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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mesozoic Alpine facies deposition as a result of past latitudinal plate motion (2005)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 434 (2005), S. 59-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The fragmentation of Pangaea as a consequence of the opening of the Atlantic Ocean is documented in the Alpine–Mediterranean region by the onset of widespread pelagic sedimentation. Shallow-water sediments were replaced by mainly pelagic limestones in the Early Jurassic period, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03378
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetobiostratigraphy of the Spathian to Anisian (Lower to Middle Triassic) Kçira section, Albania (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 127 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Magnetobiostratigraphic data are presented from three Early/Middle Triassic Han-Bulog Limestone successions from Kçira, northern Albania. A total of 206 standard palaeomagnetic samples were obtained for thermal demagnetization and statistical analysis from the 42, 10 and 5 m thick sections. The reversal-bearing characteristic component, carried by haematite and magnetite, defines a composite sequence of six main polarity intervals (Kçln to Kç3r) in which are embedded four short polarity intervals, one at the base of Kçln and three towards the top of Kçlr. The early acquisition of the characteristic remanence is supported by the lateral correlation of magnetozones between sections. The Early/Middle Triassic boundary, approximated by the first occurrence of the conodont Chiosella timorensis, falls close to the Kçlr/Kç2n polarity transition. This is in good agreement with recently published magnetobiostratigraphic data from the coeval Chios (Greece) sections. The palaeomagnetic pole calculated from the Kçira characteristic directions lies close to the Triassic portion of the apparent polar wander path for Laurussia (in European coordinates). However, a 40-45° clockwise rotation of the external zone of the Albano-Hellenic Belt to the south of the Scutari-Pec Line is thought to have occurred since the Early-Middle Miocene. The Kçira pole acquires a West Gondwana affinity when restored for the Neogene clockwise rotation. If the clockwise rotation was entirely related to Neogene tectonics, the Kçira area was evidently associated with West Gondwana and located at 12-16°N of the western Tethys margin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb04736.x
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  • 3
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    Chert intervals in DSDP and ODP sites (Table 1) (2007)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Muttoni, Giovanni; Kent, Dennis V (2007): Widespread formation of cherts during the early Eocene climate optimum. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 253(3-4), 348-362, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.06.008
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-19
    Description: Radiolarian cherts in the Tethyan realm of Jurassic age were recently interpreted as resulting from high biosiliceous productivity along upwelling zones in subequatorial paleolatitudes the locations of which were confirmed by revised paleomagnetic estimates. However, the widespread occurrence of cherts in the Eocene suggests that cherts may not always be reliable proxies of latitude and upwelling zones. In a new survey of the global spatio-temporal distribution of Cenozoic cherts in Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) sediment cores, we found that cherts occur most frequently in the Paleocene and early Eocene, with a peak in occurrences at ~50 Ma that is coincident with the time of highest bottom water temperatures of the early Eocene climatic optimum (EECO) when the global ocean was presumably characterized by reduced upwelling efficiency and biosiliceous productivity. Cherts occur less commonly during the subsequent Eocene global cooling trend. Primary paleoclimatic factors rather than secondary diagenetic processes seem therefore to control chert formation. This timing of peak Eocene chert occurrence, which is supported by detailed stratigraphic correlations, contradicts currently accepted models that involve an initial loading of large amounts of dissolved silica from enhanced weathering and/or volcanism in a supposedly sluggish ocean of the EECO, followed during the subsequent middle Eocene global cooling by more vigorous oceanic circulation and consequent upwelling that made this silica reservoir available for enhanced biosilicification, with the formation of chert as a result of biosilica transformation during diagenesis. Instead, we suggest that basin-basin fractionation by deep-sea circulation could have raised the concentration of EECO dissolved silica especially in the North Atlantic, where an alternative mode of silica burial involving widespread direct precipitation and/or absorption of silica by clay minerals could have been operative in order to maintain balance between silica input and output during the upwelling-deficient conditions of the EECO. Cherts may therefore not always be proxies of biosiliceous productivity associated with latitudinally focused upwelling zones.
    Keywords: 101-626; 101-627; 101-628; 101-634; 101-635; 10-96_Site; 11-106_Site; 112-682; 113-689; 114-698; 114-700; 114-702; 114-703; 115-706; 115-707; 119-738; 11-98_Site; 120-748; 120-749; 120-750; 12-111_Site; 12-116_Site; 12-117_Site; 12-119_Site; 121-752; 121-758; 122-761; 122-762; 123-765; 15-146_Site; 15-152_Site; 15-153_Site; 159-959; 159-960; 159-961; 16-157_Site; 165-1001; 171-1049; 171-1050; 171-1052; 17-167_Site; 177-1090; 177-1094; 18-173_Site; 182-1126; 182-1128; 182-1129; 182-1130; 182-1131; 182-1132; 182-1133; 182-1134; 183-1135; 183-1136; 192-1183; 192-1186; 199-1216; 199-1217; 199-1218; 199-1220; 199-1221; 199-1222; 206-1256; 208-1265; 21-206_Site; 21-207_Site; 21-208_Site; 21-209_Site; 22-217_Site; 23-219_Site; 28-264_Site; 28-268_Site; 31-292_Site; 3-13_Site; 32-313_Site; 33-316_Site; 33-317_Site; 33-318_Site; 39-356_Site; 41-366_Site; 41-370_Site; 43-384_Site; 43-386_Site; 43-387_Site; 44-390_Site; 47-397_Site; 48-404_Site; 48-405_Site; 50-416_Site; 5-33_Site; 57-438_Site; 61-462_Site; 62-465_Site; 63-473_Site; 72-516_Site; 75-530_Site; 79-547_Site; 81-552_Site; 8-70_Site; 8-71_Site; 8-73_Site; 89-585_Site; 95-612_Site; 95-613_Site; AGE; Age, maximum/old; Age, minimum/young; Antarctic Ocean/CONT RISE; Area/locality; Biozone; Blake Nose, North Atlantic Ocean; Caribbean Sea; Caribbean Sea/BASIN; Caribbean Sea/CONT RISE; Caribbean Sea/GAP; Comment; COMPCORE; Composite Core; Deep Sea Drilling Project; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; DSDP; Duration; Elevation of event; Event label; Glomar Challenger; Great Australian Bight; Gulf of Guinea; Gulf of Mexico/KNOLL; Indian Ocean; Indian Ocean//PLATEAU; Indian Ocean//RIDGE; Indian Ocean/Arabian Sea/RIDGE; ISL.B; Island_Beach_Site; Joides Resolution; Latitude of event; Leg10; Leg101; Leg11; Leg112; Leg113; Leg114; Leg115; Leg119; Leg12; Leg120; Leg121; Leg122; Leg123; Leg15; Leg150X; Leg159; Leg16; Leg165; Leg17; Leg171B; Leg177; Leg18; Leg182; Leg183; Leg192; Leg199; Leg206; Leg208; Leg21; Leg22; Leg23; Leg28; Leg3; Leg31; Leg32; Leg33; Leg39; Leg41; Leg43; Leg44; Leg47; Leg48; Leg5; Leg50; Leg57; Leg61; Leg62; Leg63; Leg72; Leg75; Leg79; Leg8; Leg81; Leg89; Leg95; Longitude of event; North Atlantic; North Atlantic/BANK; North Atlantic/BASIN; North Atlantic/CHANNEL; North Atlantic/CONT RISE; North Atlantic/KNOLL; North Atlantic/PLATEAU; North Atlantic/RIDGE; North Atlantic/SEAMOUNT; North Atlantic/SLOPE; North Pacific; North Pacific/BASIN; North Pacific/CONT RISE; North Pacific/Gulf of California/CONT RISE; North Pacific/HILL; North Pacific/Philippine Sea/CONT RISE; North Pacific/PLAIN; North Pacific/SLOPE; North Pacific Ocean; Ocean Drilling Program; ODP; Paleolatitude; Paleolongitude; South Atlantic/CONT RISE; South Atlantic/PLATEAU; South Atlantic/RIDGE; South Atlantic Ocean; South Indian Ridge, South Indian Ocean; South Pacific; South Pacific/Coral Sea/PLATEAU; South Pacific/PLATEAU; South Pacific/RIDGE; South Pacific/Tasman Sea/BASIN; South Pacific/Tasman Sea/CONT RISE; South Pacific Ocean; Walvis Ridge, Southeast Atlantic Ocean
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 1296 data points
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  • 4
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    The Shanderman eclogites: a Late Carboniferous high-pressure event in the NW Talesh Mountains (NW Iran) (2009)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 312: 57-78.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-06
    Description: The Shanderman Metamorphic Complex, exposed along the Caspian foothills of the Talesh Mountain, western Alborz, Iran, has always been interpreted as an ophiolitic fragment of the Palaeotethys Ocean. According to our new data, this unit consists of metamorphic rocks mainly represented by garnet-staurolite micaschists with large bodies of metabasites containing well-preserved eclogitic-phase assemblages. The Shanderman Complex (SC) was later intruded at middle crustal levels by intermediate-basic intrusive bodies. New Ar/Ar ages of paragonitic white micas in equilibrium with the high-pressure assemblages have given a Late Carboniferous age (315{+/-}9 Ma). Our new data suggest that the SC was equilibrated in high-pressure conditions during an orogenic event that predates the Eo-Cimmerian orogeny by more than 100 Ma and that may be tentatively ascribed to the Variscan orogeny sensu latu. We suggest that the Shanderman Complex represents a fragment of the Upper Palaeozoic European continental crust. The occurrence of eclogites in these regions can be explained by two different hypotheses: (1) the SC high-pressure rocks can be related to the accretion of Gondwana-related Transcauscasian-Moesian microplate to the southern margin of Eurasia; or (2) the SC eclogites can represent a fragment of the Late Palaeozoic Variscan belt' sensu latu of central Europe, which has been translated eastwards during Permian along a dextral megashear zone taking from a Pangea-B to a Pangea-A plate configuration. This metamorphic unit was stacked southwards on the northern edge of the Iran Plate during the Eo-Cimmerian events occurring at the end of the Triassic. The eclogite-bearing basement of the SC was finally exhumed at the end of the Eo-Cimmerian orogeny, as suggested by the composition of the basal layers of the Shemshak Group dated here Middle Jurassic, that cover the crystalline rocks of the SC along a regional non-conformity. The SC was probably displaced further southwards during the Mesozoic opening of the South Caspian Basin and the Tertiary thrust stacking and dextral shearing accompanying the formation of the Alborz intracontinental belt.
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  • 5
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    The Cimmerian evolution of the Nakhlak-Anarak area, Central Iran, and its bearing for the reconstruction of the history of the Eurasian margin (2009)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 312: 261-286.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-06
    Description: New structural, sedimentological, petrological and palaeomagnetic data collected in the region of Nakhlak-Anarak provide important constraints on the Cimmerian evolution of Central Iran. The Olenekian-Upper Ladinian succession of Nakhlak was deposited in a forearc setting, and records the exhumation and erosion of an orogenic wedge, possibly located in the present-day Anarak region. The Triassic succession was deformed after Ladinian times and shows south-vergent folds and thrusts unconformably covered by Upper Cretaceous limestones following the Late Jurassic Neo-Cimmerian deformation. Palaeomagnetic data obtained in the Olenekian succession suggest a palaeoposition of the region close to Eurasia at a latitude around 20{degrees}N. In addition, the palaeopoles do not support large anticlockwise rotations around vertical axes for central Iran with respect to Eurasia since the Middle Triassic, as previously suggested. The Anarak Metamorphic Complex (AMC) includes blueschist-facies metabasites associated with discontinuous slivers of serpentinized ultramafic rocks and Carboniferous greenschist-facies Variscan' metamorphic rocks, including widespread metacarbonates. The AMC was formed, at least partially, in the Triassic. Its erosion is recorded by the Middle Triassic B[a]qoroq Formation at Nakhlak, which consists of conglomerates and sandstones rich in metamorphic detritus. The AMC was repeatedly deformed during post-Triassic times, giving origin to a complex structural setting characterized by strong tectonic fragmentation of previously formed tectonic units. Based on these data, we suggest that the Nakhlak-Anarak units represent an arc-trench system developed during the Eo-Cimmerian orogenic cycle. Different tectonic scenarios that can account for the evolution of the region and for the occurrence of this orogenic wedge in its present position within Central Iran are critically discussed, as well as its relationships with a presumed Variscan' metamorphic event.
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  • 6
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    The drift history of Iran from the Ordovician to the Triassic (2009)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 312: 7-29.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-06
    Description: New Late Ordovician and Triassic palaeomagnetic data from Iran are presented. These data, in conjunction with data from the literature, provide insights on the drift history of Iran as part of Cimmeria during the Ordovician-Triassic. A robust agreement of palaeomagnetic poles of Iran and West Gondwana is observed for the Late Ordovician-earliest Carboniferous, indicating that Iran was part of Gondwana during that time. Data for the Late Permian-early Early Triassic indicate that Iran resided on subequatorial palaeolatitudes, clearly disengaged from the parental Gondwanan margin in the southern hemisphere. Since the late Early Triassic, Iran has been located in the northern hemisphere close to the Eurasian margin. This northward drift brought Iran to cover much of the Palaeotethys in approximately 35 Ma, at an average plate speed of c. 7-8 cm year-1, and was in part coeval to the transformation of Pangaea from an Irvingian B to a Wegenerian A-type configuration.
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  • 7
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    The Triassic stratigraphic succession of Nakhlak (Central Iran), a record from an active margin (2009)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 312: 287-321.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-06
    Description: An important, 2.4 km-thick Triassic succession is exposed at Nakhlak (central Iran). This succession was deformed during the Cimmerian orogeny and truncated by an angular unconformity with undeformed Upper Cretaceous sediments. This integrated stratigraphic study of the Triassic included bed-by-bed sampling for ammonoids, conodonts and bivalves, as well as limestone and sandstone petrographic analyses. The Nakhlak Group succession consists of three formations: Alam (Olenekian-Anisian), B[a]qoroq (?Upper Anisian-Ladinian) and Ashin (Upper Ladinian). The Alam Formation records several shifts from carbonate to siliciclastic deposition, the B[a]qoroq Formation consists of continental conglomerates and the Ashin Formation documents the transition to deep-sea turbiditic sedimentation. Petrographic composition has been studied for sandstones and conglomerates. Provenance analysis for Alam and most of the Ashin samples suggests a volcanic arc setting, whereas the samples from the B[a]qoroq Formation are related to exhumation of a metamorphic basement. The provenance data, together with the great thickness, the sudden change of facies, the abundance of volcaniclastic supply, the relatively common occurrence of tuffitic layers and the orogenic calc-alkaline affinity of the volcanism, point to sedimentation along an active margin in a forearc setting. A comparison between the Triassic of Nakhlak and the Triassic succession exposed in the erosional window of Aghdarband (Koppeh Dag, NE Iran) indicates that both were deposited along active margins. However, they do not show the same type of evolution. Nakhlak and Aghdarband have quite different ammonoid faunal affinities during the Early Triassic, but similar faunal composition from the Bithynian to Late Ladinian. These results argue against the location of Nakhlak close to Aghdarband.
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  • 8
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    The geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Triassic: linkage to stage boundary definitions (2010)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 334: 61-102.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-06-03
    Description: Studies of Triassic magnetostratigraphy began in the 1960s, with focus on poorly fossilferous nonmarine red-beds. Construction of the Triassic geomagnetic polarity timescale was not consolidated until the 1990s, when access to magnetometers of sufficient sensitivity became widely available to measure specimens from marine successions. The biostratigraphically-calibrated magnetostratigraphy for the Lower Triassic is currently largely based on ammonoid zonations from Boreal successions. Exceptions are the Permian-Triassic and Olenekian-Anisian boundaries, which have more extensive magnetostratigraphic studies calibrated by conodont zonations. Extensive magnetostratigraphic studies of nonmarine Lower Triassic successions allow a validation and cross-calibration of the marine-based ages into some nonmarine successions. The Middle Triassic magnetostratigraphic timescale is strongly age-constrained by conodont and ammonoid zonations from multiple Tethyan carbonate successions, the conclusions of which are supported by detailed work on several nonmarine Anisian successions. The mid Carnian is the only extensive interval in the Triassic in which biostratigraphic-based age calibration of the magnetostratigraphy is not well resolved. Problems remain with the Norian and early Rhaetian in properly constraining the magnetostratigraphic correlation between the well-validated nonmarine successions, such as the Newark Supergroup, and the marine-section-based polarity timescale. The highest time-resolution available from magnetozone correlations should be about 20-30 ka, with an average magnetozone duration of c. 240 ka, for the Lower and Middle Triassic, and about twice this for the Upper Triassic.
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  • 9
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    Neogene block rotation in central Iran: Evidence from paleomagnetic data (2012)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-01
    Description: Paleomagnetic results from Oligocene–Miocene sedimentary units in central Iran are used to reconstruct the history of Neogene tectonic deformation of this region. Paleomagnetic data show that in central Iran, crustal blocks bounded by sets of strike-slip faults are rotated to accommodate NNE-SSW shortening related to Arabia-Eurasia convergence. Counterclockwise rotations of 20°–35° have been measured in the Tabas and Anarak areas, south of the Great Kavir fault, characterized by the presence of N-S to NNW-SSE right-lateral strike-slip faults. Conversely, in the Great Kavir and Torud areas, where ENE-WSW left-lateral strike-slip faults have been recognized, paleomagnetic results are less conclusive because the small amount of measured clockwise rotation shows a statistical uncertainty, which also includes the possibility of no rotation. Some of these faults have been active during the Quaternary up to present day, suggesting the possibility that block rotation is still occurring in central Iran.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7606
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2674
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 10
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    Integrated biomagnetostratigraphy of the Alano section (NE Italy): A proposal for defining the middle-late Eocene boundary (2011)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-01
    Description: The Alano section has been presented at the International Subcommission on Paleogene Stratigraphy (ISPS) as a potential candidate for defining the global boundary stratotype section and point (GSSP) of the late Eocene Priabonian Stage. The section is located in the Venetian Southern Alps of the Veneto region (NE Italy), which is the type area of the Priabonian, being exposed along the banks of the Calcino torrent, near the village of Alano di Piave. It consists of [~]120-130 m of bathyal gray marls interrupted in the lower part by an 8-m-thick package of laminated dark to black marlstones. Intercalated in the section, there are eight prominent marker beds, six of which are crystal tuff layers, whereas the other two are bioclastic rudites. These distinctive layers are useful for regional correlation and for an easy recognition of the various intervals of the section. The section is easily accessible, crops out continuously, is unaffected by any structural deformation, is rich in calcareous plankton, and contains an expanded record of the critical interval for defining the GSSP of the Priabonian. In order to further check the stratigraphic completeness of the section and constrain in time the critical interval for defining the Priabonian Stage, we performed a high-resolution study of integrated calcareous plankton biostratigraphy and a detailed magnetostratigraphic analysis. Here, we present the results of these studies to open a discussion on the criteria for driving the "golden spike" that should define the middle Eocene-late Eocene boundary.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7606
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2674
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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