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  • Articles  (56)
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  • 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects
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  • Articles  (56)
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  • Springer  (56)
  • AGU
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring photoionization cross-sections of excited atomic states (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 9 (1976), S. 335-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new method of photoionization cross-section measurement based on the observation of saturation in the ion yield as a function of radiation intensity has been proposed. The photoionization cross-sections for the 62P1/2 and 62P3/2 levels of Rb atoms of the fundamental and second harmonics of ruby laser radiation are measured, with a tunable pulsed dye laser used for excitation. The following values of cross-sections are obtained: (1.7±0.4)·10−17 cm2 and (1.5±0.4)·10−17 cm2 for the levels 62P3/2 and 62P1/2, respectively, ionized by radiation of v2=14403 cm−1, and (1.9±0.5)·10−17 cm2 for the 62P3/2 level ionized by v2=28806 cm−1 radiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00900460
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isotopic selectivity of IR laser photodissociation of CF3I molecules (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 20 (1979), S. 231-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The selectivity dependence of multiphoton dissociation of CF3I on the conditions of excitation (pulse duration, concentration of the isotope under excitation and gas pressure) has been studied. It has been shown that the main mechanism of selectivity loss isV-V exchange during a laser pulse. The elaborated model is in good agreement with the experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00886023
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tertiary amines as possible tunable laser materials in the ultraviolet (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 20 (1979), S. 291-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two photon excitation by a tunable dye laser is used to determine the decay kinetics of some aliphatic tertiary amines. The feasibility of obtaining laser action from trimethylamine and triethylamine by KrF laser pumping is quantitatively discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00894998
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lasing properties of some metal complexes of compounds containing the methyleneiminobisacetic acid group (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 13 (1977), S. 287-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.60 ; 61.80 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Aqueous solutions of some fluorescent metal complexes of three compounds containing the methyleneiminobisacetic acid group have been found to show lasing when tested on a pulsed nitrogen laser. Degradation constants for lasing of one of the complexes and of the corresponding uncomplexed dye have been determined by coaxial flashlamp pumping.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00882894
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple infrared photon absorption in OsO4 (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 19 (1979), S. 75-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 82.50 ; 33
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Multiple ir photon absorption spectra (MPAS) of OsO4 are obtained in the range of energy fluencies from 3·10−2 to 1.26 J/cm2. A possible interpretation of MPAS is given on the basis of weak forbidden rovibrational transitions. The stepwise character of the absorption on the laser energy fluence is observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00900542
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energy and pressure dependence of the CO2 laser induced dissociation of sulfur hexafluoride (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 12 (1977), S. 265-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Low pressure SF6 with its isotopes in natural abundance was irradiated by a pulsed CO2 laser operated on theP20 line (10.6 μm band). Dissociation yields of32SF6 and34SF6 were measured separately. If the radiation is focussed into the cell, the dissociation yield is proportional to the 3/2 power of the laser energy, as was derived under general conditions and confirmed experimentally. The reaction probabilityP(Φ), the fraction of molecules dissociated by an energy flux Φ, was measured using parallel light. For both isotopes,P(Φ) saturates at high energy flux close toP=1. At a lower flux (2 J cm−2), the dissociation probability of32SF6 displays a threshold, whereas the dissociation probability of34SF6 is a very steep function of Φ over the whole range of fluxes.P(Φ) at the higher energy flux was measured in a cavity absorption cell, in which up to 80% of the molecules were dissociated by a single pulse. Below 0.2 mbar SF6 the dissociation yields for both isotopes are pressure independent. Above 2 mbar the isotopic selectivity is completely lost. Addition of hydrogen always decreases the dissociation yields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00915201
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous laser oscillation in diatomic molecular sodium (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 13 (1977), S. 97-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract First cw laser oscillation with thresholds below 1 mW was observed for various B1Пu → X1 ∑ g + transitions of diatomic molecular sodium excited by different argon laser lines in the range of 454–488 nm. For pump powers of 0.5 W output powers up to 3 mW and single-pass gain up to 0.1 cm−1 were obtained. Some properties of the heat pipe laser system are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00890727
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A 1 MWP-terphenyl dye laser (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 13 (1977), S. 267-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract P-terphenyl in cyclohexane, has been pumped by a KrF laser in a longitudinal configuration. Dye laser pulses of 11 mJ, 1 MW were obtained with over 10% conversion efficiency. N2 purge of the dye solution is shown to increase the conversion efficiency. The tuning curve between 321.8 nm and 365.3 nm is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00882891
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser dye stability. Part 3. Bicyclic dyes in ethanol (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 14 (1977), S. 295-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.60 ; 61.80 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A commercial coaxial xenon flashlamp has been used to evaluate the stability of a variety of coumarin and quinolone laser dyes. The lasing characteristics of over 30 dyes have been quantitatively evaluated as a function of the total excitation energy to which recirculating dye solution has been exposed. Degradation constants were determined and an evaluation was made of the effects of functional group variation upon the stability of the dyes. Comparison with the data of other workers revealed that exclusion of excitation energy below 220 nm does not change the stability of 4-methyl coumarins, but can increase the stability of other coumarins as much as 50 fold.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00882735
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The application of a high pulse repetition rate CO2 laser with high average power for isotope separation by molecular dissociation in a strong IR field (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 14 (1977), S. 217-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 82.50 ; 33
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Considering a SF6 molecule we demonstrate feasibility of using high pulse repetition rate CO2 laser for isotope separation by selective molecular dissociation in a strong IR field. Dependences of dissociation efficiency as well as separation selectivity on pulse repetition rate up to 150 Hz are investigated. The inherent thermal effects are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00883092
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Superradiative rare gas halide lasers excited by electric discharge (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 12 (1977), S. 55-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract High-power stimulated radiation was obtained in three fluorides of rare gases by exciting a high pressure mixture of He+R+SF6 (R is argon, krypton, xenon) by a pulse electric discharge (mixture pressure ranged from 1 to 10 atm). The ArF laser superradiance spectrum of about 15 Å total width with the centre at λ=1932 Å is given. The ArF laser power wasP≈104 W. The KrF laser generated 2 ns pulses of about 2.5 MW power at λ=2486 Å with a linewidth Δλ≈10 Å. This laser efficiency in relation to the stored energy of an accumulator is about 0.2%. In the XeF laserP=200 to 300 kW, τ=3 to 3.5 ns, λ=3511, 3531 Å. High density of superradiance power is observed. The prospects of increase of mean power of excimer lasers are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00900068
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser dye stability. Part 5 (1978)
    Springer
    Applied physics 16 (1978), S. 289-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.60 ; 61.80 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Photodegradation parameters that relate bleaching and absorption at the lasing wavelength λl have been examined for over 30 different coumarin and quinolone laser dyes in a number of solvents. Quinolone dyes were found to bleach faster than the coumarin dyes. The effect of chemical substituents was found to affect bleaching of the coumarin dyes only to a small (20%) extent in ethanol. The major effect of chemical substituents was in the conversion of a dye to products absorbing at λl. Effects of solvent, cover gas, and changes in fluorescent quantum yields are discussed. Of particular interest is the photodegradation parameterA, the ratio of the percent absorption at λl to the total input energy per dm3. Combined with τ, the total input energy per dm3 required for a laser to reach half its original intensity, it was found thatAτ=1.2±0.9 for all of the dyes independent of dye concentration in all of the solvents tested. It appears that where bleaching of the dye is only of the order of 10–20%, the absorption at λl is 1.2% when our dye laser has reached one-half of its initial output. It is consequently possible to estimate τ values of new dyes by the use ofA terms through the relationshipA 1τ1=A 2τ2 where τ1 of Dye 1 has been calibrated in the same dye laser system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00885124
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Excited-state absorption and two-step photo-ionization of tertiary amines (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 20 (1979), S. 287-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The cross-sections of excited-state absorption have been measured for several tertiary amines. The high values found explain the unsuccessful attempts to obtain laser action in KrF-laser pumped vapors of tertiary amines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00894997
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comment on measuring photoionization cross sections of excited atomic states (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 12 (1977), S. 113-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The results of the measured absolute photoionization cross section from the 72 P excited states of cesium are reported. The following values have been obtained: (6.2±0.5)×10−18 cm2 and (8.8±1.6)×10−18 cm2 for the levels 72 P 1/2 and 72 P 3/2, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00900077
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser dye stability. Part 2 (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 12 (1977), S. 327-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.60 ; 61.80 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The lifetime of a laser dye solvent system is experimentally shown to increase with increased energy per excitation flash. By measuring the variation in laser output with differing input energies, it is shown that degradation constants can be determined. These degradation constants can be used to give the laser output as a quadratic function, a degradation equation, involving the input energy per flash and the total input energy per unit volume as independent variables. This degradation equation, in turn, can be reduced to a relationship between the half-life and the input energy per flash. The half-life for a given input energy per flash is found to approach an upper limit which can be derived using the degradation constants. The effects upon a laser dye system lifetime of varying the concentration of the dye and mirror reflectivity are discussed. Experimental evidence is presented showing that these two parameters do not affect the upper limit half-life for coumarin 1 in ethanol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00886034
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental selection of molecules for isotope separation by multiple-photon dissociation in an intense IR field (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 13 (1977), S. 311-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Consideration is given to selectivity estimation methods during polyatomic molecules dissociation by multiple photon absorption. Taking the CH3NO2 molecule as an example, the possibilities of selectivity estimations made on the electron-excited dissociation products (luminescence) are shown, as well as on the measurements of the energy absorbed in a strong IR field being transformed into heat. Some advantages of the last method of the selectivity estimation are discussed. The experiments on nitrogen-isotopes separation in the mixture of CH3 14NO2 and CH3 15NO2 molecules are carried out when exciting thev 7 vibration with the isotope shift of about 7 cm−1 and thev 13 vibration with no isotope shift in the linear absorption spectrum. The contribution of secondary chemical reactions to the separation process is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00882604
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid optical sampling of relaxation-phenomena employing two time-correlated picosecond pulsetrains (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 14 (1977), S. 399-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two flashlamp-pumped, mode-locked and optically coupled dye lasers produce trains of picosecond pulses with definite, but variable time correlation. One pulsetrain is used to bleach the sample, while the other probes the decay of its transient transmission. Relaxation times between 15 ps and 1 ns can be monitored by one simultaneous activation of the two lasers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00883446
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser isotope separation of carbon by multiple IR photon and subsequent UV excitation of CF3I molecules (1978)
    Springer
    Applied physics 17 (1978), S. 427-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new approach to laser isotope separation is considered. It is based on collisionless multiple photon ir laser excitation and subsequent uv laser dissociation of vibrationally excited molecules. TEA CO2 and excimer XeF, XeCl lasers are used for ir excitation and uv dissociation, respectively. The products of photolysis (C2F6) are enriched with12C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00886219
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lasing ability of naphthyl 1,3,4 oxadiazole molecules in relation with their structures: Application to the design of new UV dye laser (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 11 (1976), S. 377-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have shown that the lasing properties of naphthyl 1,3,4 oxadiazole derivatives are directly related to the position of the forbidden transitionS 0→1 L b of naphthalene with respect to the first allowed transitions. The combination of theoretical and experimental results allows us to predict which compounds are most likely to exhibit a laser effect according to the nature and the position of their substituants. We have successfully applied this approach to the following compounds: αNPD, βNPD, αNND, βNND, βNBD, and αNBD. In particular we reported the first observation of a laser effect for αNBD and βNBD in the UV at 3830 Å and 3758 Å.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00919367
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser dye stability part 1. Flash frequency and fluid filtration effects (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 12 (1977), S. 39-44 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.60 ; 61.80 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A commercial coaxial xenon flashlamp was used to measure laser dye stability. The output energy of each lasing pulse was recorded and periodic measurements were made of the untuned lasing wavelength, the temporal flashlamp output, and the temporal lasing output. The present study demonstrates that it is possible to have a number of different types of apparent dye laser system “half-lifes” through the use of filtration and frequency of flash parameters. The use of near-zero flash frequency and moderate pore size filters allows a determination of the lifetime that is more representative of the dye as opposed to the lifetime of the dye laser system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00900066
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dye laser probing of primary C2 radicals formed by IR intense field photolysis of ethylene (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 12 (1977), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The C2-radicals in the lower electronic statea 3 II u have been studied by the method of laser-excited luminescence of products of ethylene IR photolysis. The dependence of C2-radical concentration on IR field power density and its time evolution have been investigated. The threshold characteristics of C2-radical occurrence and the ratio between excited and unexcited radicals have been determined. Different mechanisms for their formation are being discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00896147
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geometrical effects on the isotopically selective photodissociation of SF6 under CO2 laser pulses (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 12 (1977), S. 219-220 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A linear relationship is found between the34S isotopic enrichment factor per pulse and the focal distance of the lens used to concentrate the laser beam. From this, one derives a threshold power of 26 MW/cm2 for photodissociation, a mean absorption of 100 photons of 10.59 μm wavelength per32SF6 dissociation, and a dependence of the enrichment factor on the 3/2 power of the laser pulse energy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00896154
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  • 23
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    Spectral considerations in the laser isotope separation of Uranium Hexafluoride (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 10 (1976), S. 15-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 82.50 ; 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Key spectral features important in the laser isotope separation of Uranium Hexafluoride are reviewed. Specifically the (v 3+v 4+v 6) band lying in the frequency range of the CO2 laser, the 3v 3 band which is covered by the CO laser, and the fundamentalv 3 band of UF6 are considered. Computer-calculated spectra show that the ternary combination bands (v 3+v 4+v 6) and 3v 3 are completely dominated by the solid Q-branches of some 300 to 1000 hot bands, but that the fundamentalv 3 band has structured P-and R-branches with peaks and holes, provided the pressure is below a few torr. Laser isotope separation can be achieved either on the isotope-shifted slopes of the Q-branches envelopes (“Q-slope method”) or on the coincidence of a peak and a hole in the P-or R-branches regions (“peak-hole method”). Room temperature experiments were carried out in 1972/1973, which used a CO2 laser with an internal U238F6 filter tube that forced lasing on what is believed to have been the P-16 line falling on the right-hand Q-slope of the (v 3+v 4+v 6) band of UF6. With a chemical reaction for final isotope separation, the measurements yielded a U-235 enrichment factor of about 1.1, in agreement with the maximum possible value of 1.5 for Q-slope operation and the fact that a high cut was used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00929525
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Excitation of aliphatic tertiary amines by electrical discharge (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 11 (1976), S. 175-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 82.50 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Trimethylamine and triethylamine are shown to luminesce at their wavelengths of fluorescence when excited by electrical discharge. When excited at low pressures or at high frequencies, a longer wavelength emission is observed at 380 nm. This emission, rather than being due to excimers which are known to exist for some tertiary aliphatic amines, is shown to be due to emission from a decomposition product. Lasing using electrical discharge pumping was attempted, but yielded negative results due to the rapid decomposition. Optical pumping might be successful however, and produce a tunable gas-phase ultraviolet laser
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00920600
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser dye stability. Part 4 (1978)
    Springer
    Applied physics 16 (1978), S. 93-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.60 ; 61.8 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Changes in the absorption of a dye laser solution are examined after excitation with a xenon flashlamp. It is found that the rate of bleaching as a function of the total input energy of coumarin or quinolone dyes in ethanol increases in direct proportion to the dye concentration. This relationship suggests that the dye reacts with a photoproduct of the solvent rather than being directly decomposed by the xenon flash. We have measured the conversion of the dye to form products,P, absorbing at the lasing wavelength. Results correspond to the dye reacting with a precursor ofP to form either insoluble products or ones not absorbing at the lasing wavelength. Thus larger total amounts of bleached dye do not proportionately increaseP, and hence do not proportionately inhibit lasing. Furthermore, we find thatP increases with the total input energy fairly independent of the rate of bleaching for a given bicyclic dye in an alcohol solution.
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    Excited state absorption of 1,3,3,1′,3′,3′-hexamethylindotricarbocyanine Iodide: A quantitative study by ultrafast absorption spectroscopy (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 12 (1977), S. 333-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 32 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A quantitative investigation of HITC dissolved in methanol has been made using the method of ultrafast absorption spectroscopy with a streak camera. Samples were excited by picosecond pulses of a mode-locked ruby laser. Analysis of time-resolved spectra yielded non-exponential decay kinetics consisting of a fast (τ variable) and a slow (τ=1.13±0.08 ns) component. The excited state absorption spectrum has its maximum at 493 nm and shoulders at 415 and 540 nm. The excited state absorption cross section was determined by simulataneous measurement of the bleaching of ground state absorption taking polarization of excitation and probe light and excited state absorption at the laser wavelength into account. A value of σ1 (493 nm)=1.0·10−16 cm2 was found.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00886035
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    On-line computer controlled cw dye laser spectrometer for laser isotope separation (1978)
    Springer
    Applied physics 16 (1978), S. 303-308 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.50 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An on-line cw dye laser multichannel spectrometer is described, which can be controlled by FORTRAN. Automatic tuning of a dye laser to the wavelength of maximum excitation selectivity for photochemical isotope separation is achieved. Applying the system to the selective photoaddition of iodine chloride ICl to acetylene, an enrichment factor of37Cl in the photoproduct C2H2ICl of β=100±5 was obtained. Both stable chlorine isotopes can be enriched to more than 97% purity in a single step, starting from natural samples in both cases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00885126
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    Investigations of multiphoton selective dissociation of (CH3)2O in the field of a pulsed CO2 laser (1978)
    Springer
    Applied physics 17 (1978), S. 385-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experimental investigations of multiphoton selective dissociation of (CH3)2O induced by a pulsed CO2 laser have been conducted. Separation of H, C, and O isotopes was performed in enriched mixtures and in samples with the natural abundance. The following coefficients of selectivity have been obtained:K D/KH=4.0,K 13/K12=1.7, andK 18/K16≧1.6. We studied the dependences of the selectivity coefficient on ether pressure, on the laser energy and frequency as well as the influence of secondary chemical reactions on the dissociation selectivity. Estimations made by using the RRKM theory have indicated that ether molecules that decompose have an average excitation energy above the dissociation threshold of ∼1.5 kcal/mole.
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    Effect of laser dye deterioration on performance (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 14 (1977), S. 199-203 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Loss of gain in a dye medium as a result of decomposition by pump photons is considered in terms of disappearance of dye molecules and the appearance of a new, single chemical product having absorption in the fluorescence band. The cases of small signal gain and saturated gain are applied to a single pass through a transversely excited amplifier. Loss of output, defined as “quantum yield of laser deterioration”,Q L , is related to the true quantum yield of molecular destruction of the dye,Q M , and other known parameters. For the experimentally common, saturated gain condition, the smallestQ L can be isQ M , which requires a photochemically bleachable dye with high gain, preferably at high concentration, in a long cavity, operating at high injection and pumping fluxes. Reversing these conditions, the highest valueQ L can be, compared withQ M , is unrestricted.
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    Influence of collisional coupling on the energy extraction from theB, C, andD state in KrF (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 20 (1979), S. 129-134 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 33 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Collisional coupling between theB, C, andD states of KrF is measured in a discharge pumped KrF laser. Detection of the time resolved populations in the three states via measurement of the side fluorescence in theB→X, C→A, andD→X bands is used to record the collisional relaxation from theC andD state to theB state during laser emission. The experimentally determined limits for the collisional coupling times are τB-C≦1 ns and τB-D,τC-D〈20 ns at total pressures of 2 bar. Investigation of theB→X fluorescence band shows that the vibrational manifold of theB state is not thermalized during laser emission. TheV-V,T coupling time is estimated to be τV-V,T=4±2 ns. The influence of collisional coupling on energy extraction in the KrF laser is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00885933
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    Shorter dye laser wavelengths from substitutedp-terphenyls (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 20 (1979), S. 283-286 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 78.30 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The spectral and laser characteristics of 14 CH3-, CF3-, and F-substitutedp-terphenyls have been investigated. 2,2″-dimethyl-p-terphenyl in cyclohexane solution exhibits a shortest tuned laser wavelength of 311.2 nm, thus extending the range of dye laser emission by 1000 cm−1 in the uv. Peak output powers of 1.5 MW and 14% conversion efficiency at 332 nm were obtained under KrF-laser pumping in an untuned cavity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00894996
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    Dissolution kinetics of small amounts of oxygen in tantalum alloy T-111 and internal oxide displacement reactions during annealing (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 291-309 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: tantalum alloy ; oxygen ; dissolution ; kinetics ; oxides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Oxygen was added to T-111 (Ta-8W-2Hf, wt.%) at 820 and 990°C at an oxygen pressure of about 3×10−4 Torr (4×10−2N/m2). The technique employed permitted predetermined and reproducible doping of T-111 up to 3.0 at% oxygen. Based on the temperature dependence of the doping reaction, it is concluded that the initial rates of oxygen pickup are probably controlled by solution of oxygen into the T-111 lattice. Although hafnium oxides are more stable than those of tantalum or tungsten, analyses of extracted residues indicate that the latter oxides predominate in the as-doped specimens, presumably because of the higher concentrations of tantalum and tungsten in the alloy. However, high-temperature annealing promotes gettering of dissolved oxygen and of other oxides to form hafnium oxides. Small amounts of tantalum and tungsten oxides were still present after high-temperature annealing. Tungsten oxide (WO3) volatilizes slightly from the surface of T-111 at 990°C. The vaporization of WO3 has no apparent affect on the doping reaction.
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    The formation of a double oxide layer on pure copper (1977)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 11 (1977), S. 127-132 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Duplex oxides ; copper oxidation ; kinetics ; oxygen partitioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The theory for the growth of a double oxide layer proposed by Yurek, Hirth, and Rapp, has been applied to copper using experimental rate-constant data obtained by Valensi. Calculated thicknesses of the layers agree very well with experimentally measured values.
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    Effect of oxide grain structure on the high-temperature oxidation of Cr (1975)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 9 (1975), S. 459-472 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Cr ; oxidation ; kinetics ; Cr2O3 grain size ; short-circuit diffusion ; surface ; preparation ; Fe-Cr
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Cr was oxidized in 1 aim O2 at 980, 1090, and 1200°C. ElectropolishedCr and some orientations of etched Cr oxidize rapidly and develop compressive stress in the growing Cr2O3; other orientations oxidize slowly, apparently free of stress. SEM examination of fracture sections shows that the thick oxide is polycrystalline whereas the thin oxide on etched Cr is monocrystalline. It is deduced that the monocrystalline oxide grows by lattice diffusion of cations outward, and the polycrystalline layer by the two-way transport of cation diffusion outward and anion diffusion inward along oxide grain boundaries. The consequent formation of oxide within the body of the polycrystalline layer generates compressive stress and leads to wrinkling by plastic deformation. The activation energy for oxidation of Cr by cation lattice transport is 58 kcal/mole. Polycrystalline Cr2O3 forms on Fe-26Cr alloy, whether electropolished or etched; oxidation is accordingly rapid and accompanied by compressive stress.
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    Kinetics of high-temperature oxidation of boron carbide in oxygen (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 85-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: boron carbide ; oxidation ; kinetics ; chromatography method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Thermogravimetry and gas-adsorption chromatography were used to study the kinetics of formation of solid and gaseous products during the hightemperature oxidation of compact boron carbide in oxygen at 740 Torr. Oxidation resistance was observed at temperatures up to 1200°C. The main oxidation products were B2O3 and CO2. Oxidation was paralinear; the carbon consumption exceeded the consumption of boron as compared to the ratio of these elements in the compound B4C. This difference resulted in carbon depletion of the carbide layer in the substrate near the scale〉.
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    Influence on the oxidation kinetics of metals by control of the structure of oxide scales (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 361-376 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: metals ; scale structure ; epitaxy ; kinetics ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract An explanation of the deviation from the parabolic law is the treatment which considers both shortcircuit and lattice diffusion in the oxide scale. In this study we examine how the oxidation kinetics are influenced by changing the structure of the scale of copper oxide in order to confirm the role of short-circuit diffusion in determining the oxidation rate. In addition we explain the oxidation kinetics of copper and nickel by using a model of the scale structure which includes recrystallization and grain growth. Results are as follows: (1) The nucleation and growth behavior of oxide have a direct effect on the structure and in turn the oxidation kinetics due to short-circuit diffusion. (2) A modified treatment is valid in the region where volume diffusion and short-circuit diffusion play an important role in which it is necessary to consider the scale structure such as the grain size distribution and the boundary width. (3) When recrystallization takes place it is necessary to consider the model of a two-layered scale structure which is different in properties and morphology. (4) In this region the rate curves are S-shaped when oxide recrystallization takes place and exhibit a transition from a parabolic to an nth-power relationship (n〉2) when grain growth takes place.
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    Oxidation of tantalum in oxygen-nitrogen and oxygen-inert gas mixtures (1977)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 11 (1977), S. 225-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: tantalum ; oxidation ; high temperature ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of tantalum in oxygen-nitrogen and oxygen-inert gas mixtures at925°C has been studied. The oxygen pressure was close to 0.5 atm in all experiments, and partial pressures of the second component of from 0 to 180 Torr were employed. Spherical specimens were used to provide quantitatively significant kinetic data. A model has been proposed which suggests that the oxygen pressure at the reaction interface close to the metal surface is lower than the external pressure because of the finite permeability of the porous outer oxide layer, and that the inert gas effectively reduces the permeability. The model gives good quantitative agreement with the experimental results.
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    Oxidation of cobalt at high temperature (1977)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 11 (1977), S. 365-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: cobalt oxidation ; kinetics ; parabolic rate constant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Precise values of parabolic rate constants of cobalt oxidation have been determined over a wide range of temperature (950–1300°C) and oxygen pressure (6.58× 10−4−0.658 atm). The dependence of the calculated values of parabolic rate constants k″p on oxygen pressure and temperature can be described by the following empirical equation: $$k''_p = const. \cdot {\text{p}}_{O_2 }^{{\text{1/n}}} \cdot exp ( - {\text{E}}_{\text{k}} /RT)$$ The exponent 1/n decreases with an increase in temperature from 1/3.40 at 950°C to 1/3.96 at 1300°C, whereas the activation energy Ek decreases with an increase in the oxygen pressure from 41.7 to 38.1 kcal/mole.
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    Solid-solid reactions, I: Experimental study of barium metatitanate synthesis (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 77-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: BaTiO3 ; kinetics ; solid state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The solid-state reaction between barium carbonate and rutile powders to form barium metatitanate BaTiO3 was studied by thermogravimetric analysis, X rays, and microscopy. Phase-stability domains were drawn in a temperature— $${\text{p}}_{CO_2 } $$ , diagram. The dependence of the reaction kinetics on $${\text{p}}_{CO_2 } $$ , $${\text{p}}_{O_2 } $$ or $${\text{p}}_{N_2 } $$ is discussed. In particular, the rate continuously decreases when $${\text{p}}_{CO_2 } $$ , or $${\text{p}}_{N_2 } $$ increases, but it reaches a maximum as a function of $${\text{p}}_{O_2 } $$ .
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    High-temperature oxidation kinetics of Cu-Si alloys containing up to 4.75 wt.% Si in $$p_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ =0.01 atm and pure CO2 (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 323-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Cu-Si alloys ; oxidation ; kinetics ; silica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of Cu-Si alloys (containing up to 4.75 wt. % Si) in $${\text{p}}_{O_2 } $$ =0.01 atm from 800 to 1000°C has been investigated using thermogravimetry and other techniques. A 0.04% Si alloy followed a parabolic oxidation law with a rate similar to that of pure Cu. As the Si concentration increased the rate decreased and became irregular owing to SiO2 particles or flakes at the alloy-scale interface. It is considered that sintering of SiO2 particles and rupture of the sinter because of contraction during sintering are responsible for the irregular kinetics. A SiO2 layer forms directly on the 4.75% Si alloy which oxidizes uniformly. The SiO2 was always amorphous. In pure CO2 a similar pattern of amorphous SiO2 particles, flakes, and layers occurs.
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    The oxidation of Fe-Cr surface and bulk alloys at 300°C (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 283-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; surface alloys ; Fe-Cr alloys ; iron ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of several surface and bulk Fe-Cr alloys and iron at 300°C and 4×10−6 Torr oxygen was studied. The surface alloys were fabricated by implantation of 25 keV Cr ions into the outermost 300Å of polycrystalline iron samples. The oxide thickness as a function of oxygen exposure was obtained using proton-excited X-ray analysis, and composition profiles of oxide films were obtained using Auger electron spectroscopy and ion sputtering. The addition of Cr to Fe by surface and bulk alloying caused the oxidation rate to decrease and changed the oxidation kinetics from parabolic (for Fe) to logarithmic (for Cr concentrations ≥4.7at.%). Interpretation of the data in terms of simple oxidation theories indicates that the Cr additions may reduce the oxidation rate by altering the electronic properties of the metal-oxide interface.
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    Oxidation of Fe-C alloys at 700°C (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 255-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Fe-C ; graphite deposition ; nonadherent oxide ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of Fe-C alloys containing 0.5 and 1.0% C was studied in 1 atm O2 at 700° C. The oxidation rate is considerably slower than for pure Fe. The oxide scale formed is detached, multilayered, and overoxidized, containing little or no FeO. A thin film of graphite was identified at the metal-oxide interface by electron diffraction. It is proposed that the slow oxidation and abnormal scale are caused by a residue of graphite left at the metal surface from the oxidation of Fe3C. This inhibition of the oxidation of Fe by carbon at 700°C is in contrast to the stimulation observed at 500°C.
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    Kinetics interpretation of NiO electrical conductivity under low oxygen pressures (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 301-309 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: NiO ; Electrical conductivity ; gas-solid equilibria ; kinetics ; equivalent circuit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In a previous work it has been stated that the NiO electrical conductivity changes connected to the oxygen pressure changes may be considered as a transitory phenomenon. A mixed kinetics case controlled by the formation of surface cation vacancies and their diffusion in the bulk is proposed to explain the reaction process. By means of an equivalent electrical circuit in good agreement with the kinetics model it was possible to reproduce the experimental phenomenon.
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    Kinetics and mechanism of high-temperature sulfur corrosion of Fe-Cr-Al alloys (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 481-504 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: kinetics ; sulfidation ; Fe-Cr-Al alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of aluminium on the kinetics and mechanism of high-temperature sulfidation of Fe-Cr alloys containing 20 at.% chromium has been investigated. It has been found that the addition of aluminum greatly improves the scaling resistance of Fe-Cr alloys against attack by sulfur vapors at high temperatures.
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    The oxidation behavior of a Zr-0.5Y alloy (1975)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 9 (1975), S. 357-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: kinetics ; zirconia ; defect structure ; ionic conductivity ; yttria dopant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A Zr-0.5 Y alloy was found to oxidize about 6 times faster than pure zirconium over the temperature range of 400 to 565°C. The activation energies were nearly identical (∼32 kcal/mole). The activation energies correspond to grain boundary diffusion of oxygen through the scale. The higher oxidation rate of the alloy was attributed to a higher anion vacancy concentration and the assumption that diffusion sites in the lattice and boundaries were in local equilibrium. Measurements on yttria-doped zirconia showed that ionic conductivity was increased markedly by yttrium and extended over a wide range of oxygen pressure. The defect structure of the doped oxide was changed to one of oxygen vacancies, even at the high end of the oxygen pressure range, 10−8 to 0.2 atm, over which pure ziconia contains oxygen interstitials. The doped oxide was found to be extrinsic over the entire range of oxygen pressure and, although ionic conductivity predominated, electronic conductivity was still appreciable. The electronic conductivity, however, was still sufficiently high so that electron transport was not rate-controlling in the predominantly ionic-conducting scale.
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    High-temperature oxidation of SiC in a glow-discharge oxygen plasma (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: silicon carbide ; oxidation ; molecular oxygen ; glow-discharge oxygen plasma ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation kinetics and structure of the oxide scales formed on high-density SiC were studied in molecular oxygen at 740 Torr and in a glow-discharge oxygen plasma at 0.1 Torr at temperatures of 1000, 1100, and 1200°C. The monatomic oxygen formed by the glow discharge markedly increased the reaction rate and the vaporization of some of the oxidation products. The marked differences in kinetics suggest that the rate-controlling step during oxidation in molecular oxygen is the dissociation of adsorbed diatomic oxygen to the monatomic species. Films formed in molecular oxygen were mostly amorphous SiO2 with small inclusions of SiC and graphite, whereas films formed in dissociated oxygen were primarily amorphous SiO2 containing SiO, S2O3, and the coesite form of SiO2.
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    Oxidation of an Fe—19 wt. % Ni alloy in CO2 at 700–1000°C (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 215-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Fe-Ni alloys ; kinetics ; scale morphology ; EPMA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of an Fe—19.34 wt. % Ni alloy in dry CO2 has been studied at 700—1000°C using thermogravimetry, metallography, and EPMA. Weight gains for oxygen consumption followed a linear-parabolic-linear sequence at all temperatures. During the initial linear stage the scale consisted mainly of magnetite and the activation energy of 133±25 kJ · mole−1 is considered to be due to dissociation of CO2 into CO and adsorbed oxygen on the outer magnetite surface. During the parabolic oxidation stage a continuous Ni-rich layer containing ∼ 70% Ni forms a barrier to the diffusion which has an activation energy of 192±79 kJ · mole−1. The breakdown of the barrier layer causes a return to linear kinetics with an activation energy of 138±42 kJ · mole−1 for dissociation of CO2 on the outer surface. During the final linear stage there is pronounced general and intergranular subscale formation. Detailed information is presented of the Ni redistribution and concentrations during oxidation and its correlation with the kinetics and morphology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616097
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    Kinetics of the oxidation of ilmenite (1975)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 9 (1975), S. 99-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; kinetics ; ilmenite ; rutile ; pseudobrookite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of ilmenite (FeTiO3) in air and dry oxygen was investigated over the temperature interval 600 to 970°C. Dense platelets of ilmenite crystals as well as powder samples of ilmenite were oxidized. The weight data were recorded employing a thermobalance. The oxidation kinetics of ilmenite platelets were parabolic except for the initial stages during which logarithmic kinetics were observed. For powder samples the logarithmic rate law was followed primarily. The logarithmic rate law was attributed to free penetration of oxygen through cracks and short-circuit paths. The activation energies associated with the logarithmic rate law were nearly one-half of those obtained from parabolic oxidation. The growth morphology of the products of oxidation of ilmenite was observed with a scanning electron microscope. The effect of growth morphology on the kinetics is discussed, and a probable reaction mechanism is suggested for the oxidation of ilmenite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613496
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  • 49
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    A rapid method for determining parabolic rate constants of metal oxidation as a function of temperature and oxidant pressure (1975)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 9 (1975), S. 441-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: kinetics ; cobalt and nickel oxidation ; parabolic rate constant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A new fast method is proposed for the determination of parabolic rate constants of metal oxidation as a function of pressure and temperature. The method consists of determining rate constants by oxidation of a single metal sample in a continuous manner, periodically changing the oxidant pressure or temperature. This method eliminates a number of errors inherent in the classical method which involves the use of a new metal specimen in each experiment and it further shortens the time of evaluating the functions k p '' = f (p, T). The method is particularly suitable for the determination of rate constants of slow processes. To verify the proposed method measurements of the kinetics of oxidation of cobalt and nickel at different oxygen pressures over the temperature range 1000–1300° C were carried out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00611692
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  • 50
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    Theoretical study of heterogeneous reaction kinetics: A comparison between microcalorimetric and thermogravimetric curves (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 105-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: kinetics ; oxidation ; microcalorimetry ; thermogravimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In the kinetic theories of Bodenstein or Semenov the expression for the rate of a chemical reaction with several elementary stages can be expressed by different physical parameters. If two experimental methods are used, one method of necessity being microcalorimetry to measure the thermal flux produced by the reaction, it is possible to distinguish a pure kinetics case from a mixed one. The two-method technique has been verified by a study of the oxidation of niobium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614240
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    The interaction of titanium and titanium alloys with nitrogen at elevated temperatures. I. The kinetics and mechanism of the titanium-nitrogen reaction (1976)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 41-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: titanium ; nitridation ; kinetics ; diffusion ; scaling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The nitridation behavior of titanium has been examined in an atmosphere of nitrogen over the temperature range 900–1000° C. In addition to determining the reaction kinetics, microhardness and metallographic studies have been carried out on the nitrided substrates and nitride scales. Overall parabolic kinetics were exhibited, while a linear scaling reaction (associated principally with Ti2N formation) was observed. Extensive dissolution of nitrogen in the substrate was evident from the microhardness studies, and at 950 and 1000° C the growth of the nitrogen-stabilized αTi phase layer followed a parabolic law. Consideration of all the observed processes and derived data suggested that diffusion of nitrogen in the metal substrate was probably the rate-controlling mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00611698
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    Studies of the kinetics of nickel sulfidation in H2S-H2 mixtures in the temperature range 450–600°C (1977)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 11 (1977), S. 263-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: nickel ; sulfidation ; kinetics ; mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The reaction between pure nickel and H2S-H2 mixtures containing 1–65% H2S has been studied over the temperature range 450–600°C. The sulfidation of nickel in the temperature range 560–600°C has been found to follow a linear rate law at low concentrations of H2S and a parabolic rate law at higher concentrations (10% and 65% H2S); X-ray examination of the scale formed on the metal showed it to be almost entirely β-Ni3S2. On the basis of the kinetics and marker studies it can be concluded that the sulfide scale on nickel is formed by the outward transport of the metal and the inward transport of sulfur. In the temperature range 450–500°C the sulfidation of nickel follows a parabolic rate law. In mixtures containing 10% H2S the scale formed contains voids, the occurrence of which is connected with formation of Ni7S6. It has also been shown that the rate of transport through the Ni3S2 layer has an essential influence on the formation of a continuous layer of Ni7S6. Marker studies have shown that both nickel and sulfur appear to be mobile in β′-Ni3S2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00606061
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    Oxidation of Fe-C alloys at 500°C (1978)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 67-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Fe-C ; kinetics ; oxide grain size ; grain-boundary diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Fe-C alloys containing 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0% C were oxidized in 1 atm O2 at 500°C. Two specimen preparations were used: annealed followed by slow cooling to form coarse pearlite plus proeutectoid ferrite or cementite; and cold-worked by abrading after annealing. The cold-worked alloys oxidize more rapidly. Annealed pearlite oxidizes faster than annealed ferrite. The differences in oxidation rate are caused by differences in the Fe3O4 grain size, that is, by the number of oxide grain boundaries available to act as easy diffusion paths for the outward diffusion of Fe through the Fe3O4. The oxidation rate constant is 10 times larger for fine-grained poly crystalline oxide than for oxide in which the Fe3O4 is monocrystalline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609975
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  • 54
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    Low-temperature oxidation of Fe-24 wt.%Cr (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 437-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe-Cr ; oxidation ; kinetics ; oxide morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Ferritic polycrystalline Fe-24 wt.% Cr was oxidized in pure oxygen at 190 ≤ T≤490° C and pressures in the range 5.3×10−2–13.3 Pa for periods of up to 5 hr. The reaction proceeded in three stages. An initial period of accelerating rate was accompanied by oxide island nucleation and growth. Following island coalescence the rate was approximately logarithmic at low temperatures and somewhat slower than parabolic at high temperatures. Rate control during this period was thought to be due to mass transport through the oxide grain boundaries left by the island impingement process. During these first two stages the oxide formed was γ-M2O3 with possibly some spinel. The final stage of reaction involved the appearance of α-M2O3 on the outer oxide surface and a substantial slowing of the oxidation rate due to the low diffusivity in this phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00605109
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    Solid-solid reactions, II: Mechanism of barium metatitanate synthesis (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 89-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: BaTiO3 ; kinetics ; solid state ; mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The authors propose a mechanism for the solid-solid reaction BaCO3+ TiO2→BaTiO3+CO2. This mechanism is based on the real structure of the present semiconductors. The reactions at different interfaces and the diffusing species are identified. The reaction rates are calculated and the dependence of the reaction rate upon O2, N2, and CO2 gas pressure is interpreted and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00715872
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  • 56
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    Oxidation of high-chromium Ni-Cr alloys (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 119-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: nickel-chromium alloys ; oxidation ; high temperature ; kinetics ; mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of binary Ni-Cr alloys containing 44 and 50 wt. % Cr has been studied over a range of oxygen partial pressures at temperatures between 800 and 1100°C. The effects of cold work, surface preparation, and distribution of the Cr-rich second phase have been studied. The oxidation behavior is complex and cannot be described by a single model. The oxide grows by short-circuit diffusion as well as bulk transport through Cr 2 O 3 scales. The scale-growth mechanism includes extensive metal-oxide separation requiring Cr vapor transport to the scale, compressive stresses within the oxide which result in scale bulging and cracking, and the formation of a second oxide layer which results in voids being incorporated into the scale. Any factor which reduces the oxide grain size, such as cold work, finer distribution of the Cr-rich α phase or reduced oxygen pressure, results in an increased oxidation rate of binary alloys because of an increased number of grain-boundary short-circuit diffusion paths.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00611976
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