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  • Articles  (36)
  • Nitrate  (36)
  • Springer  (36)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 1980-1984  (36)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (36)
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  • Articles  (36)
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  • Springer  (36)
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  • 1
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    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 359-381 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alaska ; Ammonium ; Birch ; Forest-floor ; Isotopedilution ; Kinetics ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen pool
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An analysis was conducted of nitrogen dynamics in the forest floor of a paper birch forest in subarctic Alaska. Low addition levels of high enrichment isotope (〈1% of the total nitrogen pool with 95 to 99 atom percent excess15N) and isotope dilution analysis, were used to establish the kinetics of nitrogen flow. The pools examined were NH4, NO3+NO2, soluble organic-N and forest floor organic matter. This approach allows a more realistic assessment of rates of N movement at the levels of nitrogen concentration encountered in natural systems.
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  • 2
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    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 27-32 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nitrate ; Nitrate reductase ; Nitrogen nutrition ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The seasonal and diurnal variations in nitrate reductase (NR) activity of field grown ‘Altona’ soybean, with and without applied nitrogen, were determined. The NR activity in the fortnightly collected leaf samples was, on the average, 20 percent higher throughout the season in N-treated plants, the highest being early in the season and declining gradually in the samples of subsequent dates. Diurnal variations were marked by increase in the NR activity from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. and then declining gradually to a minimum at 7 a.m. the next morning.
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  • 3
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    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 195-204 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Nitrate ; Cucumber ; Respiration ; Stress ; Root
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Characteristic differences in growth and metabolic responses were observed following treatment of cucumber (Cucumis sativus, cv Suisei No. 2) roots with NH4 + or NO3 − as the sole source of N in solution culture. The most significant differences were: 1. Plant growth was more rapid with NO3 − as the nitrogen source. The plants generally appeared healthier, and pH of the nutrient solution was more stable. 2. Free ammonia appeared in the tissues of roots grown in NH4 + media within 3 hr after introduction of the ammonium ion. A rapid accumulation of amide-N and amino-N in root tissue followed within the next 3 h. 3. Characteristic symptoms of ‘rotten root’ appeared on plants growing in ammonium salts, with increasing severity as the volume of solution accessible to each plant diminished. ‘Rotten root’ symptoms were not observed on plants grown in 20 ppm nitrate-N regardless of the solution volume. 4. Root oxygen uptake was clearly higher in plants grown with NH4 + ion than in those grown in NO3 − ion. 5. Increased levels of mitochondrial enzyme activity were observed in NH4 + grown roots. Malate dehydrogenase, NADH oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase, succinate: cytochrome c oxidoreductase, and NADH: cytochrome c oxidoreductase were all higher in the NH4 + grown plants, even when under anoxic conditions. NADH diaphorase, however, was not significantly increased.
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  • 4
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    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 279-290 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Ammonium ; Copper ; Barley ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of different nitrogen sources (NH4, NO3, and NH4 NO3) on the uptake of copper by wheat and barley growing in solution culture were compared in three experiments. Both the copper concentration and weight gain of shoots and roots were found to decrease in the order NO3〉NH4 NO3〉NH4 irrespective of the solution copper concentration. Ammonium nitrogen was also found to decrease the copper concentration of wheat grown on a copper deficient soil compared with a nitrate source of nitrogen. Increasing concentrations of ammonium ions in solution culture caused ammonium toxicity and reduced both plant copper concentrations and vegetative yield. Biochemical investigations using paper chromatography revealed that the amino acid asparagine was the major detoxification product of ammonia in wheat. Copper deficient plants were found to have elevated levels of amino acids compared with controls, irrespective of the nitrogen source.
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  • 5
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    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 255-263 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alkalin soil ; Ammonium ; Ammonium nitrate ; Ammonium sulfate ; Application method ; Cotton cultivars ; Incubation ; Nitrate ; N loss ; Phytotoxic effect ; Sulfur ; Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of sulfur (S) placement and S rate on the efficiency of urea (U) relative to ammonium sulfate (AS) and ammonium nitrate (AN) for cotton were examined in a pot experiment using sandy clay loam soil (pH 7.9). The results showed that AS and AN application in the absence of S increased the yield than U partly because U-induced damage to plants. The combined application of the N sources with S increased the yields and that, the placement of S in the seed horizon in contact with N was more effective than mixing throughout the soil especially with U. These effects were observed with three cotton cultivars. The addition of S to a maximum of 1.5 g/pot gave further increases in yields or the N content of leaves for U, AS or AN. Using the least squares method, it was found that the presence of S significantly increased the efficiency of U than AS or AN. Incubation of S and the N sources with S in the soil was carried out to understand the growth conditions of cotton fertilized by U in alkalin soil. In the case of U-soil system, the pH increased. NO2−N accumulated and considerable loss of N took place. The pH, NO2−N accumulation and the loss of N decreased with S increments.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Competition ; Ecophysiology ; Hypochaeris radicata ; Nitrate ; Nitrate uptake ; Urtica dioica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A method is described for culturing plants at extremely low nutrient concentrations. Using a Braun infusion pump, a fixed amount of nitrate or ammonium was supplied continuously to plants growing in a culture vessel at a rate limiting the uptake of the plants. At a very low nitrogen concentration an equilibrium was established where uptake rate of the plants is equal to the rate of supply by the infusion pump. The nitrogen concentrations reached appeared to be in the order of 1 μM. The method compared the nitrate uptake byHypochaeris radicata L.ssp.radicata, H. radicata ssp.ericetorum Van Soest andUrtica dioica L. and ammonium uptake byH. radicata ssp.radicata andH. radicata ssp.ericetorum. Plants were cultivated in monocultures or in mixed cultures (two species per culture vessel). For the mixed cultures competition for nitrate (or ammonium) between the species was maintained for long periods. The capacities of the uptake systems of two subspecies ofH. radicata from places different in nitrogen supply and pH were adapted equally well to both low nitrate and low ammonium concentrations. Apparently factors other than nitrogen uptake play a part in the distribution of the subspecies. The capacity of the uptake system ofU. dioica, a nitrophilous species, was lower than that ofH. radicata ssp.radicata, a species from places poorer in nitrogen. This difference is related to the different distribution of the two species in the field. The present results are compared with those of previous experiments where Km and Vmax were measured and the significance of both parameters is discussed.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Deep placement ; Light intensity ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen ; Oryza sativa L. ; Rice ; Surface application ; Urea ; Wetland rice ; Yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Lowland rice (RD 3) was cultivated in containers of clay soil submerged with 5 cm water under controlled conditions in the phytotron. Deep placement of urea supergranules 5 cm in the soil significantly enhanced both plant growth and fertilizer efficiency when the plants were cultivated under high light intensity (70 Wm−2). At the highest urea level grain yield increased 119% above the control level, while growth and fertilizer efficiency was not as high when deep placement of calcium nitrate was used. The application of urea prills and calcium nitrate (18.4g Nm−2) in two split doses on the soil surface increased grain yield as much as 91% above the control level. At the lower nitrogen concentration (9.2 g N m−2), the urea prills were more efficient than calcium nitrate as indicated by the grain yield. The height of those plants fertilized by surface application was affected by the concentration and not the type of fertilizer. The number of tillers, however, was significantly higher on urea fertilized plants. When the rice plants were cultivated under low light intensity 930 Wm−2), neither the nitrogen fertilizers nor the method of application had a significant effect on growth and yield.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aeration ; Calcium ; Carbon dioxide ; Ethylene ; Nitrate ; Nitrite ; Nitrous oxide ; Oxygen ; Potassium ; Roots ; Triticum aestivum ; Waterlogging ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We report a study of the mechanism by which the response of plants to waterlogging can be modified by soil temperature. Wheat was grown initially in well-aerated soil in a controlled environment room before the soil was flooded with aerated, deionized water. The soil temperature was maintained constant in the range 6–18°C while the air temperature was at 14°C. Waterlogging damage was greater in plants at the higher soil temperatures when the plants were compared at the same chronological age. However, when compared at the same growth stage, the response to soil temperature was little differenti.e. plants subjected to waterlogging for a long time at low soil temperatures exhibited a similar reduction in growth and other properties as those subjected briefly at higher temperatures. The concentration of dissolved oxygen in the soil solution declined rapidly at all temperatures, being almost zero after 36 h waterlogging. Temperature affected rates of change of the concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide, ethylene, nitrous oxide, nitrite, nitrate, calcium and potassium. The importance of soil-and plant-determined properties in the waterlogging response of plants at different temperatures are discussed.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Barley ; Fertilizer ; Mineralization ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen-15
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field experiments were carried out using15N-labelled calcium nitrate, to investigate the relative uptake by barley of fertilizer-N and soil-N. On imperfectly drained till soils uptake of soil-N increased with increasing rate of fertilizer, but remained constant on a brown sand, possibly due to more efficient root exploration in the latter soil. In four out of five seasons, late uptake of soil-derived N was a major feature, and uptake from ploughed soil as compared with uptake from direct-drilled soil was correlated with seasonal rainfall patterns. Significantly higher quantities of both fertilizer- and soil-derived N were taken up by winter barley than by spring barley, reflecting the longer growth period and higher dry matter yield from the former crop.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chloride ; Grassland ; Leaching ; Nitrate ; N loss ; Root mat ; Surface layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Measurement of nitrate and chloride in the soil profile have been made in a grassland field at the National Grassland Research Institute, Tochigi, which received heavy applications at the rate of 60 kg/ha of nitrogen and chloride as potassium nitrate and calcium chloride respectively, at 5 days intervals in the summer wet season. The chloride anion was utilized as a tracer of the nitrate anion. Compared with the plots without a root-mat zone (0–2.5 cm), those with a root-mat zone had a lower NO3−N/Cl ratio in the soil surface layer (0–15 cm). Under intensive rainfall (17th July to 5th Sept., 519 mm) and high temperature (23°C), the surface root zone of the grass sward was assumed to be in a significantly reducing condition. From the change of NO3−N/Cl ratio in the soil profile and the plant uptake of nitrogen and chloride, considerable reduction of NO3−N and its loss from the root-mat zone was suggested.
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  • 11
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    Plant and soil 64 (1982), S. 129-138 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Buffering power ; Nitrate ; Nutrient availability ; Phosphate ; Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In most arable soils the nitrate availability depends mainly on the quantity of nitrate present in the rooting zone at the beginning of the growing season. Easily mineralizable organic N and the release of non-exchangeable NH4 from clay minerals may in addition control the nitrogen availability during a season. In flooded soils, ammonium is the major form of nitrogen absorbed by plants. Ammonium dynamics in these soils is similar to that of potassium. The availability of both is controlled mainly by the intensity and buffering power for ammonium or potassium, respectively. Basically, intensity of the supply and buffering power for phosphate are the main factors determining the phosphate availability. The determination of the phosphate buffer power, especially in the root zone, however, remains to be difficult. Soil test methods should take into consideration the major factors and processes relevant to the availability of a particular plant nutrient.
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  • 12
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    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 373-381 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Eucalypt ; Forest ; Nitrate ; Nitrate reductase ; Nitrification ; Pine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three tree species,Eucalyptus regnans (F. Muell.),E. obliqua (L'Herit.),Pinus radiata (D. Don) were grown in sand culture with different proportions of nitrate and ammonium. Nitrate Reductase Activity (NRA) was induced in root tissue of all species and in leaf tissue of the eucalypts. An increasing proportion of nitrate resulted in increasing NRA in all species and hence NRA alone is no indication of N-preference. The highest NRA was found withE. regnans, a result which has also been obtained in the mature forest. The growth ofE. regnans was least with NH4 + alone, whereas that ofE. obliqua was least with NO3 − alone. The soils of matureE. regnans forest have a high potential for nitrification while those ofE. obliqua forest show little nitrification. Thus the preference for particular N sources shown by seedlings in culture is supported by related properties of mature forests. It is postulated however, that the inducibility of a high level of RNA in seedlings is more likely a result of a preference for NO3 − than a cause.
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  • 13
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    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 225-232 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Nitrate ; Nutrient interactions ; Oryza sativa ; Rice ; Solution culture ; Uptake kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An important process which affects the fate of fertilizer nitrogen (N) applied to a rice crop is crop N uptake. This uptake rate is controlled by many factors including the N-ion species and its concentration. In this study the relation between N concentration at the root surface and N uptake was characterized using Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The equation considers two parameters, Vmax and Km, which are measures of the maximum rate of uptake and the affinity of the uptake sites for the nutrient, respectively. Uptake rates of intact rice plants growing in a continuously flowing nutrient solution system were fitted to the Michaelis-Menten model using a weighted regression analysis. For NH4−N the Km values for 4- and 9-week-old rice plants indicated a high affinity for the ammonium ions relative to concentrations reported for rice soils after fertilization. The Vmax values expressed on a unit-root-mass basis decreased with plant age, indicating a reduction in the average density of uptake sites on the root surface. The kinetics of NO3−N uptake was similar to that of NH4−N when NO3−N was the only N source. However, if NH4−N and NO3−N were present simultaneously in the solution the Vmax for the uptake of NO3−N was severely reduced, while the Km was affected very little. This inhibition appears to be noncompetitive. Fertilization of young rice plants leading to concentration of N at the root surface above approximately 900 μM will not increase crop uptake and may contribute to inefficient N recovery by the crop. The existence of NH4−N and NO3−N simultaneously at the root surface may also lead to inefficient N recovery because of reduced uptake of NO3−N.
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  • 14
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 35-47 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cereals ; Exchangeable ammonium ; Grassland ; Leaching loss ; Log-normal distribution ; Mineral N ; N balance ; Nitrate ; steady-state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inputs and outputs to the N balance of a clay soil catchment (Evesham and Kingston series) under grassland and cereals at Wytham near Oxford were measured over 2 years. Soil mineral N (NH4+NO3) was measured to 1 m depth at intervals of 2 to 8 weeks. The frequency distribution of these values was approximately log-normal and the geometric mean was used as an estimate of central tendency. Overall, soil mineral N tended to decrease during the study period, but marked fluctuations were observed in autumn (October–November) and early spring (February–March) in the grassland due to mineralization of soil organic N, and in the arable soil in April–May following the application of N fertilizer to the spring barley and winter wheat. N lost by leaching, including a little surface runoff, was calculated from the NO3 concentration of the catchment drainage and the volume of drainage. The estimate of N leached using concentrations unweighted for flow rate was only 14 per cent less than that based on flow-weighted concentrations. The differences in the uptake of N by cereals and grass between fields were explicable partly in terms of soil type and partly in terms of the timing and amounts of fertilizer added. The results are discussed in the context of steady-state equilibrium of N in the soil-plant system. However, an N balance could not be struck because N input due to mineralization, and N outputs due to gaseous losses and immobilization of N in the soil and root biomasses, were not measured and could not be accurately estimated.
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  • 15
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    Plant and soil 74 (1983), S. 473-476 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Barley ; Fertilizer efficiency ; Maize ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen fate ; Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A field study to determine the recovery and balance of N-15 labelled fertilizer N was conducted on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and on maize (Zea mays L.) in the sandy area of Belgium. The barley was fertilized with 60 kg N/ha with KNO3 enriched with 2.057 At. % N-15 excess, while the maize received 65 kg N/ha KNO3 labelled with 4.877 At.% N-15 excess. The amount of fertilizer N recovered in the harvested plant part was 79% and 84%, while the amount remaining in the soil was 12% and 11% in the barley and maize plot, respectively. The high yield and high fertilizer N recovery was attributed to low rainfall and N application as side dressing. Statistical analyses showed that the results obtained from the N-15 plot can be extrapolated to the whole field.
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  • 16
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    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 251-259 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nodulation ; Nitrate ; N-fertilization ; Plant P, S, N ; Sugar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A greenhouse experiment on a silt loam surface soil (Typic Hapludult) was done to investigate effects of P and S on yield, quality aspects and sugar reserves in the tropical forage legumeClitoria ternatea L. Four levels of P and two N treatments (NH4NO3 vs symbiotic) were arranged in a factorial design with four replications. After the first cutting two levels of S were imposed on this design. Phosphorus enhanced dry matter yield in the first cutting. Its effect was smaller in the second cutting. Amount of P required to produce maximum plant yield dropped from 200 mg/kg soil (or more) at the first cutting to 50–100 mg/kg at the second. Added S improved growth at suboptimal levels of P. At optimal P and S, symbiotic and +N plants yielded alike. Phosphorus and S fertilization caused several changes in plant composition. Nitrogen concentration was raised by S treatment and lowered by P. Combined addition of P and S lowered plant nitrate content. In symbiotic plants, soluble sugar concentrations were higher than in N-treated plants, and were increased by P and S treatment. In N-treated plants, neither P nor S increased reducing sugar concentration, but they increased total sugar.
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  • 17
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    Plant and soil 65 (1982), S. 345-349 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Fixed ammonium ; Maize ; Mineralization ; Nitrate ; Nitrite ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Significantly lower amounts of exchaneable NH4, soluble NO3 and clay-fixed NH4 forms of N were observed in the unfertilized fields with high rather than low-density cropped plots. Irrespective of planting densitites, the fixed NH4 content in soil increased with increase in the period of crop growth. N uptake by plant and total bacterial population of rhizosphere soil were significantly higher in the plots with the high than with the low-density planting. Availability of native fixed NH4 + to crops and biological utilization of a considerable amount of recently mineralized NH4 + in fixed form is indicated.
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  • 18
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    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 139-147 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Ammonium ; Avena sativa ; Copper ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen ; Oats ; Protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of fertilization with nitrogen and copper on the amino acid composition of oat straw has been studied. The plants (Avena sativa cv Yielder) were grown in peat with a very low copper content and supplied with two levels of nitrogen (NH4 or NO3) and three levels of copper sulphate. The higher level of nitrogen stimulated growth only when copper was added, whereas, without copper, it had an adverse effect on growth and prevented grain formation altogether. The higher level of nitrogen increased the nitrogen content of the straw at all levels of copper, but particularly in plants receiving no copper. Total amino acids in the straw hydrolysate of copper sufficient oats accounted for about 50% of the total N and was about 20% higher in copper-deficient tissues. The addition of copper caused a decrease in the amounts of all amino acids. The relative proportions of most of the amino acids to glycine remained fairly constant. Threonine, serine, alanine, iso-leucine, histidine and arginine showed small significant differences with copper treatment, whereas valine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, proline, lysine and cysteic acid (derived from cysteine and cystine) showed no differences. The proportion of aspartic acid relative to glycine in the straw hydrolysate was greatly increased in copper deficient plants supplied with the higher level of nitrogen, particularly as ammonium. The proportion of glutamic acid was also increased by the higher level of nitrogen, but showed no effect of added copper. Most of the difference in aspartic acid could be accounted for as free asparagine. The possible reasons for higher proportions of asparagine are discussed in relation to the metabolism of the oat plant.
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  • 19
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    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 339-351 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Citrus ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen absorption ; Nitrogen isotope ; Nitrogen nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The absorption rate of nitrogen (N) fertilizer labelled with15N was studied during the flowering and fruit set periods inCitrus mitis Bl., trees grown in sand culture. The absorbed N was concentrated preferentially in ovaries, young fruits, new flush leaves and new flush twigs, but N supplied to these organs comes mostly from the N reserve in old leaves, old twigs and stem, and roots, and less than 3% of the absorbed N reached ovaries and young fruits. Nitrogen translocation to young fruits was higher during the fruit set period. Spring leaves were an essential organ since they received a large portion of the absorbed N and were quickly converted into a supplying organ. Old leaves, old twigs and stem, and roots supplied a great deal of N to developing organs; during fruit set, their N supply was replenished with N coming from fertilizer. During flowering, trees absorbed 30 mg per 1000g of whole tree (dry weight) and per day. During fruit set, this amount increased considerably.
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  • 20
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 221-226 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chile ; Drinking water ; Irrigation ; N-cycling ; Nitrate ; Sewage ; Vegetables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen En areas dedicadas al cultivo de hortalizas cercanas a Santiago de Chile se añaden a los cultivosca. 780 kg N ha−1 año−1 con el agua de riego proveniente de efluentes municipales no tratados. De esta cantidad entre 161 y 287 kg N ha−1 año−1 es extraido por cosecha y gran parte del remanente aparentemente alcanza el agua freática que está a profundidades entre 1 y 15 m. El nivel de nitratos en los pozos utilizados para el consumo humano excede los valores máximos permisibles.
    Notes: Abstract In the agricultural areas near Santiago, Chile,ca. 780 kg N ha−1 yr−1 are added to vegetable cropsvia irrigation with untreated sewage effluent draining from the metropolitan area. Nitrate levels in surface wells in the area, from which drinking water is derived, often exceed established limits for human consumption. Of the 779 kg N ha−1 added to crops in one year, 161–287 kg N ha−1 yr−1 were removed by crop harvest and much of the remainder apparently eventually leached to the 1–15 m deep water table.
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  • 21
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    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 259-264 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Clover ; Combined nitrogen ; Lectin ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen-13 ; Rhizobium trifolii ; Symbiosis ; Trifoliin A ; Trifolium repens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrate added at critical concentrations to plant growth medium inhibits the infection of legume roots by Rhizobium. The direct interaction, of nitrate and trifoliin A, a Rhizobium-recognition lection from white clover (Trifolium repens L.), was examined as a possible basis for this regulation. Selective molecular ultrafiltration studies to detect ligand-protein interactions showed that radioactive13NO3 − did not bind directly to trifoliin A when incubated at two molar ratios. Immunoprecipitation of trifoliin A by its homologous antibody was unaffected by 15 mM NO3 −. In addition, there was no apparent reduction in attachment ofR. trifolii 0403 to root hairs of clover seedings during 1 h of incubation in the presence of 15 mM NO3 −. These results show that nitrate inhibition of these early steps of the infection process is not due to a direct interaction of nitrate with trifoliin A or its glycosylated receptors.
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  • 22
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    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 41-49 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Citrus ; Fruit quality ; Leaf analysis ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen uptake ; Soil solution sampling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer supplied in the irrigation water on nitrogen uptake, orange yield and quality of Shamouti oranges was studied in a field experiment in a mature orange grove. Nitrogen was supplied as ammonium nitrate in three concentrations (15, 35 and 60 ppm) resulting in resp. 100, 170 and 310 kg N/ha. Significant effects of nitrogen were found during four years of fruit yields and on the number of fruits per tree. The average fruit weight was not affected. The high nitrogen rates caused thicker peels and later development of orange colour. The leaf nitrate content was closely related to the fruit yield. Soil solution samples taken with ceramic cups gave a good indication of the soil nitrate content. It was shown that the spring flush of leaves is based mainly on tree nitrogen reserves, and not on nitrate uptake from the soil.
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  • 23
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 233-241 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chemo-denitrification ; Iron oxyhydroxide ; Nitrate ; Nitric oxide ; Nitrite ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen dioxide ; Reduced conditions ; Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrite is very important in N transformation processes because it is an intermediate product in the aerobic nitrification as well as in the anaerobic denitrification process. Under soil conditions whereby aerobic and anaerobic zones are close to each other, the mobile nitrite can be a link between both N transformation processes. Because of its low stability in acid conditions, nitrite can be a key compound in N loss processes. The results are presented in three sets of incubation experiments using soil+added nitrite before and after oxidation of organic matter; soil+added nitrite and various iron oxide minerals; nitrite solutions without soil but with added ferrous iron. It was found that under acid conditions, soil organic matter as well as the soil mineral phase have a stimulating effect on the nitrite decomposition. Conditions favouring the solubility of Fe(III)-compounds and promoting the formation of Fe2+ increase the nitrite decomposition, even under slightly acid conditions. Of the gaseous decomposition products, only trace amounts of NO2 occur while NO is the major component. Conditions whereby NO and NO2 cannot escape from the medium promote production of some nitrite.
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  • 24
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    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 127-130 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glutamine synthetase ; Helianthus ; N utilization ; Nitrate ; Nitrate reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary It has been reported that in plants of nitrate-fedH. annuus, nitrate reductase activity (NRA) is restricted to the roots of the plant. With an improved extraction technique using a medium containing 2% casein and 1.5 g insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) per gram material, however, the leaves ofH. annuus showed a far greaterin vitro NRA (24.7±0.4 μmoles h−1 g fr.wt.−1) than did the roots (3.4±0.6 μmoles h−1 g fr.wt.−1).In vitro glutamine synthetase activity (GSA) was found to be greater in the leaves (27 μmoles h−1 g fr. wt.−1) than the root (5.6 μmoles h−1 g fr.wt.−1) using a standard extraction medium. With the addition of casein and PVP to the extraction medium, GSA increased to 141 μmoles h−1 g fr.wt.−1 in the leaves and 23 μmoles h−1 g fr.wt.−1 in the roots. It is thus essential to include both casein and PVP in the extracting medium of leaves and roots ofH. annuus when determiningin vitro NRA and GSA.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Beans ; Bleeding sap N ; Nitrate ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Ureides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The nitrogenous compounds in the xylem (bleeding) sap of lines of field-grownPhaseolus vulgaris L., known to vary in N2 fixation and yield, were measured during growth with and without N fertilizer. Forty nine-67% of the total sap N was in the form of nitrate in fertilized plants, with low amounts of the ureides, allantoin and allantoic acid (4–12%). Ureides contributed between 17 and 38% to the total sap N of non-fertilized plants, with nitrate generally comprising less than 40%. Among the nine lines grown without fertilizer there were significant differences in the % of the sap N as ureides and also in the total μmol N ml−1 sap. The ASN/GLN ratio (mol/mol) was greater in sap collected from the two parental lines given fertilizer compared with non-fertilized plants. However the actual ratio varied between the parental lines. Together the two amides generally comprised between 43–62% of the amino-N in sap samples from the two parental lines with or without N fertilizer. For each N treatment (fertilized or non-fertilized) there were no obvious differences in sap composition between the high N2 fixing lines and the low N2 fixing lines. However there was generally a positive relationship between the rate of N translocation (total N concn. ml−1 sap x rate of exudation) and the ranking of the lines on the basis of higher N2 fixation rates (acetylene reduction), which was to a large extent independent of the source of N available to the plant.
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  • 26
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    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 427-438 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Mutant ; Mutation ; Nitrate ; Nitrate reductase ; Nodulation ; Pisum sativum L. ; Rhizobium leguminosarum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In pea (Pisum sativum L.), mutants could be induced, modified in the symbiotic interaction withRhizobium leguminosarum. Among 250 M2-families, two nodulation resistant mutants (K5 and K9) were obtained. In mutant K5 the nodulation resistance was monogenic recessive and not Rhizobium strain specific. Out of 220 M2-families one mutant nod3 was found which could form nodules at high nitrate concentrations (15 mM KNO3). This mutant nodulated abundantly with severalRhizobium strains, both in the absence and presence of nitrate. Probably as the result of a pleiotropic effect, its root morphology was also changed. Among 1800 M2-families, five nitrate reductase deficient mutants were obtained and one of them (mutant E1) was used to study the inhibitory effect of nitrate on nodulation and nitrogen fixation. The results of the present investigation show that pea mutants which are modified in their symbiosis withRhizobium leguminosarum, can readily be obtained. The significance of such mutants for fundamental studies of the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis and for applications in plant breeding is discussed.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acidity control ; Ammonium sulphate ; Calcium carbonate ; Nitrate ; Nitrification ; Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary When calcium carbonate incorporated nutrient solution containing ammonium sulphate was added to sand in pots marked nitrification of the added ammonium was noted. It resulted in improved growth of tea plants and the toxicity effects of ammonium ions were completely eliminated. Where urea was used as the form of N supply, moderate (50%) nitrification was observed to occur even in the absence of calcium carbonate, however it was very rapid in its presence.
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  • 28
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    Plant and soil 74 (1983), S. 359-368 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nitrate ; Phosphate ; Rape ; Root hair formation ; Spinach ; Tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Versuche in Nährlösungen ergaben, dass die Behaarung der Wurzeln von Raps-, Spinat- und Tomatenpflanzen von der Phosphat- und Nitratversorgung abhängig ist. Mit abnehmender Phosphat-Konzentration der Nährlösung nahm die Länge der Wurzelhaare der drei Pflanzenarten von 0,1–0,2 mm bei 100 μM auf 0,7mm bei 2 μM zu. Auch die Wurzelhaardichte stieg mit abnehmender P-Konzentration im Bereich von 2 bis 1000μM P um den Faktor 2 bis 4 an. Die Veränderung dieser beiden Eigenschaften führte zur Zunahme der Wurzeloberfläche auf das Doppelte bis zum Dreifachen der reichlich mit P versorgten Pflanzen. Die Wurzelhaarlänge stand mit dem Phosphorgehalt des Sprosses und der Wurzeln in einer engen linearen Beziehung. Mit Hilfe der split-root-Technik wurde bei Spinatpflanzen ausserdem festgestellt, dass sich Wurzelhaare auch an solchen Wurzeln verstärkt bilden, die von hoher P-Konzentration (1000 μM) umgeben sind, wenn sich der grössere Teil des Wurzelsystems in Parmer Lösung (2 μM) befindet. Daraus wird der Schluss gezogen, dass nicht die P-Konzentration an der Wurzeloberfläche unmittelbar die Wurzelhaarbildung auslöst, sondern auf dem Weg über den Phosphorgehalt in der Pflanze. Entsprechende Versuche zur Wirkung von Nitrat führten mit abnehmender Konzentration ebenfalls zur Verlängerung der Wurzelhaare, jedoch in unterschiedlichem Masse bei den drei Arten. In Lösungen von 2 μM NO3 war die Länge der Wurzelhaare im Vergleich zu 1000μM bei Tomate um den Faktor 2, bei Raps um den Faktor 5 und bei Spinat um den Faktor 9 erhöht. Die Wurzelhaarlänge korrelierte dabei mit dem Gesamt-N-Gehalt der Pflanzenmasse, jedoch nicht sehr eng. Die Beeinflussung der Wurzelhaarbildung durch die Nährelement-Versorgung wird als ein Mechanismus angesehen, mit dem die Pflanze ihre Nährelementaufnahme reguliert.
    Notes: Summary Experiments with tomato, rape and spinach in nutrient solutions have shown that the formation of root hairs is strongly influenced by phosphate and nitrate supply. Decreasing the phosphate concentration of the nutrient solution from 100 to 2 μM P resulted in an increase of root hair length from 0.1–0.2 to 0.7 mm of the three plant species. Root hair density also increased by a factor of 2–4 when the P concentration was lowered from 1000 to 2 μM. The variation of these two root properties raised the root surface area by a factor of 2 or 3 compared to plants well supplied with P. Root hair length was closely related to the phosphate content of the root and shoot material. On the other hand, spinach plants grown in a split-root experiment produced root hairs in solutions of high P concentration (1000μM P) if the major part of the total root system was exposed to low P concentration (2 μM P). It is therefore concluded that the formation of root hairs does not depend on directly the P concentration at the root surface but on the P content of the plant. Similar experiments with nitrate also resulted in an increase in length and density of root hairs with the decrease of concentration below 1000 μM. In this case marked differences between plant species occurred. At 2 μM compared to 1000 μM NO3 root hair length of tomato increased by a factor of 2, of rape by a factor of 5 and of spinach by a factor of 9. Root hair length was correlated, but not very closely, to the total nitrogen content of the plants. It is concluded, that the influence of nutrient supply on the formation of root hairs is a mechanism for regulating the nutrient uptake of plants.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Ammonium ; Bacteroids ; Carbohydrate supply ; Nitrate ; Nitrogenase ; Pea ; Pisum sativum ; Rhizobium leguminosarum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Addition of ammonium chloride or potassium nitrate to nodulated pea plants resulted in a decrease in acetylene-reducing activity. Both nodule growth and specific activity of the nodules were diminished. Acetylene-reducing activity of isolated bacteroids, treated with EDTA-toluene and supplied with ATP and dithionite, had not decreased after a 3-day treatment of the plants with NH4Cl or KNO3. The effect of combined nitrogen could be counteracted by raising the light intensity or by the addition of sucrose to the growth medium. The latter treatment reduced the nitrogen uptake by the plants. It is concluded that combined nitrogen affects symbiotic nitrogen fixation via the carbohydrate supply to the bacteroids.
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  • 30
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    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 259-270 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amino acid ; Amino sugar ; Ammonium ; Bentonite ; Clay ; Compost ; Decomposition ; Galactosamine ; Glucosamine ; Immobilization ; Kaolinite ; Muramic acid ; Nitrate ; Straw
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A series of straw composts, containing two levels of ammonium nitrate, were incubated with mineral amendments. Rate of decomposition was at a maximum over the first twenty days and was not influenced by the level of added nitrogne. The presence of bentonite and kaolinite reduced the loss of organic material slightly over the period of 150 days. In the low-N series, all the added inorganic nitrogen was immediately immobilized but in the high-N series inorganic N was slightly in excess of the microorganisms requirements. Little or no remineralization occurred. As a result of immobilization there was a rapid increase in amino acid and amino sugar nitrogen over the first 30 days and the values then remained fairly constant. The amino acid and amino sugar levels were slightly higher in the composts containing bentonite and kaolinite. In the early stages of the composting process, approximately half the organic nitrogen was soluble in phosphate buffer but the amount decreased with time of composting. Similarly, the amount of extracted nitrogen which could be hydrolysed by proteolytic enzymes, decreased with time. The composition of amino sugars liberated by acid hydrolysis suggested that chitin, probably of fungal origin, accounted for much of the amino sugar nitrogen and there is some evidence from oxidation studies for this. As composting proceeded, the amount of galactosamine increased and eventually muramic acid was identified indicating an increase in the bacterial flora.
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  • 31
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    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 293-300 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcareous soils ; Calcium ; Cation-anion balance ; Induced-iron chlorosis ; Nitrate ; Organic anions ; Pinus sylvestris L ; Prairie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Iron chlorosis of 4 year old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in comparison to areas of adjacent healthy growth on calcareous prairie soil, was associated with slight increases in the soluble ion content of the saturation paste extract. Such increases in soluble ions (mainly calcium sulphate) were associated with significant increases in ash, cation (including iron) and organic anion content of the chlorotic needles. Increasing levels of available soil nitrate were also related to increase in organic anions. Nitrogen and phosphorus assimilation was adversely affected under conditions of iron chlorosis. These observations support the theory of induced iron deficiency associated with elevated levels of organic anions or translocated cations and are applicable to plantings of conifers on prairie soils.
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  • 32
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    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 3-9 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: B-deficient ; B-toxic ; Corrections ; Growth ; Leaf ; Metabolism ; Molybdenum ; Nitrate ; NRase ; Potassium ; Root ; Sap ; Sugar ; Yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of deficient and toxic levels of boron on various aspects of nitrogen metabolism in sugar beet are studied. Plant analysis shows a nitrate ion accumulation, a decrease in the activity of the nitrate reductase enzyme and a lower molybdenum absorption. The effect of boron levels on the plant and root sugar concentration has also been studied.
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  • 33
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    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 481-485 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Arthrobacter sp. ; Corn seedlings GA3 ; IAA ; IPA ; Nitrate ; Nitrate reductase activity ; Phytohormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrate reductase activity has been assayed in corn seedlings grown in a nutrient solution containing different concentrations of nitrate and inoculated withArthrobacter sp. The enzymatic activity was greatly enhanced especially at the levels of NO3-ions suboptimal for the maximum induction. The ability of synthetic phytohormones (IAA, IPA and GA3) in inducting nitrate reductase activity has been also texted.
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  • 34
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    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 213-222 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Anaplerotic ; Dark CO2 fixation ; Lycopersicon ; Nitrate ; PEP carboxylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The dark (non-photosynthetic) CO2 fixation was studied in the leaves of ammonium-fed and nitratefed tomato plants. The ability to fix14CO2 in the dark of ammonium-fed plants was remarkably lower as compared with nitrate-fed plants, supporting the previous finding that the synthesis of C4-compounds from C3-compounds was reduced in the leaves of ammonium-fed plants. There was no difference in the activity of PEP carboxylase in extracts prepared from the leaves between both the plants during an early period of the treatment. However, the enzyme activity began to decrease rapidly in ammonium-fed plants 4 days after the treatment. By long-term treatments, the enzyme activity in ammonium-fed plants became half as high as that of nitrate-fed plants. The decreased PEP carboxylase activity in ammonium-fed plants was not associated with the presence of NH4-N and the absence of NO3-N in the leaf extract, and was not restored by the addition of the leaf extract from nitrate-fed plants. It is concluded that the decreased rate of synthesis of C4-compounds from C3-compounds in ammonium-fed plants is closely associated with a decrease in the dark fixation involving PEP carboxylase.
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  • 35
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    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 421-428 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene inhibition ; Denitrifiers ; Electron acceptor ; Incubation ; Nitrate ; Nitrous oxide ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A total of 81 strains isolated by T. N. Gamble from soils from eight countries, fresh water lake sediments and nitrified poultry manure were examined for their ability to grow on N2O as their electron acceptor, as well as for their tendency to produce N2O from NO 3 − in the absence and presence of acetylene. Seventy-seven of the 81 strains were confirmed as denitrifiers. Fifty-nine of the 77 strains grew on N2O, while 12 strains produced N2O but could not utilize it. Six strains reduced NO 3 − to N2 but could not grow on N2O, suggesting that even if N2O is always an intermediate product of denitrification, it is not always a freely diffusible intermediate. The organisms, however, would consume N2O that accumulated early in growth and accumulated N2O in the presence of acetylene. Thus the total number of N2O users was 65 strains or 83% of the total tested. This implies that the N2O reducing capacity of denitrifiers occur widely in nature. A high proportion ofPseudomonas fluorescens biotype II reduced N2O. The accumulation of N2O from NO 3 − in the presence of acetylene provides strong evidence that N2O is generally an intermediate in denitrification as well as provides additional support for the usefulness of this chemical as a general inhibitor of N2O reduction.
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  • 36
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    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 201-213 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Dinitrogen fixation ; Growth rate ; Nitrate ; Trifolium subterraneum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Subterranean clover plants were grown as swards (about 2000 plants/m2) under controlled conditions with N provided either by N2-fixation (NO 3 − withheld) or by assimilation of NO 3 − (NO 3 − supplied). Crop growth rates were measured by dry matter sampling over periods of up to 70 days at PPFD values of 400–1000 μmole quanta/m2/s. When NO 3 − was supplied from sowing the swards grew more rapidly than when the swards were not supplied with NO 3 − and plants had to establish an N2-fixing apparatus. When inter-plant competition was reduced within the sward, a difference in growth rate in favour of NO 3 − -fed plants continued for at least 50 days. When however, a closed canopy was allowed to form, the NO 3 − -fed swards had more dry weight than the N2-fed swards at the time of canopy closure but thereafter the two swards grew at similar rates at light flux densities of above about 800 μmole quanta/m2/s. At light flux densities of about 400 μmole quanta/m2/s N2-fed swards had a growth rate 70–80% of that of NO 3 − -fed plants. NO 3 − -fed plants had a higher organic N content than did N2-fed plants under all conditions.
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