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  • Articles  (625)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (625)
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • 1980-1984  (477)
  • 1965-1969  (148)
  • 1950-1954
  • Medicine  (625)
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  • Articles  (625)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180101
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A note from the Editor (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. v 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180102
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mechanical strength of maxillary complete dentures (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 413-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A complete study of the static and dynamic strength of complete maxillary dentures was undertaken. First, the denture base material was investigated in its various forms from the point of view of tension, creep, relaxation, fatigue, and the effect of a corrosive environment. Complete dentures were tested under static compression, and the distribution of stresses along the midline of the upper dentures was determined by means of strain rosettes and by reciprocating compression, the determination of their fatigue strength. The results were found to conform with experience as far as lifetime of complete dentures is concerned.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180409
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties of bone cement: A review (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 435-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Many authors have examined the mechanical properties of bone cement and the various factors that affect its mechanical behavior. This article presents a comprehensive survey on the reported mechanical properties of bone cement. Variables that influence the mechanical properties, such as handling characteristics, strain rate, loading modes, additives, porosity, blood inclusion, in vivo environment, temperature, etc. have also been reviewed. The importance of specifying these variables in reporting test results on the mechanical properties of bone cement is pointed out. Previous attempts to improve the mechanical properties of bone cement are also summarized. Future research areas important for fully characterizing the physical properties of PMMA are also suggested.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180411
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water sorption and mechanical properties of 2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate and methylmethacrylate copolymers (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 137-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Randomly cross-linked copolymers of 2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate (HEMA) and methyl-methacrylate (MMA) have been prepared and studied in the dry and swollen state. Tensile and indentation tests indicate that by changing the composition of copolymers, it is possible to obtain materials with a wide range of mechanical properties and corresponding glass transition temperatures. Water diffusion coefficients in sorption and desorption experiments have been calculated and compared.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180204
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Healing pattern of small caliber Dacron grafts in the baboon: An animal model for the study of vascular prostheses (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 281-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Although dogs have been used widely to study the healing of large caliber synthetic grafts, hypercoagulability probably makes the dog a poor model for studies of small caliber vascular prostheses. The baboon's coagulation system is similar to man's, but large caliber baboon grafts were reported to endothelialize rapidly. In this study the healing pattern of 4mm internal diameter Dacron carotid interpositon grafts in baboons was determined using specimens harvested at time points between 2 weeks and 18 months post-implantation and examined with light and scanning electron microscopy. The luminal surface of baboon grafts in the acute healing phase (〈1 month) was comparable to that reported in the literature for dogs. Baboon grafts did not completely endothelialize until 10-12 weeks post-implantation. For work with small caliber vascular protheses, the dog appears to have no advantage over the baboon as an animal model on the basis of graft healing.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180305
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180401
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some aspects of macrophage behavior at the implant interface (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 395-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The macrophage plays a pivotal role in both wound healing and cellular response to implants, including percutaneous devices. Within twenty-four hours macrophages were found in close contact with the implant surface. Eventually fibroplasts and connective tissue proliferate, and finally the implant will be encapsulated. The presence of macrophages is essential for the activation of collagen synthesis by fibroplasts. Implant shape and surface can profoundly affect macrophage behavior. At rough implant surfaces macrophages with giant cells are present for many months with the possibility of chronic granulomatous reactions. Superior tissue compatibility should be associated with smooth, well contoured implants with no acute angles.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180407
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Casting properties of Ni-Ti shape memory alloy (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 427-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A Ni-45 wt % Ti (Ni-50 at % Ti) alloy was cast into molds of magnesia and silica investments by use of a dental argon-arc pressure casting machine with a copper crucible. The castings exhibited shape memory properties. The shape recovery process was sharper in the specimens cast in magnesia investment molds than in those cast in silica (phosphate-bonded) investment molds. The latter casting had a hard region of the periphery, suggesting that shape recovery process may be affected by reaction of molten metal with silica. Furthermore, the alloy possessed the adequate mechanical properties for consideration as crown-and-bridge prostheses.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180410
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Release of corrosion products by F-75 cobalt base alloy in the rat. I: Acute serum elevationsPresented in part at Society for Biomaterials, 9th Annual Meeting, Birmingham, AL, April 28, 1983. (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 513-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The release of corrosion products by implants has become a matter of concern. Using a microsphere model, the release of chromium, cobalt, and nickel, secondary to implantation of various surface area exposures of F-75, a cast cobalt-chromium alloy, was studied over a 30 day period in the rat. Dose related elevations were observed in the serum concentration of chromium and cobalt but not of nickel, with the maxima being achieved at 3 days after metal implantation followed by declines in concentration. The chromium elevation, approximately twelvefold for a surface area to body weight (SA/BW) ratio of 300 x is similar to that previously reported in patients receiving total hip replacement arthoplasties. However, the cobalt elevation, twentyfold for a SA/BW ratio of 300 x, has not been previously observed. These serum concentration changes are as yet unexplained, but are probably not due to fibrous capsule maturation or alloy repassivation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180505
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In situ immunoradiometric assay of fibrinogen adsorbed to artificial surfaces (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 547-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An in situ immunoradiometric assay was devised to quantitate human fibrinogen deposited on hemodialysis membrane, Cuprophane, from in vitro exposure to fibrinogen solution and from ex vivo extracorporally clinical use. The method requires a monospecific 125I-labeled antifibrinogen-IgG purified by DEAE chromatography and immunoadsorption. The labeled antifibrinogen IgG was shown to react specifically with fibrinogen adsorbed and immobilized (by glutaraldehyde) on Cuprophane. Other plasma proteins such as human albumin, IgG, or α-thrombin, adsorbed singly or coadsorbed with fibrinogen on the surface did not seem to affect the fibrinogen-antifibrinogen reaction. The presence of blood cells such as platelets and granulocytes with fibrinogen on Cuprophane reduced only slightly the uptake of 125I-antifibrinogen-IgG. The examination of fibrinogen-fibrin deposition on clinically used Cuprophane by this technique and by autoradiography of the same material following 125I-antifibrinogen-IgG conjugation indicated that the deposition of fibrinogen was heavy and heterogeneous. We concluded that this in situ method may be useful to monitor fibrinogen-fibrin deposition and adsorption of other plasma proteins that occur under in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo conditions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180508
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The healing of hamster skin ulcers treated with n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl blue) (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 601-607 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This study was undertaken to examine the effectiveness of a commercially available n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl blueTri-Hawk International, 1570 Barré, Montréal, H4L 4M6 Quebec.) as a local treatment for cutaneous ulcers. Two ulcers, approximately 0.5 cm2 each, were made on the backs of 30 hamsters. The right side was covered with a thin film of tissue adhesive, while the left side was left untreated as a control. Animals were sacrificed at various times post-operatively, the tissue excised, processed, and examined with the light microscope. Results showed that cyanoacrylate decreased the inflammatory exudate early in the experiment, and epithelial migration occurred slightly earlier in experimental tissue. Scab formation was absent in experimental sites until the layer of adhesive was lost. After 2 days, healing was comparable in both experimental and control, and the sites were indistinguishable histologically at day 5.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180602
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180601
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytocompatibility of albuminated polyester fabrics (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 895-909 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An alternative to the usual technique of preclotting porous textile vascular prostheses prior to surgical implantation is to render them impermeable to blood by impregnation with a cross-linked albumin filler matrix. This material subsequently becomes the foundation for cellular development. The compatibility of such impregnated fabrics with newly formed endothelial cells has been evaluated by an in vitro organotypic culture method. This technique enables the characterization and numeration of cells that develop on blood contact surfaces and enables determination of their rate of development. Woven, knitted, and velour fabrics were evaluated folllowing coating with albumin and either storage in Tyrode solution or 40% ethanol or desiccation by critical point drying. Preclotted cardiovascular repair fabrics prepared according to conventional surgical protocol served as controls. The identification of the newly formed cells was confirmed histologically. The most extensive and rapid cellular development was observed on the woven fabric and is believed may have resulted from the smoother surface topography of this substrate. Good cellular development was noted particularly on fabrics which had been stored in Tyrode solution. Ethanol had a deleterious effect on the apparent compatibility.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180805
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adsorption and reactivity of human prothrombin to artificial surfaces (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 695-705 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Human prothrombin in Tyrode's solution, in mock plasma (albumin, fibrinogen, and IgG mixture), and in citrated plasma adsorbs to Cuprophane, polyvinylchloride, and polyacrylonitrile surfaces. The adsorption of prothrombin is maximal in Tyrode's solution and minimal in plasma. The surface concentrations of prothrombin are highest on polyacrylonitrile, second on polyvinylchloride, and lowest on Cuprophane at all prothrombin concentrations tested in the bulk solution. Qualitative tests show that prothrombin adsorbed to polyvinylchloride can be activated by Taipan snake venom to generate thrombin that clots fibrinogen. However, more quantitative tests indicate that only part of the adsorbed prothrombin on all three materials can be activated to form thrombin exhibiting amidolytic activity. The partial reactivity of adsorbed prothrombin is further confirmed by release of 125I-peptide from surface bound 125I-prothrombin after treatment with Australian Taipan snake venom. Prothrombin bound to Cuprophane seems to promote granulocyte adhesion, but has no effect on platelet adhesion.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180610
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxic reactions evoked by glutaraldehyde-fixed pericardium and cardiac valve tissue bioprosthesis (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 727-736 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Bovine pericardial tissue and tissue-derived bioprosthesis fixed in glutaraldehyde and stored in either glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde can induce cytotoxic reactions even after prolonged washing due to the slow leaching of the chemicals used for crosslinking and sterilizing. Sequential rinsing for up to 60 min was still not sufficient to eliminate cytotoxic effects. On the other hand, satisfactory results were obtained when cardiac valves made from glutaraldehyde fixed pericardium were stored in a solution containing 0.02% of propyl-hydroxy-benzoate and 0.18% methyl-hydroxy-benzoate. The valves stored in this solution and rinsed three times for 1 min in normal saline showed few signs of residual cytotoxicity. Rinsing in a solution containing glycine was partially effective in neutralizing the cytotoxic effect, and this or similar approaches offer good possibilities. The use of Chang cells grown in culture provides an excellent quantitative assay for the assessment of residual cytotoxicity and for evaluating the host response to different methods of fixation, storage, and rinsing of tissue derived bioprosthesis.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180703
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of dentine on the in vitro cytotoxicity testing of dental restorative materials (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 771-779 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Few in vitro systems for testing dental restorative materials have taken into account the protection afforded by the residual dentine in vivo. In turn opinions differ as to whether an increase in residual dentine thickness increases this protection. In this study an increase in the depth of dentine powder beneath zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) reduced its toxicity, while this was not the case with the glass ionomer cement. Compaction of the powder had no effect, suggesting that protection was due to binding of the toxicant to the dentine rather than it acting as a physical barrier. Protein was shown to be very important in moderating the cytotoxicity of ZOE. These results suggest that in vivo the irritancy of some materials may be related to the depth of residual dentine but not others. The effect of exposure period and volume of these materials on their cytotoxicity was also investigated. Increasing the volume of ZOE while retaining the same surface area increased the toxicity of ZOE, while with the glass ionomer it had no effect.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180707
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular weight characterization of virgin and explanted polyester arterial prostheses (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 881-894 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The macromolecular properties of 17 virgin commercial arterial prostheses and a series of explanted prostheses, both manufactured from poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) yarns, have been studied by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Only small differences were found between the average molecular weights and the degree of crystallinity of the unused reference grafts. A broadening of the DSC curves was observed for the prostheses containing texturized yarns compared with those made solely from flat, untexturized yarns. This broadening may be due to greater heterogeneity of the crystal sizes caused by the texturizing process and to the use of two or more different yarns with dissimilar thermal histories in the same prosthesis. Average molecular weights of the explant series were significantly lower than those of the corresponding reference grafts but almost time independent. The polydispersity index and the degree of crystallinity of the explants remained constant as a function of time. These results are discussed in regard to others available in the literature.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180804
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vivo biocompatibility studies. V. In vivo leukocyte interactions with biomerR. E. Marchant received the Student's Award for this manuscript from the Society for Biomaterials, 1984, Washington, DC. (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1169-1190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A cage implant system was utilized to quantitatively and qualitatively characterize in vivo leukocyte interactions with cast Biomer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with cytochemical staining procedures were used to investigate the cellular events at the leukocyte/Biomer interface as well as in the inflammatory exudate over a 21-day implantation period. SEM was used to characterize leukocyte morphology on the Biomer surface and the cytochemical stains were used to differentially count leukocytes and to demonstrate intracellular alkaline and acid phosphatase activity. The results showed that the population density of leukocytes on the Biomer surface diminished with implantation time. The population density of multinucleated foreign body giant cells remained constant with time, while the numbers of nuclei per giant cell increased. The differential analysis revealed that macrophages preferentially adhered to the Biomer surface compared to other leukocytes in the exudate. The phagocytic capability of all adherent leukocytes, including giant cells, decreased with time and this corresponded to changes in leukocyte morphology observed with SEM.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180917
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Materials, clinical and morphological evaluation of custom-made bioreactive-glass-coated canine hip prostheses (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1017-1030 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Bioreactive-glass-coated hip prostheses were implanted in dogs for periods of time ranging from 3 to 17 months. The prostheses were tailor-made for each animal through the use of standard radiographs. However, such a procedure does not necessarily yield a close apposition between the glass layer and bone. As a result, the initial stability of the component can be lost before bone bonding is established. Secondary to this phenomenon, the micromotion can lead to a continuous disruption of the top film on the glass despite the evidence of various reaction layers on the glass surface.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180906
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  • 21
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    Determination of extractable methylene dianiline in thermoplastic polyurethanes by HPLC (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 961-968 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Polyurethanes are finding increasing utilization in biomedical applications. Recently, the reported finding of methylene dianiline (4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, MDA) in the aqueous extracts of autoclaved 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanatebased polyurethanes promoted our investigation of the origin and extent of extractable methylene dianiline in polyurethanes. A high-pressure liquid chromatography procedure using precolumn derivatization is utilized to selectively monitor the appearance of this diamine in the aqueous extracts of polyurethanes subjected to water immersion, heat aging, and various sterilization techniques. No MDA was found in the aqueous extracts of the treated polyurethane except for the case of prolonged steam autoclaving. The appearance of 3-5 ppb MDA in the extract under these conditions is attributed to hydrolysis of the polymer. The stability of the polyurethanes under most conditions renders these materials useful in biomedical applications.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180810
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  • 22
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    The binding of metal salts and corrosion products to cells and proteins in vitroThis paper was presented in part at the seventh annual meeting of the Society for Biomaterials, 1981. (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1005-1015 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The binding of metal ions from salts and from corrosion products of 316 LVM stainless steel and MP-35 to blood cells and serum proteins was studied in vitro. In the first series of experiments, metal salts were added to whole blood and then the blood separated into red cells, white cells, and serum. Nickel from nickel chloride or corrosion products of stainless steel bound in very small quantities to blood cells. Cobalt from cobalt chloride bound to both red cells and white cells. Chromium from chromic chloride (Cr3+) bound to cells in very small quantities whereas chromium from potassium dichromate (Cr6+) and corrosion products showed very high to binding to red cells and some binding to white cells. In a second series of experiments the blood was separated into its components and then the metal salts were added and the binding pattern was identical. In a third series of experiments serum which had interacted with the metal salts or corrosion products was separated into its components by isolectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels. Almost all of the metal, whatever the source, was detected in the albumin region of the gels indicating strong binding to albumin. These studies on the cell and protein binding of the metals help to explain the dissemination of corrosion products from the site of the implant and subsequent systemic responses by some individuals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180905
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  • 23
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    Polyester prostheses as substitutes in the thoracic aorta of dogs. II. Evaluation of albuminated polyester grafts stored in ethanol (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1059-1072 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In an attempt to find an alternative procedure to the preclotting of porous textile vascular prostheses, the feasibility of an albumin coating and ethanol preservation technique has been evaluated by implanting albuminated polyester prostheses as substitutes in the thoracic aorta of dogs. Nine different grafts representing woven, knitted, and velour constructions were implanted for periods ranging from 4 h to 6 months. At the sacrifice, the grafts were excized for measurement of the thrombogenicity of the flow surface, for pathological examination by light microscopy and SEM, and for quantifying the changes in the textile structure during implantation. Also the kidneys were removed and examined for infarcts caused by trapped circulating emboli. The healing characteristics of the nine different grafts proved similar and followed the same sequence of events as preclotted control grafts. The albumin coating and ethanol preservation resulted in a somewhat slower rate of healing. Yet, given sufficient time, a more completely healed graft was achieved as evidenced by the presence of endothelial-like cells throughout the length of the graft. In addition, the albumin is believed to reinforce the textile structure by reducing the tendency to stretch and dilate in vivo.
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    The antithrombotic effect of prostaglandin E1 immobilized on albuminated polymer matrix (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1115-1124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: For intravascular implantation, a biofunctional surface seems to retard surface thrombosis upon synthetic materials. Prostaglandins, like PGI2, PGE1, and PGD2, etc., are believed to stimulate membrane-bound adenyl cyclase and thereby raise intracellular levels of c-AMP within platelets, which inhibit platelet adhesion and aggregation. A new procedure is suggested for the immobilization of prostaglandin E1 on an albuminated polymer matrix, through glutaraldehyde coupling. Materials thus prepared show dramatic antiplatelet effects, with regard to platelet adhesion, when compared with albumin-immobilized surfaces. The affinity of various modified surfaces toward platelet adhesion is studied, using washed platelets suspended in Tyrode's solution. Octane contact angle studies are used to develop an understanding of the varied nature of bound substrates at equilibrium on polymer surfaces. These are studied at the solid/liquid interface, which is closest to in vivo conditions. The plasma recalcification time demonstrates the anticoagulant properties of various surfaces. A possible role of PGE1 in reducing platelet activity in the presence and absence of vitamin C is discussed. This technique may be used in the development of nonthrombogenic surfaces on existing biomedical polymers. Simultaneous pharmaceutical modification of the blood with vitamin C may enhance the blood compatibility of the surface.
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    Compressive strength of implanted porous replamineform hydroxyapatite (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 39-45 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Porous replamineform hydroxyapatite is a nontoxic, nonallergenic synthetic ceramic currently under investigation as an implant for restoration of atrophic edentulous ridges. Previous studies have demonstrated its capacity to permit the ingrowth of bone into its pores. Evaluation of the material was carried out to determine its eventual compressive strength following implantation. Bony penetration results in a significant increase in strength, judged to be sufficient for support of dentures.
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    Long-term compressive creep deformation and damage in acrylic bone cements (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 25-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Compressive creep tests were performed on five commercially available acrylic bone cements under conditions simulating in vivo usage. Measured creep strains are quite large, generally exceeding elastic strains. Large variations in creep response were noted among the various cements, with a carbon-reinforced cement by far the most resistant to creep. The empirical model ∊ = a exp(bσ)tn was found to predict creep strains within about 10% of the measured values. Microscopic examination of some specimens after testing revealed significant cracking, resulting from long-term loading, that could be a contributing cause of time-dependent failure.
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    Isolation of serum protein organometallic corrosion products from 316LSS and HS-21 in vitro and in vivo (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 99-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An investigation into blood-borne organometallic compounds that arise from the corrosion of metals used in orthopedic prosthetic devices was conducted using an in vivo rat model with an implantation time of 10 days and an in vitro human serum model with an incubation time of 5 days. Both models involved 316LSS and HS-21Haynes Stellite 21: Stellite Division of Cobalt Corporation, Kokomo, Indiana (An alloy of very similar composition to ASTM F-75) in the spherical powder form of 55 ± 5 μm microns in diameter at three different surface areas to body weight ratios. Gel chromatography on cross-linked dextran (G-200) was used to fractionate the serum proteins which bound the metal ions (chromium, cobalt, and nickel) released and identify them. Atomic-absorption-spectrophotometry analysis measured the concentration of the metal ions in each serum protein peak as well as whole serum from both models, and red cell and tissue from the in vivo model. Within the serum proteins, the metal ions were bound to two of the principal serum protein peaks. Similar distributions of the metals among the serum protein peaks were not noted.
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    Letters to the editor (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 123-125 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180112
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    Histological evaluation of porous titanium cardiac pacemaker electrode tips (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 47-60 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An investigation of the tissue reaction to five porous titanium alloy pacemaker electrode tips inserted in sheep hearts was made. Attachment of the electrode tips to the endocardial wall was facilitated by fibrous tissue ingrowth into the porous material. Vascularized fibrocollagenous tissue was found within the pores of the tips. One tip was found to be infected. The presence of occasional multinucleated foreign-body giant cells within the porosity was related to the particulate features of the porous tip. The electrode tips had a reduced sensing impedance compared with conventional solid platinum tips. The present findings are consistent with previous observations relating to porous cobalt-chromium alloy and porous platinum-iridium alloy tips and suggest that porous titanium alloy may be a suitable pacemaker electrode tip material.
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    The glutaraldehyde-stabilized porcine aortic valve xenograft. II. Effect of fixation with or without pressure on the tensile viscoelastic properties of the leaflet material (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 79-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We have examined the tensile viscoelastic properties of circumferential and radial strips of porcine aortic valve leaflets following fixation in glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde, with or without pressure. After aldehyde treatment, the radial strips remained weaker and less stiff than circumferential strips and responded slightly differently to the treatment. After fixation, with or without pressure, the radial strips showed large changes in stress-strain and hysteresis responses due to initial loading, and there was a twofold reduction in tensile strength and final stiffness. For strips in both directions, fixation without pressure produced doubled extensibility and a ramping stress-strain curve. Permanent (plastic) deformation of 5-20% occurred as a result of cyclic loading, stress relaxation, and creep experiments. Pressure fixation, however, produced little change in stress-strain results other than a simple shift to lower strain and produced no plasticity. Both methods of fixation reduced stress relaxation and creep. Mechanical test results are consistent with a loss of ground substance matrix during fixation. Reductions in tensile strength after fixation may be due to “riveting” of collagen geometry, producing local stress concentrations.
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    Masthead (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180201
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    Editorial (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. iii 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180202
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    On the true wear rate of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene in the total knee prosthesis (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 207-224 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The objective of this investigation was to assess the magnitude of the true wear of the polyethylene components of several total knee replacements. Five different prostheses were tested by total joint simulation for the equivalent of 1 month of use. The true wear rates of the tibial components were measured by quantitative recovery of the polyethylene debris. After testing, the tibial components were examined in the scanning electron microscope, and the molecular weight distributions were analyzed. The wear rates were found to range from 0.3 to 1.8 mg per month. The soluble fraction molecular weights ranged from 179,000 to 393,000 with 53-78% soluble. The wear rates, significantly larger than those observed for total hip prostheses, are dominated by the high contact stresses in these prostheses. The wear results in dimensional changes, which are of the same order of magnitude as those due to creep. The debris had two components: fine fibrous particles, found in all cases, and coarse granules, found when the wear rate is relatively high. Evidence for fatigue cracking was found at the surfaces of the tibial component with the highest wear rate. This behavior is consistent with other investigations of the material itself and indicates that continuous deterioration of the polyethylene should be expected in this class of prosthesis.
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    Masthead (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180301
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    Reduction in complement activation from biomaterials by removal of air nuclei from the surface roughness (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 255-269 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The activation of the rabbit complement system by each of three different synthetic materials is reported. Samples of each type of material were subjected to one of two different priming procedures. One priming procedure was intended to remove the air nuclei from the surface roughness of the materials; the other procedure was just the normal one. It was found that the removal of the air nuclei during priming reduced the complement activation by each of the two materials of lower surface tension, but not by a statistically significant amount for the material of highest surface tension, cellophane. For the denucleated samples of the three materials, the amount of complement activation was found to correlate with the critical surface tension of the materials; if the samples of the materials were normally primed, there was no correlation of the amount of complement activation with the critical surface tension of the material.
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    In vivo biocompatibility studies. II. Biomer: Preliminary cell adhesion and surface characterization studies (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 309-315 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Streaming potential and streaming current measurements to estimate surface conduction and electric double layer structure of biomaterials (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 317-320 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Design criteria for percutaneous devices (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 357-382 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A theoretical model of a percutaneous device is described. The model is split into several components, each with its own function. Special structures such as horns, hair, feathers, fingernails, hoofs, teeth, and antlers are taken as examples where nature has solved the problems of “percutaneous devices.” These structures have been regarded in relation to dimensional and structural differences of epidermis, dermis, and subcutis. Theoretical guidelines are described for the design of a prosthetic percutaneous device.
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    Some factors that influence prolonged interfacial continuity (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 383-393 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Bringing a percutaneous implant through the integument with the intentions of leaving it as a functional device for prolonged periods of time has not yet become a reality. If we are ever to achieve prolonged uninfected implants, attention must be directed toward a variety of failure mechanisms. Some of these mechanisms have defined our scrutiny, and our awareness of others are poorly understood. Some of the causes for failure of a percutaneous implant are the forces, either extrinsic or intrinsic, that cause shearing and tearing at the skin-implant interface. Extrinsic forces are defined as those forces applied either to the skin or the implant by the external environment. Intrinsic forces are those that have to do directly or indirectly with the body's growth and cell maturation, such as the retraction of maturing scar tissue and the surface migration of squamous epithelium. An intact skin-implant interface is important to attain in order to close the portal which might allow microbial invasion. The integument must remain intact, since a suppurative wound makes the implant's removal mandatory.
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    Infection of percutaneous devices: Prevention, monitoring, and treatment (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 403-411 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Infection continues to pose the major obstacle to long-term percutaneous access. Development of methods to prevent infection or techniques to determine early onset of infection at a time when antibiotic therapy may prove successful would be of enormous value. Our laboratory has been working toward developing and testing a noninvasive semiquantitative swab culture technique (SQ) to monitor percutaneous leads for infection. This technique was found to have a 76% sensitivity having identified 47 of 62 organisms detected by a quantitative tissue culture technique (Q) at the time of system explant. Furthermore, 47 of 61 organisms identified by the SQ technique accurately detected those isolated by the Q techniques. Accordingly, the SQ technique has a 77% specificity. This technique was capable of detecting organisms a median of 14 days prior to overt clinical infection. Prompt initiation of oral antibiotic treatment based on SQ results has doubled system survival compared with untreated systems. Clearly, the SQ technique has proven useful to monitoring percutaneous devices.
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    Bond strength and hardness of light-activated composite resins (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 789-796 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The bond strength of visible light-activated composites to etched enamel was measured as a function of exposure time. Studies have shown that the bottom surface may not be as hard as the top after customary cure times. Therefore this study also measured hardness and related it to enamel bonding. Plexiglas molds were used to simulate extracoronal applications where light is not attenuated by enamel. Bond strength and hardness of the bottom surfaces reached maximum values after the same exposure times with two of the three composites. More exposure time than normally recommended by manufacturers was needed to obtain maximum bond strength to enamel.
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    Correlation of tissue reaction to corrosion in osteosynthetic devicesThe opinions or assertions contained herein are the private opinions of the authors and are not the official views of the Department of The Air Force. (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 817-828 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This study evaluated the interaction of osteosynthetic plates to adjacent tissue. Eleven patients had 13 plates removed with simultaneous biopsies of the adjacent soft tissue. Four patients had pain localized to the area of the plate and 11 patients had routine removal or removal for fracture nonunion. Each plate was graded on a 0-5 point scale for the amount and severity of corrosion present at the screw - plate interface. The adjacent tissue was fixed in formalin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The tissue reaction was graded on a 0-5 point scale based on the inflammatory response. A positive correlation of corrosion and tissue reaction was found that was significant at p ≤ 0.005 in the assymptomatic group. The other good correlation showed that tissue reaction tends to decrease with time at p ≤ 0.005. There was no correlation of corrosion with tissue reaction in the symptomatic removal group. All patients with pain adjacent to the plates were relieved by implant removal. The findings suggest that stainless steel is minimally toxic to human tissue in most circumstances and that the toxic products are well tolerated. There was a significant group (4/11) that showed a different pattern of tissue response which did not appear to be toxic response. We do not recommend routine implant removal to prevent metal toxicity; however, there is a group of patients who have pain in the area of the implant that may be caused by an allergic reaction and is relieved by implant removal.
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    Academic focus: Graduate study in dental materials science at New York university college of dentistry (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 867-870 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Extracorporeal removal of mercury by hemoperfusion through agarose - polymercaptal microsphere beads (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 617-629 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Uniform agarose - polymercaptal microsphere beads (APMMB) of 1.0-mm diameter were prepared by encapsulating thousands of polymercaptal microspheres of 0.8-μm average diameter within an agarose matrix. Those beads show a high avidity and affinity for mercury and readily remove mercury compounds bound to serum proteins. In vivo detoxification trials in dosed rabbits and dogs showed the effectiveness of the APMMB for removal of mercury compounds by hemoperfusion. The rate for mercury removal is enhanced by addition of cysteine. The biocompatibility of the APMMB, measured by the depletion of the formed elements and various soluble components of the blood, is also demonstrated.
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    Equilibrium adsorption of human serum albumin and human fibrinogen on hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 685-693 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The adsorption of human serum albumin and human fibrinogen on flat surfaces was quantitatively determined by measuring the decrease in UV absorption in the adsorption solution. The applicability of the method is discussed for hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials. The values of equilibrium adsorption are presented - albumin on polyethylene, and fibrinogen on polyethylene, carbon, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), and cellophane.
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    An in vivo method for the biological evaluation of metal implantsPresented in part at the 9th Annual Meeting of the Society for Biomaterials, 1983. (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 829-844 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The peritoneal cavity of the rat was used as an implantation site in order to study the quantitative, cellular response and the qualitative, histopathological response to three metals (Ag, Sn, Cu). The effects of the metals on the cells were correlated with the cellular concentrations of the metal as determined by chemical analysis. Small variations in the cell population and a minimal foreign body reaction was observed with an implanted control material (silicone polymer). Large increases in the number of cells and an intense foreign body reaction was observed with Cu implants. Decreases in the number of cells were seen with Sn and Ag implants, but only Sn elicited a foreign body reaction. Implantation of Ag failed to elicit a foreign body reaction. Significant concentrations of all three metals were detected in the retrieved cells.
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    Difference of bond bonding behavior among surface active glasses and sintered apatite (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 845-859 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Three types of surface active glasses and sintered apatite were implanted in femurs of rabbits for 8 and 16 weeks and subjected to the push-out test to measure the bone bonding strength. The apatite surface layers of these materials, which were formed under in vitro treatment, were studied using IR, NMR, and AES. The difference in the bonding strength among these materials was shown statistically. The results of in vitro experiments explained the differences. It was concluded that the crystal chemistry and formation rate of the surface apatite layer significantly influenced the bonding strength. Materials that formed a surface apatite layer having a bone-like crystal chemistry and fast formation rate showed high bone bonding strength.
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    Announcement (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1191-1192 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180918
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    The activation of the complement system by polymer materials and their blood compatibility (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 969-978 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The activation of the complement system by polymer materials and their blood compatibility. One of the negative effects of the clinical application of various blood-containing biomedical devices is the activation of the complement system induced by a foreign surface. A method of determining the hemolytic activity of human serum complement before and after contact with polymers was chosen in order to elucidate the relationship between polymer surface types and the degree of complement activation. The complement activation of each donor proved to depend both on his own complement reactivity and the type of polymer surface. The role played by each constituent was estimated using the rate constants for spontaneous (ksp) and induced (kind) complement activation. The negative correlation (-0,88, p 〈 0,001) between the degree of irreversible adsorption of 131I-serum albumin and relative kind was determined. Thus, we propose the use of kind for the criterion of conformation alterations of protein macromolecules induced by the adsorption/desorption processes on blood/surface interface, leading to complement activation.
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    Morphological characteristics of tendon cells cultured on synthetic fibers (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1073-1087 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Filamentous carbon is currently being used as an implant material for tendon and ligament repair in humans. This material acts as a scaffold for the organization of new fibrous tissue growth. Primary cultures of rat tendon fibroblast cells (1° RTF cells) were grown on carbon, Dacron, polyethylene and Nylon fibers in vitro. The morphological characteristics of these cells were examined. The process of cell migration from tendon explant to fiber substrate was similar for all four materials. Three morphological categories of cells were observed on these materials. (1) spherical dividing cells, (2) spindle-shaped migrating cells, (3) sheath-like migrating or stationary cells. The morphological characteristics and orientational behavior of cultured fibroblasts on these fiber materials were strongly influenced by the diameters of the fibers and by fiber surface characteristics such as longitudinal striations. The possible mechanisms of cell response to substrate geometric configuration are discussed along with the clinical significance of these experiments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180910
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    In vivo validation of a cell culture test for biocompatibility testing of urinary catheters (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1125-1135 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Biocompatibility tests have been compared for their suitability as routine safety tests for urinary catheters. Latex catheters from five manufacturers were tested by each of the following four methods: (1) a cell culture cytotoxicity assay of catheter extracts, (2) intracutaneous injection of the extracts into rabbits, (3) intramuscular implant of catheter pieces into rabbits, (4) catheterization of sheep (mucous membrane irritation). The rabbit intracutaneous and intramuscular tests are both current pharmacopoeial methods for ascertaining the suitability of polymers for medical use. The four tests each showed a cell or tissue response ranging from no detectable change to severe damage, according to the catheter batch or brand, and they each identified the same samples as most toxic and least toxic. However, they differed in sensitivity. The sheep test and the cell culture assay discriminated between catheters of intermediate toxicity and ranked as toxic catheters not identified as such by the two pharmacopoeial tests. The sheep test most closely approximates clinical usage, but is impractical for routine use. The cell culture assay is a suitable alternative. It also has the advantages of a clearly defined endpoint, good sensitivity, reproducibility, speed, and reduced animal usage.
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    Extracorporeal removal of specific antibodies by hemoperfusion through the immunosorbent agarose-polyacrolein microsphere beads: Removal of anti-bovine serum albumin in animals (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1153-1167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We describe (1) the production of a unique immunosorbent system, agarose-polyacrolein microsphere beads (APAMB) for removal of a specific antibody, anti BSA, and (2) its efficacy in animal trials. This is a model system for hemoperfusive removal of specific antibodies or antigens directly from whole blood. The agarose beads (1.0 mm mean diameter) contain thousands of microspheres of 0.2 m̈m mean diameter. The microspheres which contain the ligand are encapsulated within an agarose matrix to confer physical strength, biocompatibility, spacial configuration, and porosity allowing rapid entry of plasma for reaction. Any antigen may be linked covalently to spacers on the polyacrolein microspheres to remove a specific antibody, or vice versa. Thus the APAMB remove specific molecules in contrast to the charcoal or ion exchange resins currently in use. Removal of antibody is efficient and rapid, therefore, short hemoperfusive times may be used. The beads are biocompatible; there are negligible decreases in RBC, WBC and platelets. Electrolytes and other soluble components also are minimally affected. Therapy, at the least palliative, of autoimmune disorders i.e., multiple myeloma, macroglobinemia, autohemolytic anemias, idiopathic thrombocytopenia, myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis, thyroiditis, glomerulonephritis, etc, is potentially available with this or its further improved versions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180916
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    Creep of conventional and microfilled dental composites (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 15-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The creep of microspecimens of two conventional and two microfilled composites was studied using a torsional creep apparatus. Small stresses below the materials' proportional limits were maintained for 3 h and recovery was monitored for 30 h. Creep curves were obtained at 21.5,37, and 50°C, and three torque levels. The composites exhibited linear viscoelastic behavior at low deformations. The magnitude of creep depended on the amount and type of resin in the composites. The materials did not recover their original shape after 30 h after the stress was removed. No transitions were observed in the temperature range employed. The shear moduli decreased with temperature and are in reasonable agreement with literature values obtained with other tests.
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    The glutaraldehyde-stabilized porcine aortic valve xenograft. I. Tensile viscoelastic properties of the fresh leaflet material (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 61-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The tensile viscoelastic properties of radial and circumferential strips of fresh porcine aortic valve leaflets have been examined and compared with the fiber architecture of the leaflets as seen in the scannng electron microscope. The leaflet material showed nonlinear viscoelasticity, largely independent of strain rate, and dependent on the degree of preconditioning by cyclic loading. Preconditioning to a stable stress-strain response could only be accomplished on 1-cm-long strips above a minimum width of 4 mm (circumferential) and 6 mm (radial). Preconditioning yielded a more elastic and extensible material with reduced hysteresis. The leaflets were markedly anisotropic. Circumferential strips were up to 8 times stronger and stiffer than radial strips, and displayed greater stress relaxation and less creep. The circumferential mechanical properties were due to well-aligned circumferential collagen bundles reinforcing the composite structure, while radial properties were due to a more random collagenous support throughout the leaflet. Despite the presence of a septal shelf on the right coronary leaflet, no mechanical differences could be discerned between leaflets.
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    Announcements (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 127-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180113
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    The interface of permucosal dense apatite ceramic implants in humans (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 147-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Dense apatite ceramic implants inserted into fresh extraction sockets of teeth and submerged under full lower dentures may develop permucosal dehiscences because of vertical alveolar ridge resorption. In a 5-year clinical follow-up study, 16 out of 81 of such implants showed this dehiscence, offering the opportunity to study histologically the reaction of the mucosal tissue and the alveolar bone to dense apatite ceramic implants in humans. The histologic findings indicate that there is no bonding between mucosa and the permucosal part of the dense apatite ceramic implant under full lower dentures in humans. On the other hand, a very intimate bonding exists between alveolar bone and the dense apatite ceramic material.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180205
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    Supermolecular organization of some polyurethanes containing sugar derivatives in the main chain (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 129-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: X-ray studies on polyurethanes containing sugar derivatives in the main chain were performed. It was demonstrated that the microphase separation of rigid and flexible fragments was dependent on the nature of sugar derivatives. The supermolecular organization in disaccharide-based polymers is the most ordered one. In xylose- and arabinose-based polyurethanes the phase separation is defined least of all. Glucose- and dulcitol-based polymers are intermediates as to their supermolecular organization. Supermolecular organization models for block copolyurethanes under investigation were proposed.
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    The effect of surface charge on arterial thrombosis (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 165-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The amount of thrombus formed on the surface of implants of random copolymers of (L-glutamic acid co-L-leucine) implanted in the femoral and carotid arteries of dogs is related to composition and the degree of ionization. When the initial surface concentration of unionized glutamic acid is greater than 10%, the surface is completely covered with thrombus; the thrombus is, however, limited in thickness to ∼600 μ. For surface concentration of unionized glutamic acid less than 10%, the amount of thrombus is a linear function of the degree of ionization. When 10% of the total surface sites consists of ionized glutamic acid residues, there is no thrombus, and only formed elements adhere to the surface. Thrombus covered surfaces tended to show decreased thrombus formation by seven days post implantation. The presence of thrombus enhanced the rate of development of an endothelial-like cell layer on the surface, while on thrombus-free implants, large-diameter flattened monocytes, some of which formed confluent patches, covered only small areas of the implant surface.
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    The effect of humoral components on the cellular response to textured and nontextured PTFE (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 225-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The investigation was undertaken to determine the role that humoral components play in the biological response to ion beam textured and smooth PTFE. It was found that exudates obtained from smooth PTFE implants contained factors capable of promoting the attachment and growth of cells in vitro. Exudates obtained from textured PTFE contained significantly more growth promoting activity at 2 days after implantation and significantly more attachment promoting activity at 2 and 7 days after implantation than corresponding exudates obtained from smooth PTFE. The underlying reasons for the temporal nature of these results are not known, but cellular mechanisms were proposed to explain the observed differences. In order to examine protein adsorption to implants in vivo, a technique was developed utilizing the Selye air pocket and electrocautery to minimize cell adhesion to the implants. The results demonstrated the dynamic quality of protein adsorption to surfaces and indicated that the nature of protein exchange at the material surface differed between textured and smooth PTFE for the first 30 min post-implantation. Both albumin and fibrinogen were identified on textured and smooth surfaces, but fibronectin was not identified on any of the surfaces.
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    Preparation and strength of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fiber bundles for model synthetic tendons (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 115-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers suited for model synthetic tendons were prepared on a pilot-plant scale by additional drawing (postdrawing) of commercial textile fibers texturized by false twist. The modified fibers have a tensile modulus of 7-9 GPa, a one-minute creep modulus of 5-6 GPa, tensile strength 0.55-0.63 GPa, and strain at break of 16-19%. It is essential for their application in synthetic tendons that plastic deformation was reduced to about 0.5%, which could be completely eliminated by subsequent mechanical conditioning of fibers. Since the strength of model tendons consisting of 20 vol % of fibers and of a hydrogel matrix is primarily determined by the strength of the fibers, some aspects of the theory of strength of fiber bundles are briefly recapitulated. The prediction is compared with earlier experimental results obtained for the synthetic tendons. Such an approach, taking into account the fiberstrength distribution in the bundle, predicts a strength of model tendons lower by 20-40% than does the rule of mixtures.
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    Fatigue properties of carbon- and porous-coated Ti—6Al—4V alloy (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 497-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A porous metal coating applied to a solid substrate implant has been shown, in vivo, to offer advantages over current polymethylmethacrylate cement fixation in orthopedic devices. These advantages may be lost, however, in devices requiring a sintering heat treatment to apply the coating since these treatments may have a detrimental effect on the substrate material mechanical properties. In addition, more biocompatible interface coating materials have come of interest with recent literature reports of metal ion release. These coatings may be of particular use in porous-coated systems since the surface area of implant in contact with the surrounding tissues is greatly increased. This study investigated the effects that both a porous Ti—6Al—4V alloy coating and a ULTI carbon coating have on the fatigue properties of a Ti—6Al—4V alloy substrate system. The fatigue properties of uncoated as-received, uncoated sinter heat treated and notched Ti—6Al—4V material were also investigated. The results of this study revealed endurance limits for Ti—6Al—4V alloy tested with a rotating beam system of 617 MN/m2 (uncoated as-received), 624 MN/m2 (ULTI carbon-coated), 377 MN/m2 (sinter heat treated), 220 MN/m2 (notched) and 138 MN/m2 (porous-coated). No effects on fatigue properties were observed when testing the material in saline compared with air. The slight increase in fatigue strength for the carbon-coated material is thought to be due to the increase in surface hardness resulting from the formation of titanium carbides on the surface. The low-endurance limit of the porous-coated material is due to both the transition from the as-received equiaxed microstructure to a lamellar microstructure upon sintering and to the notch effect created by the porous coating.
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    Characterization of plasma polymerized silicone coatings useful as biomaterials (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 537-545 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Plasma polymerization techniques were used to deposit a layer of filler-free silicone rubber on a variety of substrate materials. The thickness of the deposited film was 0.5-0.8 m̈m. As it is the surface of the biomaterial that comes in direct contact with the body fluids, the surface of the biomaterial is of paramount importance. In this study, the plasma polymerized biomaterials were characterized. Thus, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed the surfaces to be smooth. To study the surface layer of the deposited polymer, Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry in the attenuated total reflection (ATR) mode was used. The deposited material was indeed silicone polymer with adsorption bands at 1262, 1020, and 802 cm-1 for the Si—CH3 bending, Si—O—Si stretching, and Si—CH3 bending, respectively. To find the bonding nature of the polymer, electron spectrometry for chemical analysis (ESCA) was used. The silicone polymer was shown to be highly cross-linked. To find the molecular weight between cross-links, swelling studies were done. Thus the results of the study show that the plasma polymerization could produce a filler-free silicone layer on a variety of substrate materials.
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    Key references in biomaterials: Bone/biomaterial interface in orthopedic joint implants (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 577-599 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180511
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    The formation of stain on acrylic surfaces by the interaction of cationic antiseptic mouthwashes and tea (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 631-641 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Clinical and in vitro studies have implicated dietary components as major aetiological factors in staining of teeth and acrylic materials associated with chlorhexidine use, a local side effect not unique to this antiseptic. These experiments studied the precipitation and surface staining reactions of the cationic antiseptics alexidine, cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC), chlorhexidine, and hexetidine, with the beverage tea. All of the antiseptics precipitated a standard tea solution and for alexidine and chlorhexidine acetate and gluconate, this was at concentrations 〉100 μmol/L, for hexetidine 〉200 μmol/L, and for CPC 〉400 μmol/L. With the exception of CPC precipitation was reduced with decreasing pH and for chlorhexidine was inhibited below pH 3. The addition of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) to the antiseptic solutions increased the precipitation concentrations by an amount calculated to be adsorbed by polymer. Acrylic blocks treated with equimolar solutions of the antiseptics became progressively and significantly more stained by tea than control specimens over a 5-day period. Alexidine induced significantly greater staining and hexetidine significantly less than the other antiseptics. Staining was pH dependent and significantly reduced as the pH decreased. Both stain and precipitates were insoluble in strong acids and alkalis. It is concluded that staining observed clinically may represent a precipitation reaction with the complexing of antiseptics with dietary chromogenic material.
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    Modification of polyetherurethane for biomedical application by radiation induced grafting. II. Water sorption, surface properties, and protein adsorption of grafted films (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 655-669 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A series of polyetherurethane films grafted by means of γ radiation with hydrophilic or reactive monomers (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2,3-epoxypropyl methacrylate, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl methacrylate, and acrylamide) and partially chemically modified were subjected to various physico - chemical investigation methods involving water sorption, contact angle, and protein adsorption measurements. From contact angle data the interfacial free energy γsw between grafted films and water was calculated. It was found that the water uptake of grafted films increases with grafting yield or, in the case of grafted and afterwards chemically modified films, with reaction yield; the diffusion coefficient of water in the modified films also increases with grafting yield. Contact angle studies revealed all grafted films to have surfaces more hydrophilic than the ungrafted trunk polymer. The degree of hydrophilicity - especially of HEMA-grafted films - strongly depends on grafting conditions. For some grafted samples with high surface hydrophilicity very low interfacial free energies approaching zero were measured. The study of the competitive adsorption of bovine serum albumin, γ-globulin, and fibrinogen from a synthetic protein solution onto modified films showed that the adsorption of albumin increases markedly with increasing grafting yields, whereas the fibrinogen and γ-globulin adsorption only slightly increases. A correlation between interfacial free energy and protein adsorption in the sense of the “minimum interfacial free energy hypothesis” was found only for samples with grafting yields below 5%. At higher grafting yields the increased surface area complicates the analysis.
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    Correlation between microstructure of Ag—Pd—Au—Cu alloy and changes in shape on aging (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 707-716 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An investigation has been carried out to study changes in shape on aging in plastic deformed Ag—Pd—Au—Cu alloys. The changes in shape were measured in order to establish a relationship to the aging heat treatments. Their microstructure was observed in order to clarify this phenomenon at the same time. They were also investigated quantitatively using a feature analysis system. The changes in shape were interpreted as the shrinkage in volume resulting from the formation of the ordered phase. They were smaller at aging temperatures below 673 K. The change in microstructure was different at aging temperature between 573 and 773 K. These phenomena were due to the following: First, nodules which nucleated at the grain boundaries would have grown into the grains well before the formation of the ordered phase, and second, the shrinkage in volume would have been of a different kind that the ordered phase. Therefore aging treatments should be carried out at low temperature in order to minimize the changes in shape. Also, nodular growth should be inhibited in order to maximize the hardening in Ag-rich alloys.
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    Significance of the inner-surface structure of small-caliber prosthetic blood vessels in relation to the development, presence, and fate of a neo-intima. A morphological evaluation (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 745-755 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Microvascular prostheses with three different inner surface structures were examined morphologically 1-18 months after implantation to evaluate the presence and structure of the neo-intima. Fibrous polyurethane tubes (length: 5-10 mm, inner diameter: 1.5 mm) were implanted in the rat abdominal aorta in group A with a fibrillar inner structure (pore sizes 20-50 m̈m), and in group B the inner fibrillar structure was coated with an impermeable continuous silicon sheet. Expanded polytetrafluorethylene vascular prostheses (length: 40 mm, inner diameter: 4 mm) were implanted in the dog carotid artery (group C). The specimens were examined by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. A continuous and permanent neointima was only found in the prostheses with the porous fibrillar inner structure (group A). The thin new lining sheet was well attached to the prosthetic wall by cellular protrusions. In the silicon-coated prostheses (group B) also a continuous neo-intima had developed which, however, was irregular, thicker, and not anchored to the prosthetic wall. The expanded polytetrafluorethylene prostheses (group C) showed also after 1 year only incomplete lining with a neo-intima. Fresh blood cell deposits could be observed in the unlined prosthetic wall. It is concluded that a continuous lining of vascular grafts with a thin neo-intima is only achieved if the cells invading the prostheses from the anastomotic areas can anchore their cytoplasmic protrusions onto an appropriately structured inner surface. If these anchoring facilities are not provided, the unattached neo-intima will thicken, interfering with the patency of these microvascular prostheses, or fragments of the neo-intima or alternatively mural thrombi may constantly strip off and embolize.
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    Electron microprobe analysis of metal ion transport (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 463-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Masthead (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180501
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    A canine ex vivo series shunt for evaluating thrombus deposition on polymer surfaces (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 475-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A new acute canine ex vivo femoral A-V series shunt experiment is described. Platelet and fibrinogen deposition on a series of up to ten different polymers may be tested in the same nonanticoagulated animal. The method reduces the time and expense associated with animal testing, and also allows for the simultaneous monitoring of platelet and fibrinogen deposition on a number of polymer surfaces. The series shunt technique was used to examine platelet and fibrinogen deposition on polyethylene, Silastic, polyvinylchloride, and oxidized polyethylene surfaces. Following an initial period of minimal deposition, platelet deposition increased dramatically to a peak by about 15-20 min of blood contact on all surfaces studied. The amount of adsorbed fibrinogen fell from initial levels to a minimum at about 5-10 min of blood contact and then increased to a peak at about the same time as observed for the platelet response. Oxidized polyethylene was the most thrombogenic surface studied, followed by polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, and Silastic. Peak platelet and fibrinogen levels were found to be inversely related to flow rate over the range studied. In this experiment it appears that the interaction of blood components with a foreign surface in vivo or ex vivo is localized to the interface with the flowing blood. Within experimental errors, no effect of segment position or any downstream effects were observed. These results suggest that a series shunt may be used to investigate the short-term interactions of blood with a number of test surfaces.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180503
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    The peroxidase antiperoxidase staining of factor VIII-related antigen on cultured endothelial cells (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 561-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: To prevent the premature occlusion of vascular prostheses, endothelium is being cultured experimentally onto synthetic flow surfaces. A rapid method of identifying cultured endothelium on the prosthesis is valuable for determining the degree of fibroblast and smooth muscle cell contamination and to screen for endothelial cell transformation. Fluorescent Factor VIII related antigen (FVIII-RA) staining has been used to identify cultured endothelium, but results in excessive staining of the underlying prosthesis, loss of morphologic detail, and deterioration of the FVIII-RA antibody reaction with time. We have applied the peroxidase antiperoxidase (PAP) method of antigen staining to permit staining of FVIII-RA and thereby to permit a sensitive and specific identification of human or canine endothelium with a concurrent analysis of morphologic detail.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180509
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    Convex-lens-on-slide: A simple system for the study of human plasma and blood in narrow spaces (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 643-654 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: On clot-promoting surfaces, intact normal blood or plasma deposits fibrinogen and then supplants it with high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK). On glass, plasma layers of less than about 25 μm thick, while still containing enough fibrinogen to coat the surrounding surfaces, lack sufficient HMWK per surface area to remove this fibrinogen deposit. Thus normal intact citrated plasma allowed to enter the space between a glass slide and a convex lens resting belly-down on the slide will leave a disc of fibrinogen where the thickness of plasma layer was below this “critical height” H. The discs of fibrinogen left by plasma that lacks HMWK pathologically or by activation or dilution, are larger - the required H being greater. The present study shows that plasma dilution (final volume divided by original plasma volume) plotted against H yields a straight line. In preliminary series, the slope of this line increases with the atomic weight of five metals whose oxidized surfaces were used as substrates. In whole blood collected in either heparin or ACD, a circle of platelets adheres to oxidized silicon, anodized tantalum, or glass; this circle is similar in size to the one of fibrinogen left by plasma.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180606
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    Covalent coupling of polysaccharides to silicon and silicon rubber surfaces (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 953-959 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A method to produce a hydrogel by covalently coupling dextran polysaccharide to silicon and silicon rubber surfaces is described. A bifunctional epoxysilane was used as coupling mediator and the conditions for the reaction were optimized. Coupling of the silane to silicon rubber was possible only after oxidation of the surface by plasma etching. The reaction between the epoxy-group and dextran was concentration dependent and required high concentrations of dextran. The turnover rate of fibrinogen in solution at the hydrophilic surface was found to be high when measured by ellipsometry.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180809
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    Blood distribution of nickel, cobalt, and chromium following intramuscular injection into hamstersThis paper was presented in part at the eighth annual meeting of the Society for Biomaterials, 1982. (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 991-1004 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In vivo experiments were undertaken to study the transport of metal ions away from the intramuscular (IM) injection site and to study the binding of the metals to blood cells. Hamsters were injected intramuscularly with metal salts or with corrosion products generated by fretting corrosion of 316 LVM stainless steel or MP-35N plates and screws. The animals were bled at 0 time, and 2, 4, 6, 24, 48, and 96 h after injection. The concentration of nickel, cobalt, and chromium in the serum, attached to red cells, and attached to white cells was determined. This study showed that metals are rapidly transported from the intramuscular site with high levels in the blood by 2 h. The level of metal in the blood varied considerably with nickel being transported in high concentration to the blood, chromium with a valence of 6+ being transported to the blood, and cobalt and chromium with a valence of 3+ being transported less to the blood. The highest amount of cell binding was observed with chromium 6+. Cobalt showed negligible binding to blood cells. When all the metal salts injected together were compared with the individual salts injected alone, there was no difference. This indicated that the each metal behaves independently of the presence of the others.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180904
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    Assessment of tissue reactions to biomaterials: A model system using the foreign body response in the mouse lung to intravenously injected divinyl copolymer beads (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1031-1041 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We have developed a reproducible model of granuloma formation in the mouse lung using a narrow size range (45-53 μm) of divinyl benzene copolymer beads as a standard test material. Approximately 10,000 beads are given by intravenous injection into the tail veins of mice whence they embolize to the lung and incite granuloma formation. This delivery system eliminates the superimposed inflammatory reaction due to trauma that occurs when materials are directly implanted at the test site by surgical incision. Granuloma size was quantitated at intervals from 3 h to 6 weeks by tracing mid-bead granuloma areas on the ground glass screen of a light microscope at a known magnification and measuring the areas with a digitizer interfaced with a microcomputer programmed to prepare histograms and to merge data from replicate experiments. At 3 h only a few polymorphonuclear leukocytes could be observed adhering to the beads. At 48 h, the time of maximum granuloma size (mean area = 750l μm2), the granulomas consisted of both polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leukocytes. After 6 weeks, the granulomas were smaller, composed predominantly of mononuclear leukocytes and had a mean area of 2893 m̈m2. This model system allows the analysis of a large number of measurements, is reproducible, and provides a useful method for comparing the hosts' inflammatory response to a variety of potential biomaterials, as well as for determining the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory drugs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180907
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    A calorimetric study of the interaction of synthetic phospholipid liposomes with vinyl monomers, acrylates and methacrylates (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1105-1114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Mono-, di-, and trimethacrylates (monomers) are widely used in dentistry as restorative materials, adhesives, prosthetic devices, etc. It is known that the residual monomers released from the cured resin have been implicated in toxicological effects.1 In order to monitor the biological actions at the membrane level induced by monomers, we studied the changes in the phase transition temperature (T) and enthalpy (ΔH) of dipalmitoyl-phosphatidyl-choline liposomes induced by 37 different monomers using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The monomers that caused large changes in the T and ΔH were vinyl monomers; acrylates; monomethacrylates that contain hydroxy, carbonyl, amino and phenyl groups; dimethacrylates with short-chain substituents; and aliphatic trimethacrylates. It is suggested that the changes in the T and ΔH values may be due not only to hydrophobic interactions, but also to interactions induced by the double bonds or the functional groups in the monomers. On the other hand, methacrylates with simple alkyl ester linkage and dimethacrylates with bisphenol A groups exhibited the smallest changes. The changes in the T and ΔH induced by highly hydrophobic methacrylates were small due to their slower interaction. These changes in transition properties of liposomes seem to be related to biological activities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180912
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    Inhibition of surface induced coagulation by preadsorption of albumin-heparin conjugates (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 911-926 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Surface coatings of the albumin-heparin conjugates were developed to improve the blood compatibility of polymeric materials. Glass, PVC, Biomer and cellulose acetate were coated with albumin-heparin conjugate and its adsorption and desorption behavior on glass in particular was studied using 3H and 51Cr radiolabeled conjugates. Precoated materials showed a significant prolongation of the Lee-White clotting time as compared with noncoated ones. It was demonstrated that the prolonged clotting time for pretreated glass was due to surface bound conjugate. Prolonged recalcification times of plasma exposed to glass, Biomer, and PVC were obtained using albumin-heparin conjugate precoated surfaces. Albumin-heparin conjugates with high affinity for antithrombin III gave more prolonged clotting times as low affinity conjugates when used as coatings for glass. This indicates that the behaviour of heparin in preadsorbed conjugates resembles that of heparin in solution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180806
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    Effects of immersion in cholesterol-lipid solution on the tensile and fatigue properties of elastomeric polymers for blood pump applications (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 939-951 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Tensile and fatigue properties were studied on three kinds of segmented polyether polyurethanes developed for blood pump applications. To study the effects of plasma constituents, specimens were immersed in a cholesterol-lipid solution whose composition is similar to that of plasma. The results obtained were compared with those observed in a saline solution which had been reported previously. Immersion in the cholesterol-lipid solution has influence on the mechanical properties of Toyobo TM5 polyurethane and Avcothane 51: Its effect is enhanced by cyclic deformation. Cholesterol-lipids change the mechanical characteristics of Avcothane 51 more remarkably than those of Toyobo TM5 polyurethane possibly because the former contains about 10% silicone. On the other hand, there is little effect of the constituents of the cholesterollipid solution on the static and dynamic mechanical properties of Biomer, although moisture and cyclic deformation have some influence on the mechanical characteristics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180808
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    Removable partial denture design: A photoelastic study (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 979-989 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Quantifiable frozen-stress photoelastic techniques were used to analyze stresses induced in mandibular models by a conventional free-end saddle removable partial denture. Four quasi-anatomical mandibular models were constructed for processing, together with their respective calibration specimens, through identical time/temperature stress-freezing cycles. After processing and slicing, an unloaded control model demonstrated some low-order fringes adjacent to the coronal third of the abutment tooth roots, but was otherwise stress free. A lower bilateral free-end saddle partial denture was constructed and fitted in turn to each of the remaining three models. Each denture/model combination was then loaded and processed through a stress-freezing cycle. After processing, 6-mm slices were cut from selected regions for analysis for the presence of stresses. Using a polariscope with circular polarized, monochromatic light, values for maximum shear stress were calculated at selected points in the slices taken from the three loaded models. Variations up to 28% of the mean were obtained for the three experimental models as compared with the consistent results for the material fringe values obtained from the calibration specimens. The study pointed out the problems involved in using photoelastic stress analysis on complicated anatomical models. The interpretation of the results from such studies should be approached with caution.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180903
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    The fatigue strength of porous-coated Ti-6% Al-4% V implant alloy (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1043-1058 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The fatigue behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V (extra low interstital) alloy coated with Ti-6Al-4V powder was investigated using rotating bending fatigue testing. It was found that the high cycle fatigue strength of porous coated specimens exhibited a substantial decrease compared to uncoated specimens of the same microstructure. Chemical analysis of the sintered surface revealed significant increases of interstitials compared to the bulk analysis, but it is concluded that this would not adversely affect the fatigue strength. Scanning electron microscopy revealed crack initiation close to particle/substrate contact interfaces and it is concluded that stress intensification due to these interface regions are major sources of weakness with respect to fatigue strength. Finally it was found that subjecting a polished Ti-6Al-4V specimen to the heat treatment required for sintering resulted in delineation of prior beta grain boundaries and it is suggested that this also contributes to the inferior fatigue strength of porous coated Ti-6Al-4V.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180908
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    Improved photochemical bonding of composites to dentin using 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1089-1103 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The main objective was to evaluate the use of 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) to improve bonding of composite materials to dentin. Bowen's resin, containing camphoroquinone, was polymerized by exposure to visible light. In composites, made with a silanated silicate, inclusion of 4-META (3%) had little effect in increasing mechanical strength or adhesion to bovine teeth. However, direct application of 4-META via acetone solution was found to be an effective way of increasing tensile adhesive strength; by 240% to dentin (to 7.2 MPa) and by 160% to enamel (to 10.8 MPa). Applying the experience mentioned above, 4-META was used to bond a proprietary photocuring microfilled composite material to Class V cavities in freshly extracted human teeth. After thermal cycling between water baths held at 5°C and 60°C, all dentin restorations without 4-META failed, as judged by marginal leakage of a dyestuff. In contrast, using 4-META there was no leakage in 9 out of 10 cases. In restorations involving enamel, 4-META failed to prevent marginal leakage at the enamel margins but did prevent penetration along the dentin/composite interface. It is concluded that 4-META shows great promise for preventing marginal leakage at dentin/composite interfaces.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180911
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    Property changes of UHMW polyethylene hip cup endoprostheses during implantation (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1137-1151 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In this study it is demonstrated that the combined chemical and mechanical influences of the implant situation cause property changes of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMW PE) hip joint cups. Nearly 30 out of 48 loosened cups, retrieved 3 weeks to 11 years after implantation, were investigated. Density measurements show a density increase with implantation time and a dependence of these changes from implant position and loading conditions. The rate of extractable constituents also increases with course of time. An increased in vivo conditioned oxidation of the UHMW PE can be demonstrated by infrared (IR) spectrometry. The density increase can be explained by post-crystallization, which is the result of oxidative chain scission. This leads to a reduction of the average molecular weight of the PE and to an increased extractability of constituents. Since these changes have been recognized as the reasons for aging and failing of UHMW PE, the methods of material characterization used in this study for retrieved implants will help to develop suitable in vitro testing and simulating methods. They are the prerequisite for the necessary improvements of the material properties of UHMW PE.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180915
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    Free radical decay kinetics in PMMA bone cement (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 467-473 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Electron-spin resonance has been used to measure the decay of the concentration of polymerization radicals in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement and the kinetics of the decay determined. Thermal annealing at various temperatures has shown that the logarithm of the concentration of radicals varies linearly with time, but with a nonzero intercept. These results have been analyzed by including both first- and second-order decay processes. The first-order process has an activation energy of 39 ± 2 kcal/mol and is probably due to a diffusion-limited termination. The second-order process has an activation energy of 36 ± 5 kcal/mol and is probably due to bimolecular termination.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180502
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    The influence of temperature and specimen size on the flexural properties of pmma bone cementThis article was presented in part at the 9th Annual meeting of the Society for Biomaterials, Birmingham, AL, April 27-May 1, 1983. (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 523-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A three-stage investigation was undertaken to examine the influence of specimen size and polymerization environment on the flexural properties of PMMA. In the first stage, specimens were cut from large pieces of commercially cast acrylic (Lucite) and self-curing dental acrylic. The material properties of the cast acrylic as calculated from the results of flexural testing were not influenced by specimen size in the range of 1 × 10 × 30 to 3 × 10 × 60 mm, whereas 1-mm thick dental cement specimens had 12% (p 〈 0.001) higher stress and 24% (p 〈 0.001) higher strain to failure than 3-mm specimens cut from the same sample. In the second stage, self-curing dental cement and Simplex P bone cement were molded in different thicknesses. These experiments demonstrated that molding thin 1.6-mm specimens resulted in increases of 14% (p 〈 0.001) in stress and 30% (p 〈 0.001) in strain to failure as compared with 3.2-mm specimens, which were greater differences than those due to the specimen thickness effects alone. In the third stage, temperatures of cement were monitored during polymerization, and cements were molded at different temperatures. These results demonstrated that thicker cement samples reached higher temperatures and that cement samples polymerized at lower temperatures (21 versus 37°C) had 12% (p 〈 0.001) greater stress and 105% (p 〈 0.001) greater strain to failure.
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    The quantitation of cultured cellular surface coverage: Applications for transparent and opaque surfaces (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 567-575 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A planimetric technique is described for the analysis of cellular linings cultured on vascular prostheses and tissue culture plates. The method is not destructive of the cells and uses a calibrated eyepiece grid and an inverted microscope. The technique allows a rapid assessment of the percent of the prosthetic surface covered by cells, the average size of the cellular islands, and their distribution. In addition, the cells may be counted, their average surface area computed, and growth curves constructed for cells grown on tissue culture plates without the need for multiple concurrent cultures. Different cell types may be counted on the same surface. The method is more accurate than methods that require the resuspension of cells for counting, and it saves time and cells.
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    Detection of cyanoacrylate tissue adhesives in histological sections (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 609-616 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Previous histological studies of cyanoacrylate in wound healing have all used Oil-Red-O staining of paraffin sections prepared by routine method. In the course of our studies we began to suspect that artifact was being introduced because of dissolution of cyanoacrylate during processing. Accordingly, biopsis of wounds sealed with cyanoacrylate and pieces of cyanoacrylate of a standard known dimension with no associated tissue were observed after every stage of histological preparation. It was observed that approximately 80% of the cyanoacrylate was lost at the deparaffinization in xylene stage. Accordingly, a number of solvents were tested, and it was found that petroleum ether could be used to remove paraffin completely without the loss of any of the cyanoacrylate from the specimen. This technique has been used to view the location and ultimate fate of cyanoacrylate applied to wounds and examined at different stages in healing process. It is concluded that previous histological studies of cyanoacrylate in wound healing have been inaccurate due to leaching out of most of the tissue adhesive during deparaffinization of the specimen.
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    The interaction of urea with the generic class of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 671-684 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Work reported here shows that, contrary to reports in the literature, hydrogels made from pure poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), pHEMA, at crosslinker content greater than 0.15 mol % do not swell above the usual equilibrium values of 39-42% water content in aqueous urea solution. However, hydrogels containing small (impurity) amounts of methacrylic acid (MAA) do swell dramatically (approximately 90%) in dilute urea solution, but not directly due to the urea. The urea decomposes to produce ammonium ions, thus raising the pH of the solution. Ionization of MAA occurs above pH 6, causing electrostatic interactions within the gel. The grossly swollen state of these gels represents an internal equilibrium among forces due to rubber elasticity, polymer - polymer/solvent affinity, and electrostatic interactions.
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    Announcement (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 717-718 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180612
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    Direct electron microscopy studies of the bone - hydroxylapatite interface (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 719-726 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The bone-hydroxylapatite interface has been examined directly in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The bone - hydroxylapatite interface was characterized by using several electron microscopy techniques, including bright and dark field imaging, electron diffraction, high-resolution imaging, and energy dispersive analysis in the scanning-transmission electron microscope (STEM EDS). Mechanical grinding followed by argon-ion milling produced interface regions of unstained and undecalcified rat bone and hydroxylapatite that were transparent to electrons. Thus the exact location of the interface could be established and the bone at the interface studied. Conventional and high-resolution imaging in the TEM demonstrated direct chemical bonding between bone and hydroxylapatite. The bone at the ceramic surface was the same as normal bone away from the interface.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180702
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    Development of topical BAPN delivery system for acute spinal cord injury in dogs (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 757-769 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Topical sustained release of various medications by a subdurally implantable device at the site of spinal cord injury is considered advantageous in the treatment of early symptoms of tissue damage. A typical case is the interference with collagenous scar by β-aminopropionitrile, inhibiting collagen polymerization. Four materials, silicone, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and polyacrylonitrile-based hydrogel were evaluated for biocompatibility in subcutaneous implantations. The hydrogel, the least reactive, was then compared with silicone sheets as subcural implants. The histology favored the hydrogel as the most inert material, which was then used for the construction of soft, pliable pouches, releasing the drug through the hydrated wall at a rate controlled by an osmotic pump.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180706
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    Inhibition of thrombus formation on intravascular sensors by electrical polarization (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 797-807 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Implantable biomedical sensors built on a silicon substrate capped with glass are currently being developed for intravascular applications. Electrical techniques for inhibiting thrombus formation on the surface of a proposed optical sensor in direct contact with blood have been investigated. Glass-on-silicon specimens (4 × 1.2 × 0.4 mm3) were coated with indium-tin oxide, a transparent conductor, and implanted in the vena cava and iliac veins of three dogs for 10, 20, or 33 days. The equilibrium surface - blood interface potentials of the specimens were modified by implanted current sources which supplied either direct current (8-15 m̈A) or 100 KHz alternating current (5 m̈A, root mean square). Light-microscopic and scanning electron-microscopic analyses showed each of the DC-polarized specimens to be free of thrombus, in contrast to nonpolarized (control) specimens on which varying amounts of adsorbed protein and thrombus deposits were found. Like the control specimens, the AC-polarized specimens formed thrombus, but the appearance of the deposits differed. These findings support the view that the polarity, magnitude and time dependence of the potential across conducting surface - blood interface significantly influence thrombogenicity. Further work is necessary to determine the roles of electrochemical and electrostatic factors in preventing thrombus formation on foreign materials.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180710
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    Announcements (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 861-865 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180715
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  • 93
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    Demineralization and ion binding action of polycarboxylate cement liquid on human dental enamel (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 871-880 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The demineralization and ion binding effects on dental tissues due to poly(acrylic) acid attack under different dilution conditions of the latter are studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The results indicate that in addition to the general demineralization effects such as preferential prism core attack, prism periphery attack, and protruding prism rods, competing ion binding effects also occur. Using optimum dilution conditions, the microstructural effects of demineralization and ion binding are shown and the effects are related to IR spectral observations.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180803
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    The electrical stimulation of bone using a filamentous carbon cathode (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 927-938 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Filamentous carbon fiber is an extremely compatible biomaterial. It does not corrode and elicits almost no foreign body response. In addition, this material is an efficient electrical conductor in vivo. These desirable characteristics suggest that carbon fiber may be of use as an electrode material for the stimulation of bone and/or soft tissue growth. This possibility has been investigated in a well established laboratory animal model. When used as a cathode material in conjunction with an implantable constant direct current device, carbon fiber was shown to be an effective electrode material for the stimulation of bone and fibrous tissue within the medullary canal of the tibia of the rabbit. Further, adjustment of current levels appear to allow some selectivity in terms of the amount and type of tissue produced. Currents in the 1 m̈A range produced a maximum amount of bone, whereas a 20 μA current produced a maximum amount of fibrous tissue. Intermediate current levels produced a proportional mix of bone and soft tissue.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180807
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    Water sorption in a bis(GMA)/TEGDMA resin (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 271-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Some water sorption-desorption properties of a heat-cured copolymer of bisphenol-A-glycidyl methacrylate/triethylene-glycol-dimethacrylate [bis(GMA)/TEGDMA] were investigated during three sequential water sorption-desorption cycles at 60, 37, and 60°C. The results showed that the investigated polymer absorbed almost one molecule of water for each bis(GMA)/TEGDMA molecule, causing a volumetric expansion slightly smaller than the volume of the absorbed water. The determined mean value of the sorption and desorption diffusion coefficients for a specific cycle, here named the “true” diffusion coefficient, was about 1.5 × 10-8cm2s-1 at 60°C, decreasing to one-third of that value at 37°C. Although there were differences in leaching between the two sorption-desorption cycles at 60°C, no differences in true diffusion coefficients were found during the two cycles at that temperature. However, the sorption process proceeded slower than the desorption process during the first cycle, while the opposite occurred during the second cycle. These variations could be an effect of leaching occuring during the first cycle at 60°C and also the effects of induced swelling stresses on the diffusion process.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180304
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    In vivo metal-ion release from porous titanium-fiber material (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 293-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Dense and porous Ti, Ti-alloy, and stainless steel specimens were implanted in canine trabecular bone. After 6 and 12 months the specimens were retrieved together with bone tissue immediately adjacent. The trace metal content in the tissue samples was determined using neutron activation analysis, differential pulse polarography, graphite furnace atomic-absorption spectrophotometry, electron microprobe analysis, and laser microprobe analysis. The results are discussed in view of (i) the release of Ti ions, which is larger for porous than for bulk specimens, (ii) the various artifacts arising in electron microprobe (EMP) and laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA) determination of compositional gradients of trace metal-ion content in bone tissue, (iii) the absence of measurable quantities of V in bone tissue, and (iv) the difference in local tissue accumulation between Ti, released from Ti specimens, and Ni, released from stainless steel specimens.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180306
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    Preface (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 321-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180402
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    Surface properties determine bioadhesive outcomes: Methods and results (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 337-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This investigation developed experimental evidence for the influence of different surface energy states on tissue incorporation of biomedical materials. Implants of two smooth metals, each with three different surface energy states, were placed in the subdermal fascial plane of the backs of New Zealand White rabbits and were allowed healing times of 10 and 20 days. The implant surfaces were thoroughly characterized by physical-chemical criteria prior to surgical placement and again following removal from the tissue capsules generated by the host animals. Quantitative histopathologic analysis, using standard morphometric criteria, of the adjacent tissues revealed up to a threefold increase of fibroblastic-fibrocytic cells against the initially scrupulously cleaned, high-surface-energy materials. The cells were flattened and active, producing tenacious bonds through a thin pre-adsorbed protein-dominated “conditioning” film, that could be broken only by cohesive failure in the tissue itself. In contrast, the lower-surface-energy materials typical of standard dental implants were “walled off” by a cell-poor, nonadhesive capsule with a fibrous interface separated from a thicker “conditioning” film by a lipid-rich mucus zone. The advantages of proper surface treatment to favor the desired degree of biological adhesion are apparent.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180404
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    Crosslinked agarose encapsulated sorbents resistant to steam sterilization. Preparation and mechanical properties (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The application of agarose in hemoperfusion is hampered by the lack of a suitable sterilization method. A technique has been developed for the crosslinking of agarose encapsulated sorbents by the reaction with 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (DCP) under strong alkaline conditions. A twofold molar excess of DCP with respect to agarose and an equimolar amount of sodium hydroxide at a concentration of 0.3 mol/L with a reaction time of 1-4 h at 50°C are found to be the optimal conditions. The compressive strength of crosslinked beads is increased by a factor of 4. Agarose capsules are found to degrade by the influence of γ radiation, but are resistant to steam sterilization at 134°C during at least 30 min when crosslinked.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180103
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  • 100
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    Age hardening of orthodontic beta titanium alloys (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 155-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Metastable beta titanium alloys have been shown to be effective in orthodontic therapy because of their low modulus of elasticity and good springback, forming, and welding characteristics. Although used in the as-drawn condition, these alloys are also age hardenable through precipitation of the alpha phase in the beta matrix. The effect of aging temperature, aging time, and prior cold work on the mechanical properties of fine wires of Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al and Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn were determined. The latter alloy was more responsive to aging. Aging at 900°F for 14 h produced increases of approximately 40% in the modulus of elasticity, the yield and ultimate strengths. There was a corresponding decrease in ductility. The resulting wires could be useful in clinical situations requiring a high-yield strength and a stiffness intermediate between as-drawn beta titanium and stainless steel, the elastic moduli of which are 10 and 28 × 106 psi, respectively.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180206
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