (RG140377), and University of Cambridge Sir Isaac Newton Trust Grant (14.23z) (to J.A.G.).
    Keywords: Hox genes ; Regionalization ; Chondrichthyan ; Vertebral column
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    Yeast cell death pathway requiring AP-3 vesicle trafficking leads to vacuole/lysosome membrane permeabilization (2022)
    Cell Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Stolp, Z. D., Kulkarni, M., Liu, Y., Zhu, C., Jalisi, A., Lin, S., Casadevall, A., Cunningham, K. W., Pineda, F. J., Teng, X., & Hardwick, J. M. Yeast cell death pathway requiring AP-3 vesicle trafficking leads to vacuole/lysosome membrane permeabilization. Cell Reports, 39(2), (2022): 110647, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110647.
    Description: Unicellular eukaryotes have been suggested as undergoing self-inflicted destruction. However, molecular details are sparse compared with the mechanisms of programmed/regulated cell death known for human cells and animal models. Here, we report a molecular cell death pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae leading to vacuole/lysosome membrane permeabilization. Following a transient cell death stimulus, yeast cells die slowly over several hours, consistent with an ongoing molecular dying process. A genome-wide screen for death-promoting factors identified all subunits of the AP-3 complex, a vesicle trafficking adapter known to transport and install newly synthesized proteins on the vacuole/lysosome membrane. To promote cell death, AP-3 requires its Arf1-GTPase-dependent vesicle trafficking function and the kinase Yck3, which is selectively transported to the vacuole membrane by AP-3. Video microscopy revealed a sequence of events where vacuole permeability precedes the loss of plasma membrane integrity. AP-3-dependent death appears to be conserved in the human pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans.
    Description: Funding sources: National Institutes of Health, United States grants AI144373 and NS127076 (J.M.H.), AI115016 and AI153414 (K.W.C.), and AI052733, AI152078, and HL059842 (A.C.); National Natural Science Foundation of China 31970550; and the Priority Academic Program Development of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutes (X.T.).
    Keywords: Yeast ; Programmed cell death ; Vesicle trafficking ; AP-3 ; Vacuole ; Cryptococcus ; Yck3 ; Regulated cell death ; Lysosome ; Vacuolar membrane permeabilization
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  • 45
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    Global ocean radiocarbon programs (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in McNichol, A., Key, R., & Guilderson, T. Global ocean radiocarbon programs. Radiocarbon, (2022): 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2022.17.
    Description: The importance of studying the radiocarbon content of dissolved inorganic carbon (DI14C) in the oceans has been recognized for decades. Starting with the GEOSECS program in the 1970s, 14C sampling has been a part of most global survey programs. Early results were used to study air-sea gas exchange while the more recent results are critical for helping calibrate ocean general circulation models used to study the effects of climate change. Here we summarize the major programs and discuss some of the important insights the results are starting to provide.
    Description: Authors received funding from the National Science Foundation OCE-85865400 (APM) and a Woods Hole Oceanographic Technical Staff Award (APM).
    Keywords: Dissolved inorganic carbon ; Ocean models ; Oceanography ; Radiocarbon
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  • 46
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    Holocene bidirectional river system along the Kenya Rift and its influence on East African faunal exchange and diversity gradients (2022)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-19
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Dommain, R., Riedl, S., Olaka, L. A., deMenocal, P., Deino, A. L., Owen, R. B., Muiruri, V., Müller, J., Potts, R., & Strecker, M. R. Holocene bidirectional river system along the Kenya Rift and its influence on East African faunal exchange and diversity gradients. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(28),(2022): e2121388119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2121388119.
    Description: East Africa is a global biodiversity hotspot and exhibits distinct longitudinal diversity gradients from west to east in freshwater fishes and forest mammals. The assembly of this exceptional biodiversity and the drivers behind diversity gradients remain poorly understood, with diversification often studied at local scales and less attention paid to biotic exchange between Afrotropical regions. Here, we reconstruct a river system that existed for several millennia along the now semiarid Kenya Rift Valley during the humid early Holocene and show how this river system influenced postglacial dispersal of fishes and mammals due to its dual role as a dispersal corridor and barrier. Using geomorphological, geochronological, isotopic, and fossil analyses and a synthesis of radiocarbon dates, we find that the overflow of Kenyan rift lakes between 12 and 8 ka before present formed a bidirectional river system consisting of a “Northern River” connected to the Nile Basin and a “Southern River,” a closed basin. The drainage divide between these rivers represented the only viable terrestrial dispersal corridor across the rift. The degree and duration of past hydrological connectivity between adjacent river basins determined spatial diversity gradients for East African fishes. Our reconstruction explains the isolated distribution of Nilotic fish species in modern Kenyan rift lakes, Guineo-Congolian mammal species in forests east of the Kenya Rift, and recent incipient vertebrate speciation and local endemism in this region. Climate-driven rearrangements of drainage networks unrelated to tectonic activity contributed significantly to the assembly of species diversity and modern faunas in the East African biodiversity hotspot.
    Description: R.D. was funded by a Smithsonian Human Origins Postdoctoral Fellowship and by Geo.X—the Research Network for Geosciences in Berlin and Potsdam. Fig. 1 D, E, and G and SI Appendix, Figs. S1 and S3 are based on the TanDEM-X Science DEM granted to L.A.O. and S.R. by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in 2017. L.A.O. acknowledges the Volkswagen Foundation for funding this study with Grant No. 89369. M.R.S. and S.R. were supported by funds from Potsdam University and the Geothermal Development Company of Kenya, and R.B.O. and V.M. were supported by the Hong Kong General Research Fund. We acknowledge support from the National Museums of Kenya and the Kenya Government permission granted by the Ministry of Sports, Culture and the Arts, and by the National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI) Permits P/14/7709/683 (to R.P.) and P/16/11924/11448 (to L.A.O.). This work is a contribution of the Olorgesailie Drilling Project, for which support from the National Museums of Kenya, the Oldonyo Nyokie Group Ranch, the Peter Buck Fund for Human Origins Research (Smithsonian Institution), the William H. Donner Foundation, the Ruth and Vernon Taylor Foundation, Whitney and Betty MacMillan, and the Smithsonian Human Origins Program is gratefully acknowledged. LacCore is acknowledged for support in drilling and core storage.
    Keywords: East Africa ; Biogeography ; Biodiversity ; Hydrological connectivity ; Holocene
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  • 47
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    Nutrient availability and senescence spatially structure the dynamics of a foundation species (2022)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-20
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Bell, T. W., & Siegel, D. A. Nutrient availability and senescence spatially structure the dynamics of a foundation species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(1), (2021): e2105135118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2105135118.
    Description: Disentangling the roles of the external environment and internal biotic drivers of plant population dynamics is challenging due to the absence of relevant physiological and abundance information over appropriate space and time scales. Remote observations of giant kelp biomass and photosynthetic pigment concentrations are used to show that spatiotemporal patterns of physiological condition, and thus growth and production, are regulated by different processes depending on the scale of observation. Nutrient supply was linked to regional scale (〉1 km) physiological condition dynamics, and kelp forest stands were more persistent where nutrient levels were consistently high. However, on local scales (〈1 km), internal senescence processes related to canopy age demographics determined patterns of biomass loss across individual kelp forests despite uniform nutrient conditions. Repeat measurements of physiology over continuous spatial fields can provide insights into complex dynamics that are unexplained by the environmental drivers thought to regulate abundance. Emerging remote sensing technologies that provide simultaneous estimates of abundance and physiology can quantify the roles of environmental change and demographics governing plant population dynamics for a wide range of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
    Description: This work was supported by the US NSF (Grants OCE 1232779 and 1831937), by the US Department of Energy (Cooperative Agreement DE-AR0000922), and by NASA (Grant NNX14AR62A) and the NASA Earth and Space Sciences Fellowship program in support of T.W.B.
    Keywords: Physiology ; Population ; Biomass ; Hyperspectral ; Giant kelp
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    Trivalent chromium isotopes in the eastern tropical North Pacific oxygen-deficient zone (2022)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: Author Posting. © National Academy of Sciences, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of National Academy of Sciences for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 118(8), (2021): e1918605118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918605118.
    Description: Changes in chromium (Cr) isotope ratios due to fractionation between trivalent [Cr(III)] and hexavalent [Cr(VI)] are being utilized by geologists to infer oxygen conditions in past environments. However, there is little information available on Cr in the modern ocean to ground-truth these inferences. Transformations between the two chromium species are important processes in oceanic Cr cycling. Here we present profiles of hexavalent and trivalent Cr concentrations and stable isotope ratios from the eastern tropical North Pacific (ETNP) oxygen-deficient zone (ODZ) which support theoretical and experimental studies that predict that lighter Cr is preferentially reduced in low-oxygen environments and that residual dissolved Cr becomes heavier due to removal of particle-reactive Cr(III) on sinking particles. The Cr(III) maximum dominantly occurs in the upper portion of the ODZ, implying that microbial activity (dependent on the sinking flux of organic matter) may be the dominant mechanism for this transformation, rather than a simple inorganic chemical conversion between the species depending on the redox potential.
    Description: We thank chief scientist Gabrielle Rocap for accommodating us on cruises Roger Revelle 1804-5 and Kilo Moana 19-20 (sponsored by NSF Grant DEB-1542240 to G. Rocap, A. Devol, R. Kiel, and C. Deutch), Jim Moffett for helping with sampling on these cruises, and Mark Altabet and Frank Stewart for collecting the samples from station 2T on cruise New Horizon 1410. This research was supported by NSF Grant OCE-1736996 (to E.A.B.) and by a fellowship from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program in Oceanography.
    Keywords: Chromium isotopes ; Oxygen-deficient zones ; Trace elements ; Trivalent chromium ; Hexavalent ; Chromium
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    Marine organic carbon and radiocarbon – present and future challenges (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Druffel, E., Beaupre, S., Grotheer, H., Lewis, C., McNichol, A., Mollenhauer, G., & Walker, B. Marine organic carbon and radiocarbon – present and future challenges. Radiocarbon, (2022): 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2021.105.
    Description: We discuss present and developing techniques for studying radiocarbon in marine organic carbon (C). Bulk DOC (dissolved organic C) Δ14C measurements reveal information about the cycling time and sources of DOC in the ocean, yet they are time consuming and need to be streamlined. To further elucidate the cycling of DOC, various fractions have been separated from bulk DOC, through solid phase extraction of DOC, and ultrafiltration of high and low molecular weight DOC. Research using 14C of DOC and particulate organic C separated into organic fractions revealed that the acid insoluble fraction is similar in 14C signature to that of the lipid fraction. Plans for utilizing this methodology are described. Studies using compound specific radiocarbon analyses to study the origin of biomarkers in the marine environment are reviewed and plans for the future are outlined. Development of ramped pyrolysis oxidation methods are discussed and scientific questions addressed. A modified elemental analysis (EA) combustion reactor is described that allows high particulate organic C sample throughput by direct coupling with the MIniCArbonDAtingSystem.
    Keywords: CSRA ; Dissolved organic carbon ; Methodology ; Organic carbon ; Radiocarbon
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    Scientific access into Mercer Subglacial Lake: scientific objectives, drilling operations and initial observations (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Priscu, J. C., Kalin, J., Winans, J., Campbell, T., Siegfried, M. R., Skidmore, M., Dore, J. E., Leventer, A., Harwood, D. M., Duling, D., Zook, R., Burnett, J., Gibson, D., Krula, E., Mironov, A., McManis, J., Roberts, G., Rosenheim, B. E., Christner, B. C., Kasic, K., Fricker, H. A., Lyons, W. B., Barker, J., Bowling, M., Collins, B., Davis, C., Gagnon, A., Gardner, C., Gustafson, C., Kim, O-S., Li, W., Michaud, A., Patterson, M. O., Tranter, M., Ryan Venturelli, R., Trista Vick-Majors, T., & Elsworth, C. Scientific access into Mercer Subglacial Lake: scientific objectives, drilling operations and initial observations. Annals of Glaciology, 62(85–86), (2021): 340–352, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2021.10.
    Description: The Subglacial Antarctic Lakes Scientific Access (SALSA) Project accessed Mercer Subglacial Lake using environmentally clean hot-water drilling to examine interactions among ice, water, sediment, rock, microbes and carbon reservoirs within the lake water column and underlying sediments. A ~0.4 m diameter borehole was melted through 1087 m of ice and maintained over ~10 days, allowing observation of ice properties and collection of water and sediment with various tools. Over this period, SALSA collected: 60 L of lake water and 10 L of deep borehole water; microbes 〉0.2 μm in diameter from in situ filtration of ~100 L of lake water; 10 multicores 0.32–0.49 m long; 1.0 and 1.76 m long gravity cores; three conductivity–temperature–depth profiles of borehole and lake water; five discrete depth current meter measurements in the lake and images of ice, the lake water–ice interface and lake sediments. Temperature and conductivity data showed the hydrodynamic character of water mixing between the borehole and lake after entry. Models simulating melting of the ~6 m thick basal accreted ice layer imply that debris fall-out through the ~15 m water column to the lake sediments from borehole melting had little effect on the stratigraphy of surficial sediment cores.
    Description: This material is based upon work supported by the US National Science Foundation, Section for Antarctic Sciences, Antarctic Integrated System Science program as part of the interdisciplinary (Subglacial Antarctic Lakes Scientific Access (SALSA): Integrated study of carbon cycling in hydrologically-active subglacial environments) project (NSF-OPP 1543537, 1543396, 1543405, 1543453 and 1543441). Ok-Sun Kim was funded by the Korean Polar Research Institute. We are particularly thankful to the SALSA traverse personnel for crucial technical and logistical support. The United States Antarctic Program enabled our fieldwork; the New York Air National Guard and Kenn Borek Air provided air support; UNAVCO provided geodetic instrument support. Hot water drilling activities, including repair and upgrade modifications of the WISSARD hot water drill system, for the SALSA project were supported by a subaward from the Ice Drilling Program of Dartmouth College (NSF-PLR 1327315) to the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. J. Lawrence assisted with manuscript preparation. Finally, we are grateful to C. Dean, the SALSA Project Manager, and R. Ricards, SALSA Project Coordinator at McMurdo Station, for their organizational skills, and B. Huber of Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory for providing the SBE39 PT sensors and the Nortek Aquadopp current meter and assisting with interpretation of the data. B. Huber also provided helpful input on programing and calibrating the SBE19PlusV2 6112 CTD.
    Keywords: Antarctic glaciology ; Basal ice ; Biogeochemistry ; Glacial sedimentology ; Subglacial lakes
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    Chapter 3: Oceans and Coastal Ecosystems and their Services (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  EPIC3Climate Change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of the WGII to the 6th assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, ,, IPCC AR6 WGII, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FinalDraft_Chapter03.pdf, Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-23
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , NonPeerReviewed
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    Global collision-risk hotspots of marine traffic and the world’s largest fish, the whale shark (2022)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-15
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Womersley, F. C., Humphries, N. E., Queiroz, N., Vedor, M., da Costa, I., Furtado, M., Tyminski, J. P., Abrantes, K., Araujo, G., Bach, S. S., Barnett, A., Berumen, M. L., Bessudo Lion, S., Braun, C. D., Clingham, E., Cochran, J. E. M., de la Parra, R., Diamant, S., Dove, A. D. M., Dudgeon, C. L., Erdmann, M. V., Espinoza, E., Fitzpatrick, R., González Cano, J., Green, J. R., Guzman, H. M., Hardenstine, R., Hasan, A., Hazin, F. H. V., Hearn, A. R., Hueter, R. E., Jaidah, M. Y., Labaja, J., Ladinol, F., Macena, B. C. L., Morris Jr., J. J., Norman, B. M., Peñaherrera-Palmav, C., Pierce, S. J., Quintero, L. M., Ramırez-Macías, D., Reynolds, S. D., Richardson, A. J., Robinson, D. P., Rohner, C. A., Rowat, D. R. L., Sheaves, M., Shivji, M. S., Sianipar, A. B., Skomal, G. B., Soler, G., Syakurachman, I., Thorrold, S. R., Webb, D. H., Wetherbee, B. M., White, T. D., Clavelle, T., Kroodsma, D. A., Thums, M., Ferreira, L. C., Meekan, M. G., Arrowsmith, L. M., Lester, E. K., Meyers, M. M., Peel, L. R., Sequeira, A. M. M., Eguıluz, V. M., Duarte, C. M., & Sims, D. W. Global collision-risk hotspots of marine traffic and the world’s largest fish, the whale shark. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(20), (2022): e2117440119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2117440119.
    Description: Marine traffic is increasing globally yet collisions with endangered megafauna such as whales, sea turtles, and planktivorous sharks go largely undetected or unreported. Collisions leading to mortality can have population-level consequences for endangered species. Hence, identifying simultaneous space use of megafauna and shipping throughout ranges may reveal as-yet-unknown spatial targets requiring conservation. However, global studies tracking megafauna and shipping occurrences are lacking. Here we combine satellite-tracked movements of the whale shark, Rhincodon typus, and vessel activity to show that 92% of sharks’ horizontal space use and nearly 50% of vertical space use overlap with persistent large vessel (〉300 gross tons) traffic. Collision-risk estimates correlated with reported whale shark mortality from ship strikes, indicating higher mortality in areas with greatest overlap. Hotspots of potential collision risk were evident in all major oceans, predominantly from overlap with cargo and tanker vessels, and were concentrated in gulf regions, where dense traffic co-occurred with seasonal shark movements. Nearly a third of whale shark hotspots overlapped with the highest collision-risk areas, with the last known locations of tracked sharks coinciding with busier shipping routes more often than expected. Depth-recording tags provided evidence for sinking, likely dead, whale sharks, suggesting substantial “cryptic” lethal ship strikes are possible, which could explain why whale shark population declines continue despite international protection and low fishing-induced mortality. Mitigation measures to reduce ship-strike risk should be considered to conserve this species and other ocean giants that are likely experiencing similar impacts from growing global vessel traffic.
    Description: Funding for data analysis was provided by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) through a University of Southampton INSPIRE DTP PhD Studentship to F.C.W. Additional funding for data analysis was provided by NERC Discovery Science (NE/R00997/X/1) and the European Research Council (ERC-AdG-2019 883583 OCEAN DEOXYFISH) to D.W.S., Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) under PTDC/BIA/28855/2017 and COMPETE POCI-01–0145-FEDER-028855, and MARINFO–NORTE-01–0145-FEDER-000031 (funded by Norte Portugal Regional Operational Program [NORTE2020] under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund–ERDF) to N.Q. FCT also supported N.Q. (CEECIND/02857/2018) and M.V. (PTDC/BIA-COM/28855/2017). D.W.S. was supported by a Marine Biological Association Senior Research Fellowship. All tagging procedures were approved by institutional ethical review bodies and complied with all relevant ethical regulations in the jurisdictions in which they were performed. Details for individual research teams are given in SI Appendix, section 8. Full acknowledgments for tagging and field research are given in SI Appendix, section 7. This research is part of the Global Shark Movement Project (https://www.globalsharkmovement.org).
    Keywords: ship strike ; marine megafauna ; conservation ; movement ecology ; human impact
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    Ciliary flows in corals ventilate target areas of high photosynthetic oxygen production (2022)
    Cell Press
    In:  EPIC3Current Biology, Cell Press, ISSN: 09609822
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-30
    Description: Most tropical corals live in symbiosis with Symbiodiniaceae algae whose photosynthetic production of oxygen (O2) may lead to excess O2 in the diffusive boundary layer (DBL) above the coral surface. When flow is low, cilia-induced mixing of the coral DBL is vital to remove excess O2 and prevent oxidative stress that may lead to coral bleaching and mortality. Here, we combined particle image velocimetry using O2-sensitive nanoparticles (sensPIV) with chlorophyll (Chla)-sensitive hyperspectral imaging to visualize the microscale distribution and dynamics of ciliary flows and O2 in the coral DBL in relation to the distribution of Symbiodiniaceae Chla in the tissue of the reef building coral, Porites lutea. Curiously, we found an inverse relation between O2 in the DBL and Chla in the underlying tissue, with patches of high O2 in the DBL above low Chla in the underlying tissue surrounding the polyp mouth areas and pockets of low O2 concentrations in the DBL above high Chla in the coenosarc tissue connecting neighboring polyps. The spatial segregation of Chla and O2 is related to ciliary-induced flows, causing a lateral redistribution of O2 in the DBL. In a 2D transport-reaction model of the coral DBL, we show that the enhanced O2 transport allocates parts of the O2 surplus to areas containing less chla, which minimizes oxidative stress. Cilary flows thus confer a spatially complex mass transfer in the coral DBL, which may play an important role in mitigating oxidative stress and bleaching in corals.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Phosphonate production by marine microbes: exploring new sources and potential function (2022)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-10
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Acker, M., Hogle, S. L., Berube, P. M., Hackl, T., Coe, A., Stepanauskas, R., Chisholm, S. W., & Repeta, D. J. Phosphonate production by marine microbes: exploring new sources and potential function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(11), (2022): e2113386119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2113386119.
    Description: Phosphonates are organophosphorus metabolites with a characteristic C-P bond. They are ubiquitous in the marine environment, their degradation broadly supports ecosystem productivity, and they are key components of the marine phosphorus (P) cycle. However, the microbial producers that sustain the large oceanic inventory of phosphonates as well as the physiological and ecological roles of phosphonates are enigmatic. Here, we show that phosphonate synthesis genes are rare but widely distributed among diverse bacteria and archaea, including Prochlorococcus and SAR11, the two major groups of bacteria in the ocean. In addition, we show that Prochlorococcus can allocate over 40% of its total cellular P-quota toward phosphonate production. However, we find no evidence that Prochlorococcus uses phosphonates for surplus P storage, and nearly all producer genomes lack the genes necessary to degrade and assimilate phosphonates. Instead, we postulate that phosphonates are associated with cell-surface glycoproteins, suggesting that phosphonates mediate ecological interactions between the cell and its surrounding environment. Our findings indicate that the oligotrophic surface ocean phosphonate pool is sustained by a relatively small fraction of the bacterioplankton cells allocating a significant portion of their P quotas toward secondary metabolism and away from growth and reproduction.
    Description: This work was supported in part by grants from the NSF (OCE-1153588 and DBI-0424599 to S.W.C.; OCE-1335810 and OIA-1826734 to R.S.; and OCE-1634080 to D.J.R.), the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (no. 6000 to D.J.R.), and the Simons Foundation (Life Sciences Project Award IDs 337262 and 647135 to S.W.C.; 510023 to R.S.; and Simons Collaboration on Ocean Processes and Ecology [SCOPE] Award ID 329108 to S.W.C. and D.J.R.).
    Keywords: phosphonate ; Prochlorococcus ; marine ; biogeochemistry ; phosphorus
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    Cross-Chapter Box EXTREMES: Ramifications of Climatic Extremes for Marine, Terrestrial, Freshwater and Polar Natural Systems (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  EPIC3Climate Change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of the WGII to the 6th assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, IPCC AR6 WGII, Climate Change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of the WGII to the 6th assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, IPCC AR6 WGII, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FinalDraft_Chapter02.pdf, Cambridge University Press, 5 p., pp. 22-26
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Hydraulic control of flow in a multi-passage system connecting two basins (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-20
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Tan, S., Pratt, L. J., Voet, G., Cusack, J. M., Helfrich, K. R., Alford, M. H., Girton, J. B., & Carter, G. S. Hydraulic control of flow in a multi-passage system connecting two basins. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 940, (2022): A8, https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2022.212.
    Description: When a fluid stream in a conduit splits in order to pass around an obstruction, it is possible that one branch will be critically controlled while the other remains not so. This is apparently the situation in Pacific Ocean abyssal circulation, where most of the northward flow of Antarctic bottom water passes through the Samoan Passage, where it is hydraulically controlled, while the remainder is diverted around the Manihiki Plateau and is not controlled. These observations raise a number of questions concerning the dynamics necessary to support such a regime in the steady state, the nature of upstream influence and the usefulness of rotating hydraulic theory to predict the partitioning of volume transport between the two paths, which assumes the controlled branch is inviscid. Through the use of a theory for constant potential vorticity flow and accompanying numerical model, we show that a steady-state regime similar to what is observed is dynamically possible provided that sufficient bottom friction is present in the uncontrolled branch. In this case, the upstream influence that typically exists for rotating channel flow is transformed into influence into how the flow is partitioned. As a result, the partitioning of volume flux can still be reasonably well predicted with an inviscid theory that exploits the lack of upstream influence.
    Description: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under grants OCE-1029268, OCE-1029483, OCE-1657264, OCE-1657795, OCE-1657870 and OCE-1658027.
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    The Earth BioGenome Project 2020: starting the clock (2022)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Lewin, H. A., Richards, S., Lieberman Aiden, E., Allende, M. L., Archibald, J. M., Bálint, M., Barker, K. B., Baumgartner, B., Belov, K., Bertorelle, G., Blaxter, Mark L., Cai, J., Caperello, N. D., Carlson, K., Castilla-Rubio, J. C., Chaw, S-M., Chen, L., Childers, A. K., Coddington, J. A., Conde, D. A., Corominas, M., Crandall, K. A., Crawford, A. J., DiPalma, F., Durbin, R., Ebenezer, T. E., Edwards, S. V., Fedrigo, O., Flicek, P., Formenti, G., Gibbs, R. A., Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Goldstein, M. M., Graves, J. M., Greely, H. T., Grigoriev, I. V., Hackett, K. J., Hall, N., Haussler, D., Helgen, K. M., Hogg, C. J., Isobe, S., Jakobsen, K. S., Janke, A., Jarvis, E. D., Johnson, W. E., Jones, S. J. M., Karlsson, E. K., Kersey, P. J., Kim, J-H., Kress, W. J., Kuraku, S., Lawniczak, M. K. N., Leebens-Mack, J. H., Li, X., Lindblad-Toh, K., Liu, X., Lopez, J. V., Marques-Bonet, T., Mazard, S., Mazet, J. A. K., Mazzoni, C. J., Myers, E. W., O’Neill, R. J., Paez, S., Park, H., Robinson, G. E., Roquet, C., Ryder, O. A., Sabir, J. S. M., Shaffer, H. B., Shank, T. M., Sherkow, J. S., Soltis, P. S., Tang, B., Tedersoo, L., Uliano-Silva, M., Wang, K., Wei, X., Wetzer, R., Wilson, J. L., Xu, X., Yang, H., Yoder, A. D., Zhang, G. The Earth BioGenome Project 2020: starting the clock. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(4), (2022): e2115635118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2115635118.
    Description: November 2020 marked 2 y since the launch of the Earth BioGenome Project (EBP), which aims to sequence all known eukaryotic species in a 10-y timeframe. Since then, significant progress has been made across all aspects of the EBP roadmap, as outlined in the 2018 article describing the project’s goals, strategies, and challenges (1). The launch phase has ended and the clock has started on reaching the EBP’s major milestones. This Special Feature explores the many facets of the EBP, including a review of progress, a description of major scientific goals, exemplar projects, ethical legal and social issues, and applications of biodiversity genomics. In this Introduction, we summarize the current status of the EBP, held virtually October 5 to 9, 2020, including recent updates through February 2021. References to the nine Perspective articles included in this Special Feature are cited to guide the reader toward deeper understanding of the goals and challenges facing the EBP.
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    Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Services (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  EPIC3https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/, Cambridge University Press, pp. 197-377
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-04-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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    Farm-waste-derived recyclable photothermal evaporator (2022)
    Cell Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-18
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Tian, Y., Liu, X., Li, J., Deng, Y., DeGiorgis, J. A., Zhou, S., Caratenuto, A., Minus, M. L., Wan, Y., Xiao, G., & Zheng, Y. Farm-waste-derived recyclable photothermal evaporator. Cell Reports Physical Science, 2(9), (2021): 100549, https://doi.org/10.1016./j.xcrp.2021.100549
    Description: Interfacial solar steam generation is emerging as a promising technique for efficient desalination. Although increasing efforts have been made, challenges exist for achieving a balance among a plethora of performance indicators—for example, rapid evaporation, durability, low-cost deployment, and salt rejection. Here, we demonstrate that carbonized manure can convert 98% of sunlight into heat, and the strong capillarity of porous carbon fibers networks pumps sufficient water to evaporation interfaces. Salt diffusion within microchannels enables quick salt drainage to the bulk seawater to prevent salt accumulation. With these advantages, this biomass-derived evaporator is demonstrated to feature a high evaporation rate of 2.81 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 sun with broad robustness to acidity and alkalinity. These advantages, together with facial deployment, offer an approach for converting farm waste to energy with high efficiency and easy implementation, which is particularly well suited for developing regions.
    Description: This project is supported by the National Science Foundation through grant no. CBET-1941743. This project is based upon work supported in part by the National Science Foundation under EPSCoR Cooperative Agreement no. OIA-1655221.
    Keywords: Biomass ; Recyclable ; Manure ; Farm waste ; Photothermal evaporation ; Desalination
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    High (3)He/(4)He in central Panama reveals a distal connection to the Galápagos plume (2022)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Bekaert, D. V., Gazel, E., Turner, S., Behn, M. D., de Moor, J. M., Zahirovic, S., Manea, V. C., Hoernle, K., Fischer, T. P., Hammerstrom, A., Seltzer, A. M., Kulongoski, J. T., Patel, B. S., Schrenk, M. O., Halldórsson, S. A., Nakagawa, M., Ramírez, C. J., Krantz, J. A., Yücel, M., Ballentine, C. J., Giovannelli, D., Lloyd, K. G., Barry, P. H. High (3)He/(4)He in central Panama reveals a distal connection to the Galápagos plume. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(47), (2021): e2110997118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2110997118.
    Description: It is well established that mantle plumes are the main conduits for upwelling geochemically enriched material from Earth's deep interior. The fashion and extent to which lateral flow processes at shallow depths may disperse enriched mantle material far (〉1,000 km) from vertical plume conduits, however, remain poorly constrained. Here, we report He and C isotope data from 65 hydrothermal fluids from the southern Central America Margin (CAM) which reveal strikingly high 3He/4He (up to 8.9RA) in low-temperature (≤50 °C) geothermal springs of central Panama that are not associated with active volcanism. Following radiogenic correction, these data imply a mantle source 3He/4He 〉10.3RA (and potentially up to 26RA, similar to Galápagos hotspot lavas) markedly greater than the upper mantle range (8 ± 1RA). Lava geochemistry (Pb isotopes, Nb/U, and Ce/Pb) and geophysical constraints show that high 3He/4He values in central Panama are likely derived from the infiltration of a Galápagos plume–like mantle through a slab window that opened ∼8 Mya. Two potential transport mechanisms can explain the connection between the Galápagos plume and the slab window: 1) sublithospheric transport of Galápagos plume material channeled by lithosphere thinning along the Panama Fracture Zone or 2) active upwelling of Galápagos plume material blown by a “mantle wind” toward the CAM. We present a model of global mantle flow that supports the second mechanism, whereby most of the eastward transport of Galápagos plume material occurs in the shallow asthenosphere. These findings underscore the potential for lateral mantle flow to transport mantle geochemical heterogeneities thousands of kilometers away from plume conduits.
    Description: This work was principally supported by Grant G-2016-7206 from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and the Deep Carbon Observatory to P.H.B. We also acknowledge the NSF awards (1144559, 1923915, and 2015789) to P.H.B., which partially supported this work. S.Z. was supported by the Australian Research Council Grant DE210100084 and a University of Sydney Robinson Fellowship. D.G. was partially supported by funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program Grant Agreement No. 948972—COEVOLVE—ERC-2020-STG. This study was also supported in part by NSF award No. EAR 1826673 to E.G. Folkmar Hauff is acknowledged for contributing to the analysis of the La Providencia samples at GEOMAR.
    Keywords: Helium ; Mantle plume ; Slab window ; Mantle flow ; Geochemistry
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    Radiocarbon in dissolved organic carbon by UV oxidation: an update of procedures and blank characterization at NOSAMS (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Xu, L., Roberts, M., Elder, K., Hansman, R., Gagnon, A., & Kurz, M. Radiocarbon in dissolved organic carbon by UV oxidation: an update of procedures and blank characterization at NOSAMS. Radiocarbon, 64(1), (2022): 195-199, https://doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2022.4.
    Description: This note describes improvements of UV oxidation method that is used to measure carbon isotopes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at the National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility (NOSAMS). The procedural blank is reduced to 2.6 ± 0.6 μg C, with Fm of 0.42 ± 0.10 and δ13C of –28.43 ± 1.19‰. The throughput is improved from one sample per day to two samples per day.
    Description: We gratefully acknowledge support from the U.S. National Science Foundation, via NSF-OCE-1755125.
    Keywords: Blank ; Dissolved organic carbon ; Radiocarbon ; UV-oxidation
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    The evolution of synaptic and cognitive capacity: insights from the nervous system transcriptome of Aplysia (2022)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-10
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Orvis, J., Albertin, C., Shrestha, P., Chen, S., Zheng, M., Rodriguez, C., Tallon, L., Mahurkar, A., Zimin, A., Kim, M., Liu, K., Kandel, E., Fraser, C., Sossin, W., & Abrams, T. The evolution of synaptic and cognitive capacity: insights from the nervous system transcriptome of Aplysia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(28), (2022): e2122301119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2122301119.
    Description: The gastropod mollusk Aplysia is an important model for cellular and molecular neurobiological studies, particularly for investigations of molecular mechanisms of learning and memory. We developed an optimized assembly pipeline to generate an improved Aplysia nervous system transcriptome. This improved transcriptome enabled us to explore the evolution of cognitive capacity at the molecular level. Were there evolutionary expansions of neuronal genes between this relatively simple gastropod Aplysia (20,000 neurons) and Octopus (500 million neurons), the invertebrate with the most elaborate neuronal circuitry and greatest behavioral complexity? Are the tremendous advances in cognitive power in vertebrates explained by expansion of the synaptic proteome that resulted from multiple rounds of whole genome duplication in this clade? Overall, the complement of genes linked to neuronal function is similar between Octopus and Aplysia. As expected, a number of synaptic scaffold proteins have more isoforms in humans than in Aplysia or Octopus. However, several scaffold families present in mollusks and other protostomes are absent in vertebrates, including the Fifes, Lev10s, SOLs, and a NETO family. Thus, whereas vertebrates have more scaffold isoforms from select families, invertebrates have additional scaffold protein families not found in vertebrates. This analysis provides insights into the evolution of the synaptic proteome. Both synaptic proteins and synaptic plasticity evolved gradually, yet the last deuterostome-protostome common ancestor already possessed an elaborate suite of genes associated with synaptic function, and critical for synaptic plasticity.
    Description: This work was supported by NSF EAGER Award IOS-1255695 and NIH grant R01 MH 55880 grant to T.W.A.; by a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery grant and Canadian Institutes of Health Research project grant 340328 to W.S.; by funding from the HHMI to E.R.K.; and by a Hibbitt Early Career Fellowship to C.A. W.S. is James McGill Professor at McGill University.
    Keywords: Neural plasticity ; Synaptic plasticity ; Evolution ; Neuromodulation ; Aplysia
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    Discovery of active off-axis hydrothermal vents at 9° 54’N East Pacific Rise (2022)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-10
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in McDermott, J. M., Parnell-Turner, R., Barreyre, T., Herrera, S., Downing, C. C., Pittoors, N. C., Pehr, K., Vohsen, S. A., Dowd, W. S., Wu, J.-N., Marjanović, M., & Fornari, D. J. Discovery of active off-axis hydrothermal vents at 9° 54’N East Pacific Rise. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(30), (2022): e2205602119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2205602119.
    Description: Comprehensive knowledge of the distribution of active hydrothermal vent fields along midocean ridges is essential to understanding global chemical and heat fluxes and endemic faunal distributions. However, current knowledge is biased by a historical preference for on-axis surveys. A scarcity of high-resolution bathymetric surveys in off-axis regions limits vent identification, which implies that the number of vents may be underestimated. Here, we present the discovery of an active, high-temperature, off-axis hydrothermal field on a fast-spreading ridge. The vent field is located 750 m east of the East Pacific Rise axis and ∼7 km north of on-axis vents at 9° 50′N, which are situated in a 50- to 100-m-wide trough. This site is currently the largest vent field known on the East Pacific Rise between 9 and 10° N. Its proximity to a normal fault suggests that hydrothermal fluid pathways are tectonically controlled. Geochemical evidence reveals deep fluid circulation to depths only 160 m above the axial magma lens. Relative to on-axis vents at 9° 50′N, these off-axis fluids attain higher temperatures and pressures. This tectonically controlled vent field may therefore exhibit greater stability in fluid composition, in contrast to more dynamic, dike-controlled, on-axis vents. The location of this site indicates that high-temperature convective circulation cells extend to greater distances off axis than previously realized. Thorough high-resolution mapping is necessary to understand the distribution, frequency, and physical controls on active off-axis vent fields so that their contribution to global heat and chemical fluxes and role in metacommunity dynamics can be determined.
    Description: Financial support was provided by the NSF Awards OCE-1949938 (to J.M.M.), OCE-1948936 (to R.P.-T.), and OCE-1949485 (to D.J.F. and T.B.).
    Keywords: Hydrothermal activity ; Midocean ridge ; Ocean chemistry ; Chemosynthetic ecosystem ; East Pacific Rise
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    Diverse methylotrophic methanogenic archaea cause high methane emissions from seagrass meadows (2022)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-08
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Schorn, S., Ahmerkamp, S., Bullock, E., Weber, M., Lott, C., Liebeke, M., Lavik, G., Kuypers, M. M. M., Graf, J. S., & Milucka, J. Diverse methylotrophic methanogenic archaea cause high methane emissions from seagrass meadows. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(9), (2022): e2106628119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2106628119.
    Description: Marine coastlines colonized by seagrasses are a net source of methane to the atmosphere. However, methane emissions from these environments are still poorly constrained, and the underlying processes and responsible microorganisms remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated methane turnover in seagrass meadows of Posidonia oceanica in the Mediterranean Sea. The underlying sediments exhibited median net fluxes of methane into the water column of ca. 106 µmol CH4 ⋅ m−2 ⋅ d−1. Our data show that this methane production was sustained by methylated compounds produced by the plant, rather than by fermentation of buried organic carbon. Interestingly, methane production was maintained long after the living plant died off, likely due to the persistence of methylated compounds, such as choline, betaines, and dimethylsulfoniopropionate, in detached plant leaves and rhizomes. We recovered multiple mcrA gene sequences, encoding for methyl-coenzyme M reductase (Mcr), the key methanogenic enzyme, from the seagrass sediments. Most retrieved mcrA gene sequences were affiliated with a clade of divergent Mcr and belonged to the uncultured Candidatus Helarchaeota of the Asgard superphylum, suggesting a possible involvement of these divergent Mcr in methane metabolism. Taken together, our findings identify the mechanisms controlling methane emissions from these important blue carbon ecosystems.
    Description: This project was funded by theMax Planck Society.
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    Cross-Chapter Paper 6: Polar Regions (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  EPIC3Climate Change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of the WGII to the 6th assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, IPCC AR WGII, Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-30
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    Advanced Modeling with the MATLAB Reservoir Simulation Toolbox (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: A follow-up to An Introduction to Reservoir Simulation using MATLAB/GNU Octave, this book introduces more advanced functionality recently added to the open-source MATLAB Reservoir Simulation Toolbox (MRST). Like the original textbook, it will be invaluable for researchers, professionals and advanced students using reservoir simulation methods.
    Keywords: Reservoir geomechanics ; petroleum geoscience ; petroleum engineering ; exploration geoscience ; geophysics ; structural geology ; fluid dynamics ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KNB Energy industries & utilities::KNBP Petroleum & oil industries ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics::PHV Applied physics::PHVG Geophysics ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TN Civil engineering, surveying & building ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDF Fluid mechanics ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TG Mechanical engineering & materials::TGM Materials science::TGMF Mechanics of fluids
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    The Disinformation Age (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: Understanding the post-fact era requires going beyond foreign influence or the rise of social media. This examination of the origins and workings of the US disinformation system shows how political strategies and communication practices have undermined authoritative democratic institutions. This title is available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
    Keywords: political science ; media ; communication ; journalism ; history ; sociology
    Language: English
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    Book Clubs and Book Commerce (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-26
    Description: In the twentieth century, cumulative millions of readers received books by mail from clubs like Book-of-the-Month Club. This Element offers an introduction to book clubs as a distribution channel and cultural phenomenon, and shows that book clubs and book commerce are linked inextricably. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
    Keywords: publishing ; book culture ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism::DSA Literary theory ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism::DSB Literary studies: general ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KN Industry and industrial studies::KNP Retail and wholesale industries ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KN Industry and industrial studies::KNT Media, entertainment, information and communication industries::KNTP Publishing industry and journalism::KNTP1 Publishing and book trade ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJC Business strategy
    Language: English
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    Global Governance in a World of Change (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: Global governance is changing, yet many disagree about how. This book introduces the idea of modes of governance, examining three different kinds – markets, hierarchies, and networks – and their evolution in contemporary world politics. This framework offers a fundamentally different way to analyse changes in global governance.
    Keywords: international relations ; international organizations ; global governance ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPS International relations::JPSN International institutions::JPSN1 United Nations & UN agencies ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPS International relations::JPSL Geopolitics
    Language: English
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    The Network Turn (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-26
    Description: This Element contends that networks are a category of study that cuts across traditional academic barriers, uniting diverse disciplines through a shared understanding of complexity in our world. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
    Keywords: publishing ; literature ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism::DSA Literary theory ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism::DSB Literary studies: general ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism::DSR Literary reference works
    Language: English
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    The Political Regulation Wave (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: Why has there been uneven success in reducing air pollution even in the same locality over time? This book offers an innovative theorization of how local political incentives can systematically affect bureaucratic regulation and empirically examines the control of different air pollutants in China and – to a lesser extent – in Mexico.?
    Keywords: political theory ; environmental law and engineering ; China studies ; air pollution studies ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCP Political economy ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPA Political science & theory
    Language: English
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    Knowing Women (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: This intimate study focuses on the everyday lives of working-class women who love women in Ghana. Set in the context of the political, economic and social developments affecting people's lives across Africa, it goes beyond LGBT rights by including desires and intimacies not captured in categories of sexual identity.
    Keywords: African studies ; LGBT and queer studies ; gender studies ; feminist theory ; social and cultural anthropology ; postcolonial studies ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHM Anthropology::JHMC Social & cultural anthropology, ethnography ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFK Feminism & feminist theory ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFS Social groups::JFSJ Gender studies, gender groups ; bic Book Industry Communication::B Biography & True Stories::BT True stories::BTX Erotic confessions & true stories ; bic Book Industry Communication::V Health & personal development::VF Family & health::VFV Family & relationships
    Language: English
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    Law Student Professional Development and Formation (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: Although law schools do an excellent job of helping students to 'think like a lawyer', data show that clients, employers, and the legal system require a greater range of competencies. This book offers actionable steps to legal educators to help develop each student's professional identity.
    Keywords: legal education and practice ; law and society ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LA Jurisprudence & general issues::LAS Legal skills & practice
    Language: English
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    Electron Scattering for Nuclear and Nucleon Structure (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The scattering of high-energy electrons from nuclear and nucleon targets provides a microscope for examining the structure of these tiny objects. The best evidence we have on what nuclei and nucleons actually look like comes from electron scattering. This 2001 book examines the motivation for electron scattering and develops the theoretical analysis of the process. It discusses our theoretical understanding of the underlying structure of nuclei and nucleons at appropriate levels of resolution and sophistication, and summarizes experimental electron scattering capabilities. Only a working knowledge of quantum mechanics and special relativity is assumed, making this a suitable textbook for graduate and advanced undergraduate courses. It will also provide a valuable summary and reference for researchers already working in electron scattering and other areas of nuclear and particle physics. This text has been reissued as an Open Access publication.
    Keywords: Particle physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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    Personalized medicine, individual choice and the common good (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: law; medicine; medico legal; bioethics and health law; ethics; philosophy
    Keywords: law; medicine; medico legal; bioethics and health law; ethics; philosophy ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAD Bio-ethics ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy
    Language: English
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    Harnessing Public Research for Innovation in the 21st Century (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: Universities and public research institutes play a key role in enabling the application of scientific breakthroughs and innovations in the marketplace. This book, available also as Open Access, suggests the most effective policies to support the transfer of knowledge to firms in order to boost economic growth and foster innovation.
    Keywords: intellectual property law ; economics ; innovation ; development studies ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNR Intellectual property law ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJH Entrepreneurship
    Language: English
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    Challenges to Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: An accessible overview of the challenges in tackling AMR, and the economic and policy responses of the 'One Health' approach. It will appeal to policy-makers seeking to strengthen national and local polices tackling AMR, as well as students and academics who want an overview of the latest scientific evidence regarding effective AMR policies.
    Keywords: health systems ; health policies ; health administration ; health economics ; health management ; public policy ; agricultural sciences ; epidemiology ; superbugs ; antibiotic resistance ; drug resistance ; antiobiotic stewardship ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCQ Health economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MB Medicine: general issues::MBP Health systems & services ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MB Medicine: general issues::MBN Public health & preventive medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MB Medicine: general issues::MBN Public health & preventive medicine::MBNS Epidemiology & medical statistics
    Language: English
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    The Transformation of Historical Research in the Digital Age (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-02
    Description: Almost all aspects of the historian's research workflow have been transformed by digital technology. The Transformation of Historical Research in the Digital Age equips historians to be self-conscious practitioners by making these shifts explicit and exploring their long-term impact. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
    Keywords: history and theory ; research methods and approaches ; history of ideas ; global history ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHA History: theory and methods ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHB General and world history ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCC Cultural studies::JBCC9 History of ideas ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general::GPS Research methods: general
    Language: English
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    Hong Kong (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: CK Lee situates the post-1997 China–Hong Kong contestation in the broader context of 'global China.' While Beijing deploys numerous power mechanisms globally, this Chinese power project has triggered countermovements from Asia to Africa. Hong Kong, stunning and singular in its many peculiarities, offers lessons about China as a global force.
    Keywords: China studies ; Chinese politics and society ; Chinese history ; global studies. ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government
    Language: English
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    Translation as Experimentalism (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: This Element argues for a perspective on literary translation based around ludification, using concrete poetry as a test case. It questions assumptions about translatability and opens up the discursive space of literary writing to transgressive articulation and multimodal performance. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
    Keywords: translation ; interpreting ; applied linguistics ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics::CFP Translation and interpretation ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics::CFG Semantics, discourse analysis, stylistics ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GT Interdisciplinary studies::GTD Semiotics / semiology
    Language: English
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    The Arab Spring Abroad (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: Diasporas can undermine authoritarian regimes from abroad, but when and how do they become transnational forces for change? By comparing diaspora activism for the Arab Spring revolutions, this book identifies the social forces that make diaspora activism a powerful tool for rebellion and relief.
    Keywords: sociology ; political science ; Middle East studies ; international migration
    Language: English
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    The Economisation of Climate Change (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: International economic institutions economise climate change, treating it as an economic rather than environmental issue. This book explores how three such institutions - G20, IMF, OECD - have addressed climate finance and fossil fuel subsidies, and the consequences of the economisation of climate change. Also available as Open Access.
    Keywords: climate change ; environmental policy ; environmental economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNP Pollution & threats to the environment::RNPG Climate change ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KNB Energy industries & utilities::KNBP Petroleum & oil industries ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCP Political economy
    Language: English
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    Surgery and Selfhood in Early Modern England (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: Offering an innovative perspective on debates concerning embodiment in the early modern period, Alanna Skuse examines diverse kinds of surgical alteration, from mastectomy to castration, and amputation to facial reconstruction. Body-altering surgeries had profound socio-economic and philosophical consequences. They reached beyond the physical self, and prompted early modern authors to develop searching questions about the nature of body integrity and its relationship to the soul: was the body a part of one’s identity, or a mere ‘prison’ for the mind? How was the body connected to personal morality? What happened to the altered body after death? Drawing on a wide variety of texts including medical treatises, plays, poems, newspaper reports, and travel writings, this volume will argue that the answers to these questions were flexible, divergent, and often surprising, and helped to shape early modern thoughts on philosophy, literature, and the natural sciences. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
    Keywords: Literature, Renaissance and Early Modern Literature, British History after 1450, History ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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    The Anglo-Norman Historical Canon (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-26
    Description: Contributes to the ongoing debate on what it meant to publish a book in manuscript. Offers case-studies of twelfth-century Anglo-Norman historians. Argues that their contemporary success was a result of successfully conducted publishing activities. This Element is also available as Open Access.
    Keywords: publishing ; literature ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DN Biography and non-fiction prose ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHD European history ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology ; thema EDItEUR::3 Time period qualifiers::3K CE period up to c 1500 ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHT History: specific events and topics::NHTB Social and cultural history ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KN Industry and industrial studies::KNT Media, entertainment, information and communication industries::KNTP Publishing industry and journalism::KNTP1 Publishing and book trade
    Language: English
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    A Sociology of Transnational Constitutions (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: This book examines the social processes that lead to the evolution of legal norms with global constitutional standing in contemporary society. It makes an important contribution to the sociology of constitutional law, post-legal national legal processes and human rights law. This title is also available as Open Access.
    Keywords: constitutional sociology ; politics ; history of ideas ; political sociology ; sociology of knowledge ; constitutional history ; social theory ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LND Constitutional & administrative law ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBA Social theory ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFC Cultural studies::JFCX History of ideas
    Language: English
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    The Theory, Practice, and Interpretation of Customary International Law (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: This volume discusses the theory, practice, and interpretation of customary international law, as well as new developments and future research trajectories. Combining discussions of familiar concepts with new ideas, it is useful for researchers, scholars, and practitioners of international law. Available Open Access on Cambridge Core.
    Keywords: international law ; international relations ; global politics ; legal theory ; studies on international courts and tribunals ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LB International law::LBB Public international law
    Language: English
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    Philosophy of Immunology (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-02
    Description: In this Element, Thomas Pradeu considers the ways in which current immunology sheds light on some of the most important contemporary philosophical issues, from the persistence of identity through time to the interaction of mind and body. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
    Keywords: philosophy of biology ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTJ Philosophy: metaphysics and ontology
    Language: English
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    The Power of the Periphery (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-02
    Description: What is the source of Norway's culture of environmental harmony in our troubled world? Exploring the role of Norwegian scholar-activists of the late twentieth century, Anker shows how their portrayal of Norway as a pristine natural environment of the periphery led to it being fashioned as an idealised ecological microcosm. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
    Keywords: environmental history ; twentieth-century European history ; history of science and technology ; history of Scandinavia ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment
    Language: English
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    Global China as Method (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: After four decades of integration into the global socioeconomic system, discussions of China continue to be framed by a core assumption: that the country represents a fundamentally different and separate 'other'. This Element seeks to illuminate the ways in which China and it's people form an integral part of the global capitalist system.
    Keywords: China studies ; Chinese politics and society ; chinese history ; global studies ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government
    Language: English
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    Geographical Indications at the Crossroads of Trade, Development, and Culture (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: This volume, edited by renowned intellectual property scholars, fills a gap in the literature by focusing on geographical indications (GIs) for the nations in the Asia-Pacific region. Geographical indicators are an issue of interest to intellectual property, international trade, and economic development scholars and practitioners. The book is also available as Open Access.
    Keywords: intellectual property ; international trade ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNR Intellectual property law ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LB International law::LBB Public international law::LBBM International economic & trade law ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPS International relations
    Language: English
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    Playful Virtual Violence (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: Violence in video games has been a controversial object of public discourse for several decades. Building upon an extensive ethnographic study of players' emotional practices,this Element provides new insights into the complexity and pleasures of player experiences, contributing to societal and academic debate on a critical aspect of video gaming.
    Keywords: history of ideas ; social sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFC Cultural studies ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HB History::HBT History: specific events & topics::HBTB Social & cultural history
    Language: English
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    How and Why to Do Things with Eighteenth-Century Manuscripts (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: This Element examines eighteenth-century manuscript forms, their functions in the literary landscape of their time, and the challenges and practices of manuscript study today. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
    Keywords: English language ; English literature ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism::DSB Literary studies: general ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism::DSC Literary studies: poetry and poets ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism::DSK Literary studies: fiction, novelists and prose writers
    Language: English
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    Kinks and Domain Walls (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Kinks and domain walls are the simplest kind of solitons and are invaluable for testing various ideas and for learning about non-perturbative aspects of field theories. They are the subject of research in essentially every branch of physics, ranging from condensed matter to cosmology. This book, first published in 2006, is an introduction to kinks and domain walls and their principal classical and quantum properties. The book examines classical solitons, building from examples in elementary systems to more complicated settings. The formation of solitons in phase transitions, their dynamics and their cosmological consequences are further discussed. The volume concludes with an explicit description of a few laboratory systems containing solitons. This text will be of interest to both graduate students and academic researchers in theoretical physics, particle physics, cosmology and condensed matter physics. This book has been reissued as an Open Access publication.
    Keywords: Field theory ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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    Social Sector in a Decentralized Economy (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: This book is an analytical examination of financing and public service delivery challenges in a decentralized framework. In addition, it provides critical insights into the effectiveness of public expenditure, through benefit incidence analysis of education and healthcare services in India.
    Keywords: economics ; policy ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCM Development economics & emerging economies ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPP Public administration ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCP Political economy
    Language: English
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    Women and Letterpress Printing 1920–2020 (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-26
    Description: This Element analyses the relationship between gender and literary letterpress printing from the early 20th century to the beginning of the 21st. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
    Keywords: publishing ; literature ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KN Industry and industrial studies::KNT Media, entertainment, information and communication industries::KNTP Publishing industry and journalism::KNTP1 Publishing and book trade ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHT History: specific events and topics::NHTB Social and cultural history ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBS Social groups, communities and identities::JBSF Gender studies, gender groups::JBSF1 Gender studies: women and girls::JBSF11 Feminism and feminist theory
    Language: English
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    Contested Justice (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: This pioneering edited collection from scholars and practitioners who specialise in the work of the International Criminal Court brings together diverse approaches from law, anthropology, sociology and international relations to assess the social and political effects of this form of post-conflict justice. This title is also available as Open Access.
    Keywords: transitional justice ; local justice ; international criminal law ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LB International law::LBB Public international law::LBBZ International criminal law ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LB International law::LBB Public international law::LBBU International organisations & institutions ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNF Criminal law & procedure::LNFB Criminal justice law
    Language: English
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    A Critical Introduction to International Criminal Law (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: Suitable for students, academics and professionals from multiple fields wishing to understand contemporary theories, practices and critiques of international criminal law, this book presents the field in an accessible way via five core themes: crimes, theories of responsibility, global justice institutions, procedures and punishment and reparation. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
    Keywords: international criminal law ; public international law ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LB International law::LBB Public international law ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LB International law::LBB Public international law::LBBZ International criminal law ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNF Criminal law & procedure
    Language: English
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    Rituals, Runaways, and the Haitian Revolution (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: The first scholar to focus on collective consciousness and resistance to enslavement before the Haitian Revolution, Eddins makes a major contribution to African Diaspora studies, sociology, history, and Latin American and Caribbean studies. This readable, theoretically grounded book provides essential context to understand the Haitian Revolution.
    Keywords: Latin American history ; diaspora history ; Afro-Caribbean history ; Atlantic history ; Latin American studies ; sociology of race and ethnicity
    Language: English
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    Governing Climate Change (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: The world's foremost experts provide the first systematic test of the ability of polycentric thinking to explain and enhance societal attempts to govern climate change. It is ideal for researchers, practitioners, and advanced students in public policy, international relations, and environmental science. This title is also available as Open Access.
    Keywords: climate change policy ; environmental policy ; environmental governance ; geography ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNK Environment, transport & planning law::LNKJ Environment law ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RB Earth sciences::RBP Meteorology & climatology
    Language: English
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    Nuclear Weapons Law (2022)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: This book explains in non-technical terms the law applying to the threat or use of nuclear weapons before and during an armed conflict. The rules and implications for nuclear command and control are explained, which will be relevant for politicians, lawyers, military commanders, policy staff, academics and post-graduate students. This book is also available as open access.
    Keywords: Law of armed conflict ; nuclear weapons ; public international law ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LB International law::LBB Public international law::LBBS International humanitarian law ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPW Political activism::JPWS Armed conflict ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LB International law::LBB Public international law ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JW Warfare & defence::JWM Weapons & equipment::JWMN Nuclear weapons ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GT Interdisciplinary studies::GTJ Peace studies & conflict resolution
    Language: English
    Format: image/jpeg
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