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  • Articles  (437)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (437)
  • Aircraft Propulsion and Power
  • Life and Medical Sciences
  • 1975-1979  (437)
  • 1950-1954
  • Technology  (437)
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  • Articles  (437)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of surface finish on the anodic polarization of a conventional spherical amalgam (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 541-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The corrosion of carved, burnished, polished, and burnished-polished samples of a conventional spherical amalgam was studied by anodic polarization in Ringer's solution. The effect of the variation of the mercury content from 40 to 60 wt% on the corrosion of burnished or polished samples was also investigated. It was found that burnished and burnished-polished samples corrode the least and carved samples the most. The current-density peak associated with γ2 was of greater magnitude in polished specimens than in burnished specimens throughout the range of mercury concentrations investigated. It is hypothesized that lower porosity and more ready passivation of the surface due to a high amount of γ2 are the reasons that burnished samples corroded less than polished samples in this anodic polarization test.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120409
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of wear particles in tissue after implantation of different plastic materials (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 571-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A method is shown by which to identify wear particles of implanted plastic materials in tissue. A Mettler FP2 hot stage was used to determine the melting point of different elastomer particles in normal histological sections between the crossed nicols. By using a microcolorimeter Type MPE (Leitz, Wetzlar, Germany), additional information about the molecular degradation of wear particles was obtained.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120411
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzyme immobilization on heparin (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 585-590 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We describe the preparation and some of the properties of heparin-bound α-chymotrypsin that were obtained via activation of heparin with water-soluble carbodiimide. Immobilized enzyme has unchanged kinetic characteristics toward low-molecular-weight and macromolecular substrates. The heparin-bound enzymes could have a wide range of medical applications.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120502
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions of bovine thrombin and plasma albumin with low-energy surfaces (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 599-625 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Surface configurations are vessels fabricated from tubing and plate, films deposited on the surface of vessels, and beads confined in vessels. The average association constant between thrombin and sites on commercial poly(methyl methacrylate) surface (Lucite) is near 4 × 108 liters/mole at 22°C, pH 7.0, and ionic strength 0.15. Depending on Lucite composition, average adsorption U, in molecules/cm2 of apparent solution-surface interface, ranges from 0.7 to 8.8 × 1011. Analysis based on the assumptions that solution dimensions are preserved, adsorption is random, and surface rearrangement is negligible indicates a paucity of surface sites. Plasma albumin competes with thrombin for surface sites. Attempts to detect, by thrombin adsorption, the presence of free sites at 4.5 × 10-9 M albumin or the displacement of bound albumin indicate an albumin-site association contrast greater than 1.6 × 109. Cross-linked poly(methyl acrylate) bead surface has U less than 5 × 1010. In contrast to acrylic resins are silicone gum, polypropylene, and polyisobutylene, for which U ranges from 15 to 20 × 1011. Analysis as above indicates that sites are of frequent occurrence. Material composition suggests that thrombin can interact with nonpolar groups. Further characteristics of low-energy surfaces are that progressive surface denaturation is small and there is a large variance between nominally equivalent configurations.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120504
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
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    A high-modulus polymer for porous orthopedic implants: Biomechanical compatibility of porous implantsPresented, in part, at the Third Annual Meeting of the Society for Biomaterials, New Orleans, Louisiana, April 15-19, 1977. (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 665-677 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A high-modulus polymer, polysulfone, was evaluated as a porous bone implant material. The bone ingrowth into canine cortical pellets of sintered polysulfone particles was assessed by microradiography and histology. The shear strength of the porous polysulfone-bone interface was determined by push-out and pull-out tests of cortical and trochanteric implants, respectively. Results indicated that the bone in-growth into porous polysulfone specimens proceeded in such a fashion as to mimic the normal repair at the site. Mechanical testing of cortical and cancellous implants revealed that the interfacial shear strength of the porous polysulfone-bone composite was similar to that achieved using porous metals.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120508
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
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    A novel technique for studying the adsorption of plasma proteins on hydrophobic surfaces (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 653-663 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A method is shown for deducing the surface area of a pendant drop from the same profile photograph as is normally used to determine interfacial tension. Manipulation of such drops by a micrometer syringe then enables the pendant drop to be used as a surface balance for studying adsorption from bulk solutions. Results are given for the compression of films from solutions of albumin, γ-globulin, fibrinogen, albumin-γ-globulin mixture and albumin-γ-globulin-fibrinogen mixture, and from serum, plasma, and blood at the isooctane-buffer interface. It is suggested that γ-globulin and fibrinogen films are unfolded at the interface but that albumin films are different in that they consist of an inner, unfolded layer and an outer, globular layer. A film from serum resembles that from γ-globulin alone, and not that from albumin-γ-globulin mixture, whereas a film from plasma resembles that of fibrinogen at low compression and that of albumin-γ-globulin-fibrinogen mixture at high compression. A film from blood is shown to resemble that from plasma.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120507
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
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    The rate of adhesion of melanoma cells onto nonionic polymer surfaces (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 701-706 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The rates of adhesion of melanoma cells (carcinogenic) onto nonionic polymer surfaces were studied by using radioactively labeled cells and measuring the fraction of cells which adhered to the surface in a given time. Glow discharge (plasma) polymerization of 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane and of nitrogen-acetylene-water (mole ratio 0.4:1.0:0.2) was used to modify the surface energy of the substrate. The cell adhesion rate was found to be given by Y = 1 - exp [-k0(γs - γ0)t], where Y is the fraction of cells adhered, - k0 is a characteristic rate constant, γs is the total surface energy of the substrate, γ0 is the threshold surface energy of cell adhesion, and t is time.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120510
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
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    Corrosion behavior of cast and forged cobalt-based alloys for double-alloy joint endoprosthesesPresented at the 9th Annual International Biomaterials Symposium, New Orleans, April 15-18, 1977. (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 723-741 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An ideal combination of mechanical and corrosion properties of long-term implants such as joint endoprostheses has yet to be found. Besides being resistant to pitting and crevice attack, which can lead to corrosion fatigue and stress corrosion cracking failures, the implant material must be highly resistant to wear and abrasion. Two cobalt-based alloys, wrought CoNiMoTi and air-cast CoCrMo, were subjected to a number of selected in vitro electrochemically and chemically accelerated corrosion tests in chloride-containing solutions with wrought AISI-316L used as a reference alloy. A limited number of immersion tests in FeCl3 and acidified FeCl3 solutions were also conducted. It is found that the mechanical properties of wrought CoNiCrMoTi alloy qualify it as a substitute for cast CoCrMo alloy and wrought AISI-316L in anchorage shaft production for all types of joint endoprostheses. Wrought CoNiCrMoTi has a higher resistance to fatigue cracking compared with cast CoCrMo and is as resistant to selective corrosion phenomena such as stress corrosion cracking.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120512
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
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    Transport properties of hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 591-597 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Measurements of the permeability coefficients of various compounds up to a molecular weight of about 70,000 have shown clearly that membranes prepared from hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile are about 10 times more permeable than those made of poly(2-hydroxyethyl) methacrylate. The higher permeability is probably due more to the higher water content (about 75%) than to the type of network. The high mechanical strength of the membranes and their good permeability to compounds possessing a comparatively high molecular weight seem to designate the material for some new applications in medicine.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120503
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
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    Defects in failed stems of hip prostheses (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 635-651 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A study has been made of the fractures and associated material from 34 prostheses broken in service. All the fractures appear to be of the fatigue type. Search by me-tallographic analysis for cracklike generating defects in material near the fracture reveals such conditions as abnormally coarse crystals, large nonmetallic inclusions, large inclusion population, undissolved master alloy particles, abnormal carbide segregation, interdendritic segregation, shrinkage, and gas porosity. Recommendations are made for the choice of metallic alloys for femoral stem application.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120506
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
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    Antibiotics in acrylic bone cement. In vitro studies (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 679-700 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The effect of combining gentamicin and cephalothin with Surgical Simplex bone cement was tested in vitro. Experiments were designed to determine (1) quantitative elution rates and period of time the antibiotics were eluted and (2) effective bactericidal qualities. Both antibiotics were eluted from polymerized acrylic cement in large quantities within 24-48 hr after coming in contact with fluid and continued to be released in smaller amounts for 21 days to more than 175 days. This varied with the antibiotic, concentration of antibiotic in the cement, surface area of cement, and volume of elution fluid. Quantitative determinations of numbers of bacteria in broth cultures demonstrated that sufficient quantities of antibiotics were released to be bactericidal to microorganisms within 45 min to 20 hr. This was dependent on the type of antibiotic, type of bacteria, concentration of antibiotic in the cement, and time of contact.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120509
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  • 112
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    Biocompatibility testing of polymers: In vitro studies with in vivo correlation (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 43-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An in vitro method has been developed for screening of candidate biomaterials in an early phase of their development. The test is based on L-929 mouse fibroblast cultures and their response to powdered polymer samples. It applies microscopic observation for the detection of morphological changes, uses dye exclusion testing for cell viability determination, and utilizes estimation of population doublings as an end point. The test is shown to be reliable and reproducible and is compared to in vivo implantation studies in rats, previously reported.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120105
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  • 113
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    The biocompatibility of materials for internal fixation of fracturesPresented in part at the Second Annual Meeting of the Society for Biomaterials, Philadelphia, Pa., April 9-13, 1976. (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 67-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Surgically produced fractures of rabbit tibiae were internally stabilized with in tramedullary rods of stainless steel (316LVM), titanium (6A1,4V), polyacetal (Delrin), and polyamide (Nylon 101). Periodic radiographs were taken until sacrifice at 16 weeks after fracture. Structural properties of the tibiae were determined in torsion with the rods in situ, and then the tissue was prepared for histology or microradiography.The results demonstrated that fracture remodeling was adversely affected by the metal rods. New bone was seen to have formed over the ends of the metal rods, and cortical bone resorption was observed in the fracture region, suggestive of transfer of mechanical stress to the rods, resulting in stress shielding of the diaphysis. Negligible osseous response to the polymeric rods was observed; fracture callus remodeling was extensive. The torsional test results demonstrated that fractures with polymeric rods were significantly stronger and tougher than those with metallic rods. With the exception of titanium, the strength of healed fractures was inversely related to the elastic moduli of the implant materials.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120107
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  • 114
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    A study of the corrosion of dental amalgam using the ring-disk electrode (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The rotating ring-disk electrode technique has been applied to the study of anodic dissolution of dental amalgam in a simulated saline solution.The electroactive domains of the silver, tin, and mercury couples (the main constituents of the amalgam) were determined from current-potential curves obtained at a rotating gold-disk electrode in solutions containing salts of the respective metals. Subsequently, anodic currents were applied to a rotating amalgam-disk electrode and the soluble products produced were identified using a concentric gold ring electrode, i.e., using the rotating gold-ring, amalgam-disk electrode. Species generated at the amalgam disk are transferred to the gold ring by convective diffusion. Tin ions were found to be the only soluble species generated at the amalgam disk. No evidence for dissolution of other components was found. The selective dissolution of tin from the amalgam is also consistant with potential shifts observed in repetitive current-potential curves of an amalgam disk.This study provides a direct proof for the selective dissolution of tin during corrosion of dental amalgam in an in vitro environment.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120102
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  • 115
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    Thrombus formation in a staged capillary membrane oxygenator associated with a microaggregate blood filter: A scanning electron microscope study (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 255-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Blood contact at interfaces in extracorporeal devices is a source of traumas. Proteins are very rapidly adsorbed; then, depending on which proteins are left various degrees of platelet aggregation follow and thrombi develop. The scanning electron microscope reveals very instructive information on the morphology of the blood deposits which adhere to foreign surfaces. Oxygenators such as the Awad D, which is a staged one made of silicone rubber, become “thrombus invaded” after prolonged extracorporeal circulation in spite of adequate heparinization of the blood. In most cases, evaluation of membranes and devices is assessed with respect to transfer of blood gases. Careful examination of the morphology of deposits should be developed. This study shows the importance of blood flow rate, design, and materials.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120303
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  • 116
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    Compliance as a factor effecting the patency of a copolyurethane vascular graft (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 337-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A new solid-wall vascular graft which has a compliance approximating that of the natural artery has been prepared from a copolyether-urethane material. Six of nine of these compliant grafts implanted in dogs were patent on removal, the longest implant time being 77 days for a 4-mm I.D. femoral artery graft. This is in contrast to noncompliant grafts of the same copolyurethane in which failure usually occurred within 48 hr.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120307
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
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    Force production and decay rate in Alastik modules (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 361-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The production and decay of forces produced by Alastik modules was studied under conditions simulating clinical usage over a time period of 2 hr to 4 weeks. Force decay was moderate and all Kx modules tested produced approximately 1 lb of force at the end of the 4-week test period. Therefore, from a clinical standpoint, modules need not be changed more frequently than once every 4 weeks.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120309
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  • 118
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    Hydraulic permeability of hollow-fiber membranes (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 401-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Two experimental methods have been developed to characterize the pressure-driven flow of a liquid through the walls of single hollow-fiber membranes. In one method, the permeation rate is measured directly by following the air-water interface in a pressurized pipet connected to a hollow fiber which is sealed at one end. With the second method, the permeation rate is determined by tracking the descent of an air bubble inside a pressurized hollow fiber sealed at one end. Results obtained by the two experimental methods are in good agreement. Darcy's law is used to analyze the experimental data because the Darcy permeability constant, k, is an intrinsic property of the material. The membrane dimensions and the Darcy permeability constant for reconstituted collagen hollow fibers are shown to be quite sensitive to hydrogen ion concentration and ionic strength. A conceptual link between the Darcy permeability constant and the membrane microstructure is obtained by combining the aligned-rod structural model for reconstituted collagen proposed by Kramer with a hydrodynamic calculation due to Happel and electrical double-layer theory. On the average, the predictions of this model for volume fraction solids and microstructure dimensions are in reasonable agreement with experimental observations.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120312
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  • 119
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    Masthead (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120401
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  • 120
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    Adhesive bonding of various materials to hard tooth tissues. X. Initial rates of adsorption of nickel or copper ions on hydroxyapatite surface (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 505-515 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Initial rates of ion-exchange adsorption of nickelous or cupric ions with calcium ions on the surface of synthetic hydroxyapatite were studied in aqueous nitrate solutions. A kinetic interpretation has been proposed. The determination of the initial rates is important for a systematic investigation of adhesion of certain properly designe substances that may mediate a chemical bonding between dental resins and “moralanted” calcified tissues.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120405
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  • 121
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    Antiinflammatory activities of polymers of o-methacryloyloxybenzoic acid (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 525-530 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Antiinflammatory activities of low- and high- molecular-weight polymers of o-methacryloyloxybenzoic acid were compared with the antiinflammatory activity of o-acetoxybenzoic (acetylsalicylic) acid in tests on hind-leg inflammations in rats induced by injection of either Freund's adjuvant or aqueous suspension of kaolin. The antiinflammatory activies of the orally administered polymers cooresponded to 40-90% of the activity of o-acetoxybenzoic acid, and were not substantially dependent on the degree of polymerization.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120407
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  • 122
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    In vitro clot formation on the polyelectrolyte complexes of sodium dextran sulfate with chitosan (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 531-539 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The solution of charged sodium dextran sulfate (molecular weight 6000) co-reacted with that of oppositely charged chitosan to form a water-insoluble hydrous complex, whose clot-inhibiting property was sensitive to such reaction conditions as the order of mixing, the kind of acid species used for the adjustment of pH, and the concentration of hydrogen ion at which the preparation of polyelectrolyte complex was carried out, although all the polyelectrolyte complexes were prepared from the same starting materials. In order to clarify the relationship between the molecular conformation of the polyelectrolyte complex and its clot-inhibiting property, ir spectroscopic studies, in vitro blood-clotting tests, color reaction with toluidine blue, elemental analyses, and so on, were performed. Consequently, it was suggested that the polyelectrolyte complexes consisting of sodium dextran sulfate of lower molecular weight are more clot-inhibiting than those with higher molecular weight. It was also found that polyelectrolyte complexes prepared under the mixing order of sodium dextran sulfate solution added to chitosan solution are also more clot-inhibiting than those prepared under the reverse mixing order, chitosan solution added to sodium dextran sulfate solution. Furthermore, it has become apparent that the anticlotting polyelectrolyte complexes have some characteristic ir absorption bands, and that they displayed color reaction with toluidine blue. A new possibility may be anticipated from our experimental results, providing important information relating to realizing a functional polymer, antithrombogenic material, whose property may be ordered.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120408
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  • 123
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    Announcement (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 773-773 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120515
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  • 124
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    Effect of simplex liquid methyl methacrylate monomer on cells (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 775-790 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The effect of methyl methacrylate monomer used for polymerization of surgical bone cement on phagocytosis, blood cells, tissue cells in culture, and bacteria was investigated. A concentration of 0.5% monomer reduced the ability of macrophages in vitro to phagocytize cultures of Staphylococcus epidermidis effectively. In vivo, 0.03 ml injected into mice also reduced the capacity of peritoneal macrophages to phagocytize bacteria. Extent of cellular damage to blood cells varied with concentration of monomer used and time of contact but, in general, 0.5% was sufficient to alter morphology and viability of blood cells and tissue cells in culture. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils sustained more damage than other types of blood cells. Only minor alterations were detected from cooled, polymerized cement. These studies support the concept that the monomer, as well as mechanical and thermal factors, may be responsible for some of the tissue changes seen at the site of implant of bone cement following total joint arthroplastic surgery.
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    Masthead (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120101
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    Carbon fiber-reinforced carbon as a potential implant material (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 35-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A carbon fiber-reinforced carbon is being evaluated as a promising implant material. In a unidirectional composite, high strengths (1200 MN/m2 longitudinal flexural strength) and high modulus (140 GN/m2 flexural modulus) may be obtained with an interlaminar shear strength of 18 MN/m2. Alternatively, layers of fibers may be laid in two directions to give more isotopic properties. The compatibility of the material with bone has been studied by implanting specimens in holes drilled in rat femora. For a period of up to 8 weeks, a thin layer of fibrous tissue bridged the gap between bone and implant; but this tissue mineralizes and by 10 weeks, bone can be observed adjacent to the implant, giving firm fixation. Potential applications include endosseous dental implants where a greater strength in the neck than that provided by unreinforced carbon would be advantageous.
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    Protein sorption on polymer surfaces measured by fluorescence labels (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 55-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Fluorescence labeling can be used in studying protein sorption on various surfaces with a sensitivity of about 10-8 g/cm2, commensurate with radioactive labeling. Fluorescamine proved to be the most suitable compound for studying protein sorption on hydrophilic gels, because, unlike fluoresceine isothiocyanate and dansylchloride, free fluorochrome does not interfere with measurements. Sorption properties of labeled serum albumin were tested on poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), on the copolymer of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate with methyl methacrylate, and on polyethylene. Labeling does not cause aggregation of the protein, but, as expected, it shifts and somewhat broadens its electrophoretic band while at the same time slightly raising its affinity toward hydrophobic surfaces.
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    Biocompatibility tests of components of an implantable cardiac assist device (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 743-765 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A permanently implantable in-series left ventricular assist device, the dynamic aortic patch (DAP), has been tested in chronic animal experiments. The DAP replaces a section of the intrathoracic aortic wall. Hemothorax and hematocele at the implantation site have been complications in recent experiments. Primary postoperative hemorrhage was ruled out, and the biocompatibility of all components was therefore examined. Dacron velour, Teflon felt, conductive polyurethane, segmented polyether polyurethane, and Teflon-coated polyester fiber sutures were implanted in the pleural cavities of dogs and tested in vitro by culturing canine saphenous vein explants on them. In vivo experiments demonstrated that all components elicited mild to moderate inflammatory reactions, but hematocele occurred only when the components were implanted in the aorta with direct blood contact and exposed to arterial blood pressures. In vitro, cells were cultured on all components with no signs of toxic reactions. These results indicated that the host tolerated all implant components without major inflammatory responses. However, histological data indicated that chronic slow bleeding into or through the Dacron velour in contact with the arterial blood serum could account for hemothorax or hematocele formation. Therefore, a configuration of the assist device using materials impermeable to blood may obviate these difficulties.
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    Evaluation of a precipitation hardened wrought cobalt-nickel-chromium-titanium alloy for surgical implants (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 805-821 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A Co-Ni-Cr-Ti precipitation hardening alloy is evaluated for use as a surgical implant alloy. Static and fatigue strength studies indicate that the alloy is equivalent, or superior to, present implant alloys. In vitro and in vivo corrosion studies indicate that the material has good general corrosion resistance but may be susceptible to crevice corrosion. However, there appear to be no inherent difficulties in using precipitation hardened alloys for surgical implants and therefore it may be possible to develop a new class of materials possessing ultra-high strength and excellent corrosion resistance for use in surgical implant applications.
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    Antibiotics in acrylic bone cement. In vivo studies (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 843-855 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In vivo experiments were performed to study elution rates of antibiotics combined with Surgical implex bone cement and efficacy in controlling bacterial infections. Cylinders of bone cement were implanted in animals and at the same time the surgical areas were infected with large numbers of bacteria. Gentamicin and Keflin were eluted from the cylinders in sufficient quantities to completely eliminate or markedly reduce the number of bacteria recovered from infected areas. Animals were also treated with an anti-inflammatory drug, hydrocortisone, prior to implantation of cylinders and infection. The antibiotics in the bone cement effectively destroyed the bacteria in these animals with impaired inflammatory responses as compared with control animals.
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    Ferrographic analysis of wear particles in arthroplastic joints (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 867-875 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Analysis of aspirated synovial fluid appears to be a useful method for the study of the rates, mechanisms, and biological responses to wear in surgical joint replacements. Ferrography, an industrial technique of magnetic separation of particulate matter from samples of lubricating solutions, allows separation of wear debris from synovial fluid. Bichromatic microscopy and SEM X-ray analysis permit identification of metallic particles from arthroplastic joints. Polarized light microscopy characterizes and differentiates polyethylene and polymethacrylate debris. The number and morphology of the wear particles in synovial specimens from arthroplastic joints correlate with the rate and the mechanisms of wear, as confirmed by examination of the implant and the adjacent synovial tissue.
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    Recommended heat treatment and alloy additions for cast Co-Cr surgical implantsThe information contained in this Note is part of a report to be submitted to the National Institutes of Health describing work done under the following grant: 9 ROIAMHD18591. (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 935-937 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    “Floating-socket” total shoulder replacement: Anatomical, biomechanical, and surgical rationale (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 89-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A prosthesis based on a new concept of gleno-humeral motion has been developed and clinically tested for the past 2 years. The “floating-socket” total shoulder replacement contains a nondislocatable, dual spherical bearing system consisting of a small sphere within a larger sphere with their centers offset to provide the physiologic “floating fulcrum” for mechanically advantageous motion. This geometric configuration allows a prosthetic range of motion in excess of anatomical limits to allow soft tissue structures to limit motion rather than mechanical impingement. The device is constructed from Co-Cr-Mo alloy and RCH-1000 polyethylene such that no metal-metal contact can occur.Experimental results in a 112-lb adult male chimpanzee and six clinical cases have revealed superior fixation strength of both glenoid and humeral components, as well as functional adaptation of the prosthesis without fracture of fixturing bone or prosthetic dislocation.
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    Experimental bladder substitution using a biodegradable graft of natural tissue (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 125-147 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A controlled canine experimental study has been performed to test the application of a biodegradeable graft to vesical augmentation. The graft, after providing initial bladder enlargement, is progressively reabsorbed while serving as a foundation for the regeneration and healing of the layers of the bladder remnant. Follow-up studies at 1 year revealed no urinary infection, calculi, extravasation of urine, or rejection of the material. Normal bladder capacities were maintained throughout the study and the reconstructed bladders functioned normally. The biodegradable graft was equally successful when applied either to a histologically normal bladder remnant, or to a pathological bladder of intramural fibrosis. These results suggest that this material may be well suited to clinical bladder substitution in humans.
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    Platelet-foreign surface interactions: Release of granule constituents from adherent platelets (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 181-201 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The interaction of suspensions of washed pig platelets with nine artificial surfaces (glass, polystyrene, three segmented polyurethanes, and surfaces formed by coating glass with albumin, fibrinogen, γ-globulin, and collagen) is reported. Platelet adhesion and release from adherent platelets were measured via labeling with 51Cr and 14C-serot onin. The apparatus was a couette flow device allowing observation of surface-platelet effects uncomplicated by transport or flow effects. Using a two-level factorial design the effects of albumin, fibrinogen, red cells, and platelet count on adhesion and release were estimated for each surface.Comparison of the various surfaces showed that collagen and γ-globulin are the most reactive (mean adhesion, 34 platelets/1000 μm2, mean release 50% of granule contents). The other surfaces showed lower levels of release (∼25%), indistinguishable one from another. The adhesion levels of two hydrophilic polyurethanes and albumin were low, while those of the remaining surfaces were moderate.The effect of albumin was to reduce adhesion for the “moderate” group of surfaces. Fibrinogen increased adhesion to nonprotein surfaces and decreased release for collagen and γ-globulin surfaces. High platelet count increased adhesion to fibrinogen, γ-globulin, and collagen surfaces. Red cells increased adhesion to all surfaces and increased release for collagen and γ-globulin.
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    Announcements (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 247-247 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120210
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    Adsorption of plasma proteins on hydrophobic surfaces. III. Serum, plasma, and blood (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 707-721 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Liquid-air and liquid-liquid interfaces were used as models for the liquid-solid system of plasma proteins and hydrophobic surfaces in the study of adsorption of serum, plasma, and blood onto these surfaces. The interfacial tension is determined for three phases: air, methylene iodide, and isooctane. Curves of interfacial tension versus time for the various systems are given from which a triple-intersection point, where the protein solution is in equilibrium with each surface, is found. It is shown that albumin, γ-globulin, and a mixed solution of these at in vivo concentrations behave in characteristic and constant manners at the three interfaces of air, methylene iodide, and isooctane. A range of synthetic surfaces which have constant behavior at equilibrium is deduced and it is concluded that any soft tissue response differences between such surfaces could not be the result of albumin or γ-globulin.
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    Masthead (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120601
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    Surface chemical analysis of avcothane and biomer by Fourier transform IR internal reflection spectroscopy (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 791-804 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: During the solvent casting process, one side of the polymer film is exposed to air while the other side is in contact with a substrate, used as a mold. We have studied the effect of this difference in exposure during casting on the chemical composition of two types of segmented polyurethane,5 BiomerBiomert™, Ethicon Corp., Somerville, N.J. and Avcothane,Avcothanetm™, Avco-Everett Co., Everett, Mass. by using Fourier transform IR internal reflection spectroscopy. Also, a depth-composition profile was obtained by placing a thin barrier film between the reflection plate and the polymer film.In Avcothane, the air side, which is the blood-contact side, contains a greater amount of the soft segment than the substrate side, and this is more pronounced in the layer closer to the surface. The anisotropy in composition is more drastic when the silicone content is compared. In a layer about 1.5 μ thick, one can detect a greater amount of silicone in the substrate side than in the air side. However, when one averages the concentration in a layer of about 0.8 μ, the trend is reversed; i.e., the greater amount of silicone is now present in the air side than in the substrate side. In Biomer films, the anisotropy in chemical composition is less pronounced. Only a modest increase in the relative content of the soft segment/hard segment is observed in the air side when a depth-composition profile is obtained.
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    Adhesion of synthetic organic polymer to soft tissue. III. Effect of some monofunctional compounds (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 831-841 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Previous work in this series has shown that some aromatic and n-alkyl isocynates can significantly improve the adhesion of a fast-setting polyurethane prepolymer to internal tissue. In the present study, several acyl or aroyl anhydrides, chlorides, and a triaryl chloroalkane have been found to effect various degrees of improvement in the adhesion of fast-setting prepolymer to tissue. To determine the influence of minor structural changes on adhesion, the isomers of methyl phenyl isocynate and chlorobenzoyl chloride were investigated. The isomers were found to give the same extent of improvement in adhesion of the prepolymer as the parent compound without the methyl or chloro substituents. Among all the reactive monofunctional compounds studied, benzoyl chloride and its chlorobenzoyl derivatives are the most effective. When primed on tissue or admixed as little as a 3% additive in some polymer preparations, these aroyl chlorides can promote the adhesion of many ordinary adhesives to internal tissue. The effectiveness is attributed to the modification of hydrophilic tissue surface by the hydrophobic benzoyl group attached to tissue after reaction. The prosthetic benzoyl group makes the tissue/polymer interface more compatible and the compatibility results in good adhesion.
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    A study of the normal range of strain, strain rate, and stiffness of tendon (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 877-894 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the result of an investigation of strains and strain rates which normally occur in the tendons of the equine foreleg and presents stress-strain curves and moduli for the tendons at these rates.It has previously been demonstrated that resistance to flexion of the joints of the distal part of the equine foreleg is provided by a passive system of tendons and ligaments. It is therefore possible, using a large displacement, high-rate testing machine, to duplicate in the laboratory the strain rates and forces which are normally produced in the tendons of the foreleg of the running horse.To carry out tendon tests, legs were mounted in the test machine. The superficial flexor tendon was exposed and fitted with an extensometer and a buckle-type force transducer. Stress-strain curves were obtained for 13 tendons.It is shown that strains to 12% and strain rates to 200%/sec occur normally in the superficial flexor tendon. Stress strain curves and tangent modulus are presented for strains from 0 to 10% at rates from 5 to 100%/sec. Tendon modulus is found to be essentially rate independent in this range.
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    Wear characteristics of UHMW polyethylene: A method for accurately measuring extremely low wear rates (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 895-927 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The wear of UHMW polyethylene bearing against 316 stainless steel or cobalt chrome alloy was measured using a 12-channel wear tester especially developed for the evaluation of candidate materials for prosthetic joints. The coefficient of friction and wear rate was determined as a function of lubricant, contact stress, and metallic surface roughness in tests lasting two to three million cycles, the equivalent of several years' use of a prosthesis. Wear was determined from the weight loss of the polyethylene specimens corrected for the effect of fluid absorption.The friction and wear processes in blood serum differed markedly from those in saline solution or distilled water. Only serum lubrication produced wear surfaces resembling those observed on removed prostheses. The experimental method provided a very accurate reproducible measurement of polyethylene wear. The long-term wear rates were proportional to load and sliding distance and were much lower than expected from previously published data. Although the polyethylene wear rate increased with increasing surface roughness, wear was not severe except with very coarse metal surfaces.The data obtained in these studies forms a basis for the subsequent comparative evaluation of potentially superior materials for prosthetic joints.
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    Announcement (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 943-943 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120616
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    Evaluation of couple/crevice corrosion by prosthetic alloys under in vivo conditions (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 823-829 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Alloys of cast Co-Cr-Mo, wrought Co-Cr-W, wrought Co-Ni-Cr-Mo (MP35N), Ti-6% Al-4% V, and graphite were incorporated in specimens which simulated both a couple and a crevice corrosion condition. These specimens were implanted in a dog for 30 months. Post-sacrifice examination showed no substantial evidence of corrosion activity on the surfaces of the metals except for a tarnish film on the titanium alloy specimens. The presence of the tarnish film is taken as some evidence of corrosion activity and this correlated with a thicker average fibrous membrane, cellular activity in and near the fibrous membrane, and some increased vascularity. These must be regarded as preliminary observations.
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    Corrosion behavior of structural phases in high copper dental amalgamThis paper is based upon a presentation given to the Fifty-fifth General Session of the International Association for Dental Research, Copenhagen, Denmark, March 31-April 3, 1977. (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 857-866 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The effects of crevice corrosion on the major structural phases of a high copper dental amalgam were studied in vitro. Three kinds of samples were used: (1) amalgam prepared from a high copper, single composition alloy, (2) annealed ingots of the Ag3Sn and Cu3Sn phases, and (3) high copper, single composition alloy tablets electroplated with mercury. Specimens were examined in a scanning electron microscope before and after the exposures to a corrosion environment.The Ag3Sn and Cu3Sn phases were least affected by corrosion. The Ag-Hg-Sn phase (γ1) slowly deteriorated, but the attack was nonuniform. The Cu6Sn5 phase exhibited good corrosion resistance, better than that of the γ1 phase. Particles of a tin rich phase of uncertain origin were observed on some of the samples after long exposures.
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    Stimulation of bone formation by a swelling endosseous implant (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 929-933 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Re: Biocompatibility testing of polymers: In vitro studies with in vivo correlation (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 941-941 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120615
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    Surface texture and strength of vitreous carbon-poly(methyl methacrylate) dental implant materials (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 167-179 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A study has been carried out on the surface texture and the strength of several dental implant materials composed of vitreous carbon microballoons (6, 24, and 48 wt %) and poly(methyl methacrylate). Two sizes of microballoons were used - particle size less than 100 μm and particle size greater than 100 μm. Square wafers of the materials (10 × 10 × 1 mm) were studied with the surface sandblasted in half of the specimens. SEM studies revealed a rough porous surface with scattered moderately sized deep cavities in the 6% and 24% specimens with an increase in the number of cavities in the 24% specimens. The 48% specimens revealed a rough, porous surface composed of large shallow craters.Prepared specimens of the materials, processed by a gas-fired air oven and by a microwave oven, were tested for compressive strength and tensile strength using an Instron Universal Testing Machine. Compressive strengths of the various mixtures were similar, but mixtures using VC particle size over 100 μm demonstrated somewhat reduced compressive strength. Tensile strengths of the mixtures decreased significantly as the amount of VC increased, with a 20% reduction at 24 wt % and a 45% reduction at 48 wt %.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120204
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    Biocompatibility testing of polymers: In vivo implantation studiesAll reprint requests should be addressed to Librarian, USAMBRDL. (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 219-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An in vivo method is described for screening polymeric materials for biocompatibility. The test is based on grading acute and subacute tissue reactions at 7 and 28 days, respectively, following implantation in rats. The method is reproducible and reliable. It is designed to provide uniform test criteria for biocompatibility assessment in the early phases of the development of surgical implant materials.
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    Strength of a dense alumina ceramic after aging in vitro (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 241-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Rods of dense alumina ceramic were aged in Ringer's solution for time periods up to 12 weeks, with half of the rods being aged while mechanically stressed. Pyrex-type glass rods were similarly tested for comparison purposes. No reduction in flexural strength was observed in dense alumina rods after aging, providing no permeation of the solution into the ceramic occurred. However, a marked reduction in flexural strength was experienced by alumina rods, nominally dense and nonporous, into which some permeation of the saline solution was observed after aging; the largest reduction in strength occurred in such rods aged while mechanically stressed. The results indicate the importance and advantage of using densely sintered alumina ceramics as implants for optimum structural performance over an extended time period.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120209
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    Masthead (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120301
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    Endothelial cell culture on Dacron fabrics of different configurations (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 517-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The growth of tissue-cultured aortic endothelial cells from the calf using 12 different configurations of Dacron polyester (U.S. Catheter and Instrument Co.) as substrates was studied. Scanning electron microscopy showed maximum cell coverage on tightly knit configurations, whereas loose knits and velours did not support cell growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120406
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    Experimental infections along subcutaneous conduits (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 557-570 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: To determine whether progressive infection along percutaneous conduits (PC) usually leads to infection of cardiac assist devices, two PCs each were implanted into the subcutis of 11 dogs. One month later, one end of one conduit was inoculated with either E. coli or S. aureus. The resulting infections in all dogs progressed little during the first two weeks and in 10 of the 11 animals involved less than 40% of the total length of the PC. Bacteriological tests one month after the infecting organisms were introduced showed that they were no longer present at the site of inoculation in 4 of the 11 dogs and no bacteria were found at the opposite end of the inoculated PCs or in the noninoculated PCs. Histological observations confirmed these results and indicated that in all animals encapsulation of the infected area prevented its further enlargement.
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    Etchants for the tin-mercury phase of dental amalgam (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 579-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120412
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    Large quantities of dental alloys by splat cooling (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 939-940 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120614
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  • 156
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    Histologic response to porous PMMA implant materials (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 13-33 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Poly(methyl methacrylate) as used in polymer replica tooth implants was fabricated into 6 × 6 mm cylindrical specimens and cured in either an air oven, pressure pot, autoclave, or microwave oven. Polymer porosity was achieved by means of either (1) intrinsic foaming agents, or (2) compacting different sizes of large beads with a minimum of monomer, with dense PMMA used as a control. Specimens were then implanted in the long bones of baboons.Histology of thin-sectioned and ground specimens from the sacrificed animals revealed complete tissue ingrowth into implanted material made of medium and large PMMA beads, very superficial ingrowth into material containing foaming agents and anorganic bone chips, and no ingrowth into dense PMMA implants.None of the implants were rejected or caused chronic inflammation. The effect on histologic response of the different curing methods could not be distinguished.
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    Masthead (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120501
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    Mathematical models for the release of drugs from matrix tablets (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 627-634 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A previously derived cubic equation describing the release of drugs from matrix tablets is compared with a more complex equation recently presented. Using data obtained from cylindrical hydrocortisone matrix tablets, it is shown that the simpler cubic equation affords an equally acceptable description of drug release. Because the cubic equation contains a release-rate constant Kr that is independent of tablet shape, a congruency between this equation and other historical models of diffusion may be demonstrated. It is suggested, given the complexity of drug disposition in vivo, that simplicity in modeling is a desirable goal.
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    Announcements (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 123-124 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120111
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    Masthead (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820120201
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    Stress relaxation of dental amalgam alloys (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 115-121 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Short-term stress relaxation of four dental amalgam alloys was studied. Test materials included two conventional lathe-cut restoratives, a spherical alloy, and a dispersed phase product. Specimens were 24-hr-old 4 × 8-mm cylinders. The specimens were compressed and held at constant strain on development of a stress (S0) of 28 MN/m2. Subsequent stress relaxation (Dt) was recorded for 60 sec. Data were obtained at eight nominal temperatures between 0 and 55°C.Over the experimental temperature range, fractional stress losses at 60 sec (Dt/S0/60) for specimens made from lathe-cut alloys increased from 10% to 58%. The spherical material and the dispersed phase alloy showed fractional stress losses (Dt/S0/60) ranging from 9% to 47% and 9% to 31%, respectively.It would appear that particle morphology and alloy composition affect stress-relaxation behavior of dental amalgam. Stress decay patterns enhance significantly the mechanical characterization of amalgam alloys.
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    Compatibility and long-term stability of glass-ceramic implantsPaper presented at the 8th International Biomaterials Symposium, Philadelphia, 1976. (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 307-316 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The biocompatible and bioactive glass-ceramic material Ceravital, which has been developed, can be adapted to the physiological conditions of the organism by apropriately monitoring its chemical composition. The material exhibits a remarkable long-term stability in in vitro solubility tests and when used as implants in animal experiments.
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    The appearances of wear on polyethylene - a comparison of in vivo and in vitro wear surfaces (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 317-335 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An examination has been made of the wear surfaces of 21 ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene components of hip and knee joint prostheses removed from patients. Both light optics and scanning electron microscope systems of examination have been used. The appearances are compared with specimens subjected to two different in vitro wear tests. Surface appearances related to the wear experience have been classified into seven modes. At least four of these are evidences of what may be four different wear mechanisms. Entrapment of bone-cement particles between articulating surfaces is fundamentally extraneous but is seen to generate the most severe wear. In the absence of bone-cement particles, in vivo, wear seems to be mild. Wear in vitro produces similar surface modes but with different relative emphasis.
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    The effect of the cooling rate of dental alloys on their amalgamation properties (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 367-380 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Silver-tin alloys of various compositions (60-80 atomic % Ag) have been prepared from the melt using cooling rates from about 50°C/hr to about 106°C/sec. Structural differences due to the different cooling rates were shown by metallographic and x-ray diffraction techniques. From each composition and cooling rate, powders were then prepared and amalgamated. The amalgams were tested for Hg content, dimensional change during setting, and tensile strength. Changes in cooling rates had some effect on the relative amounts of phases present but primarily affected the grain sizes. In general, the faster the cooling rate, the smaller the grain size; the smaller the grain size, the faster and more uniform the amalgamation; the more uniform the amalgamation, the stronger the amalgam. Storage of the alloy powders at room temperature slowed their amalgamation rates, destroyed their uniformity, and resulted in weaker amalgams. However, no phase changes were observed by x-ray diffraction in the freshly comminuted alloys after aging at room temperature for two months.
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    Maxillofacial prostheses of chlorinated polyethylene (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 421-431 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: There is clearly a need for maxillofacial prosthetic materials with improved properties. The chlorinated polyethylenes are thermoplastic elastomers which have particularly promising properties, and were used by us to prepare improved maxillofacial prostheses. Suitable CPE resins were compounded with other polymers and with pigments on a heated rubber mill to form thin sheets in a variety of shades. These were heated at 190°C for 10 min and placed between heated linotype mold halves. The prosthesis was formed in a hand press. Sometimes heating and pressing were repeated. After cooling in water, the prosthesis was removed and hand-shaded with oil-soluble dyes. Physical properties were evaluated using standard techniques; skin irritation studies were conducted by 14-day insult patch tests on rabbits. Clinical evaluations were conducted on human volunteers. Parallel evaluations were conducted on commercially available materials for comparison. The CPE was superior to all of the three commercial materials in most properties, and comparable to the better of the three in the remaining properties. On balance, CPE was significantly superior. Early results indicate that the materials and techniques required are easily handled in the dental lab and that the final prosthesis has excellent aesthetic and patient acceptability.
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    The effect of antibiotic additions on the mechanical properties of acrylic cement (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 473-490 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Early work on hip prosthesis showed that the metal component would loosen in bone even when screws were used. This practice resulted in the death and resorption of the bone; thus cement was used in orthopedic surgery for firm implantation of prostheses. In recent years antibiotics have been added to the cement as a prophylaxis against infection.This research investigates the effects of antibiotics on the diametral tensile and compression strength of the cement. Samples made with 2 g of antibiotic per surgical packet of bone cement containing the antibiotics gentamicin, keflin, and a combination of the two were tested. These samples were aged at ambient temperature for periods of 1 day and 1, 2, 8, 13, and over 30 weeks.A statistical analysis using a two-way analysis of variance with interaction was conducted. It was concluded that the compression strength was affected by the antibiotic, and not by the aging period, but that there is an antibiotic-aging period interaction. The tensile strength is not affected by either the antibiotic or the aging period, and there is an antibiotic-aging period interaction. Current work being conducted will analyze additional factors and interactions.
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    Acid phosphatase activity as enzymatic assay of biomedical compatibility of polymers (1978)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 12 (1978), S. 767-771 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Interactions of synthetic and natural surfaces with blood in the physiological environmentInvited paper presented at the Symposium on Reactions at Polymer Surfaces, Section III - Biological Interactions, Division of Polymer Chemistry, National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, August, 1975. (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 1-21 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Efforts to explain blood compatibility with synthetic and natural surfaces based on a single parameter or a single biological test procedure have either been unsuccessful or led to misleading generalizations. The problem reflects the complex interdependence between material's properties, the composition and properties of blood, and in vivo biorheological conditions. Among the initial events that occur when materials contact blood is the very rapid adsorption of plasma proteins; this process effectively influences the subsequent interactions with the formed blood elements, especially the platelets with the proteinated surfaces.In the case of natural surfaces, when the endothelium is damaged, collagen may become exposed that may cause the activation, adhesion, and aggregation of platelets leading to thrombosis. Current evidence indicates that the platelet-aggregating ability of collagen depends on its “multimeric” or fibrillar structure, rather than on the activation of the platelet-bound enzyme system. Under normal conditions, the flowing blood is probably not in direct contact with endothelial cells that line the blood vessel walls, but with an adsorbed layer of plasma proteins. Should a formation of a multilayer of plasma proteins occur following the initial adsorption of a monolayer, this process could be influenced by changes in the solubility of the proteins, especially fibrinogen, the solubility of which is quite low in plasma. The hypothesis is proposed that such changes may be intimately related to the electrical properties of proteins present in the vascular wall and in blood. It is possible that these properties play a much greater role in thrombogenesis and in the problem of blood compatibility than is currently appreciated.Considering synthetic polymers, a number of these have been prepared that exhibit little adverse effects on blood components and, at the same time, retain their physical properties for various periods of time in the physiological environment. These combined biological and physical properties make them useful for various prosthetic and other biomedical applications in surgery and therapy.
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    The reactivity of α-chymotrypsin immobilized on radiation-grafted hydrogel surfaces (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 111-123 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The enzymatic activity of α-chymotrypsin (CT), immobilized on hydrogelcoated polymer film supports, has been investigated. The support was prepared by radiation-graft copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and methacrylic acid (MAAc) on silicone rubber films. The enzyme was covalently coupled to the carboxylic group of MAAc via the N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester active intermediate.Increasing MAAc contents of the hydrogel resulted in increased attachment of CT. The integrity of the CT active site after attachment was assessed by an active site titration with diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP). As the MAAc content of the hydrogel was increased, an increasing fraction of the attached CT retained its activity to DFP. A greater fraction of CT was active towards DFP when adsorbed than when coupled.The rates of hydrolysis of some synthetic model substrates by the immobilized CT were also measured. The negative charge on the hydrogel had a large effect on the rates of these hydrolyses. The pH optimum for the hydrolysis of N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester (ATEE) by immobilized CT was higher than that of free CT. Increasing MAAc content of the hydrogel resulted in larger shifts in the pH optimum. The maximum rates of ATEE hydroylsis per mg CT declined sharply with increasing MAAc content of the hydrogel. This is probably related to the increasing repulsive force between the ATEE (negatively charged above ⋍ pH 9.5) and the hydrogel with increasing MAAc content. The activity of immobilized CT to ATEE is small compared to that of free CT, partly due to this charge effect. Conversely, the rate of hydrolysis of BAEE, a positively charged substrate, by immobilized CT at pH 11, is almost fourfold greater than that by free CT at its pH optimum.
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    Effect of fluoride on the stabilization of metal implants in the femur of rabbits (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 187-193 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A single application of fluoride to the epiphysis of the femur induced accelerated bone formation. The additional bone gave rise to a stability effect on the implant inserted in the femur as expressed by an increased dislodgement force required.
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    A percutaneous implant using a porous metal surface coating for adhesion to bone and a velour covering for soft tissue attachment: Results of trials in pigs (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 883-891 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A percutaneous implant for the attachment of an artificial limb has been designed and tested in 14 pigs. Firm fixation to beone was achieved with the porous-surface layered metal intramedullary stem design in some cases. Dacron velour was used at the soft tissue interface. Evidence of soft tissue ingrowth was seen. However, the velour was unable to maintain adequate epithelial adhesion to form an anatomical seal and a barrier to bacteria.
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    Preface (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. III 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820110102
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    Masthead (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820110101
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    Reactions of human platelets with microspheres of poly(hydroxymethyl methacrylate) and polyacrylamide (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 39-50 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We have studied the contact interaction of platelets with hydrogels. In the form of microspheres, 0.6-1.0 μ, poly (glycol methacrylate) (poly HEMA) and poly (methyl methacrylate) beads cause platelets to aggregate at concentrations of about 108 beads/ml. Polyacrylamide and (20/80) poly (acrylamide-HEMA) copolymer were ineffective in aggregating platelets. The admixture of 20% methacrylate to polyHEMA rendered the beads inactive. Blood plasma components other than fibrinogen were found essential to the interaction of the beads with platelets. Near-infrared spectra of the hydrogels polyacrylamide and polyHEMA showed the water hydrogen bonds to be the same for both and different from those in pure water. The monomer HEMA is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation and the release reaction at levels of 0.1%. It is concluded that the two hydrogels have different blood compatibilities, which depend more on the network structures than the water structures in the respective gels.
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    Development of blood-compatible elastomers. V. Surface structure and blood compatibility of avcothane elastomers (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 69-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The Avcothane 51 elastomer, a member of a series of proprietary materials best characterized as polyurethane/poly(dialkylsiloxane) block copolymers, displays considerable hemocompatibility without any incorporated anticoagulants. In the form of intra-aortic balloons, the elastomer was implanted in several thousands of cardiac patients without intolerable hematologic effects. Hemocompatibility has been assumed to result from a predominantly dispersion-type surface force field whose intensity fluctuates within small domains, maintaining adsorbed blood proteins in an unstable state. The relative hemocompatibility of films, which were obtained from a prepolymer solution cast on substrates impenetrable to the solvent, is a function of the effective surface molecular structure. This can vary as a function of preparative conditions (temperature and rate of evaporation), and has been correlated with an anisotropic distribution of the silicone component in cured films. The concentration of this component in surface layers was quantified independently by IRATR spectroscopy and electronmicroprobe analysis, giving consistent results. An IRATR index, which is computed from the ratio of absorptivities measured at 13.00 and 12.62 μ and is inversely proportional to the relative silicone content of surface layers, was found to correlate with the apparent hemocompatibility determined by different in vitro methods. Optimized reproducible hemocompatibility is attained by strict process controls.
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    Masthead (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820110201
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    Reactions of the articular capsule to wear products of artificial joint prostheses (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 157-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Examination of a great number of tissue samples taken from the newly formed capsules surrounding artificial joints reveals small particles of prosthetic material. Abraded from the joint by wear and tear, these particles of plastic, metal, and acrylic cement initiate a foreign-body reaction and result in the formation of granulation tissue, including macrophages and foreign-body giant cells. Typical features of tissue reactions exist for each of the materials from which prostheses are made. The consequent formation of scar tissue produces a thickening of the capsule, which, in turn, may cause a reduction in the mobility of the joint.In small amounts, the foreign-body particles are eliminated via the perivascular lymph spaces. Where this transport system is insufficient to handle the volume, however, the foreign-body response may extend to the whole environment surrounding the joint. In such cases, there may be loosening of the cemented prosthetic parts because of deterioration of contiguous bone anchors by the tissue membrane lining the bone cement.
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    Evaluation of a biodegradable ceramic (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 179-186 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An evaluation of a porous biodegradable ceramic, tricalcium phosphate, has been carried out. When implanted in cancellous bone, it is rapidly infiltrated with bone and slowly resorbed. When held rigidly against raw, bleeding, cortical bone, again rapid bone ingrowth occurs.The material does not give rise to any untoward tissue reaction, nor does it cause any systemic reaction. It can therefore be concluded that the material is safe for use in clinical practice, and can be used in specific instances either to replace or to supplement bone grafting.
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    Immobilization of enzymes on slowly soluble carriers (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 223-235 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The preparation and some properties of microspheres composed of oxidized polysaccharides and some vinyl polymers are described. The microspheres contain immobilized enzyme and can be slowly solubilized in water solutions, thereby releasing active a enzyme into the surrounding medium. The kinetic characteristics of the immobilized enzyme bound with a fragment of matrix after complete solubilization are unchanged, but the enzyme exhibits high thermostability. These preparations could have a wide range of medical applications, e.g., to form a drug “depot” directly in an affected organ.
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    A new antithrombogenic heparinized polymer (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 251-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A new antithrombogenic polymer was synthesized by photoinduced graft copolymerization of both a hydrophilic polymer and a cationic polymer to hydrophobic poly (vinyl chloride) copolymer, and by quarternizing and heparinizing the obtained graft copolymer.For polymers of various compositions obtained by the method described above, chemical composition, water absorption, membrane potential, and quantity of adsorbed heparin were determined and antithrombogenicity evaluated in vivo. Thus, it has been found that the polymer of excellent antithrombogenicity has a negative membrane potential, a moderate elution rate of heparin, adsorbs heparin in a quantity of approximately 15 wt-%, and has a degree of water adsorption of about 30 wt-%. Also, measurement of membrane potential was very useful for the estimation of the quantity of the adsorbed heparin and its change with time.
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    Influence of the heat treatment of commercial amalgam alloys on the phase composition of the alloys and the creep of the resulting amalgams (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 339-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The influence of heat treatment of dental alloys at several temperatures on the phases present in the alloy and the creep of the resulting amalgam as well as the correlation between phase changes and the creep was investigated. A dependence of the creep on the temperature of the heat treatment of the alloy was established. Substantial phase changes were observed after the different heat treatments. No correlation was detected between the creep rate and the changes in phases present in the dental alloys. A thermodynamically oriented explanation of the relation between the creep of the amalgam and the state of (non-) equilibrium of the corresponding amalgam alloy was proposed and discussed.
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    Fabrication of large arrays of cortical electrodes for use in man (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 347-364 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Techniques are described for fabrication of electrode arrays for stimulation and/or recording from a human cerebral cortex. These arrays may be neurosurgically inserted (with or without a Penrose drain) in the course of a conventional craniotomy or craniectomy, and are easily removed without reopening the ineision. Termination of the connecting wires in a special percutaneous pedestal has also permitted chronic implantation. The contacts and connecting wires are made of pure platinum embedded in a Teflon ribbon-cable matrix. The choice of materials combines biological acceptability, electrochemical stability, and integrity of the insulation, but imposes special fabrication procedures.
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    Biodegradability and tissue reaction of random copolymers of L-leucine, L-aspartic acid, and L-aspartic acid esters (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 405-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A series of copoly(α-amino acids) with varying percentages of hydrophilic (l-aspartic acid) and hydrophobic monomers (l-leucine, β-methyl-l-aspartate, and β-benzyl-l-aspartate) were implanted subcutaneously in rats and the macroscopic degradation behavior was studied. Three groups of materials (A, B, C) with different ranges of hydrophilicity were distinguished: A) hydrophobic materials showed no degradation after 12 weeks; B) more hydrophilic materials revealed a gradual reduction in size of the samples, but were still present after 12 weeks; and C) hydrophilic copolymers disappeared within 24 hr.The tissue reactions caused by the materials of group A resembled that of silicone rubber, whereas those of group B showed a more cellular reaction.
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    The strength of LTI carbon dental implants (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 435-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In vitro mechanical tests have been performed on a variety of LTI pyrolytic carbon blade-type dental implants, and the test results have been analyzed using an analytical model. Tensile stresses at fracture were calculated to be about 5 × 104 psi and 8 × 103 psi in the LTI carbon coating and the graphite substrate, respectively. These values are close to their respective fracture strengths. The fracture loads predicted by the model are in good agreement with data obtained from the mechanical tests and are higher than forces expected in mastication.
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    Blood compatibility of methyl, methyl vinyl, methyl phenyl, and trifluoropropylmethylvinyl silicone rubber without silica fillers in the spiral-coiled membrane lung (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 471-481 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Spiral-coiled membrane lungs of 0.6 m2 surface area were fabricated from silicone rubber membranes coated with four types of commercially available pure-gum polysiloxane rubber: 1) polytrifluoropropylmethylvinylsiloxane, 2) polymethylphenylsioxane, 3) polymethylvinylsiloxane, and 4) polydimethylsiloxane.Membrane lungs were tested in an arteriovenous shunt without added heparin after bypass was begun. All groups except group 4 had major rise in resistance to blood flow or clotting in over 33% of the membrane lungs studied, after 6 hr of bypass. Membrane lungs with polydimethylsiloxane (group 4) had no rise in resistance to blood flow during 24 hr of bypass and had the least amount of changes in blood platelet count.
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    Analysis of biomaterials deposited on soft contact lenses (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 525-535 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Formation of opaque deposits on the anterior (air) surface of hydrophilic soft contact lenses is a problem worthy of investigation by all concerned. These deposits have been analyzed for biomaterials by chemical, biochemical, electrophoretic, and immunological techniques. Qualitative and quantitative chemical colorimetric tests revealed the presence of variable amounts of protein (5-10 μg/lens), carbohydrate (1.0-1.2 μg/lens), and phospholipids (0.01-0.05 μmole/lens). Cholesterol and glucose were not present at detectable levels. Fluorescent antibody tests with appropriate controls gave positive tests for albumin, lysozyme, γ-G-globulin, and α1-lipoprotein in the deposits, all proteins presents in tear fluid. Deposits were most effectively removed from the lenses by the combination of heat, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) detergent, and the thiol reagent dithiothreitol (DTT). SDS-denatured protein migrated on polyacrylamide gels with electrophoretic patterns corresponding to molecular weights for those proteins detected by the above antibody tests. The nature of the bonding interactions of biomaterials to the lenses was probed by chemical reagents used to remove them, employed singly and in all possible combinations. Urea, guanidine hydrochloride, potassium thiocyanate, potassium perchlorate, hydroxylamine, and EDTA were much less effective than SDS and DTT. These data suggest that apolar interactions plus disulfide bonds may be important in stabilizing the deposit structure, and point to improved cleaning procedures.
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    Analysis of the ingredients and determination of the residual components of acrylic bone cements (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 577-607 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Rapid and reliable methods for the characterization and quantitative determination of ingredients usually present in self-curing methacrylate bone cements were developed using spectrophotometric, gas chromatographic (GC), and conventional gravimetric procedures. These procedures are applicable to non-crosslinked methacrylate resins. In the presence of some copolymers, polymer blends or crosslinking agents, or other ingredients which will result in the formation of insoluble methacrylate resins, some modification of the identification procedures and quantitative estimation of the resin components will be required. Molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the powder and cured cement were obtained from viscosity and gel-permeation measurements. Residual low molecular weight materials in the cured cement were determined for various storage times. Residual and water-leachable monomer and residual dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMPT) were measured by GC. In air, the monomer content of the cured resin decreased from 3.3% after 1 hr to 2.4% after 215 days. When stored in water at 37°C, over 65% of the extractable monomer is leached out within 10 min. After 6 hr, the rate of diffusion of monomer into the aqueous phase is low. The cured cement contains as much as 0.6% DMPT, which does not leach out. Residual peroxide, estimated spectrophotometrically, amounts to 0.8%, but decreases to 0.14% after 15 months in water at 37°C. A semiquantitative colorimetric test indicated that the hydroquinone content of specimens analyzed within 24 hr after curing amounted to 9 ppm.
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    Experimental observations on the corrosion of Ag3Sn amalgams (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 629-632 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Stress-generated potentials in bone: Effects of collagen modifications (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 677-700 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The effect of collagen modification on the magnitude of stress-generated potentials has been studied. A whole bone model has been developed for determining the effects of collagen crosslinking on the electrical signals. Increased crosslinking results in larger electrical signals, and such increases result whether in vivo or in vitro changes in the collagen are made.
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    Temperature control of a bone cement by addition of a crystalline monomer (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 671-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The peak temperature reached during the polymerization of a bone cement was reduced by addition of solid N-vinylcarbazole to the powder component. It was also necessary to saturate the liquid component with N-vinylcarbazole to prevent dissolution from the modified powder component on mixing. It is believed that this technique is generally applicable and opens up the possibility of achieving temperature control of bone cements with choice from a range of crystalline monomers.
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    Degradation rates of oral resorbable implants (polylactates and polyglycolates): Rate modification with changes in PLA/PGA copolymer ratios (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 711-719 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This study determined the difference in rate of degradation between pure polymers of lactic acid (PLA), glycolic acid (PGA), and various ratios of copolymers of these two substances. Fast-cured and slow-cured polyglycolide was compared with copolymers of glycolide/lactide intermixed in ratios of 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75, as well as pure polylactide. A total of 420 rats were implanted with carbon-14 and tritium-labeled polymers in bone and soft tissue. At intervals of 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 months, groups of five animals with the implants in bone and five with the implants in the abdominal wall were sacrificed. The implant area as well as tissue from the liver, spleen, kidney, lung and some muscle tissue was analyzed for radioactivity along with the urine and feces collected throughout the experiment. Half-lives of the different polymers and copolymers were calculated from the radioactivity present in the implant area for each time interval. Half-life of the polymers and copolymers decreased from 5 months for 100% PGA to 1 week with 50:50 PGA:PLA copolymer and rapidly increased to 6.1 months for 100% PLA. Fast-cured PGA had a half-life in tissue of 0.85 months. No difference in rate of degradation was seen in soft tissue or bone. No significant radioactivity was detected in urine, feces, or tissue samples. From this study, it is concluded that control of degradation rate of the implant could best be attained by varying the composition of PLA and PGA between 75% and 100% PLA along with a corresponding 25% to 0% PGA. This would provide a half-life range of the implant of from 2 weeks to 6 months.
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    Blood-compatible materials by fluid perfusionPresented at the Eighth International Biomaterials Symposium, Philadelphia, Pa., April 10-13, 1976. (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 767-786 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The feasibility of preventing platelet adhesion to porous foreign surfaces in contact with blood by passing (perfusing) a physiologic fluid through the pores into the blood was tested. Porous-walled tubes of Teflon (Gore-tex) and aluminosilicate ceramic were perfused with lactated Ringer's solution at rates between 3.13 and 0.3 cc/min per cm2 of perfused surface and exposed to heparinized and unheparinized flowing human whole blood for periods of 3-6 min. Under these conditions, with 0.159 cm I.D. tubes and a mean blood flow rate of 8.3 cm/sec, the adhesion of all blood cells was prevented, compared with the adhesion of 1 to 8 × 106 platelets/cm2 on the nonperfused controls. The adhesion of plasma proteins was also markedly reduced as determined by bromophenol blue staining.The critical perfusion rate to prevent platelet adhesion to Gore-tex (0.5 μ pore size, 60% pore volume) was found to be between 0.04 and 0.3 cc/ (min · cm2). The boundary layer produced by a perfused segment of porous tubing prevented platelet adhesion for several centimeters downstream from the perfusing segment under experimental conditions used.
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    Influence of a functional dynamic loading on bone ingrowth into surface pores of orthopedic implants (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 811-838 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The present status of skeletal fixation of permanent orthopedic implants by poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is discussed. It is proposed that alternatives to the acrylic cement can improve the skeletal fixation. The present paper is concerned with the fixation method by bone ingrowth into pores of the implant surface.Two different implantation models have been designed to investigate the influence of load bearing upon ingrowth in surface pores of the implant: intramedullary nails as a means of fixation of a femoral pseudarthrosis and hinged knee prostheses. In each animal, implants with identical material characteristics (pore size, density, and thickness of the porous layer) but different loading conditions were used: one implant was “statically” loaded, the other “dynamically.” This procedure allows the evaluation of ingrowth with regard to load bearing only.Two different mean pore sizes, viz., 87 and 110 μm, have been used with the two models. After an 8 week implantation period, bone ingrowth was evident for the statically loaded implants. Calcified tissue ingrowth was, however, not observed in the dynamically loaded implants. The discrepancy in bone ingrowth behavior between the statically and the dynamically loaded implants has been attributed to 1) the gross movement or the micromovement existing at the bone prosthesis interface and 2) the fact that the critical mean pore size for ingrowth with static loading is smaller than the one with dynamic loading.The experimental implantations allow still another conclusion: the results suggest that designs of present clinical prostheses fixed by bone cement cannot be used with the alternative fixation by bone ingrowth unless the deisgn has been changed in a fundamental way. Mechanical factors as well as the phenomenology of bone ingrowth fixation account for this conclusion.
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    A polymethacrylate-silica composite material for dental implants (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 893-901 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A study has been carried out on the structure and surface texture of a new dental implant material composed of silica microspheres (3 or 5 wt %) and poly(methyl methacrylate). A recently developed composite material composed of vitreous carbon microballoons and poly(methyl methacrylate) has proven highly successful in clinical use, but the black color presents aesthetic problems at the gingival margin. The new material was developed in order to reproduce the many desirable qualities of the vitreous carbon-polymethacrylate composite, while omitting the black color. Square wafers (10 mm × 10 mm × 1 mm) were studied, with the surface sandblasted in half of the specimens. Light microscopy revealed an even spacing of spherical configurations throughout the material. Scanning electron microscope studies revealed a finely porous surface with many large craters in the sandblasted specimens.
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    On the fate of methyl methacrylate in blood (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 211-221 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The fate of methyl methacrylate in fresh human blood was investigated in vitro by using gas chromatography. It was found that methyl methacrylate is present in cells in concentrations twice as large as in plasma, but it disappears exponentially with time at a rate that is at least 10 times faster than that in cells. The rate constant in cells is very small or even zero. The half-life of methyl methacrylate in whole blood is 3 hr at 20°C. Gas chromatography is a convenient method for the rapid determination of methyl methacrylate levels in blood.
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    Analysis of bioglass fixation of hip prostheses (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 267-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The analysis of the bonding interface between hip prostheses and bone after functional use in animals was carried out. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive analysis (EDX), and Auger electron spectroscopy were used to evaluate the bonding interface. Various methods of postsacrifice sample preparation were used to evaluate the effect of such different methods on the analysis of the bonding interface. Comparison of the results with several rat tibia implant experiments is also presented.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820110211
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  • 197
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    Properties of heparin-poly (methyl methacrylate) copolymers. II (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 283-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A heparin-poly (methyl methacrylate) copolymer in which heparin has been covalently bound was studied. This copolymer showed no release of heparin but presented heparin-like anticoagulant activity when suspended in plasma. After contact with plasma, the copolymer lost part of its antithrombin activity which could be restored by a high ionic-strength medium. Because of its solid form, this copolymer offers new possibilities for producing interesting anticoagulant surfaces.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820110212
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  • 198
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    Effect of collagen crosslinking on the rate of resorption of implanted collagen tubing in rabbits (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 297-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Collagen tubes were tanned with glutaraldehyde for different periods of time. Some were oxidized with periodate and sterilized with either 60Co (1.5 Mrad) or propylene oxide. The tubes were coated with polyfilamentous polyester fabric, filled with x-ray contrast material, and implanted subcutaneously in rats and rabbits. Rate of resorption was ascertained by x-ray procedure of progressive leakage of contrast material.A close relation between tanning time of the collagen fabric-combined prostheses and rate of their resorption in subcutis was found in both rats and rabbits. In rabbits, however, the implants were resorbed at a significantly faster rate than in rats. No effect of oxidation of collagen on the resorption was observed. Collagen tubes tanned for shorter time periods and sterilized with propylene oxide were more resistant to degradation than those sterilized with irradiation. This difference was absent, however, with material tanned for longer times.The mechanism of resorption of implanted collagen tubes was studied by morphological methods. The role of inflammatory cells in resorption is documented. The paper indicates the advantages as well as limits of the x-ray method of studying the resorption rate of biodegradable materials.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820110213
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  • 199
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    Inhibition and enhancement of platelet aggregation by collagen derivatives (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 365-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Rat tail tendon tropocollagen rapidly caused the aggregation of blood platelets coincident with collagen multimerization. Several long-chain alkyl derivatives of collagen, however, were completely unable to induce platelet aggregation even at unusually high concentrations. These collagen derivatives varied in their polymerization properties, and the polymerization of tropocollagen derivatives was shown not necessarily to be a prerequisite for platelet aggregation. These collagen derivatives may enhance the antithrombogenic properties of collagenbased prostheses. A short-chain derivative, collagen-glycine ethyl ester, profoundly enhanced platelet aggregation in the absence of any measurable polymerization. This derivative may be useful as a growth-promoting burn dressing.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820110305
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  • 200
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    Development of semicrystalline poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels for biomedical applications (1977)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 423-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Swollen crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) networks were developed and tested as potential biomaterials. They were prepared by electron-beam irradiation of aqueous PVA solutions at various temperatures and doses of irradiation. These materials were characterized by low mechanical properties and especially by low elongation at break and ultimate tensile strength. Reinforcement was achieved by a two-stage dehydration-annealing process, introducing crystallites in the polymeric network. Improved mechanical properties were achieved due to the presence of this crystalline PVA phase. Due to their structure, these hydrogels are proposed to be used as biomembranes for selective transport of macromolecules and as biomaterials for synthetic articular cartilage applications. Surface heparinization was accomplished by reacting heparin to the hydroxyl groups of the PVA surface, through covalent acetal bridges.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820110309
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