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  • Articles  (8,975)
  • Springer  (5,253)
  • American Institute of Physics  (2,004)
  • Institute of Physics  (1,718)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Annual Reviews
  • 1975-1979  (8,975)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (8,975)
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  • Articles  (8,975)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tunnelling rays in graded-index fibres (1978)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 83-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An analysis of the role of tunnelling rays in pulse propagation in graded-index fibres is presented. Tunnelling ray attenuation is handled by using the generalized parameter technique which allows attenuation coefficients to be dispensed with and relevant families of tunnelling rays to be identified. Results are given for impulse response pulse widths and shapes. Incorporation of tunnelling ray pulse contributions into the formalism for determining optimum refractive-index profiles is presented. For most cases, tunnelling ray effects are small, but significant corrections may be necessary when measurements are made on short lengths of fibre.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620245
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficient fifth order non-linear process by focused beam in metal vapour (1978)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 131-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fifth order non-linear processes produced by a focused beam in metal vapour have been investigated experimentally. Evidence of saturation of fifth harmonic generation by picosecond laser pulses is reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620004
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theory of power coupling between multimode optical fibres (1978)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 107-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper power coupling between two multimode optical fibres is investigated. A formalism (based on a geometrical approach) suitable for analysing any coupling configuration between fibres with any index profile and any radiance distribution is presented. The model is applied to obtain coupling losses both in uniformly excited parabolic- and step-index fibres, in the presence of all kinds of coupling errors. Numerical results of extensive utility are shown and useful asymptotic expressions of coupling efficiency, valid for small values of coupling error parameters, are derived together with some practical rules for error combination. Mention is also made of some experimental results we have obtained, which corroborate some previous assertions. The work can supply a useful tool in the design of joints and connectors between single fibres or optical cables.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620002
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anomalous polarization dependence of the photon drag and optical rectification fields inn-type gallium phosphide (1978)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 153-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The photon drag and optical rectification response fromn-type gallium phosphide containing 2.4×1016 electrons cm−3 has been studied using laser sources at 10.61 and 2.83μm. By using different contact configurations, the existence of an additional electric field term in the propagation direction has been deduced. This field is shown to arise from the spatial derivatives of the photon drag and optical rectification field components caused by absorption of the radiation. The importance of this effect in detector design is considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620006
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffraction efficiency of sequentially stored gratings in reflection volume holograms (1978)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 171-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract On the basis of the theory of coupled waves the amplitudes of the first-order diffracted waves and the diffraction efficiency is calculated for sequentially superposed phase gratings stored in dielectric reflection holograms. The investigations are restricted to the case of a fixed reference wave during recording and Bragg-angle incidence. By analogy to the transmission volume grating the coupling effects which appear between incident beams and diffracted waves give the possibility of building up beam-couplers and -splitters with certain coupling parameters determined by the recording process. Moreover, reflection gratings allow a favourable combination between coupling and reflecting properties and avoid the diffraction efficiency oscillations that are characteristic of transmission gratings. The performance of the reconstruction process with several waves simultaneously allows the tuning of the intensities of diffracted waves with dependence on amplitude or phase differences between incident beams.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620008
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reversible mirror for real-time holographic interferometry (1978)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 10 (1978), S. 181-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620010
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calculation and optimization of parameters of radiating distributed feedback structures (1979)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 11 (1979), S. 11-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A simple method is suggested for calculation of reflection, radiation and transmission coefficients for the distributed feedback structure in the second diffraction order. The method is based on a slight difference between coefficients of reflectionR and radiationI of the surface wave for λ=λ∞ (where λ∞ is the light wavelength corresponding to a precise resonance for the grating length I→∞) and those for λ=λl (where λl is the light wavelength corresponding to the resonance for the finite grating length). The simplicity of the method makes it possible to use it for optimization of the distributed feedback structure by a number of parameters. The technique can be used in the case of thin-film and diffused waveguides for both TE and TM modes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00624054
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Curvature and microbending losses in single-mode optical fibres (1979)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 11 (1979), S. 43-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Curvature of a single-mode optical fibre gives rise to two principal forms of additional transmission loss, namely transition loss and pure bend loss. The transition loss and the associated ray radiation, which have been observed at the beginning of a bend, can be satisfactorily explained by a modified coupled-mode theory. The radiation modes are represented by a quasi-guided mode having an average propagation constantβ e. The introduction of a gradual change of curvature reduces the transition loss much more than the pure bend loss. Analysis of the microbending loss shows that the transition component is a maximum at a given correlation length which can be simply expressed in terms ofβ e. The contributions of both transition and bend components to the total microbend loss have been derived for the case of a randomly-curved fibre for several autocorrelation and density functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00624057
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature dependent characteristics of a PIN avalanche photodiode (APD) in Ge, Si and GaAs (1979)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 11 (1979), S. 109-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical assessment is presented based on a modification of Baraff's theory in order to compare the temperature dependence of several characteristics, including breakdown voltage, excess noise factor, effective ionization rate ratio and efficiency in Ge, Si and GaAs PIN avalanche photodiodes. The temperature coefficient of avalanche breakdown voltage in a high field region is studied. Finally the response time of a PIN APD in these materials is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00624389
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the role of SRS in the transmission of intense laser light through silica-fibre light-guides (1979)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 11 (1979), S. 141-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The transmission of high power laser radiation through optical fibres is limited by the onset of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). The possibility of improved transmission through the use of selective doping is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00624392
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of binary images in noise (1979)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 11 (1979), S. 133-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Detection of binary images in noise is considered in the light of statistical detection theory, with particular reference to information storage systems. The different disturbances are classified into system noise and transparency noise. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) have been obtained when the scanned binary image is corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise and multiplicative speckle. It is shown that improvement in ROC with signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is less pronounced in the presence of speckle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00624391
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of coherence of generating radiations on optical parametric up conversion (1979)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 11 (1979), S. 287-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the coherence properties of pumping and input radiations on parametric up conversion (PUC) is treated in this paper. It is shown here that the PUC depends essentially upon the coherence properties of the pumping radiation whilst it is hardly affected by the coherence properties of the input radiation. It has been found that for chaotic (Gaussian) pumping radiation with an extremely high degree of coherence the total conversion efficiency is one half of that for coherent (Poisson) pumping radiation, whilst for chaotic pumping radiation with a very low degree of coherence the PUC is much more effective. The influence of the coherence properties of pumping radiation upon the PUC is explained by the intermodal correlation effects in the nonlinear interaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00619362
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simple and reliable atmospheric pressure nitrogen laser (1979)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 11 (1979), S. 276-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620114
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theory of optical waveguides (1979)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 11 (1979), S. 283-286 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This report summarizes the activities at the 3rd International Workshop on Optical Waveguide Theory, held at the Scuola Superiore Guglielmo Reiss Romoli, L'Aquila, Italy, on 9–11 September, 1978.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00619361
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contrast ratio variation caused by radiation attenuation in pulse width measurement by two-photon absorption fluorescence (1979)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 11 (1979), S. 297-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In the technique for measuring pulse width by two-photon absorption fluorescence, theoretical calculations indicate that one can hope to obtain a maximum contrast ratio of three between the point at which the two peaks overlap and the point at which there is no superposition. Nevertheless, this calculation has been carried out assuming that the pulse is not attenuated as it traverses the fluorescent medium. In this paper it will be shown that this attenuation gives rise to a decrease in the contrast ratio. As the fluorescence intensity is proportional to the absorption, an increase in the former will be to the detriment of the contrast ratio. We will attempt to give a criterion for the selection of experimental conditions which lead to maximum intensity without an appreciable decrease in the contrast ratio.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00619363
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The thermal properties of a single-heterostructure laser diode supplied with short current pulses (1979)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 11 (1979), S. 319-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The analysis of the heat spreading in the single-heterostructure GaAs-Ga1-x Al x As laser diode supplied with short current pulses (in the case, however, when the adiabatic approximation is no longer valid) at room temperature is presented in this paper. Relations are derived, describing the time-dependent temperature rise within the volume of the laser diode. The calculations are carried out for a typical SH laser diode. It turns out that in the duration of the short current pulses (t I=200 ns,j=1.5 × 104A cm−2) the increase in junction temperature of the typical SH laser diode amounts to about 6.1 K. This increase leads to an increase of about 9% in the threshold current, to a decrease of about 18% in the laser radiation intensity, and to a shift of the spontaneous radiation band and of the stimulated radiation modes of about 1.9 nm and 0.22 nm, respectively, during each current pulse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00619365
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A widely-tunable narrow-linewidth Nd-glass laser (1979)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 11 (1979), S. 370-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00619371
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A compact longitudinally excited atmospheric (LEA) nitrogen laser for generation of sub-nanosecond u.v. pulses (1979)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 11 (1979), S. 373-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00619372
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intensity fluctuations in a ring laser taking into consideration a spatial population-inversion grating (1979)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 11 (1979), S. 485-495 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The correlation functions of the intensity fluctuations are calculated by use of a linearization procedure for the equations of motion which include the coupling of the counter-rotating travelling waves of the ring laser in the cases of Doppler broadening, of homogeneous broadening with a self-induced population-inversion grating, and in intermediate cases. Depending on the strength of the mode competition various stable stationary solutions exist for the amplitudes. The transition between these stable states shows phenomena closely resembling phase transitions such as critical fluctuations, critical slowing down, etc. In particular, when the system passes from the state where both modes are above threshold to the state where one mode is below threshold, the negative cross-correlation of the fluctuations also becomes critical. In the case of the transient behaviour of the ring laser in the unstable region the time development of the amplitudes and the correlation functions are described in a short-time approximation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620374
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison between measured and predicted transmission characteristics of 12 km spliced graded-index fibres (1979)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 11 (1979), S. 517-523 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Cumulative attenuation and dispersion were measured along a 11.7 km fibre link consisting of 10 spliced fibres and compared to measurements on the individual fibres. Four different procedures were used for the loss measurements, and the effect of transient losses has been investigated. Good agreement was obtained between predicted and measured losses in the link provided transient losses due to high-order modes were eliminated in the individual measurements. Pulse dispersion measurements were made without the use of any mode scrambler. The cumulative dispersion measurements clearly showed a significant correlation between non-adjoining fibres, and the observed pulse width exhibited more of a linear than a square root dependence on length.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620377
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Timing error tolerant waveforms in optical fibre systems (1979)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 11 (1979), S. 541-550 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The problem of pulse shaping and sensitivity to timing errors in optical fibre data communication is considered. The performance of the overall transmission system is the average probability of error, which is computed for intersymbol interference, thermal noise, and shot noise in avalanche photodiodes. An analysis of the immunity to small sampling errors of various Nyquist pulses indicates useful design criteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620379
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A two-dimensional theory of higher order modes in volume phase holograms (1979)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 11 (1979), S. 558-560 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620382
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reflection of a pulse by multiple-dielectric layers (1975)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 47-57 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The reflection of a pulse by multiple-dielectric layers is treated theoretically. The reflected wave is obtained by expanding the reflection coefficient of an elementary plane wave in a series, including the special case for which total reflection occurs. The pulsed waves reflected by two-dielectric slabs are considered in detail both analytically and numerically. The effect of a carrier frequency of a pulse-modulated carrier wave on the reflected wave form is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620215
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Une ‘méthode des franges’ en temps réel et ses applications industrielles: déformations, vibrations, courbes de niveau (1975)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 15-45 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new technique using a point source fringe projection and a real time video processing combined with electronic filtering is applied to vibration measurements, deformation and relief mapping. Projection system, gratings, real time video and electronic techniques are described. Experimental results and interpretation are presented. Qualitative and quantitative industrial applications are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620214
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffraction efficiency of volume holograms (1975)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 1-14 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Arbeit wird die Amplitude der auslaufenden Welle bzw. der Beugungswirkungsgrad für Transmissionshologramme für die Gittertypen reines dielektrisches Gitter, reines Absorptionsgitter, verlustbehaftetes dielektrisches Gitter und gemischtes Gitter für Braggeinfall und Abweichung von der Braggbedingung angegeben. Die von Kogelnik [1] abgeleiteten Beziehungen werden als Ergebnis einer Reihe von Näherungen aus den von uns erhaltenen Beziehungen gewonnen.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we give an exact solution of the coupled differential equation system as developed by Kogelnik [1] for the case of symmetrical recording without neglecting the second differentials. This generalized solution is applicable to dielectric, absorption and so-called mixed volume holograms. It is shown that under special assumptions and approximations we get the same equations for the diffraction efficiency as derived by Kogelnik. In this first part of the paper transmission holograms are only investigated and in the second part we will give the solution for reflection holograms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620213
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A theory of the dielectric multi-layer-core waveguide (1975)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 59-71 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates multi-layer-core waveguides, which constitute a type of guide to be assigned to a category between the ordinary multimode waveguide and the gradient multimode waveguide. First results give indication of very promising information flows, even in guides having only a few individual core layers. In addition, a direct delay formula for the gradient multimode waveguide is derived which allows closed analytical descriptions of the delays in the case of arbitrary refractive index profiles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620216
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  • 27
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    Conference announcements 1975 (1975)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 72-72 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620217
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  • 28
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    Announcement (1975)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. iv 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620218
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
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    Rotation of laser beam polarization in acousto-optic devices (1975)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 73-79 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract When a linear, polarized laser beam is passed through an acousto-optic device, the polarization direction of the outgoing beam is often different from that of the entering beam, and thus a rotation of the polarization angle takes place. This paper shows how the polarization rotation and the intensity can be calculated for different polarization angles. Experimental results obtained with a single crystal germanium frequency shifter in the 10.6 μm region agreed well with theory.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00631587
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The light acceptance angle of a graded index fibre (1975)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 81-86 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The acceptance angle of a graded index fibre, which corresponds to the numerical aperture, is presented. A geometrical technique is used to obtain the exact ray trajectory of the beam propagating along the fibre. The acceptance angle in a conventional multimode fibre is not influenced by the position in the fibre cross-sectional area, especially for the meridional rays. However in a graded index fibre, it is a function of position on the cross section of the fibre and of the incident angle of the beam. As the position moves into the fibre periphery, the acceptance angle decreases monotonically and approaches zero.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00631588
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  • 31
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    Distribution of absorbed pump power in flashlamp-pumped dye lasers (1975)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 87-93 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A method is described for calculating the radial distribution of the absorbed power density inside the dye solution of a flashlamp-pumped dye laser. The calculation takes into account both the geometrical parameters (diameter of the dye tube, wall thickness) and the relevant physical parameters, such as the indices of refraction of the tube material and the dye solution, dye concentration, absorption spectrum of the dye and emission spectrum of the flash. The calculation is based on the Monte Carlo method and is particularly suitable for machine computations. After a detailed description of the method of the calculation, it is demonstrated for the practical case of the dye Rhodamine 6G dissolved in ethanol. Some of the absorption profiles thus obtained are compared with fluorescence profiles measured by Gassman and Weber.
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    Fluctuation of Gaussian beams propagating through a light-focusing glass fibre (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 95-108 
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    Notes: Abstract The mean-square fluctuations of log-amplitude and phase are studied theoretically for Gaussian beams propagating through a light-focusing glass fibre having a Gaussian covariance of the refractive-index inhomogeneities. The study is based on a method of the Rytov approximation which has been mainly employed for an analysis of the beam fluctuations in an atmosphere. The results show that the mean-square fluctuations increase proportionally to the propagation distance for gz〉1,g andz being the focusing coefficient of a fibre and the actual propagation distance, and also increase monotonically as the beam spot size becomes larger. It is also shown that the fluctuations increase significantly in the radial direction of the beam from the centre and that the on-axis fluctuations of log-amplitude and phase depend greatly on the beam spot size.
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    Measuring method for the refractive index profile of optical glass fibres (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 109-113 
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    Notes: Abstract A new method for measuring the refractive index profile of optical glass fibres is described. This simply monitors the reflection of a focused laser beam from a polished fibre end face. Detailed tests on the accuracy and resolution of the method are described and the index profiles of several fibres are given as an example of its feasibility.
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    A simple beam expander for frequency narrowing of dye lasers (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 115-119 
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    Notes: Abstract Design considerations and performance of a prism beam expander are presented. Using a prism beam expander and holographic grating, a dye laser pumped by a nitrogen laser has given 15 kW of diffraction limited power in 0.1–0.2 cm−1 linewidth. Addition of a single etalon gave a single frequency output of 10 kW in a linewidth of less than 0.01 cm−1.
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    Conference announcements 1975 (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 120-120 
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    A digital real-time lidar data recording, processing and display system (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 121-129 
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    Notes: Abstract Application of laser radars to meteorological programs has been limited by the absence of suitable data recording, processing and display techniques. This paper discusses a digital data system that provides the means of performing real-time analysis and display of lidar data. The system is constructed of commercially available components and makes optimum use of available software. Application of the system to the real-time viewing of cirrus cloud structure and inference of cloud density is presented. A review of previously used lidar data handling techniques is also presented.
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    Synoptic scale variability in the distribution of stratospheric aerosols as revealed by airborne lidar (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 141-145 
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    Notes: Abstract Airborne lidar currently offers the best means of observing the synoptic scale variability in the distribution of aerosols within the lower stratosphere. In this paper, some basic considerations regarding the processing and interpretation of this type of data are discussed. Results from the April 1973 flight between Madrid and Washington, D.C. are presented.
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    Remote air pollution measurement (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 147-177 
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    Notes: Abstract The availability of high energy tunable laser sources has extended the possibilities for remote air pollution measurement. This paper presents a discussion and comparison of the Raman method, the resonance and fluorescence backscatter method, long path absorption methods and the differential absorption method. A comparison of the above remote detection methods shows that the absorption methods offer the most sensitivity at the least required transmitted energy. Topographical absorption provides the advantage of a single ended measurement, and differential absorption offers the additional advantage of a fully depth resolved absorption measurement. Recent experimental results confirming the range and sensitivity of the methods are presented. Future widespread use of remote pollution monitoring will probably be limited to the infra-red to interact with molecular spectral bands and to meet eye safety requirements.
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    The composition and optical absorption coefficient of atmospheric particulate matter (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 131-139 
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    Notes: Abstract The optical absorption spectra of atmospheric dust as determined by transmission and diffuse reflectance spectroscopic methods is discussed in the 0.4 to 40 um wavelength range. Quantitative measurements are presented which show the imaginary refractive index to be about 0.007i, with little wavelength dependence, in the 0.4 to 1.3 μm spectral interval. The absorption coefficients of individual materials found in atmospheric dust are also given. This work suggests that atmospheric dust may be composed mainly of weakly absorbing particles contaminated with small amounts of very strongly absorbing materials such as free carbon. The implications of this are discussed from the point of view of laser beam attenuation and lidar return signals. Mie theory computations for ruby lidar wavelengths are shown which suggest that for some models of atmospheric dust, the concept of an average imaginary refractive index may be misleading. Thus, it may be necessary to consider the individual complex refractive indices and size distributions of more than one constituent material present in the dust. This implies that anthropogenic contributions to the atmospheric aerosol, such as free carbon and other strong absorbers, may be of greater optical significance than their relative concentrations might indicate.
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    A new lidar signal processor using digital techniques to provide real-time display (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 179-185 
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    Notes: Abstract An accurate high speed digital data acquisition system which records lidar data on magnetic tape is discussed. It features real-time processing of the data by means of a low cost dedicated processor. The system features dual-channel recording capability, and has two built-in gain-switching amplifiers, allowing the system to accurately record the entire return signal having a dynamic range in excess of 80 dB. Dual differential inputs are used to provide excellent noise immunity. Spatial separations as small as 10 m can be recorded and up to 10 000 returns can be averaged in the 24 bit × 2048 word output buffer memory. This stored data is available to the processor to provide a range corrected signal and a signal normalized for the change in atmospheric density as a function of height. Dual channel operation allows use with dual-wavelength and dual polarization lidars, and the system is sufficiently flexible to be used to record coherent Doppler radar returns.
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    Airborne laser radar for mapping two-dimensional contours of aerosol concentration (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 187-191 
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    Notes: Abstract An improved version of a compact dye laser radar system with real-time data analysis capability has been developed for aircraft installation. The system is designed for use in mapping two-dimensional contours of aerosol backscattering coefficients both above and below the aircraft. The laser radar is part of a larger system which has been developed to characterize the optical properties of aerosols as well as their spatial and temporal variability.
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    Automatic wavelength control of a flashlamp-pumped dye laser (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 193-196 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a technique for automatically tuning a flashlamp-pumped dye laser to the sodium D2 line with a precision of ±2 pm (0.02 Å). The same technique could be used for tuning to other emission lines for which a monochromatic source of reasonable intensity is available. A slight modification of the method would enable the laser to be accurately tuned within a range ±10 pm (0.1 Å) of the given emission line.
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    Raman and fluorescence lidar measurements of aircraft engine emissions (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 197-209 
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    Notes: Abstract Laser induced Raman and fluorescent measurements were made in the exhaust of a gas turbine engine with a new field portable instrument devised specifically for gas turbine exhaust measurements. The gas turbine exhaust was analyzed by conventional instruments for CO, CO2, NO, NOx, total hydrocarbons, smoke and temperature, and these data were used as a ‘calibration’ standard for the evaluation of the laser Raman instrument. Results thus far indicate good correlations for CO2, O2, smoke, hydrocarbons and temperature. The instrument was not sensitive enough for NO detection but the data analysis indicates that 100 ppm may be detectable with instrument improvements. CO analysis was not attempted, but it is expected that CO could be detected with further research. NO2 (or NOx) was not attempted because theoretical and experimental laboratory analysis indicated severe interference with CO2. The conclusion was that laser Raman shows a good potential for aircraft gas turbine emission analysis.
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    Detection of ozone by differential absorption using CO2 laser (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 211-214 
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    Notes: Abstract The differential absorption method with the conventional CO2 laser is discussed for the detection and monitoring of ozone in ambient atmosphere. By using the P(14) line in the (00°1 to 02°0) and the R(16) line in the (00°1 to 10°0) band, the measurement of ozone was made in a field. As an experimental result, the minimum detectable concentration of 0.15 ppm was obtained with the system, and the concentration of 0.2 ppm was measured in a photo-chemical smog.
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    The use of two angle elastic and Raman scattering to obtain molecular density and aerosol scattering profiles (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 215-220 
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    Notes: Abstract The method of dual angle, multiple wavelength lidar interrogation to effect a radiative separation of the scattering produced by aerosols and molecules is extended. A given wavelength is transmitted, and the Raman shifted return from nitrogen as well as the elastically scattered transmitted wavelength are both interrogated. This procedure is carried out in the backscatter mode at the zenith and one other slant path at some angle from the zenith. The methodology is developed for obtaining molecular density, temperature, pressure, and aerosol scattering profiles.
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    Double-scattering calculations and laboratory dye-laser multiple scattering measurements (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 221-228 
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    Notes: Abstract The multiple-scattering effects on laser pulses transmitted through and scattered by clouds and aerosol layers were calculated and discussed by several authors. Special attention has been given to the case of double-scattering and its effect on lidar returns. Contrary to the body of literature on the theory of multiple scattering, very few experimental works were conducted under controlled and well-defined conditions. This is especially true for the scattering properties at a given scattering angle as a function of the wavelength. In this work, scattering calculations developed by the group and theoretical laboratory measurements of the multiple scattering as a function of wavelength for two values of optical depth are presented.
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    Conference announcements 1975 (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 237-237 
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    Generation of ultra-short pulses from high-gain narrow-linewidth lasers (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 229-236 
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    Notes: Abstract Modified type mode-locking with many passive-mode excitation has been proposed to generate ultra-short light pulses from high-gain narrow-linewidth lasers, The mode-locking with single-active-mode (MLSAM) which is the useful and practical case of the modified type mode-locking has been analyzed taking into account the effect of large locking signal and the variation of the saturated gain along the light path. An experiment has been done by applying a 580 MHz large FM locking signal to a He-Ne 3.39 μm laser, a typical high-gain narrow-linewidth laser. As a result, 170 ps pulses have been obtained with several mW average power.
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    Stability measurements of a tunable single frequency He-Ne laser by means of self-locking phenomena (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 239-245 
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    Notes: Abstract In two previous papers [8, 9] a theory has been developed for the phenomenon of selflocking in a pressure broadened three mode He-Ne laser. Using this phenomenon, a new method of measuring the frequency stability of another laser is presented. Actual measurements of the frequency stability of a 633 nm single frequency He-Ne laser by means of this new method are reported. The design and construction of the single frequency laser is described briefly. Using an intracavity quartz etalon, multimode to single mode output power conversion efficiencies as high as 92% have been observed in the range of several mW. Continuous tuning over a frequency range of 1.2 GHz is achieved by a combination of etalon tilting and resonator length variation. A frequency stability better than 1∶108 over periods of several min has been realized.
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    Effect of diffusion on gain saturation in gas lasers (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 247-252 
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    Notes: Abstract A theoretical model is developed to account for the effect of diffusion on gain saturation in gas lasers. It is shown that the effect can be characterized by the functionK(k 2 a, k 2 b), which depends on pressure, temperature, radius of the beama, and the radius of the cylindrical cavityb. It is concluded that diffusion can be very effective whenk 2 a is small andb is several times larger thana.
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    Geometrical analysis of a lens-like medium with higher-order aberration (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 253-261 
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    Notes: Abstract The propagation of light rays in a slab-waveguide whose dielectric constant varies radially with a quadratic law but has fourth and sixth order terms in it is described. Exact solutions consisting of Jacobi elliptic functions are shown. The exact ray trajectory and delay time of an optical pulse, therefore, can be obtained. The results show that the optimum fourth-order and sixth-order coefficients are near 2/3 and 17/45, respectively.
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    Transient effects in stimulated light scattering (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 263-279 
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    Notes: Abstract Transient stimulated scattering of light is treated numerically for situations with arbitrarily high conversion of laser into scattered light. New, transient effects are predicted and will be dicussed for scattering in the backward and in the forward directions. The computations are found to be in good agreement with time-resolved, experimental studies of stimulated Brillouin scattering in several liquids.
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    Propagating modes of a lens-like medium (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 289-296 
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    Notes: Abstract The wave equation for a weakly guiding medium having a cylindrical symmetry and parabolic index distribution has been solved exactly. Simple power series are obtained for the field distributions of the modes, which illustrate the type of fields that will be found in graded core fibres away from the core cladding discontinuity. These results are discussed and compared to the modes predicted for other types of fibres.
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    Bulb-ended fibre coupling to LED sources (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 281-288 
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    Notes: Abstract An optical fibre with a spherical-bulb end is shown to be an efficient lens structure for coupling light from a small Lambertian source into the fibre. The coupling efficiency is calculated by determining the irradiance distribution of light accepted by the fibre after passage through the bulb end. The theoretical calculations are verified using an experimental technique that simulates the coupling geometry. The experimental technique is a simple method that can be readily extended to the evaluation of more complex fibre-coupling configurations.
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    The prism-taper coupler for the excitation of single modes in optical transmission fibres (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 297-303 
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    Notes: Abstract A coupler is described which allows the excitation of pure single guided fibre modes with a single mode laser. The coupler uses a prism and precision taper fibre end to access any of the fibre modes. The conditions for obtaining excitation of single modes are discussed and the technique for producing the tapers is described. In the first tests, an excitation efficiency of approximately −16 dB has been obtained.
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    Dispersion measurements in new ‘Selfoc’ fibres (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 305-309 
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    Notes: Abstract Dispersion measurements in new ‘Selfoc’ fibres have been performed using a Ga Al Aslaser as light source. A strong influence of the laser/fibre coupling on the pulse response was observed. The measured pulse broadening from 0.6 ns (the half-peak power width of the laser output pulse) to 8 ns after a transmission length of 700 m is much larger than the previously reported value. Over this length the dispersion was found to increase linearly. The measured refractive index profile and that calculated from the observed dispersion are in good agreement.
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    The scattering of polychromatic light from rough surfaces: first order statistics (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 311-318 
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    Notes: Abstract We consider the theoretical form of the probability density function of the intensity in a polychromatic speckle pattern. Measurements using a multimode argon laser are compared with theory.
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    Investigation of ramp motion by means of multiple-exposure holography (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 329-330 
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    Infra-red heterodyne laser radar for remote sensing of air pollutants by range-resolved differential absorption (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 319-327 
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    Notes: Abstract An infra-red heterodyne laser radar scheme incorporating range-resolved differential absorption using elastically backscattered, pulsed signal from distributed particles in the atmosphere is proposed and analysed. The basic requirements of the system arrangement and operating parameters involved in this scheme are discussed in detail. This method is shown to offer a remote and spatially-resolved measurement of various molecuar pollutants dispersed in the air for ranges up to several km and detection sensitivities to less than 0.1 ppm with laser pulses of 100 W average power. This power is 103 to 106 times smaller than that required with the conventional direct detection technique in the infra-red. The measuring accuracy and its limiting processes inherent to the infra-red range-resolved differential absorption method are also analysed.
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    Suppression of the mode-interference noise in the He-Ne laser (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 331-333 
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    Precision measurement of high magnetic fields by Faraday effect (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 334-334 
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    Faraday effect in optical glass at low temperatures (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 335-336 
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    Mode selection by homogeneous broadening and non-linear absorption (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 345-353 
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    Notes: Abstract A continuously tunable single mode can be selected from a multimode spectrum of a laser by non-linear absorbers. Theoretical and experimental investigations show that the selectivity of the method and the power of the selected mode depend considerably on the ratio of the saturation parameters of the amplifying and absorbing medium. With a He∶Ne laser having an active length of 1.70 m, a power of 35 mW was obtained in single-mode operation.
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    Shaping and shortening of short light pulses by absorption from excited levels (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 337-344 
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    Notes: Abstract It is proposed to shape pulses by a combination of a saturable single-photon absorber and a two-step absorber in which an absorption from higher electronic levels populated by two-photon excitation is used. Pulse formation and shortening by means of this combination is calculated on the basis of balance equations. Thereby pulses with steeper front and back sides and of changeable duration are obtained, whereas the application of a saturable single-photon absorber alone gives only a significant suppression of the leading edge of the pulse. During a single passage through such a combination of absorbers a pulse shortening up to a factor of five may be obtained and the maximum of the pulse is only slightly depleted (to about 77%).
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    Investigation of various transmission properties and launching techniques of plastic optical fibres suitable for transmission of high optical powers (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 355-360 
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    Notes: Abstract The significant parameters for plastic fibres with various core/cladding combinations are given: refractive index, numerical aperture, critical angle of total internal reflection at the core/cladding interface and maximum angle of aperture. The output power of a plastic fibre (PS/PMMA) was measured as a function of the angle of incidence. The results are interpreted using the ray optical fibre transmission model. Various launch-loss-reducing optical end-face working procedures are compared. We also investigated a method to avoid Fresnel reflection losses by a Brewster angled fibre input end-face for a linearly polarized light beam. The transverse and longitudinal intensity distribution of the output beam of a PS/PMMA fibre was measured. We conclude that a single large core clad plastic fibre is a promising alternative to a multi-glass fibre bundle for some applications.
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    An acoustooptic method of measuring the noise equivalent power of optical heterodyne systems (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 361-369 
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    Notes: Abstract The noise equivalent power of optical heterodyne detection at 10.6 μm has been measured with a method based on Raman-Nath diffraction of a CO2 laser beam. One of the frequency shifted first order diffracted beams is used as the signal radiation. The local oscillator radiation is obtained by splitting off a part of the laser beam incident upon the device used for the acoustooptic diffraction. The signal power can be varied over a large dynamic range by changing the acoustic input power. A study of the probable errors shows that the total error in the NEP measurement is less than 30%.
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    A re-formulation of some results of P. Beckmann for scattering from rough surfaces (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 393-397 
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    Notes: Abstract Beckmann's theory is restated in a form suitable for scattering in the optical region and some applications to the estimation of surface roughness are indicated.
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    Fluctuations of the propagating beam field in a lens waveguide (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 377-391 
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    Notes: Abstract It is well known that light beams propagated through a turbulent medium such as the atmosphere or the air between optical lenses suffer fluctuations of the field in respect of its amplitude and phase. This paper investigates the fluctuation distributions of a laser beam propagating through a lens waveguide which consists of a sequence of optical lenses placed in a randomly inhomogeneous medium. By using a Rytov approximation approach, the mean-square values of fluctuations are obtained in terms of log-amplitude and phase of the beam field. The results show that as the light beam propagates through the lens waveguide, the mean-square fluctuations increase with periodic variations corresponding to a period of lens spacing and that a singular phenomenon of fluctuation reduction at each focus of the beam is evident at larger beam spot sizes.
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    Etude du profil d'indice d'un guide optique plan: quelques applications de la méthode B.K.W. (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 371-376 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The practical problem of deriving the refractive index profile of an optical waveguide from the propagation constants of its modes may need time-consuming calculations if there is not enough information at the beginning of the optimization process. The W.K.B. method easily yields some interesting information such as the number of propagating modes and the shape of the index profile near its maximum.
    Notes: Résumé On sait qu'il est possible de déduire le profil d'indice d'un guide optique à partir des constantes de propagation de ses différents modes avec d'autant plus de précision qu'il y a davantage de modes. Toutefois un tel calcul d'optimisation peut être long et coûteux si on ne dispose pas d'information suffisante pour commencer le calcul. La méthode B.K.W. donne plusieurs informations intéressantes: elle permet de calculer aisément le nombre des modes qui se propagent, et elle permet de préciser la forme du profil d'indice au voisinage de son maximum.
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    Zum Beugungswirkungsgrad von Volumenhologrammen. Teil II. Reflexionshologramme (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 399-411 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In this paper we give an exact solution of the coupled differential equation system as developed by Kogelnik [1] for the case of symmetrical recording without neglecting the second differentials for the reflection volume hologram. This solution is applicable to dielectric, absorption and so-called mixed volume holograms. There are some remarkable distinctions between our results and those got by Kogelnik for the case of absorption and mixed holograms. It is shown, that under special assumptions and approximations or for special combinations of the material parameters we get the same relations as Kogelnik.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die im Teil I für Transmissionshologramme durchgeführten Untersuchungen auf Reflexionshologramme übertragen. Es zeigt sich, daß die exakte Lösung des von Kogelnik [1] abgeleiteten Differentialgleichungssystems für Reflexionshologramme zu erheblichen Abänderungen gegenüber der Theorie von Kogelnik führt. Das trifft insbesondere für reine Absorptionsgitter und gemischte Gitter zu. Die von Kogelnik erhaltenen Resultate ergeben sich als Spezialfälle der von uns gewonnenen Gleichungen nach Ausführung entsprechender Näherungen bzw. bei bestimmter Wahl der Materialparameter.
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    First order statistics of speckle produced by weak scattering media (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 413-416 
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    Notes: Abstract A weak scattering medium produces random phases in a transmitted or reflected wavefront distributed over less than 2π. The far-field speckle pattern has a central maximum. The statistics of intensity in this maximum are calculated and the applications of the results to surface roughness measurement are indicated.
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    An extension to the output power equation of a 4-level laser which gives an improved understanding of system performance (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 417-419 
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    Passive mode-locker and Q-switch for ruby (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 420-421 
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    An optical technique for generating very high bit-rate m-sequences (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 425-427 
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    On the neglect of refracting rays in optical fibre power calculations (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 428-429 
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    Erratum (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. ii 
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    A note on the statistics of laser speckle patterns added to coherent and incoherent uniform background fields, and a possible application for the case of incoherent addition (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 422-424 
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    Nd pentaphosphate lasers (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 431-442 
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    Notes: Abstract Nd pentaphosphate is a crystalline material with very high Nd concentration (30 times higher than 1 % Nd doped YAG) and yet low concentration quenching. It is an excellent material to construct optically pumped, miniaturized, low threshold lasers, oscillating at 1.05μsm. Material characteristics including spectroscopic properties relevant to laser properties are reviewed. Experiments on pulsed and CW laser action in this material including the recent achievement of a miniaturized fibre laser with only 12×12 um cross section are summarized.
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    Wave propagation in low-loss acrylic resin films (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 443-446 
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    Notes: Abstract Acrylic resin is presented as a well suited material for waveguides. The losses due to scattering and absorption in the film are less than 0.13 dB cm−1. The mode-structure has been investigated as a function of the angle of incidence and the film thickness, both by experiment and numerical calculation. It is demonstrated that acrylic resin is an appropriate material for forming integrated optical components for beam refraction, reflection and splitting.
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    KOR negative photoresist in integrated optics (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 447-450 
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    Notes: Abstract Tests on Kodak Ortho Resist (KOR) have been made for application to integrated optics. This material is interesting with respect to other photoresists for its high sensitivity over a wide wavelength range. Optical waveguides and gratings have been realized with KOR. In particular gratings with high frequency have been used to test the possibility of air-film coupling via their evanescent diffracted waves.
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    Refractive indices of E.G.M. grown Li(Nb,Ta)O3 solid-solution optical waveguide (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 451-455 
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    Notes: Abstract A solid-solution Li(Nb,Ta)O3 thin film optical waveguide was fabricated onto a y-plate LiTaO3 substrate by the epitaxial-growth-by-melting (E.G.M.) technique, in which single-crystal powder of Li(Nb0.75Ta0.25)O3 was used. The waveguide supported eight TM and six TE modes. Studies on optical waveguiding mode indices indicated that the refractive index distribution obeys well the Fermi function. The parameters of the Fermi function were determined, and their values are discussed on the basis of the LiNbO3-LiTaO3 pseudo-binary phase diagram.
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    The efficiency of grating coupling of two thin-film waveguides (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 459-464 
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    Notes: Abstract We have demonstrated experimentally the coupling between two thin-film waveguides with a sputter-etched grating as the phase-matching element. A maximum coupling efficiency of only 27% has been measured. Using the weak interaction perturbation analysis, we have found that the loss due to the scattering into the substrate modes is a dominator factor responsible for the measured low efficiency.
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    Saturation of laser irradiance fluctuations beyond a turbulent layer (1975)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 524-536 
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    Notes: Abstract An asymptotic theory of saturated fluctuations of laser irradiance diffracted by a thin layer of turbulent medium is built. The treatment is carried out in the phase screen approximation for the case of a power law spectrum of inhomogeneities in the layer. Asymptotic forms of the covariance of irradiance fluctuations are obtained and the character of the scintillation index approach to the asymptotic value is investigated. Calculations are made for collimated and focused laser beams.
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    Surface roughness measurements from coherent light scattering (1976)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 8 (1976), S. 323-327 
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    Notes: Abstract Results are presented of surface roughness measurements obtained by applying Beckmann's theory on the scattering of electromagnetic waves from rough surfaces to the scattering of laser light from ground glass surfaces. Measurements of the variance of surface height obtained in several scattering geometries and also from stylus measurements are presented and shown to agree closely for each surface. Also results are presented which show that the usual assumption of a Gaussian form for the autocorrelation function of surface height does not apply to the surfaces being studied here.
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    Effects of film nonlinearities on the signal-to-ghost ratio of storage holograms (1976)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 8 (1976), S. 355-365 
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    Notes: Abstract A theory of film nonlinearities relating to amplitude holograms and bleached phase holograms is developed which is adapted to the problem of the holographic storage of digital data. The amplitude transmittance characteristics are for this purpose expanded in power series. The odd higher-order terms of the expansion yield expressions defining ghost spots that impair image quality.
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    A new characteristic of the neutron-irradiated silicon solar cells (1976)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 8 (1976), S. 367-370 
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    Operation of a narrow-band CW tuneable dye-laser at 656 nm (1976)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 8 (1976), S. 371-372 
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    Conference announcements 1976 (1976)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 8 (1976), S. 373-373 
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    Theory of the double heterostructure laser: II. Waveguide model incorporating carrier concentration-dependent refractive index (1976)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 8 (1976), S. 373-381 
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    Notes: Abstract Solutions to charge transport equations are used to illustrate the variation of the active region refractive index of the double-heterostructure GaAs laser. It is shown that a marked asymmetry can arise in the refractive index. In this paper, a suitable waveguide theory is developed to take account of this effect. The necessity for such a waveguide theory is demonstrated by comparing threshold current densities and far-field patterns calculated with this model to those calculated using a simpler waveguide model.
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    The self-action of the electromagnetic field in a medium with considerable nonlinearity (1976)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 8 (1976), S. 393-398 
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    Notes: Abstract The propagation of the electromagnetic wave field in a nonlinear medium is discussed in the framework of generalized nonlinear geometrical optics. In this approach the nonlinearity of the medium and the angles between the rays and the general orientation of the wave's beam are not assumed to be small. The exact analytical solutions of the equations of this generalized nonlinear geometrical optics are constructed. These solutions show the possibility of a peculiar mechanism of space stratification of the field.
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    Theory of the double heterostructure laser: III. Self-consistent calculations of the electrical and optical characteristics (1976)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 8 (1976), S. 383-391 
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    Notes: Abstract Self-consistent calculations of the electrical and optical properties of the double-heterostructure laser have been made. Theoretical studies of both aspects of the device performance have been utilized in this work which describes the behaviour of the laser both below and at threshold. The interdependence of the electrical and optical properties of the device has been established and incorporated into a self-consistency scheme. A computer program has been developed to perform the calculations given the specification of device parameters. Within the program the transport equations are solved, the active region refractive index calculated and then used in the waveguide theory. From the solution to the waveguide equations a lasing frequency and threshold current for the specified cavity mode are obtained. A consistency criterion is applied between the transport and waveguide parts of the theory. The program allows the performance of the laser to be monitored providing such information asI–V characteristics, near and far field patterns for various cavity modes with their threshold currents and lasing frequencies.
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    A large coaxial lidar for elastic and inelastic scattering studies of the stratosphere (1976)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 8 (1976), S. 409-423 
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    Notes: Abstract A very powerful, fixed zenith laser radar system, based upon a liquid dye laser, is described in detail. The laser is a linear flashlamp pumped dye system capable of an average power output of 6W at a prf of 3 s−1 using rhodamine 6G dye and about 3W with the same prf using esculin monohydrate dye. The use of this laser as a transmitting source in the lidar system has permitted the detection of Stokes shifted vibration/rotation Raman back-scattered light from neutral nitrogen in the stratosphere and from these measurements, stratospheric temperature profiles have been derived. The lidar has also been used to study elastic backscattering from the stratosphere at two wavelengths and preliminary results of a new technique for studying stratospheric aerosol are presented.
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    Mode conversion in dielectric waveguides (1976)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 8 (1976), S. 399-407 
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    Notes: Abstract We have studied the effect of weakz-dependence of the dielectric constant on the propagation of modes in SELFOC fibres. We have also used the Green's function technique to study mode conversion due to weak irregularities in a waveguide.
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    Rate equation dynamics of passively mode-locked quasi-continuous lasers: pulse stability and dynamic pulse compression (1976)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 8 (1976), S. 425-431 
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    Notes: Abstract New theoretical results connected with the stability of multiple pulsing in a passively mode-locked quasicontinuous laser in the rate equation approximation are presented. Together with earlier results, these allow the number of pulses per cavity transit to be predicted and a qualitative estimate made of the pulse duration for any combination of parameters. The results are illustrated by computer evolutions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00624833
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  • 95
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    Two-photon coherent propagation, transmission of 90° phase-shifted pulses, and application to isotope separation (1976)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 8 (1976), S. 513-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Most single photon coherent propagation effects are shown to have their two-photon analogue. The case of zero-area pulse propagation (90° phase shifted in the two-photon situation), frequency shift with distance, and selective optical excitation for isotope separation are considered. Selective two-photon pumping is shown to occur even when the pulse spectrum overlaps the various isotope shifted lines. An application to radiation pressure isotope separation is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620142
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Velocity measurement of a diffuse object by using time-varying speckles (1976)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 8 (1976), S. 523-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The relation between the velocity of a moving diffuse object and the mean number of integrated speckles in the certain time interval at the far-field plane of the object is obtained. By using this relation based on the first order statistics of integrated speckles, a new method of measuring the velocity of the diffuse object is proposed and experimentally verified. The first order probability density function of time-integrated speckles is also studied from which the validity of the present method is verified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620143
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pulse propagation in multimode fibres (1976)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 8 (1976), S. 531-535 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Gloge model for mode-coupled pulse propagation in a step index fibre has been re-examined and a dynamic model proposed to explain the significance of the pulse-broadening regime in which the pulse widthτ varies as√L. This leads to the conclusion that the critical factor controlling such propagation is the existence of a particular distribution of power which is a function of space, time and angle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620144
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase compensation of laser beam modes (1976)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 8 (1976), S. 537-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A technique is described for improving the propagation characteristics of high order laser beam modes. A thin phase plate inserted in the beam forces all portions of the wave front to oscillate in phase and yields a substantial improvement in the far field intensity distribution. Depending on the mode order, the peak intensity at a distant target may be readily increased by more than a factor of ten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620145
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design and comparison of single-mode planar and ridge type electro-optic waveguide modulators (1977)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 9 (1977), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Electro-optic waveguide modulators utilizing phase retardation of two orthogonally polarized optical modes in LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 waveguides have been designed taking into consideration the optical field distribution in the waveguides and the electrical properties of the electrodes. The analysis has revealed that a driving-voltage to frequency-bandwidth ratio of 1 V/GHz is attainable at the wavelength of 1.05 μm using presently available embedded and ridge waveguides. Improvement in waveguide fabrication techniques may reduce the ratio by at least a half. Thus, LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 waveguide modulators are considered to be promising candidates for practical application to single-mode optical-fibre transmission systems of higher than 1 Gbit/s.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00624268
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical waveguiding in semiconductor injection lasers and integrated optics (1977)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 9 (1977), S. 15-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Weak perturbations from various refractive index distributions have been introduced into the central layer of the three layered dielectric slab optical waveguide model and solutions of the wave equation in this guide for TE modes have been compared with the results published for the unperturbed mode. The perturbations in general introduce quadrature components in the transverse modes and a mode width dependent amplitude. The mode position within the guide can be shifted and the mode width increased or decreased. With increasing parabolic perturbation there is increasing waveguide discrimination against higher order modes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00624269
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