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  • Ultrastructure  (758)
  • Lepidoptera  (165)
  • Springer  (921)
  • 1980-1984  (493)
  • 1975-1979  (428)
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 159-167 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Ectropis excursaria ; larval dispersal ; colour polymorphism ; phototaxis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Acht Experimente wurden durchgeführt, um einige der Faktoren zu studieren, die das Wanderverhalten der Larven (Raupen) eines polyphagen Geometriden (Ectropis excursaria (Guenée)) beein-flussen. 1. Larven sind positiv phototaktisch. Die positive Phototaxis ist negativ mit Fasten, Alter und Populationsdichte korreliert. Bei hohen Temperaturen ist sie nicht mehr nachweisbar. 2. Das Wanderverhalten der Larven wird durch die Populationsdichte beeinflußt, wodurch annähernd eine konstante Dichte erhalten bleibt. Das Verhalten der individuellen Larven is dabei nicht statistisch homogen. Es gibt ‘Wanderer’ und ‘Nicht-Wanderer’. 3. Diese Verhaltensunderschiede stehen möglicherweise im Zusammenhang mit physiologischen und morphologischen Faktoren, die den individuellen Fortpflanzungserfolg und das überleben beeinflussen können; ‘Wanderer’ sind dunkler, entwickeln sich schneller und das Gewicht ihrer Puppen ist niedriger als das der ‘Nicht-Wanderer’. 4. Eine der larvalen Farbvarianten zeigte eine Präferenz für einen von zwei angebotenen Hintergründen.
    Notes: Abstract The dispersive behaviour of larvae of a polyphagous, wide-spread geometrid (Ectropis excursaria (Guenée)) was studied by examining responses to environmental and endogenous variables. It was found that differences in behaviour can be affected by environmental factors such as light, temperature, density, and plant background as well as some physiological and morphological features. The implications of these relationships are discussed as adaptative strategies to a varying environment.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 177-193 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: induction of feeding preference ; host plants ; non-host plants ; Manduca sexta ; Sphingidae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Vingt-deux espèces de plantes, dont 10 planteshôtes (Solanées), ont été testés comme plantes alimentaires pour des chenilles de ler stade de Manduca sexta. Sur cet ensemble, seulement 12 plantes (dont 9 plantes hôtes) induisaient la prise de nourriture et permettaient la croissance jusqu'au 5ème stade. La diversité des résultats suggère que les plantes pouvaient être classées en hôtes, non-hôtes acceptables et non-hôtes refusés. En utilisant le test du choix alimentaire préférentiel entre deux rondelles de feuilles, les chenilles néonates de ler stade ont préféré nettement les plantes-hôtes aux autres. Cette préférence initiale pour les plantes-hôtes était préservée quand les cheniles étaient élevées sur plantes-hôtes, mais devenait moins nette ou disparaissait pour des chenilles élevées sur d'autres plantes acceptées. Ainsi l'oligophagie ches M. sexta n'est pas induite, mais doit être héritée. Les chenilles néonates, aussi bien que celles de 5ème stade, présentent des préférences hiérarchisées parmi les plantes hôtes ou non. La seule frontiere nette observée était entre espèces de plantes acceptables ou non. Les hiérarchies préférentielles des chenilles du 5ème stade différaient légèrement lors-qu'elles avaient été élevées sur deux plantes-hôtes différentes. La différence essentielle était l'observation d'une préférence accrue pour l'espèce ayant servi à l'élevage, mais deux autres plantes-hôtes changaient aussi de position hiérarchique. La cause de ces changements de préférence a été approfondie, les chenilles étant élevées sur des feuilles de chaque espèce acceptable (hôte ou non). Leurs préférences alimentaires ont été définies en utilisant des combinaisons diverses (hôte x hôte, hôte x non-hôte acceptable, non-hôte acceptable x non-hôte acceptable). L'induction de la préférence alimentaires a été obtenue dans ces trois associations. Ceci montre que l'induction des choix alimentaires chez M. sexta n'est pas limitée aux plantes-hôtes. Le degré d'induction de la préférence alimentaire variait de très fort à indécelable; il dépendait de l'association examinée. La source de la variabilité de cette induction a été examinée en fonction de la relation entre la force de l'induction et les rapports taxonomiques des plantes associées. La relation obervée était inversée pour M. sexta. L'examen des données de la littérature ont révélé une relation du même type pour les autres espèces de Lépidoptères.
    Notes: Abstract Ten host plant (Solanaceae) and twelve non-host plant species were tested as foodplants for first instar larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Only nine host and three non-host plant species elicited feeding and supported growth up to fifth instar. The range of acceptability suggested that plants be divided into hosts, acceptable non-hosts, and unacceptable non-hosts. Using the two-choice feeding preference test we found that the initial preference for hosts was preserved when larvae were reared on hosts, but was less strong or absent for larvae reared on acceptable non-hosts. Thus oligophagy in the tobacco hornworm is not induced, but must be inherited. Newly-hatched first instar larvae and fifth instar larvae showed a preference hierarchy among both hosts and non-hosts. Fifth instar larvae reared separately on two different host species showed slightly different preference hierarchies among hosts. The preference for the rearing plant was increased and also two other host species changed positions in hierarchies. Feeding preferences of larvae reared on hosts or acceptable non-hosts were determined using plant combinations of host vs. host, host vs. acceptable non-host, and acceptable non-host vs. acceptable non-host. Induction of feeding preference was found in all three of these categories. This shows that induction of feeding preference in the tobacco hornworm is not restricted to host plant species. The degree to which feeding preferences were induced ranged from very strong to undetectable and dependend on the plant species paired. The strength of induction in the tobacco hornworm was found to correlate inversely with taxonomic relatedness of the plant species paired. Analysis of induction data from the literature revealed a similar correlation for other lepidopteran species.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 255-261 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: method ; dry matter ; budget ; Lepidoptera ; phytophagous ; gravimetry ; area ; accuracy ; precision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les budgets en matière sèche consommée par des lépidoptères ont été comparés par les méthodes gravimétrique et planimétrique. La méthode gravimétrique est basée sur le rapport poids sec/poids frais de feuilles consommées par les chenilles. Avec la méthode planimétrique, la quantité d'aliment proposée aux chenilles est déterminée par les tracés de la surface des feuilles et le contenu de matière sèche par unité de surface des feuilles. La méthode de planimétrie permet l'utilisation de plus grands rameaux de feuilles et de cages d'élevage extérieures en gaze. Il n'y avait pas de différence appréciable dans les éléments du budget (croissance, ingestion et déjection), ni aucune différence dans la variabilité observée des données attribuable à la méthode utilisée. Cependant, la variabilité attendue d'après la précision des mesures avec la méthode gravimétrique est inférieure à celle de la méthode planimétrique. est inférieure à celle de la méthode planimétrique. Des éléments expérimentaux, inhérents à la méthode gravimétrique, introduisent une variabilité dans les mesures que l'on n'a pas avec la méthode planimétrique. 30–60% de la variabilité dans la consommation ont été attribués à des paramètres internes à la chenille, même quand elles provenaient toutes de la même ooplaque.
    Notes: Abstract Gravimetric and a combination areal-gravimetric methods for determining dry matter budgets for leaf eating Lepidoptera were compared. The gravimetric method is based on dry weight/live weight ratios of the leaves fed to the larvae. In the areal-gravimetric method, the quantity of food offered to the larvae is determined from the area of leaf tracings and the dry matter content per unit area of the leaves. The areal-gravimetric method permits the use of larger leaf sprays and an open, gauze enclosed rearing chamber. There were no consistent differences in budget factors (growth, ingestion or egestion), nor were there any differences in the observed variability of the data attributable to the method used. However, the expected variability based on instrument precision for the gravimetric method is less than for the areal-gravimetric method. Experimental factors inherent in the gravimetric method introduce variability to the measurements that are not present in the areal method. Thirty to 60% of the variability in budget factors was attributed to intrinsic properties of the larvae, even though the larvae were taken from the same egg masses.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 121-122 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Earias insulana ; Bollworm ; Artificial diets ; Insect fecundity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 603-618 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Preameloblasts ; Tooth germs ; Monkey ; Enamel ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Cytodifferentiation of inner enamel epithelium and the adjacent connective tissue from the tip of the cervical loop to the initiation of enamel elaboration in twoMacaca species was examined. Ten- to twelve-month-old specimens were fixed by perfusion and the permanent tooth buds were prepared for transmission electron microscopy. At the cervical loop proper, inner enamel epithelium cells have lobed nuclei, a paucity of cytoplasm, and wide extracellular spaces; the basal lamina facing the dental papilla is straight. With increasing distance from the tip of the cervical loop, the following changes occur gradually: (a) preameloblasts elongate from 15 to 45 µm, and their organelles, particularly mitochondria and profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum, become more numerous; (b) extracellular spaces decrease between preameloblasts starting at the basal (infranuclear) end; (c) the basement membrane becomes convoluted and associated with aperiodic fibers; (d) preodontoblast projections penetrate the aperiodic fibers; (e) collagen fibers subjacent to the basement membrane increase in density, with particularly thick fibers paralleling the aperiodic fibers. These modifications occur within three-fourths of the distance from the tip of the cervical loop to the mineralization front. The condensation of preodontoblasts is followed immediately by predentin synthesis. Concomitantly, the basement membrane breaks down and the aperiodic fibers are engulfed by preameloblasts. Preameloblast projections penetrate junctional predentin, contact mineralized dentin, and enamel synthesis ensues. At this stage the ameloblast is 45 µm long, the nucleus is central or basal, the Golgi apparatus has migrated apically, but the Tomes' process has not yet formed. The results indicate that odontogenesis inMacaca monkeys more closely resembles human odontogenesis than does that in the murine rodents.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 25 (1978), S. 145-159 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bird egg shell ; Ultrastructure ; Calcification ; Electron diffraction ; Microanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The egg-shell of Japanese quail was studied by several techniques. Semithin sections (1μm thick) of non-decalcified shell were observed by normal and polarized light microscopy. Thin sections of non-decalcified shell, examined by transmission electron microscopy, permitted us to observe the forms and dimensions of crystals of calcite within different layers of the shell: mammilary layer, layer of cones, palissade layer and surface crystal layer. There appears to be two distinct zones in the layer of cones as well as in the superficial crystal layer. Electron microdiffraction revealed the orientation of calcite crystals in the columns. Some crystal defects (twins?) were described and the possibility of their artefactual formation during ultramicrotomy is discussed. Localization of Ca, Mg, P and S were made by X-ray microanalysis of semithin sections. This technique shows that shell membranes, and chiefly the true cuticle, are also mineralized but, in these layers, minerals are not crystallized. Otherwise the distribution of Mg is not uniform throughout the shell thickness; it is less concentrated in the external zone of the layer of cones. These results together with observation of developing shells by scanning electron microscopy allowed us to propose a scheme for shell organization of the quail egg. This organization was related with decalcification which occurs during hatching.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 24 (1977), S. 215-222 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Mineralization ; Osteodentin ; Intracellular ; Ultrastructure ; Microanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Newly formed osteodentin obtained from the anterior extremities of fetal or young rat incisors was observed by means of electron microscopy and electron probe X-ray microanalysis. Cells related to osteodentin formation frequently showed membrane bound intracellular bodies containing varying amounts of fine, needle-shaped crystals, which were identified as apatite. The intracellular clusters of apatite crystals were extruded from the cells through membrane fusion or cellular degeneration. These extracellular clusters seemed to be gradually incorporated into the mineralizing collagenous matrix, which developed around them. Frequent occurrence of dense, dotshaped or filamentous profiles suggested that the dense bodies seen in the perinuclear regions or in the Golgi area were the sites of crystal formation. Energy dispersive X-ray point analysis showed that the intracellular or extracellular apatite clusters contained sulfur in a concentration higher than was present in the mineralizing collagenous matrix. Furthermore, wave dispersive X-ray line analysis showed that the concentration of sulfur was higher in the osteodentin matrix than in the dentin matrix. The sulfur detected is presumed to be contained in acid mucopolysaccharides, which were distributed more heavily in the osteodentin matrix than in the dentin matrix. On the basis of these data, it was concluded that the unique chemical and structural characteristics of the osteodentin result primarily from the incorporation of apatite clusters of intracellular origin and associated acid mucopolysaccharides.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone resorption ; Osteogenesis ; Fish bone ; Osteocytes ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The comparative ultrastructure of fish bone osteogenesis and resorption induced by scale removal was described in the osteocytic (cellular-boned)Carassius auratus and the anosteocytic (acellular-boned)Tilapia macrocephala. Osteocytes, present in osteocytic bone, were lacking in anosteocytic bone. In osteocytic bone the osteoblast secreted a collagenous preosseous matrix in which it became enmeshed and then was termed a preosteocyte. When the preosseous matrix mineralized, the preosteocyte was termed an osteocyte and was completely surrounded by bone. In anosteocytic bone the osteoblasts receded from the mineralizing front and never became trapped as osteocytes. During resorption, types A and B resorptive cells, present in both bone types, invaded the matrix and demineralized the osseous zone. These cells were characterized by large amounts of granular endoplasmic reticulum and intracellular inclusions containing crystal-like material. Although functionally similar to mammalian osteoclasts, these cells lacked a characteristic ruffled border and were not multinucleated. The osteocytes of cellular bone did not appear to be involved during demineralization.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Lysozyme ; Insect ; Lepidoptera ; Evolution ; Sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Sequence studies of the N-terminal halves of the lysozymes isolated fromBombyx mori, Galleria mellonella andSpodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera) allow us to classify these enzymes among the c (chicken) type lysozymes.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 59 (1976), S. 117-123 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Zygospore ; Mycorrhizal fungus ; Flaming crown
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructural organization of the spores of the sporocarp of Endogone flammicorona was studied. Two types of organization are described. Initially the spore possessed a vacuolate protoplasm and was bound by two cell wall layers. The spore was surrounded by a hyphal mantle formed of a sheet of vacuolized hyphae with uniformly thin walls. Secondly, although the ultrastructural features of the spore appeared the same, it was now surrounded by a hyphal mantle with unevenly thickened walls (i. e., the so-called flaming crown) due to the gradual and irregular deposition of granules and lamellae. This crown gives the spore its most commonly observed morphological feature and is the preminent character employed taxonomically to speciate Endogone flammicorona Trappe & Gerdemann.
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